)*

'+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

)*    -*  /
.  ) 0
 
+  1 ,2

in nouns

1
3

Modification/change reaching the end of nouns because of the change of the active element (denoting the end of
the noun changes according to the position of the word in the sentence). [.$(

/+ 0 1 234 $]

9:$ 
8
7 ) 56
>?*$ 
8
= ) ;<&
BC  8
A ) @- ;-&
4+3

non-modification/change reaching the end of nouns because of the change of the active element (denoting the
end of the) word assumes one eternal/unchangeable form. [.$(

/+ 0 1 23 D $]

H: . I 
/?J . I 
6 . I 

5E DFG 56
5E DFG ;<&
5E DFG @- ;-&

O7 P
L J= =J
N OQ 7JL
N =7JL
N ;
K JL
N OQ G7 =G7 R= GK ML 7JL
N =7JL
N ;
= JL
N ML G7 =G7 = G7 
H: 2S  G
(T V(W$  .:  .(:) /?* 2S  T

(T#\ Z[$  Z[$) ! 2S  TY
(a($  a4G a`G) ]^B
]_ 0`G `G 

5-6

782 9:

(a($  a- a`-) b% O` c ` 

$<$; 9:

d$ e#Y $ O
O$ 

=>%?@ 9:

f$
g#h ai _\ 

# A B


0K 1 Z
j
k$1 

C
DE 9:

(>($ VBp 5q!)  l GF l %F l 4F l F l "(+4 m\ l gn ol h


+& ; ',:

In respect to nouns, all are >($ except the following:

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

1 ,2 H3I,
<E

i.e. taking their normal form as dictated by Arabic Grammar:

rEr ! "$%  7 0K

rsr H: "$% 

-6

, >

w
= p B H
 +  v- - u+, T#: /?* "$% 

)0 !NO; LM

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

P Q

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

/
R

|+ gJF) H{ TJp uGz u+, T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

H
 $-0

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ e(- (B) Zh 

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (}+) @- Z($ 

S
 E

rtr /?* "$% 

J%>

i.e. not taking their normal form as dictated by specific rules in Arabic Grammar:

WV : m\ /G_ - "PW T#: ! "$%  # T 3 U$-;

X
 YZ

Z? O$ 9* TJp uGz "PW 06 "$% B (m\)r BC M& 

WV $, D

[\

/ 
/ 


0-] 9E

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

^ _

Z[$ G B "+ 5p O$ M& TJp B T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

$:

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

`

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
Z[$ G B "+ 5p O$ M& TJp ep T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

#
 ,:

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

`

_ / _ / B_

a,+ @- y$ $

.(: 
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
>' I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

I / : / :

R /  / 

R
/ 
/ 

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

:

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

~$  H: . I xW @- y$ W& M& 

 a:

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  F$

$ 

7b ?

Z[$ G B 5# 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

c:

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

`
e0 &d; LM

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

fV Q 

|+ Y`) H{ TJp B T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

WV $?';

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

Cg hV?

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


|+ Y`) H{ TJp 5# T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

i
 ?';

$ H: . I +, @- y$ u\ M& 

jdY

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  

b D k

|+ Y`) H{ TJp 5# 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

i
 ?';
l";

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

1
 Vk

n) TJp ep T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

W+

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

X
 V V

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

 a';

n) TJp 5# T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

  +

$ H: . I +, @- y$ u\ M& 

jdY

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  

D k

n) TJp 5# 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

i+m

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

n a'% 1 ,2

The >\ in three areas within 5

which are not present/clear, but are therefore assumed/hypothetical. [

}$%( #: ~: o5p O$ bi 9Jp I }$% z4]

$T;

q$;

An M& where the last letter is an ("$D

e
), i.e. @Wl+) dW ?(
u?
o?(Y :ep u? /Y
5& o"$D e< 0 1 I R* >($ M& ?~) M&D]
[.uq$ B
"-~*$ RG \ B o
"#-
ep 0`G a,4 D B.@Wl+) B dWY :5#

fV %oV

0 1 @- u~) "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

p%>

0 1 @- u~) "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

p
DE

>' I T . D o+, @- y$ 6 Zh 

1


0 1 @- u~) u+, 06 "$% B (>)r BC M& 

T


An M& where the last letter is a 5 and the letter before it is +,$, i.e. !

R$ RS~
5rp 0`: .+,$ - uQl$ 2 o"#-
B
"$D 
" 5# T*$ >($ M& ~*$ M&D]
[.+,$ - $ uQl$ 2 " 5# JD "~*$

Note the condition of the ~*$

without the 5 , (u,J

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

05 ;
L :N`K h7 ) :

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

CV hV?

0 1 @- u~) "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

rs

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

r 3 t

>' I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

 ,

0 1 @- u~) u+, 06 "$% B (O)r BC M& 

rNu

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

X
 Y ZV

":B` 5# @- u~) "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

S
v o

>' I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

pV\

":B` 5# @- u~) u+, 06 "$% B (m\)r BC M& 

=v w

:rY

 zH@* {IF | q$; R a x

 +"g y

rs -  o% B ep T#- . 4 a



V K3 rso -  o:[$ a, a



}so xh? -  o?*$ a, a



"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

)K%; a [\ #6;

An M& where the >\ of the last letter is the M-,)

5 2S, and the letter before it is +,$.

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

,

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- u~) "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

~'_

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

n


Z[$ G B 0 1 @- u~) "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

Z %?:

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

n


Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a,$ Z) T#: V(W$ 

L 3

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- u~) u+, 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 


 I3

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

n

9E 3 H,$D ;

 B
) (
0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$
$ 

/
R

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  

 $>k
aY M& (

( /?*4 B M&D H:4  

B aY) xW @- y$ J w$ .(: 

W&

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ aY M& 

1
 +

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ aY  

}*$%>3
a \  (

( H:4 B M&D /?*4 

B a\) xW @- y$ /?J B #Y4 Zh 

W\

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ a \ M& 

/
^

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ a \  

 $>k
.W (

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

P V Q

T V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

N

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

/
R

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

.W /J (
0 1 @- Gz xW 05* "$% B V- y$ w$ .(: 

P  Q

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .W /J 

Wb 0N2

>' I T . D a,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

 3

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (OL $K )r BC M& 

i
v
9E 3 H$T;

a \ M& (
( H:4 B M&D /?*4 
B a\) xW @- y$ /?J B #Y4 Zh 

W\

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ a \ M& 

/
^

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ a \  

 $>k
aY  (

( /?*4 B M&D H:4 

B aY) xW @- y$ J w$ .(: 

W&

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ aY M& 

= 
m

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ aY  

}dad
T V(W) (

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

)  DV

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 


 '
T#: V(W) (

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

 D?

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- u~) "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

1
 :

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

n


0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a$ Z) T#: V(W$ 

I
} 

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

 _

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 


 ';

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a,$ Z) T#: V(W$ 

' ,

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (= *LK )r BC T#\ Z[$ 

 a';

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

T-6p V(W) (
a,+ @- y$ "#:* 

3

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

  Q

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

H


>p I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

 3

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (OL $K )r BC M& 

x
 +

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T-6p V(W$ 

}D$Q

>p I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

 3

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (OL $K )r BC M& 

 
T($ V(W) (

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

 ?

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


>' I T . D oxW @- y$ "#(- (B) Zh 

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T($ V(W$ 

fV +u
v-) V(W) (

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

:b a

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

' 3*

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ v-$ V(W$ 

7}  o

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ "W 

7} '_
V (

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- u~) "[ T(: "$% B 9:$

$ 

~'_

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

n


 H: . I "#-(W "-! B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 
(G) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W
G 1 @- uGz "PW ?J "$% B "?*$ Vh 

:b a

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

}',o

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

q## (

$ H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?W*$ 2S 

N:

0 i @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  .#[W M& 

 "&:

>p I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

 3

BC M& (OL $K )r 6 . I G B xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

`

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ q## 

}?
n+) (

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

 6*

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

1
 Im

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B T-n$ 9:$ G B (>%) YF) H *($ #Y4 

fb &

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

) Y

a,+ @- y$ 5*n& u



@\

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (D\)r n+$ 

}'3*
*) (

a,+ @- y$ 5J Zh 

a

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B Z[$ TJp >?*$ *$ 

' +,

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

/
.
9E 3 H 

T#\ Z[) (
0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$
$ 

Wb 

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  

1
 %&

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

/
.
6 Z +) (

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$

$ 

1
 Im

>p I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (I)r BC M& 

 H: . I (.A ?W I) "-! T B

f T>

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

9E 3 H$T;

L$%

9E 3 H,$D ;

W /
t a\ 

a\ M&

Y
/
R 

)

}dad ( aY 

aY 

 &:  




 ' ;: 

T V(W)

hW$ 1+
s aY 

aY M&

) t', 8) f-6 I
} 
:& 

T#: V(W)

 $>k  a\ 

a\ 

 O$ }D$Q ;# O$ ;6 $ 

T-6p V(W)

/
R  *~- 

.W

fV +u B }& 

T($ V(W)

k O$ W0N2
s
v-7 

.W /J

u #6 7}  o $h
~ 

v-) V(W)

}',o R-? 6 

V

? ]*$ Y
J


q##

}'3* D\ M-Y >% [h 

n+)

/
.  >Y a1~ 

T#\ Z[)

 '+,
t  

*)

f T> I >% 

6 Z +)

9E 3 H 

Any M& which follows completely the >\ of what has just preceded it. Of this there are types:

9:) 

>T/x


>' I T . D oxW @- y$ W& Zh 

:V

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

 6*

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

X
 m

G 1 @- uGz "[ (: "$% B ":$ "W 

' a'u

>?*) 

>T/x


0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

X
 ma

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

 a';

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

X
 m

G 1 @- uGz "PW ?J "$% B "?*$ "W 

' a'u

B 

>T/x


$ H: . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

dY

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  

 %D

uGz u+, 06 "$% B T#\ Z[$ 

X
 m

G 1 @- uGz u+, G6 "$% B uBC "W 

' a'u

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

9:) 

'&$%

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

 6*

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

1
 Im

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B T-n$ 9:$ G B (>%) YF) H *($ #Y4 

f &

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

) Y

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

CV o

.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

dY

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ V 

 a';

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B T-n$ 9:$ G B ()) YF) H *($ #Y4 

 >N

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

07

>?*) 

'&$%

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

Cg h?

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

1
 Im

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B T-n$ >?*$ G B (>%) YF) H *($ #Y4 

f&

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

) Y

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

Cg h?

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

 a';

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B T-n$ >?*$ G B ()) YF) H *($ #Y4 

 >N

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

j

B 

'&$%

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

) ?

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


>p I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

p,

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (@-)r BC M& 

1
 Im

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B T-n$ BC G B (>%) YF) H *($ #Y4 

f&

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

) Y

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

) ?

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


>p I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

p,

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (@-)r BC M& 

 a';

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B T-n$ BC G B ()) YF) H *($ #Y4 

 >N

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I +, @- y$ .?$ 2S 

j

9:) 

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

 Q

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

' 3*

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ e(- (B) Zh 

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ ($h) @- Z($ 

P a'<

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

j

>?*) 

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

X
 

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

 a';

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

}'3*

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ e(- (B) Zh 

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ ($h) @- Z($ 

P a'<

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

j

B 

~$  H: . I xW @- y$ W& M& 

 a:

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  F$

$ 

X
 %&b

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

' 3*

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ e(- (B) Zh 

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC ($h) @- Z($ 

P a'<

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I +, @- y$ .?$ 2S 

j

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

9:) 

C'+

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ W& Zh 

:V

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

Z[$ G B "+ 5p O$ TJp B T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

$Q:

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

`

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ V 

) 8Y

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ W& Zh 

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

dY

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ V 

X
 m

>?*) 

C'+

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
Z[$ G B "+ 5p O$ TJp ep T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

#
 ,:

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

`

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ V 

}Y

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
T V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

#
 ,:

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ V 

X
 m

B 

C'+

~$  H: . I xW @- y$ W& M& 

 a:

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  F$

$ 

b D k

Z[$ [
G B "+ 5p O$ TJp 5# 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

rQ:

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

`

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC V 

)v 8Y

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

Q:

dY

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

+  1 ,2

~$  H: . I xW @- y$ W& M& 

 a:

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  F$

$ 

b D k

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

dY

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC V 

X
 m

in verbs.

RS) .(W and $p .(: are both y$. 9[) .(W is >($ unless it has ur+* aJ (J' aJ)
and #Y aJ then it becomes y$ i.e. O
= - (= W 4=/O= - (= W = (from "+ V(:
).
0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 
(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
T V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

) D:

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ V 


 '

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
a,+ @- y$ /?J B ?$ Zh 

'a:

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B (a

N)r >?*$ 9[$ .(: 
(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
T V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

) D:

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ V 


 '

a,+ @- y$ q6 B RWJ Zh 

) V

0 1 @- a,+ T$q6 "$% B (ML N)r BqC 9[$ .(: 

(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
T V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

) D:

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ V 


 '

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

dY

Wg :

dY

dY

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

1 ,2

rs;

fT>3

(G) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W B xW @- y$ w$ .(: 
.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S k*D ep B xW @- y$ w$ .(: 
.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S "! BB B M[ @- y$ w$ .(: 
(RG) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W B og#J< "$% 5 B xW @- y$ w$ .(: 
.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S k*D e
B og#J< "$% 5 B xW @- y$ w$ .(: 
.: H: . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S (J' aJ) u+* a* B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 
.: H: . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 
n- ep B H! "$% M#) B .: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 
Y`) H! "$% M#) B .: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 
.: H: . I +, @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 
n- ep B H! "$% M#) B .: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 
gJF) H! "$% a* B .: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 
.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 
.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S J B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

.N (= :N
%=(:N
L-(= :N
;
L -N(= :N
=-N(= :N
O= - (= :N
;
= - (= :N
=7- (= :N
ML 7- (= :N
;
K - (= :N
=7- (= :N
OQ 7- (= :N
;
7 - (= :N
=*- (= :N

G

MG
RG

OQ G
;
= J

J

MJ

;
K J

J

Q J

J

3E
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W B
.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S k*D e
B
.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S "! BB B
.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S ") 5 B
.: H: . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S (J' aJ) u+* aJ B

a,+ @- y$ $

.(: 
xW @- y$ $
.(: 
M[ @- y$ $
.(: 
+, @- y$ $
.(: 
a,+ @- y$ $
.(: 

. (= : K
%=(: K
L-(= : K
RL -K(= : K
O= - (= : K

;
= J

J

MJ

;
K J

Q J

U6;
.: H: . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S (J' aJ) u+* aJ B a,+ @- y$ 9[$ .(: 
.: H: . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S (J' aJ) u+* aJ B a,+ @- y$ 9[$ .(: 

O= - (= W =
O= - (= W 4=

OQ G

Q J

1 ,2 H3I,
<E

For 9[)

rr q! "$%  W$K0

, >

.(: there are ; taking their normal form as dictated by Arabic Grammar:
rtr /?* "$% 

J%>

rsr H: "$% 

i.e. not taking their normal form as dictated by specific rules in Arabic Grammar:

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

-6

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

0-] C
DE
>' I T . D oxW @- y$ W& Zh 

:V

"+ V(:p O$ TJp "[ O "#J a* } T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 
.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S "! BB
T V(W$ /?J . I u+, @- y$ u\ M& 

WV 'a y

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ V 

X
 %Kb 

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ W& Zh 

"+ V(:p O$ TJp "[ O "#J a* } T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 
.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S "! BB
a,+ @- y$ /?J B ?$ Zh 

WV 'a y

"+ V(:p O$ TJp "PW O "#J 0 1 O$ a* Z`h T?J "$% B (a

N)r >?*$ 9[$ .(: 
.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S "! BB

$+Ydy

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ W& Zh 

:V

a,+ @- y$ q6 B RWJ Zh 

) V

"+ V(:p O$ TJp a,+ O "#J 0 1 O$ a* Z`h T$q6 "$% B (ML N)r BqC 9[$ .(: 
.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S "! BB

$+Ydy

a,+ @- y$ 5J Zh 

a

5* @- /?J . I M[ @- y$ M- W$ *$ 

1Im

jdY

Wg :V

o f
>
a,+ @- y$ q6 B RWJ Zh 

) V

a,+ O "#J 0 1 O$ (B) "-( Zh Z`h T$q6 "$% B (ML N)r BqC 9[$ .(: 
(G) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W B (B *)  i .($ TJp

U
 'a

n a'% 1 ,2

The >\ here is not present/clear, but is therefore assumed/hypothetical.

'y

$ H: . I xW @- y$ .?W*$ 2S 

$Y

0 1 @- u~) "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ (*) 9[$ .(: 
 H: . I "#-(W "-! B (G) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

f,D X5N

a,+ @- y$ (9[) .(W /?*) RWJ B /J Zh 

 V

0 1 @- u~) "PW T?J "$% B (OL N)r >?*$ (k( W) *) 9[$ .(: 

p0N:

a,+ @- y$ q6 B RWJ Zh 

) V

0 1 @- u~) a,+ T$q6 "$% B (ML N)r BqC (e([)) 9[$ .(: 

* :V

9:$ M& following VC .(: in 9[$/w$ formats in substitute of the .:.
U6; f
>

rs; f
>

C$

=$
3

C$

=$
3

/
7 =, 7

/
7 7, =

/
= KY

/
= =YN

It is being
written

He is writing

It was written

He wrote

C$

=$
3

U$N

8
7 

/
= KY

8
= 

/
= =YN

.: /J

.(:

V(W$
T

.:

.(:

8
7 

/
7 =, 7

8
= 

/
7 7, =

C$

=$
3

S3

U63
U$N

}
=

. ^K&7

8
7 )

VN <N&=

.: /J

.(:

.W

V(W$
T

.(:

(+$)

V <N+
L 47

8
7 )

V <N+
L 7

S3

U63

In VC, the .: is always dropped and the Tr

Vr(W$ takes its place and becomes .r: /rJ with necessary harakah changes.
= L #= x= K: - = # is >?*$ despite the transformation of x= =:N to x= K:. This is because = # is T#: V(W$.
If the Tr

Vr(W$ is a 2rS, apply same (harakah changes) rules as above, and simply change the 2rS, to its equivalent .r:,
i.e. ;
= - ^K&7 < ]
= N<N&=

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

U6; f
>

rs; f
>

f,> X5N

C$

=$
3

f,> X5N

C$

=$
3

+$ 2S
B

V <N+
L 7

8
7 ) T<+
8
7 ) M<+

+$ 2S
B

.N ^K&7

8
7 ) T<&
8
7 ) M<&

+$ 2S
a*

;
L -N^K&7
WV . ^K&7

>p <&
>p O<&

aN  V <N+
L 7

V <N+
L 47

+$ 2S
a*

WV V <N+
L 7

>p <+
>p O<+

+$ 2S

V <N+
L 47

8
7 ) ]
= <+

5

H
 . ^K&7

8
7 ) ]
= <&

B

aN  V <N+
L 47

8
7 ) M<&

) y. ^K&7

8
7 ) M<&

5#

aN n
 .VN<+
L 47

>p ]
K <+

5

H
 . ^K&7

>p ]
K <&

a*

WV V <N+
L 4=

>p O,<+

O4

y. ^K&7

>p O,<&

+$ 2S
+$ 2S

V <N&L
N
V <N+
L J7

8
7 ) y<+
8
7 ) *<+

5
J

H
 . ^K&7

8
7 ) y<&
8
7 ) *<&

N. ^K&7

0 1 @- uGz "PW 05* "$% B V- y$ w$ .(: 

X
 %&b

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .W /J 


 '

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ V- 9[$ .(: 

X
 %Kg a

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .W /J 


 '

0 1 @- uGz "PW 05* "$% B V- y$ w$ .(: 

fV ?

>' I T . D a,+ @- y$ g#J< 5 

(;
K J
) G~4 6B +$ 2S .W

H


uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ V- 9[$ .(: 

(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W /J

Cb hV0
 y

D C$
>;

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

fg <
 

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a$ Z) T#: V(W$ 

= $a

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

. FI"

.T#: V(W$ Z .Y f# B Z T#: V(W$ .Y .: [

@+ B TJ,$ B
a$ a# .(W ( Y` >?*$ M&

 . ^K&7

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

 V _

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a,$ Z) T#: V(W$ 

' ,

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (= *LK )r BC T#\ Z[$ 

 a';

:3

 +3 # A B


T#: V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ a$ Z 

p %3

(P$ /?J 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

  Q

.: H: . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


T#: V(W$ /?J . I xW @- y$ a,$ Z 

 a:V

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

X
 Y dg y

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

fg <
 

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


T#: V(W$ /?J . I +, @- y$ a$ Z 

 3 :V

a,+ @- y$ "#:* 

3

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

1
  8

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

 -]

T#: V(W$ /?J . I M[ @- y$ a$ Z 

 oV

a,+ @- y$ $

.(: 
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
T#: V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ a,$ Z 

  _ 

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

g _

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


T#: V(W$ /?J . I xW @- y$ a$ Z 

WV 

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

Y

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

a,+ @- y$ $

.(: 
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
T#: V(W$ /?J . I M[ @- y$ a,$ Z 

  _ 

(P$ /?J 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

g 8

.: H: . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


B
a$q "#-Y @- V  Zz m\ Z[)  9 , 1$D # A #d 

# A , X5

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

r
 3

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


Z[$ H: . I Zz O >J G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T#: V(W$ 

L 

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

 , ?

:#q6

!
b *

e
j #

e
= ?J

}
7

. YN

"j &

e
= ?J

}
7

L zJK

T#\ Z[$

Z[$

.:

.(:

T#\ Z[$

Z[$

.:

.(:

T V(W$

G B T#: V(W$
Zz O /J

>T
(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

 V _

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


T* >J Zz- "W G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T#: V(W$ (% B 
) 

I
} a$
782 )?

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

g _

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


T#: V(W$ /?J . I Zz O /J a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

dY

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ V 

U
 $+?E

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

fg <
 

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


T#: V(W$ /?J . I Zz O /J a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

dY

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ V 

= $

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

n
 :V

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


T V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

dY

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ V 

fV _ 

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

^ _

.: H: . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

dY

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ V 

fb _ 
'


(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

!
g KV 3

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


>p I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

(Z? O$ 9*) M& TJp 0 1 @- uGz "PW 06 "$% B (I)r BC M& 

 ' 

Z[$ H: . I Zz O /J  

V
:

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

=v a:

W3  WK; )?

Expresses the place/time the action of the verb is committed.

oa,$ Z) ' , 8) f-6 : a$/a,$ @- "D- o.(W O$ ` F a$q/a,) M&
(W+ O$ 
oa$ Z) I
} 
:& / ) (8-! a,$ 

(A
L =/=6= ) =
L $= 

* .(W (

(/
7 7, =//
= =YN ) /
=, $= o(/
7 (= - =//
= (K N) /
(= - $= 

$[$ B
k( W$ 9[) .(W (

(f
7 -K
L =/f
= -N6= ) f
-K
L $= 

9[) I k( +,$  i x#P? .(W (

(H7 [
= =/H= S
= B= ) H S
K L $= o(e
7 ~K =/e
= NB= ) e
N= $7
(
7 A l
L =/
= = = )
A l
L $=
(>
7 A t/>
= = N ) >
A 3L $=
(7
7+
L =/=
= &= ) 7
A+
L $=






 i x#P? Vn) .(: (

u+, . (K W $= @- }-Y k( [$ .(W 56  (

" NqA *L$= o"==, $= o"= ,N P

L $= o"&= = L $= 

g#J< 5G (%K(W $= /%=(W $= ) vP-4  (

The plural form is f

b , V>3

f
 >g 3 aB @-

f
 >g 3 aB @-

(7 6A =+$= )

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

 )?

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

 _

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 


 ';

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a,$ Z) T#: V(W$ 

' ,

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (= *LK )r BC T#\ Z[$ 

 a';

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

 D?

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- u~) "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

1
 :

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

n


0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a$ Z) T#: V(W$ 

I
} 

describes the instrument with which the action of the verb is carried out.

O7 LA =$= o7x#L4KNW$=

fb  , V>3 

(aN = B= ) a =q#L$K

(x= =:N)
=W $K

C 
>g 3

(
7
K N~$= )
N~$= o7A =$= o7fJAN,$=

fb , V>3 

(
= =) " h= B= L $K

(f
= *=YN ) " +
= *=, $K

 V
 >g 3

(
7
K N~$= )
N~$= o7A =$= o7fJAN,$=

fb , V>3 

(
Q N)
~N $K

(= = =)  = L$K

f
 >g 3

X0


to a noun. Denotes that a person/thing governed is related/connected with the original
noun. If a noun has u ending, this must be dropped before adding 
.
R JA= $=  " *=LK $= R , $=  " , $= 
K L 7 =   L 7 = R $K BL 7  BL 7 R A= =  >
7 = =
formed by adding

If a noun ends in /, this is changed to B before ending.


A =
N

N


A =
N  >

N


A *=(L $=  @=*(L $=


A #=JL7  =#JL7

A =J=  R AJ=

(" $) @+4 B  /?*4 B M&D H:: o"#D "-! @- . 4 (f#) }
O$ RG

 a 3

{a-(4  . :3  $ B} uq 5 G a~  B {

l

`G

$

$ 

$ M&

"

( /?* B M&D H: (f#) }

O$) oa,+ @- y$ " 

3

$ M& H: . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

dY

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ $  

} 

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ e(- (B) Zh 

( /?* B M&D H: (f#) }

O$) oa,+ @- y$ " 

3

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ $ M& 

/
R

>' I T . D ou+, @- y$ 6 Zh 

1


0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ $  /?J . I G B (>

A )r BC M& 

fv Dk

BC M& 6 . I a,+ @- y$ ") (=$) >' I T . D a,+ @- y$ 6 Zh (OL = ) 

-,

>' I T . D V) "- 

W$-
y

3\ - either/or. Four conditions of usage. Note, the second $\ of the pair is always preceded by B:
K 3\ 

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$

$ 

' 3*

 . D u  $ o6  Zh  a \A o#: "$ ($) B (a \A) O$ "WF$ 

3\

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  

B
a 3

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ e(- (B) Zh 

 . D u  $ o6  Zh  a \A o#: "$ ($) B (a \A) O$ "WF$ 

3\

Z($ (:+$ $\ B) "-{ 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  

D03

T>% 3\ 

y$ $\ B >($ $\ M&D

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$

$ 

)?@

 . D u  $ o6  Zh  a \A o#: "$ ($) B (a \A) O$ "WF$ 

3\

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  

1
3

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ e(- (B) Zh 

 . D u  $ o6  Zh  a \A o#: "$ ($) B (a \A) O$ "WF$ 

3\

Z($ (y$ $\ B) "-{ 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$  

4+3

*2 3\ 

:+$ $\ B $ $\ $h

"p $\ B "#( $\ M-(4

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
 . D u  $ o6  Zh  a \A o#: "$ ($) B (a \A) O$ "WF$ 

)
y

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 




>' I T . D oxW @- y$ e(- (B) Zh 

 . D u  $ o6  Zh  a \A o#: "$ ($) B (a \A) O$ "WF$ 

3\

Z($ ("p $\ B) "-{ 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

aE

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

3\

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

a% 3\ 

B
$\ B Bq4 $\

 . D u  $ o6  Zh  a \A o#: "$ ($) B (a \A) O$ "WF$ 

3\

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
>' I T . D +, @- y$ " aJ 

 y

T V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

n


>' I T . D oxW @- y$ e(- (B) Zh 

 . D u  $ o6  Zh  a \A o#: "$ ($) B (a \A) O$ "WF$ 

3\

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
Z($ (B
$\ B) "-{ T V(W$ /?J . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

 

W

`

D
; - definition indicating a precise noun . 6 8
7 ) >
7 , " ($! `G   ;J

a, O$ B ;Y O$ 5 G ;J

J
 (y$) 

-6

5DFG ]-4 0`G ]_ `G  (y$) 

782 )?

b% c O` `  (y$) 

C$<$; )?@

7 #  . 6   (y$)  ' 7$T; 7 K

7    5* h 234 D ":() %6   @p V~Y u,*: 5* u?~) 2 u,* $

7 * " ,$ 7
 (>($) 
)

. 6 >
7 ,  (>($) 

(C)  pt

8) >Y .#- . ":3 O$  ` >Y `G >

7 Y j $h >
7 Y TY  (>($) 
8
$ ;
7 # /
 >
7 Y u,*: u,J m\ Z[) $

D
3 [\ #6;

7 K - in-definition indicates an indefinite noun - . 6 >

Y " ($6
Ds2 

":S' * O* Z`


E >
7 Y `G

>
Y `G

":S' * n) aJ Z`

":S' * n) aJ Z`
":S' * |+ Y`) H! aJ Z`
":S' * |+ Y`) H! aJ Z`

j $h =*LA O

j $h RL =*LA ;

TK ~W &$ 56
TK ~W R&$ O g

a* O

k* ;

aN &) 56
k
= &) O g

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

n
 :

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


n$ TJp a* Z`h T(: "$% B Z[$ G B n$ TJp 5# T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

r % 

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B T#\ Z[$ 

' 3*

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

(= G7 ) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W
":S a* ;:`h B |+ Y`) H{ TJp B T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

^ _
$ ? ~' 3

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B T#\ Z[$ 

 >

[ RQ -N6L A = (
= + RL -N6L A ) OA #L-N6 ;
7 -+ ]
%&/I& - both (of), the two - u 6 -Y  6 %Y  n$ *($ oW$ zW a
v= l
L $= K I I&

G B n) vP-$ TJp "[ O "#J ep T(: "$% B 9:$
$
Z[$
T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S  


O

u) * %& a4! a O

n) vP-$ TJp "PW O "#J 5# T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ -& ;
 .M(J

AO#L&= ) ;


-%& ;zWh

;zWh k4+ 
Q

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S  

Ny/NZ - That is. Used for n$ only

there he is !

_ ;
= J
G

a_  G

_/_ J
G

/XT

LD 

 >3

_ ;
K J
G

a4  G

_ G G

kY O`G

aY a`G

>
Y `G

a_ J
G

5DB
MG G

_ RG G

k4#& k4G

a4#& a4G

u #& 0`G

a4 J
G

5DB
O G G

k- ]*_

a- ]J_

M - ]_

 _ G G

here I am !

k&$ ]*#4

a&$ ]J4 " &$ ]-4

 `J<G < _ J
G

9@ -u - starts with an M& - constituted by  B

$.

' >3

X
 %K

a \ 

a \ M&

 C J

" &$ 0`G

W\

' >3

1
 %K

$

 W 
s 

a < )?

(M,$#) 0~4 { $?4 a

} > { M, 2 $?4 a
B } 

CO3 'T3

(
B (a \) RG .(W "l) Zhp  { M#h  W 
t  a \ }

f
> +3 # *

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   


> -u - starts with a .(: - constituted by .: /J/.:.
#Y_

7 

x= =
L
N

7 

/
= G= _N


x

x
M&

.(:

.:

.(:

f
7 l ;
LE (= -NN 

(x#P/M#-&) =y f
D

(
B (aY) RG "?* V(:p)   ! aY 

(.$Y 2) oN f
D

f,> )?@ - derived noun indicating action of verb or its behaviour - .(W .(: $ "D- ?$ M&
/
7 7, =  /
= =YN O$ [(he is) writing] /
4KNY  . K N: aB @- C R%n .(: O$
C$
>; )?@ - derived noun indicating element undergoing action of verb .(W T#- HB $ @- "D- V- y) .(W O$ ?$ M&
/
7 =, 7  /
= KY O$ [written] - >
L 7, $=  V L (7 W $= aB @- C R%n .(: O$
. #LK 6= 7 = ~N   uW T M4 ` g G  B oT* PJ ` M&D G
) (a:$)  ]  :'%+;
 (.#{) W-: o.#{ TJ\ V~J a
J B o
$ (~) W-: o~ O PJ a
J "-! 0`G RW:
:'%+; U$N: (
>
% O

9
* *G 8
7 -!

{ ~- >
W(4 a
}

* 
s 

a < )? 

{ M, 2 $?4 a
} 

CO3 'T3 

u #W$ u 5~

:"#4i "-n$p I Y ":($ a, a

) I .p  jKy  :'%+; a
y (

r) ar, B ou%? "K *!

7 W$ oE >
7 Y a1~ ol$ 
E  2= ( ` o+$ `G o8$ J
o  V&  
:*$ Bl u,J

) @- ~ a

B (B B ! B Zz  "-! Tl )) "-{ T  a, a
(

 (= *) Zz B
$ (u #&) 
u #& J* 
 () B B ! B
$ (

N) 


(},J W&D 5
B) W& M&
) a, a
(>
 (]) B B ! B
$ ($) W& M& 
] $ 
 ($) B
$ (O$) W& M& 

$ O$ 
 (.?W I) B
$ (MY) W& M&.A ?W I  ML YN 
;
= J
8
$
 T+,  B .8
$ ;
= J
: @-
) ~ a
.p  ]  :'%+; Xy y (
$ O$ ] $ 
]h e#Y ] $ 

W& M& aY _\

) ~ a
/ B
W& M& aY _\  ~ a
/ B

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

$h R :
.$h :] O .+- V~4 .
) Z`h #: -  aY _\ :'%+; #d* (
] U$N: (
OA $F) u 1K$ O$F) 

(M  n:)  >3 

H: . I RG B  (T $) "#D "-!  T $ ) 

-u Q 

H: . I RG B  (M,~- ) "#-(: "-! 

M,~-  B 
-u +8 Q

H: . I >?*$ G B  (;) Zz  }$p 

; "*! 
H: . I G B  () B B ! 

  
:I
)  v 

:'%+- m3 

ahW$ 04`:J B a~-3$ .?W  a+6 >% B eB 8

7 ) 
a&$ * B a64 * B "# T6B B 8
*$ $h 

H! B "#*n4 B :' 
g#J< B 2Y` I 

:'

% + ; C$

*:

Qhy/'y X+?

:'%+;

.p G

~$

":($

 W 
s

q6 `G

 F$

":($

T7 $%NY /
#

"-{ T  B u,J

) a,

 F$

u,J

u #& =*

"-{ T  B u,J

) a,

 F$

u,J

]

E I

W& M&
) a,

~$

u,J

/
 OL $

W& M&  a,

 F$

":($

;
= J
OL $

.p G

~$

":($*

M, 2 $?4 a

(ML , $7 # 0~4 ap *)
+  C$

*:

M +8 M/ >3,$N

W$

 +
L 7 O7 

(Z) "-{ T

A ) = * 8
7 )

(B B !) "-{ T

/
A (-) I >
7 %

"# "-{

/
7 -~ - " #*

"#-(: "-{

- aY $ /

7 = %&'

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   
If you have  ":($ in a u#W$

"-{, then the st is a

$ and the nd is a  . If positions change then the >\ changes:
VBp
) 

$

/
#

n
) 
T#\ Z[$

 $h

R~

R~

n
)

VBp
)

$

$

Z[$
0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$
$ 

' 3*

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

H: . I  "#-(W "-! B (G) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W

X
 YZ

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ VBp

) 

' 3*

Z[$ G B "+ 5
O$ TJp B T(: "$% B 9:$ n
) 

$Q:

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

j

VBp
)  (/# 0
) "-{ B fG 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ n
)  
H: . I

X
+

Z\ - if, whether, when, whenever. Z embodying a condition. Used mostly with w$ .(:, transforming in meaning to the future.

Also used with 9[$

"K *! >

7 
;
L P
= K:

a [$ 5t 6 _\

l >6

l

.(:. It is permissible for the answer to the condition (l >6) to be 9[$ .(:.
aN B _\

>
7 % x7 *

x7 *4

8
A B I 7  _\

l

l >6

l >6

l

l >6 must be prefixed by ("#! 5W o>! 5: o 5:) in the following situations:
9 M  1$_ W$Ka W: (

{/ : y  ]<& _\ B} 

A W+ K $ O T<N&L N: $h ;
= 
 _\ 

3E 

T7 z KFL 47 %: J
= ) }
= 6B _\ 

Y @ 

T V
_: $h 56 _\ 

=>%?@ 

Xm U$N: 3  + I

D  1$_ W$Ka W: (

((*Q$ f#-: *Ql O$)) 

(defective)}'3_

I
D W$Ka W: (

{#z : = : L ~N : T& B  HA K 7 O$ B} 

(' oV )  W %a W: (

>
7 `K Y
: Z
7 Bz OL ,4 $ 

D (3)  W %a W: (

{u i I T7 +
= =-  OL -: #J I  f O$} 

( V)  W %a W: (

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

The l

7 WK &= <+
= : L :+74 a \ 

(i?)  W %a W: (

{5 a \ T-[: O$  M,#*37 Z

= +: " -N#L= ML 7W K a \} 

(#
 $ ? )  W %a W: (

{(#{ 8* . <,: wp I j +: B

ofWJ 23 +WJ . O$ TJ
} 

(-NhV&V )  W %a W: (

>6 will not be BqC if preceded by 5W. However, the >\ for it will be q6 . I.
a,+ @- y$ 6 2  Zh 

Z\

l .(: G B xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

^ _

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: 

Wb 63

0 1 @- uGz "PW 05* "$% B V- y$ w$ .(: 

 %Db

a,+ @- y$ g#J<4 Zh 

H


Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: /J 

1
 $:

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B T#\ Z[$ 

>' I  . D l >6 ("*! >
;P:) "#-(W "-!

 u

a,+ @- y$ 6 2  Zh 

Z\

l .(: G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
>' I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

' %

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (I)r BC M& 


 '

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

>' I  . D l >6 (x*4) "#-(W "-!
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W

 y

(  W&D "$%) >! m\  (  

) ( (>?*$ W$) a,+ @- y$ W& M&  3>%?@ )&

(
) .(W- ~$ T V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ W& M& 

) &V

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ q## 

}%&

(P$ /?J 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

:g o

.: H: . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

_ # ()&) H _ Z\ j _ $
+, @- y$ 6 Zh 

1


6 Zh (>
A )r 6 . I a,+ @- y$ W& M& 

) &V

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ q## 

@} a

(P$ /?J 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

n
 %8

.: H: . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

1
 %K

(!  < "$%) >! m\  D  2n, ( T  (BC H{/W$) a,+ @- y$ M&  a] )&
Z[$ RG B (
) .(W- ~$ T V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ "*Y M& 

) &V

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

1
v %&

(P$ /?J 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

:g o

.: H: . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


$ H: . I a,+ @- y$ "*Y M& 

) &V

>' I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

 3

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (OL $K )r BC M& 

1
v %&

Z[$ H: . I xW @- y$ a,$ Z 

' ,

 H: . I (*) "-{ B T#\ Z[$ (= *LK )r 6 . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

`

R -  >
= , 5s =G

Y`$ H{  L 7 =G

Y`$ W$  5t =G

.(` 7 ) ( .(: M& +% Y

u  \  >
= , L 7 =G gJF$ H{  a 7 =G gJF$ W$  @K=G
(` 7 ) ( xW @- y$ $
.(: M& 
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

1
 %K

>' I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 5J Zh 

a

5* @- /?J . I M[ @- y$ M- W$ *$ 

r,

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

^ Y

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

3u HE p-0a .Y @ z 3E =@ z-V z)V  # * 

: z'* ,63 I
D = 3
a,+ @- y$ q6 B RWJ Zh 

) V

0 1 @- a,+ T$q6 "$% B (ML N)r BqC 9[$ .(: 

(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
xW @- y$ Zh l >6 I "(B 

' %

a,+ @- y$ q6 B RWJ Zh 

) V

0 1 @- a,+ T$q6 "$% B (ML N)r BqC 9[$ .(: 

(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W

 y

a,+ @- y$ q6 B RWJ Zh 

-V

.($ TJp a,+ O "#J 0 1 O$ (5#) "-( Zh Z`h T$q6 "$% B (QN)r BqC 9[$ .(: 
 i
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
T V(W$ /?J . I a,+ @- y$ V$ M& 

B
 a

xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

3:

T V(W$ /?J . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

not; .
Y<

ML N - he did not eat; he has not eaten

when, at the time when, as =$

= *LK

#


3

/
 .Y f
L -K
L #=K M-,) B /3 .(: @- . 4 .$p #W4 B T$q B 9[) .(W @- . 4 .$p D 0`G (fg Q ' )
B o5W B oB ( O,+4 B u+,$ $p D .*G f
L -K
L *=K TJ,$ I

+, @- y$ Zh $p D 

C

0 1 @- a,+ T$q6 "$% B ($p D)r BqC 9[$ .(: 

(G) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W
>' I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

  
 a

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (I)r BC a,$ Z 

W K3

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I +, @- y$ .?$ 2S 

j

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

.?W O$ MY7h

L  D L/,4 D 
  T$q B /) B /3 9[) .(W @- . 4 ."#G* D 0`G (X
 %Kg y @)
no! dont! .
Y<4

a,+ @- y$ R Zh 

0 1 @- a,+ T$q6 "$% B ("#G* D)r BqC 9[$ .(: 

(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ 

 0Ky

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

`

D - dont eat!

) o

"#G* D B $p  /- 9J

O$ B .q6 /-- 6 9[) HB _\
a,+ @- y$ $
.(: 
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
0 1 @- a,+ T$q6 "$% B (8
L 
) /- BqC 9[$ .(: 
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W


 :

a,+ @- y$ R Zh 

0 1 @- a,+ T$q6 "$% B ("#G* D)r BqC 9[$ .(: 

(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W

fg 0Ky

until, till, up to, as far as, to

 y

 (m\ oa
m\) om\ " 6 Zh  7u *

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ ~$  

= I?

 F$
$ H: . I xW @- y$ .?W*$ 2S 

r Y

a,+ @- y$ (m\) ( 6 Zh 

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (dh)r BC M& 

L m3

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

 >

so that, in order that, that, in order to, to, as, with a view, for

 u[$ a < 9[) /?* o.#-( #W 6 Zh  

% *

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
>' I T . D oa,+ @- y$ .#-(4 B 6 Zh 


 :

uGz "PW T?J "$% B (a

m\) B
(RY) ( c (dh) ( 6B (a
)r >?*$ 9[$ .(: 
0 1 @-

 :

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

' - calling to one who is mourned or to a cause of pain

T#- HW$

ZB` .(:

5J Zh

0L =Q P
= $7

(...)

B=

x=
= :N - to distress, afflict, pain, agonise, torment, make suffer

>?*$ *$

(>J
)

.(W O >*

3 L_$%; - the cause of pain, the place where disease and

T*$ H6$

ZB` .(:

5J Zh

0L =&
=

(...)

B=

>?*$ *$

(>J
)

.(W O >*

, L>%; - one who is mourned, stricken to death.

suffering are located. x

= 6= B= pain, ache, suffering, agony, anguish

(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S T-: B +, @- y$  (H64
) ( .(: M&  0j 1 oK01
:V - to show, present, bring out.

show him your notebook

 =: 0K A
N

show me your book

 ]=Y A
N

07

}
7


L =
N

  T V(W$

  T V(W$

.:

.(:
 :V

5# RG B "-( Zh Z`h @- y$ $

.(: 
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ VBp T V(W) 

}'-w

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ n T V(W) 

1
 %&

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 

`

.
L 7 T[$ .T*# T*$ ;
L :N`K h7 .(N
L
N) T-
.(N= ) O$ .N (= :
N (=
N) .= ) ==A
a


(}
 `G RA**=LA
N .$  `G RA*LA
N .a \  `G RAJBL 7
N .R-  `G A
) .A
N  T*$ $p B

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(: 

(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
a,+ @- y$ /?J B ?$ Zh 

' a:

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B (a

N)r >?*$ 9[$ .(: 

n
  :b

VBp T V(W) /?J . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

Y

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ n T V(W) 

 a';

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

Wg :

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

5# RG B "- Zh Z`h @- y$ $

.(: 

 :V

"- ;(B a* 

W

VBp T V(W) /?J . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

n


n T V(W) /?J . I a,+ @- y$ u\ M& 

dY

a,+ @- y$ 5J Zh 

a

5* @- /?J . I M[ @- y$ M- W$ *$ 

r ,

W& - It is permissable to aJ Z`h for the following BqC 9[$ conjugations, so long as it is not followed by sukoon ( ):
]
7 J=  OL , J=

7
N  OL Y
N

]
7 4=  OL , 4=

]
7 =  OL , =

! ZBh O$  )0 

>' I T . D oxW @- y$ ! B M+ Zh 



0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (B)r BC M& 

/
.

a,+ @- y$ "#:* 

3

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

n
 :

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


T V(W$ /?J . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

j

a \ }
O$ perhaps, maybe  f
 V
to hope (for), wish, to look forward to
fear, fright, worry, anxiety, concern, care

 _ 2 a, a
6

o2 T-(  r_ %


V>8 \ [$ a, a
@l

o$ T-(  >82
xW @- y$ /?J B R64 Zh 

f
 V

(. () M& /?J . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

j

>' I T . D o+, @- y$ 6 Zh 

1


(. ()  H: . I 0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B 5 BC M& 

vQ


E  =  = < 
E  7  7O+h = < O7 +  5* *  a~) M-( O$ % B ep Z` .5* Zh  a

a,+ @- y$ 5J Zh 

a

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B Z[$ TJp >?*$ *$ 

X
 *<

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$ 

W &'

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

(` 7 ) 0*($ (]#\) ..(: M& (M,#\) *G  ( Q :b } V "3 :V ) Kb  V\)

) @- ;-  u (OL $K ) *G .( * VF& O$ .G) "-! 0`G .

( Cv O?  3 fg Y )

Q = N o=]L= N oKTL= N .(@-) B (m\) e
234 Y 2[ H$ 5 TW
234 .(= *LK ) ( a,$ Z ()  (C O? n' V)
T#: G B ) /,$ ;-  (  ( a'; p, xQ)
x#P %Y ( a'; [\ x<) B  (V a'; x<)
O
q! x: @- y$  (^ 03
 +<
 ) B ( N fV  V)
a
/ G a
D\ (aY) .N = = . (4 "%n V (:p 0`G T-(W 9
= = = 
od& f
>a dV Q :V / d& f
>a fV
 _ / d& fb
>a P > V
9
[$ -(: " #-(: " -{ a,
{ ( O$ B . O$ $p  } m(4 V .($ D zW ":S' O H _\ M[ @- ('
) B (f+o)  (f+o 3)
= f + oV OL $K ) o(>($  9
L 7&L
fV + oV ) o(y$  fb + oV OL $K )  y$ a,#& (T#\ Z[$  Z[$) 5R (.) ( @4< | _\
(>($
}%&

}'3*

H


r mV , :V

V(W)
n

V(W)
VBp

.:

w$ .(:

 a' ;

j

n


W Vm, :V

.:

V(W)
n

V(W)
VBp

w$ .(:

i$
>3 (pm,:) XTa

>
= , 
O$

"-! a[$ #Y4 #W4 B oE5=KLD 7 D 0`G  (f  J

 %0
 3 d)

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

LA $= G B x7 L?
 T7 YN = L
N 
L
N 

}6a 3

' 3 *

 +<
 :V

x


x
M&

w$ .(:

(aN NY) }

O$ (
 +<
 :V)

( "i oa V1 u&) { J= L \A TK K= (L *AA ML 7P

L =
L <N:N ML , AL - O= #L= e
= <N:N } :m(4 T I Y (= =) ( b<4  B
: o.(W B (a
N) O$ J,$ G a, a
/ B o(aY) }
O$ RG B (= NY o=>= YN ) "~) V(:
O$ .>
= 7 N :(
 8  :V)
.MG%

m\ (6 a
N >
7 % ]
7 = L 7 : o[
9[) *$ .(+ B .R=*L= a
N 8
7  ]
= = BL
N
r  % a

Wg :V


 '

 8  :V

9[$ .(:

?$ Zh

]B
M&

w$ .(:

]B
  VBF) ?)
( /?*4 B M&D H:4 oaY }
O$) xW @- y$ w$ .(: 

 8  :V

0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ ]B

M& 


 '

a,+ @- y$ /?J B ?$ Zh 

Wg :

0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B (a

N)r >?*$ 9[$ .(: 
]B
 /?J . I (R* a
) VBF) ?)

r  % a

)YI

[\

$
_ a

Wg :V

1
 Im

 8 $ a

BC M&

6 Zh

9[$ .(:

?$ Zh

]B
M&

w$ .(:

]B
  VBF) ?)

 8 $ a

/?*4 B M&D H:4 oaY }

O$) 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ 9[$ .(: 
(
0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ ]B
M& 

1
 Im

a,+ @- y$ /?J B ?$ Zh 

Wg :

V(:p O$ TJp "PW O "#J 0 1 O$ a* Z`h T?J "$% B (a

N)r >?*$ 9[$ .(: 
"+
]B
 /?J . I ((6 a
) VBF) ?)
>' I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

$
_ a

Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (m\)r BC M& 

I

T#\ Z[$ 6 . I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

)Y

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

[\

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

I T
 .$ Y y
.$ /
+ w m\ }:& : o- ) (J b<4 B ") "$ u,* ($) 0`G .(3 v 3^E Y'a a)
.$

"j W#P I  `G }

 .$ aj ,$

(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(: 

 D?

.: H: . I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 

H


>' I T . D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh 

[\

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (OL $K )r BC M& 

S
 a 

>' I T . D u+, @- y$ 6 Zh 

C

0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (OL $K )r BC M& 

X
v +?

a,+ @- y$ ") "$ u,* 

3

a
l B ./
A -) K  OA L 
E  K  O7 L 7  : oT#
M& m\ :[$ M-( "W 56 _\ (O) uq Z` .() g   ' -w)
O7 +
=
N  : ouq (O) "$Y ;
L =KY  1 & I [( B o& I [( 56 _\ B ohB & I %n }-, a,4
A #l O7 L 7 $h) :.n$ I Z
7 `N P
L 47D B .R - O7 L
.k- k H~ | (O) ap (M#G\

zHT )%y %-
 nd / '-  [
y / W$

.i3 zHoE '3 W0* ) i
%  J<:   p,  '-w +N p, )?  / p< 
: a*( @- >? /,#-: < B
~* O$ ^# 6B O$
"(+ "#( ",-) o"* "*) o .>.  "#$%&' "($! o 
   

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//
   
   

)*  '+, .# $%&'
!"  
             

     
   

L- _

 >3

L- _

 >3

" = (K
N

=(N

O7 LBA =*=

a =*L7

a =#L6A

 =6

 =&L
N

 &K

7 h7

=h=

u NW=

" WN =

a BL F7 7

a < =

,7&

a =, &=

@=SL $=

LA $=

7 GK =*$=

= *L$=

" YN 5E %=$

]
-N$=

" =A 6L
N

>
=6=

=L
N

=

@=$=

M LK N

}
=-KN

" =-KN

V NW
N

. W K

 QB7 /7 K=B=

 K=

u = A
N

=K

=P
K /5 QP
=
N

x #LP
K
=

aN L W W N $7

e
W N $7

aN L 67 B q= =$7

B q= =$7

>
=qhL
N

>
qL hK

 >3

x7 K=N

" P
= KD

 N`L
N

 ` 7

8
=#Y
N

f
#LYK

" P
= -K&L
N

%K&

}
=hL N

" h= L N

>
BL 7 h7

>
L h=

5s =$=

 #L$K
N

K= =

" N LA =

a NBL
N

O NB=

" =BA L
N

5 =B=

" WN -K
N

Z
%K

" =`K hL
N

5 `N hK

O +
7 N/" *=+
E 
N

a =+K

a =L
N

O LK

K=
N/KL
N

 =

 L P
7 67 / =P6L
N

 P
L 67

>
L J7_

/
JL_N

u = WN YN / WY /aN BL 7 :KNY

 :KNY

" ~N +
= :N/aN L ~ &K N:

v &K N:

u =
= :N/ Q:

 6A N:

]
7 K1=
N

" ,N LA
N

}
=*hK =

" *=hK =

 =
7

u = L
7

K=$=

-NL$=

f
7 A%=$

f
=- $=

 = &7

u = L &7

5s =6=

 #L6A
N

7 K =N

u = K N

Z
=

" :NL

u = A &L
N

 =&K

f
7 #L&K =6=

8
L &7 =6

M $=

" $Q

?
= hK

" ?
Q hK

L ?
7 

K

V B= 7

" NBL =

 L *7G7


K *LGK

g
LK =h
N

g
LK h=

V B= 7

" NBL =

T7 YK =:N

" = YK N:

q
u = 4KNY=

 L 7Y 7

q
=L
N

M #LK=

V NW
N

. W

e
7 hK =?$=

e
P
=?
L $7

 BQ 7 /7 K=B=

 K=

}
=6A

" = 6A

" #=*A:
N

5 =*:K

 =K

 LK =

u = == / Q7

 A=

}
N=lJ=/" N l
K JL
N

=lJ=

@=hL 6=

x LA 6=

/
7 JA=6=

/
JA=6

f
W JLN/8
L W J7

f
W J=

L- _

q
+
= J7

"
=+
L J7

==G=

" QK G=

 L :B7

 : B=

q7 YK =$=

q YN L $=

" WN -K
N

Z
%K

= :

"
= L :

"(+ "#( ",-)
"* "*) "#$%&' "($!
//