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)* -* /
. ) 0
+ 1 ,2
in nouns
1
3
Modification/change reaching the end of nouns because of the change of the active element (denoting the end of
the noun changes according to the position of the word in the sentence). [.$(
9:$
8
7 ) 56
>?*$
8
= ) ;<&
BC 8
A ) @- ;-&
4+3
non-modification/change reaching the end of nouns because of the change of the active element (denoting the
end of the) word assumes one eternal/unchangeable form. [.$(
5E DFG 56
5E DFG ;<&
5E DFG @- ;-&
O7 P
L J= =J
N OQ 7JL
N =7JL
N ;
K JL
N OQ G7 =G7 R= GK ML 7JL
N =7JL
N ;
= JL
N ML G7 =G7 = G7
H: 2S G
(T V(W$ .: .(:) /?* 2S T
(T#\ Z[$ Z[$) ! 2S TY
(a($ a4G a`G) ]^B
]_ 0`G `G
5-6
782 9:
$<$; 9:
d$ e#Y $ O
O$
=>%?@ 9:
f$
g#h ai _\
# A B
0K 1 Z
j
k$1
C
DE 9:
(>($ VBp 5q!) l GF l %F l 4F l F l "(+4 m\ l gn ol h
+& ; ',:
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
1 ,2 H3I,
<E
-6
, >
w
= p B H
+ v- - u+, T#: /?* "$%
)0 !NO; LM
P Q
/
R
H
$-0
0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (}+) @- Z($
S
E
J%>
i.e. not taking their normal form as dictated by specific rules in Arabic Grammar:
Z? O$ 9* TJp uGz "PW 06 "$% B (m\)r BC M&
WV $, D
[\
/
/
0-] 9E
^ _
Z[$ G B "+ 5p O$ M& TJp B T(: "$% B 9:$ .:
$:
`
#
,:
`
_ / _ / B_
I / : / :
R / /
R
/
/
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
:
a:
7b ?
c:
`
e0 &d; LM
fV Q
WV $?';
Cg hV?
H
i
?';
jdY
b D k
i
?';
l";
1
Vk
W+
X
V V
a';
+
jdY
D k
i+m
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
n a'% 1 ,2
q$;
e
), i.e. @Wl+) dW ?(
u?
o?(Y :ep u? /Y
5& o"$D e< 0 1 I R* >($ M& ?~) M&D]
[.uq$ B
"-~*$ RG \ B o
"#-
ep 0`G a,4 D B.@Wl+) B dWY :5#
fV %oV
p%>
p
DE
1
T
An M& where the last letter is a 5 and the letter before it is +,$, i.e. !
R$ RS~
5rp 0`: .+,$ - uQl$ 2 o"#-
B
"$D
" 5# T*$ >($ M& ~*$ M&D]
[.+,$ - $ uQl$ 2 " 5# JD "~*$
05 ;
L :N`K h7 ) :
CV hV?
rs
r 3 t
,
rNu
X
Y ZV
":B` 5# @- u~) "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .:
S
v o
pV\
":B` 5# @- u~) u+, 06 "$% B (m\)r BC M&
=v w
:rY
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
,
~'_
n
Z %?:
n
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a,$ Z) T#: V(W$
L 3
I3
n
9E 3 H,$D ;
B
) (
0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$
$
/
R
$>k
aY M& (
W&
1
+
}*$%>3
a \ (
W\
/
^
$>k
.W (
P V Q
N
/
R
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
.W /J (
0 1 @- Gz xW 05* "$% B V- y$ w$ .(:
P Q
Wb 0N2
3
i
v
9E 3 H$T;
a \ M& (
( H:4 B M&D /?*4
B a\) xW @- y$ /?J B #Y4 Zh
W\
/
^
$>k
aY (
W&
=
m
}dad
T V(W) (
) DV
H
'
T#: V(W) (
D?
1
:
n
0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a$ Z) T#: V(W$
I
}
_
';
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a,$ Z) T#: V(W$
' ,
0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (= *LK )r BC T#\ Z[$
a';
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
T-6p V(W) (
a,+ @- y$ "#:*
3
Q
H
3
x
+
}D$Q
3
T($ V(W) (
?
H
fV +u
v-) V(W) (
:b a
' 3*
7} o
7} '_
V (
~'_
n
H: .
I "#-(W "-! B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(:
(G) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W
G 1 @- uGz "PW ?J "$% B "?*$ Vh
:b a
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
}',o
q## (
N:
"&:
3
`
}?
n+) (
6*
1
Im
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B T-n$ 9:$ G B (>%) YF) H *($ #Y4
fb &
) Y
@\
}'3*
*) (
a
' +,
/
.
9E 3 H
T#\ Z[) (
0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$
$
Wb
1
%&
/
.
6 Z +) (
1
Im
f T>
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
9E 3 H$T;
L$%
9E 3 H,$D ;
W /
t a\
a\ M&
Y
/
R
)
aY
&:
' ;:
T V(W)
hW$ 1+
s aY
aY M&
) t', 8) f-6 I
}
:&
T#: V(W)
$>k a\
a\
T-6p V(W)
/
R *~-
.W
fV +u B }&
T($ V(W)
k O$ W0N2
s
v-7
.W /J
u #6 7} o $h
~
v-) V(W)
}',o R-? 6
V
? ]*$ Y
J
q##
n+)
/
. >Y a1~
T#\ Z[)
'+,
t
*)
f T> I >%
6 Z +)
9E 3 H
Any M& which follows completely the >\ of what has just preceded it. Of this there are types:
9:)
>T/x
:V
6*
X
m
' a'u
>?*)
>T/x
X
ma
a';
X
m
' a'u
B
>T/x
dY
%D
X
m
' a'u
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
9:)
'&$%
6*
1
Im
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B T-n$ 9:$ G B (>%) YF) H *($ #Y4
f &
) Y
CV o
dY
a';
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B T-n$ 9:$ G B ()) YF) H *($ #Y4
>N
07
>?*)
'&$%
Cg h?
H
1
Im
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B T-n$ >?*$ G B (>%) YF) H *($ #Y4
f&
) Y
Cg h?
H
a';
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B T-n$ >?*$ G B ()) YF) H *($ #Y4
>N
j
B
'&$%
) ?
H
p,
1
Im
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B T-n$ BC G B (>%) YF) H *($ #Y4
f&
) Y
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
) ?
H
p,
a';
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B T-n$ BC G B ()) YF) H *($ #Y4
>N
j
9:)
Q
' 3*
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ ($h) @- Z($
P a'<
j
>?*)
X
a';
}'3*
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ ($h) @- Z($
P a'<
j
B
a:
X
%&b
' 3*
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B BC ($h) @- Z($
P a'<
j
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
9:)
C'+
:V
$Q:
`
) 8Y
dY
X
m
>?*)
C'+
#
,:
`
}Y
#
,:
X
m
B
C'+
a:
b D k
Z[$ [
G B "+ 5p O$ TJp 5# 06 "$% B BC T#\ Z[$
rQ:
`
)v 8Y
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
Q:
dY
+ 1 ,2
a:
b D k
dY
X
m
in verbs.
RS) .(W and $p .(: are both y$. 9[) .(W is >($ unless it has ur+* aJ (J' aJ)
and #Y aJ then it becomes y$ i.e. O
= - (= W 4=/O= - (= W = (from "+ V(:
).
0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(:
(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
T V(W$ /?J .
I a,+ @- y$ u\ M&
) D:
'
'a:
) D:
'
) V
) D:
'
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
dY
Wg :
dY
dY
1 ,2
rs;
fT>3
(G) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W B xW @- y$ w$ .(:
.: H: .
I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S k*D ep B xW @- y$ w$ .(:
.: H: .
I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S "! BB B M[ @- y$ w$ .(:
(RG) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W B og#J< "$% 5 B xW @- y$ w$ .(:
.: H: .
I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S k*D e
B og#J< "$% 5 B xW @- y$ w$ .(:
.: H: .
I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S (J' aJ) u+* a* B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(:
.: H: .
I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(:
n- ep B H! "$% M#) B .: H: .
I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(:
Y`) H! "$% M#) B .: H: .
I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(:
.: H: .
I +, @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(:
n- ep B H! "$% M#) B .: H: .
I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(:
gJF) H! "$% a* B .: H: .
I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(:
.: H: .
I M[ @- y$ .?$ 2S 5 B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(:
.: H: .
I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S J B a,+ @- y$ w$ .(:
.N (= :N
%=(:N
L-(= :N
;
L -N(= :N
=-N(= :N
O= - (= :N
;
= - (= :N
=7- (= :N
ML 7- (= :N
;
K - (= :N
=7- (= :N
OQ 7- (= :N
;
7 - (= :N
=*- (= :N
G
MG
RG
OQ G
;
= J
J
MJ
;
K J
J
Q J
J
3E
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W B
.: H: .
I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S k*D e
B
.: H: .
I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S "! BB B
.: H: .
I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S ") 5 B
.: H: .
I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S (J' aJ) u+* aJ B
. (= : K
%=(: K
L-(= : K
RL -K(= : K
O= - (= : K
;
= J
J
MJ
;
K J
Q J
U6;
.: H: .
I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S (J' aJ) u+* aJ B a,+ @- y$ 9[$ .(:
.: H: .
I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S (J' aJ) u+* aJ B a,+ @- y$ 9[$ .(:
O= - (= W =
O= - (= W 4=
OQ G
Q J
1 ,2 H3I,
<E
For 9[)
.(: there are ; taking their normal form as dictated by Arabic Grammar:
rtr /?* "$%
J%>
i.e. not taking their normal form as dictated by specific rules in Arabic Grammar:
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
-6
0-] C
DE
>' I T .
D oxW @- y$ W& Zh
:V
"+ V(:p O$ TJp "[ O "#J a* } T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(:
.: H: .
I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S "! BB
T V(W$ /?J .
I u+, @- y$ u\ M&
WV 'a y
X
%Kb
"+ V(:p O$ TJp "[ O "#J a* } T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(:
.: H: .
I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S "! BB
a,+ @- y$ /?J B ?$ Zh
WV 'a y
$+Ydy
:V
) V
"+ V(:p O$ TJp a,+ O "#J 0 1 O$ a* Z`h T$q6 "$% B (ML N)r BqC 9[$ .(:
.: H: .
I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S "! BB
$+Ydy
a
1Im
jdY
Wg :V
o f
>
a,+ @- y$ q6 B RWJ Zh
) V
a,+ O "#J 0 1 O$ (B) "-( Zh Z`h T$q6 "$% B (ML N)r BqC 9[$ .(:
(G) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W B (B *) i .($ TJp
U
'a
n a'% 1 ,2
'y
$Y
0 1 @- u~) "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ (*) 9[$ .(:
H: .
I "#-(W "-! B (G) 0~4 6 +$ 2S .W
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
f,D X5N
V
0 1 @- u~) "PW T?J "$% B (OL N)r >?*$ (k( W) *) 9[$ .(:
p0N:
) V
0 1 @- u~) a,+ T$q6 "$% B (ML N)r BqC (e([)) 9[$ .(:
* :V
9:$ M& following VC .(: in 9[$/w$ formats in substitute of the .:.
U6; f
>
rs; f
>
C$
=$
3
C$
=$
3
/
7 =, 7
/
7 7, =
/
= KY
/
= =YN
It is being
written
He is writing
It was written
He wrote
C$
=$
3
U$N
8
7
/
= KY
8
=
/
= =YN
.: /J
.(:
V(W$
T
.:
.(:
8
7
/
7 =, 7
8
=
/
7 7, =
C$
=$
3
S3
U63
U$N
}
=
. ^K&7
8
7 )
VN <N&=
.: /J
.(:
.W
V(W$
T
.(:
(+$)
V <N+
L 47
8
7 )
V <N+
L 7
S3
U63
Vr(W$ takes its place and becomes .r: /rJ with necessary harakah changes.
= L #= x= K: - = # is >?*$ despite the transformation of x= =:N to x= K:. This is because = # is T#: V(W$.
If the Tr
Vr(W$ is a 2rS, apply same (harakah changes) rules as above, and simply change the 2rS, to its equivalent .r:,
i.e. ;
= - ^K&7 < ]
= N<N&=
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
U6; f
>
rs; f
>
f,> X5N
C$
=$
3
f,> X5N
C$
=$
3
+$ 2S
B
V <N+
L 7
8
7 ) T<+
8
7 ) M<+
+$ 2S
B
.N ^K&7
8
7 ) T<&
8
7 ) M<&
+$ 2S
a*
;
L -N^K&7
WV . ^K&7
>p <&
>p O<&
aN V <N+
L 7
V <N+
L 47
+$ 2S
a*
WV V <N+
L 7
>p <+
>p O<+
+$ 2S
V <N+
L 47
8
7 ) ]
= <+
5
H
. ^K&7
8
7 ) ]
= <&
B
aN V <N+
L 47
8
7 ) M<&
) y. ^K&7
8
7 ) M<&
5#
aN n
.VN<+
L 47
>p ]
K <+
5
H
. ^K&7
>p ]
K <&
a*
WV V <N+
L 4=
>p O,<+
O4
y. ^K&7
>p O,<&
+$ 2S
+$ 2S
V <N&L
N
V <N+
L J7
8
7 ) y<+
8
7 ) *<+
5
J
H
. ^K&7
8
7 ) y<&
8
7 ) *<&
N. ^K&7
X
%&b
'
X
%Kg a
'
fV ?
H
Cb hV0
y
D C$
>;
fg <
H
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a$ Z) T#: V(W$
= $a
. FI"
. ^K&7
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
V _
H
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a,$ Z) T#: V(W$
' ,
0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (= *LK )r BC T#\ Z[$
a';
:3
+3 # A B
p %3
Q
H
a:V
X
Y dg y
fg <
H
3 :V
3
1
8
H
-]
oV
_
g _
H
WV
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
Y
_
g 8
H
B
a$q "#-Y @- V Zz m\ Z[) 9 , 1$D # A #d
# A , X5
r
3
H
Z[$ H: . I Zz O >J G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T#: V(W$
L
, ?
:#q6
!
b *
e
j #
e
= ?J
}
7
. YN
"j &
e
= ?J
}
7
L zJK
T#\ Z[$
Z[$
.:
.(:
T#\ Z[$
Z[$
.:
.(:
T V(W$
G B T#: V(W$
Zz O /J
>T
(P$ H: 2[ T?4D) a,+ @- y$ w$ .(:
V _
H
T* >J Zz- "W G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T#: V(W$ (% B
)
I
} a$
782 )?
g _
H
T#: V(W$ /?J . I Zz O /J a,+ @- y$ u\ M&
dY
U
$+?E
fg <
H
T#: V(W$ /?J . I Zz O /J a,+ @- y$ u\ M&
dY
= $
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
n
:V
H
dY
fV _
^ _
dY
fb _
'
!
g KV 3
H
(Z? O$ 9*) M& TJp 0 1 @- uGz "PW 06 "$% B (I)r BC M&
'
V
:
=v a:
W3 WK; )?
oa,$ Z) ' , 8) f-6 : a$/a,$ @- "D- o.(W O$ ` F a$q/a,) M&
(W+ O$
oa$ Z) I
}
:& / ) (8-! a,$
(A
L =/=6= ) =
L $=
* .(W (
(/
7 7, =//
= =YN ) /
=, $= o(/
7 (= - =//
= (K N) /
(= - $=
$[$ B
k( W$ 9[) .(W (
(f
7 -K
L =/f
= -N6= ) f
-K
L $=
(H7 [
= =/H= S
= B= ) H S
K L $= o(e
7 ~K =/e
= NB= ) e
N= $7
(
7 A l
L =/
= = = )
A l
L $=
(>
7 A t/>
= = N ) >
A 3L $=
(7
7+
L =/=
= &= ) 7
A+
L $=
f
>g 3 aB @-
f
>g 3 aB @-
(7 6A =+$= )
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
)?
_
';
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a,$ Z) T#: V(W$
' ,
0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B (= *LK )r BC T#\ Z[$
a';
D?
1
:
n
0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ (a$ Z) T#: V(W$
I
}
describes the instrument with which the action of the verb is carried out.
fb , V>3
(aN = B= ) a =q#L$K
(x= =:N)
=W $K
C
>g 3
(
7
K N~$= )
N~$= o7A =$= o7fJAN,$=
fb , V>3
(
= =) " h= B= L $K
(f
= *=YN ) " +
= *=, $K
V
>g 3
(
7
K N~$= )
N~$= o7A =$= o7fJAN,$=
fb , V>3
(
Q N)
~N $K
f
>g 3
X0
to a noun. Denotes that a person/thing governed is related/connected with the original
noun. If a noun has u ending, this must be dropped before adding
.
R JA= $= " *=LK $= R , $= " , $=
K L 7 = L 7 = R $K BL 7 BL 7 R A= = >
7 = =
formed by adding
A =
N
N
A =
N >
N
A *=(L $= @=*(L $=
A #=JL7 =#JL7
A =J= R AJ=
(" $) @+4 B /?*4 B M&D H:: o"#D "-! @- . 4 (f#) }
O$ RG
a 3
l
`G
$
$
$ M&
"
3
dY
}
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
3
/
R
1
fv Dk
BC M& 6 . I a,+ @- y$ ") (=$) >' I T . D a,+ @- y$ 6 Zh (OL = )
-,
W$-
y
3\ - either/or. Four conditions of usage. Note, the second $\ of the pair is always preceded by B:
K 3\
' 3*
3\
B
a 3
3\
Z($ (:+$ $\ B) "-{ 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$
D03
T>% 3\
)?@
3\
1
3
3\
Z($ (y$ $\ B) "-{ 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$
4+3
*2 3\
)
y
3\
Z($ ("p $\ B) "-{ 0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$
aE
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
3\
a% 3\
B
$\ B Bq4 $\
3\
y
n
3\
W
`
D
; - definition indicating a precise noun . 6 8
7 ) >
7 , " ($! `G
;J
-6
782 )?
C$<$; )?@
7 * " ,$ 7
(>($)
)
. 6 >
7 , (>($)
(C) pt
D
3 [\ #6;
":S' * O* Z`
E >
7 Y `G
>
Y `G
j $h =*LA O
j $h RL =*LA ;
TK ~W &$ 56
TK ~W R&$ O g
a* O
k* ;
aN &) 56
k
= &) O g
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
n
:
H
n$ TJp a* Z`h T(: "$% B Z[$ G B n$ TJp 5# T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$
r %
' 3*
^ _
$ ? ~' 3
>
[ RQ -N6L A = (
= + RL -N6L A ) OA #L-N6 ;
7 -+ ]
%&/I& - both (of), the two - u 6 -Y 6 %Y n$ *($ oW$ zW a
v= l
L $= K I I&
G B n) vP-$ TJp "[ O "#J ep T(: "$% B 9:$
$
Z[$
T#\ Z[$ 6 .
I a,+ @- y$ .?$ 2S
O
n) vP-$ TJp "PW O "#J 5# T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$ -& ;
.M(J
AO#L&= ) ;
-%& ;zWh
;zWh k4+
Q
there he is !
_ ;
= J
G
a_ G
_/_ J
G
/XT
LD
>3
_ ;
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G
a4 G
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kY O`G
aY a`G
>
Y `G
a_ J
G
5DB
MG G
_ RG G
k4#& k4G
a4#& a4G
u #& 0`G
a4 J
G
5DB
O G G
k- ]*_
a- ]J_
M - ]_
_ G G
here I am !
k&$ ]*#4
`J<G < _ J
G
' >3
X
%K
a \
a \ M&
C J
W\
' >3
1
%K
$
W
s
a < )?
CO3 'T3
(
B (a \) RG .(W "l) Zhp { M#h W
t a \ }
f
> +3 # *
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
> -u - starts with a .(: - constituted by .: /J/.:.
#Y_
7
x= =
L
N
7
/
= G= _N
x
x
M&
.(:
.:
.(:
f
7 l ;
LE (= -NN
(x#P/M#-&) =y f
D
(
B (aY) RG "?* V(:p) ! aY
(.$Y 2) oN f
D
f,> )?@ - derived noun indicating action of verb or its behaviour - .(W .(: $ "D- ?$ M&
/
7 7, = /
= =YN O$ [(he is) writing] /
4KNY . K N: aB @- C R%n .(: O$
C$
>; )?@ - derived noun indicating element undergoing action of verb .(W T#- HB $ @- "D- V- y) .(W O$ ?$ M&
/
7 =, 7 /
= KY O$ [written] - >
L 7, $= V L (7 W $= aB @- C R%n .(: O$
. #LK 6= 7 = ~N uW T M4 ` g G B oT* PJ ` M&D G
) (a:$) ] :'%+;
(.#{) W-: o.#{ TJ\ V~J a
J B o
$ (~) W-: o~ O PJ a
J "-! 0`G RW:
:'%+; U$N: (
>
% O
9
* *G 8
7 -!
{ ~- >
W(4 a
}
*
s
a < )?
{ M, 2 $?4 a
}
CO3 'T3
u #W$ u 5~
(= *) Zz B
$ (u #&)
u #& J*
() B B ! B
$ (
N)
(},J W&D 5
B) W& M&
) a, a
(>
(]) B B ! B
$ ($) W& M&
] $
($) B
$ (O$) W& M&
$ O$
(.?W I) B
$ (MY) W& M&.A ?W I ML YN
;
= J
8
$
T+, B .8
$ ;
= J
: @-
) ~ a
.p ] :'%+; Xy y (
$ O$ ] $
]h e#Y ] $
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
$h R :
.$h :] O .+- V~4 .
) Z`h #: - aY _\ :'%+; #d* (
] U$N: (
OA $F) u 1K$ O$F)
-u Q
M,~- B
-u +8 Q
:I
) v
:'%+- m3
H! B "#*n4 B :'
g#J< B 2Y` I
:'
% + ; C$
*:
Qhy/'y X+?
:'%+;
.p G
~$
":($
W
s
q6 `G
F$
":($
T7 $%NY /
#
F$
u,J
u #& =*
F$
u,J
]
E I
W& M&
) a,
~$
u,J
/
OL $
F$
":($
;
= J
OL $
.p G
~$
":($*
M, 2 $?4 a
(ML , $7 # 0~4 ap *)
+ C$
*:
W$
+
L 7 O7
A ) = * 8
7 )
/
A (-) I >
7 %
"# "-{
/
7 -~ -
" #*
"#-(: "-{
- aY $ /
7 = %&'
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
$
/
#
n
)
T#\ Z[$
$h
R~
R~
n
)
VBp
)
$
$
Z[$
0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$
$
' 3*
X
YZ
' 3*
Z[$ G B "+ 5
O$ TJp B T(: "$% B 9:$ n
)
$Q:
j
VBp
) (/# 0
) "-{ B fG 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ n
)
H: .
I
X
+
Z\ - if, whether, when, whenever. Z embodying a condition. Used mostly with w$ .(:, transforming in meaning to the future.
a [$ 5t 6 _\
l >6
l
.(:. It is permissible for the answer to the condition (l >6) to be 9[$ .(:.
aN B _\
>
7 % x7 *
x7 *4
8
A B I 7 _\
l
l >6
l >6
l
l >6 must be prefixed by ("#! 5W o>! 5: o 5:) in the following situations:
9 M 1$_ W$Ka W: (
3E
T7 z KFL 47 %: J
= ) }
= 6B _\
Y @
T V
_: $h 56 _\
=>%?@
(defective)}'3_
I
D W$Ka W: (
(' oV ) W %a W: (
>
7 `K Y
: Z
7 Bz OL ,4 $
{u i I T7 +
= =- OL -: #J I f O$}
( V) W %a W: (
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
The l
7 WK &= <+
= : L :+74 a \
(i?) W %a W: (
(#
$ ? ) W %a W: (
(-NhV&V ) W %a W: (
>6 will not be BqC if preceded by 5W. However, the >\ for it will be q6 .
I.
a,+ @- y$ 6 2 Zh
Z\
^ _
Wb 63
%Db
H
Z[$ G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ .: /J
1
$:
u
Z\
l .(: G B 0 1 @- uGz "[ T(: "$% B 9:$ 9[$ .(:
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
>' I T .
D oa,+ @- y$ 6 Zh
' %
'
y
(
) .(W- ~$ T V(W$ /?J .
I a,+ @- y$ W& M&
) &V
}%&
:g o
H
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
_ # ()&) H _ Z\ j _ $
+, @- y$ 6 Zh
1
6 Zh (>
A )r 6 .
I a,+ @- y$ W& M&
) &V
@} a
n
%8
H
1
%K
(! < "$%) >! m\ D 2n, ( T (BC H{/W$) a,+ @- y$ M& a] )&
Z[$ RG B (
) .(W- ~$ T V(W$ /?J .
I a,+ @- y$ "*Y M&
) &V
1
v %&
:g o
H
) &V
3
1
v %&
' ,
H: . I (*) "-{ B T#\ Z[$ (= *LK )r 6 . I xW @- y$ .?$ 2S
`
R - >
= , 5s =G
Y`$ H{ L 7 =G
u \ >
= , L 7 =G gJF$ H{ a 7 =G gJF$ W$ @K=G
(` 7 ) ( xW @- y$ $
.(: M&
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
0 1 @- uGz "PW T?J "$% B >?*$ T V(W$
1
%K
a
r,
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
^ Y
) V
' %
) V
y
-V
.($ TJp a,+ O "#J 0 1 O$ (5#) "-( Zh Z`h T$q6 "$% B (QN)r BqC 9[$ .(:
i
(;
= J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S .W
T V(W$ /?J .
I a,+ @- y$ V$ M&
B
a
3:
not; .
Y<
#
3
/
.Y f
L -K
L #=K M-,) B /3 .(: @- . 4 .$p #W4 B T$q B 9[) .(W @- . 4 .$p D 0`G (fg Q ' )
B o5W B oB ( O,+4 B u+,$ $p D .*G f
L -K
L *=K TJ,$ I
C
a
W K3
j
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
.?W O$ MY7h
L D L/,4 D
T$q B /) B /3 9[) .(W @- . 4 ."#G* D 0`G (X
%Kg y @)
no! dont! .
Y<4
0Ky
`
D - dont eat!
) o
:
fg 0Ky
y
(m\ oa
m\) om\ " 6 Zh 7u *
= I?
F$
$ H: .
I xW @- y$ .?W*$ 2S
r Y
L m3
>
so that, in order that, that, in order to, to, as, with a view, for
:
:
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
T#- HW$
ZB` .(:
5J Zh
0L =Q P
= $7
(...)
B=
x=
= :N - to distress, afflict, pain, agonise, torment, make suffer
>?*$ *$
(>J
)
.(W O >*
T*$ H6$
ZB` .(:
5J Zh
0L =&
=
(...)
B=
>?*$ *$
(>J
)
.(W O >*
(J
) 0~4 6B +$ 2S T-: B +, @- y$ (H64
) ( .(: M& 0j 1 oK01
:V - to show, present, bring out.
=: 0K A
N
]=Y A
N
07
}
7
L =
N
T V(W$
T V(W$
.:
.(:
:V
}'-w
1
%&
`
.
L 7 T[$ .T*# T*$ ;
L :N`K h7 .(N
L
N) T-
.(N= ) O$ .N (= :
N (=
N) .= ) ==A
a
(}
`G RA**=LA
N .$ `G RA*LA
N .a \ `G RAJBL 7
N .R- `G A
) .A
N T*$ $p B
' a:
n
:b
Y
a';
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
Wg :
:V
W
n
dY
a
r ,
W& - It is permissable to aJ Z`h for the following BqC 9[$ conjugations, so long as it is not followed by sukoon ( ):
]
7 J= OL , J=
7
N OL Y
N
]
7 4= OL , 4=
]
7 = OL , =
/
.
3
n
:
H
j
a \ }
O$ perhaps, maybe f
V
to hope (for), wish, to look forward to
fear, fright, worry, anxiety, concern, care
_ 2 a, a
6
o2 T-( r_ %
V>8 \ [$ a, a
@l
o$ T-( >82
xW @- y$ /?J B R64 Zh
f
V
j
1
(. () H: . I 0 1 @- uGz u+, 06 "$% B 5 BC M&
vQ
E = = <
E 7 7O+h = < O7 + 5* * a~) M-( O$ % B ep Z` .5* Zh a
a
X
*<
W &'
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
}'3*
H
r mV , :V
V(W)
n
V(W)
VBp
.:
w$ .(:
a' ;
j
n
W Vm, :V
.:
V(W)
n
V(W)
VBp
w$ .(:
i$
>3 (pm,:) XTa
>
= ,
O$
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
LA $= G B x7 L?
T7 YN = L
N
L
N
}6a 3
' 3 *
+<
:V
x
x
M&
w$ .(:
m\ (6 a
N >
7 % ]
7 = L 7 : o[
9[) *$ .(+ B .R=*L= a
N 8
7 ]
= = BL
N
r % a
Wg :V
'
8 :V
9[$ .(:
?$ Zh
]B
M&
w$ .(:
]B
VBF) ?)
( /?*4 B M&D H:4 oaY }
O$) xW @- y$ w$ .(:
8 :V
'
Wg :
r % a
)YI
[\
$
_ a
Wg :V
1
Im
8 $ a
BC M&
6 Zh
9[$ .(:
?$ Zh
]B
M&
w$ .(:
]B
VBF) ?)
8 $ a
1
Im
Wg :
$
_ a
I
)Y
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
[\
I T
.$ Y y
.$ /
+ w m\ }:& : o- ) (J b<4 B ") "$ u,* ($) 0`G .(3 v 3^E Y'a a)
.$
D?
H
[\
S
a
C
X
v +?
3
a
l B ./
A -) K OA L
E K O7 L 7
: oT#
M& m\ :[$ M-( "W 56 _\ (O) uq Z` .() g ' -w)
O7 +
=
N : ouq (O) "$Y ;
L =KY 1 & I [( B o& I [( 56 _\ B ohB & I %n }-, a,4
A #l O7 L 7 $h) :.n$ I Z
7 `N P
L 47D B .R - O7 L
.k- k H~ | (O) ap (M#G\
zHT )%y %-
nd / '- [
y / W$
.i3 zHoE '3 W0* ) i
% J<: p, '-w +N p, )? / p<
: a*( @- >? /,#-: < B
~* O$ ^# 6B O$
"(+ "#( ",-) o"* "*) o .>. "#$%&' "($! o
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //
L- _
>3
L- _
>3
" = (K
N
=(N
O7 LBA =*=
a =*L7
a =#L6A
=6
=&L
N
&K
7 h7
=h=
u NW=
" WN =
a BL F7 7
a < =
,7&
a =, &=
@=SL $=
LA $=
7 GK =*$=
= *L$=
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" =A 6L
N
>
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N
=
@=$=
M LK N
}
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" =-KN
V NW
N
. W K
K=
u = A
N
=K
=P
K /5 QP
=
N
x #LP
K
=
aN L W W N $7
e
W N $7
aN L 67 B q= =$7
B q= =$7
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N
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N
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8
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f
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N
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}
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>
BL 7 h7
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a NBL
N
O NB=
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N
5 =B=
" WN -K
N
Z
%K
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N
5 `N hK
O +
7 N/" *=+
E
N
a =+K
a =L
N
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N/KL
N
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L P
7 67 / =P6L
N
P
L 67
>
L J7_
/
JL_N
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v &K N:
u =
= :N/ Q:
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7 K1=
N
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N
}
=*hK =
=
7
u = L
7
K=$=
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f
7 A%=$
f
=- $=
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u = L &7
5s =6=
#L6A
N
7 K =N
u = K N
Z
=
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u = A &L
N
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f
7 #L&K =6=
8
L &7 =6
M $=
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?
= hK
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Q hK
L ?
7
K
V B= 7
" NBL =
L *7G7
K *LGK
g
LK =h
N
g
LK h=
V B= 7
" NBL =
T7 YK =:N
" = YK N:
q
u = 4KNY=
L 7Y 7
q
=L
N
M #LK=
V NW
N
. W
e
7 hK =?$=
e
P
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L $7
K=
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N
5 =*:K
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LK =
u = == / Q7
A=
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N=lJ=/" N l
K JL
N
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@=hL 6=
x LA 6=
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7 JA=6=
/
JA=6
f
W JLN/8
L W J7
f
W J=
L- _
q
+
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L J7
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L :B7
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q YN L $=
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N
Z
%K
= :
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= L :
"(+ "#( ",-) "* "*) "#$%&' "($! //