CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

On

Determination Of The Contents Of Cold Drinks

PROJECT PREPARED BY:
Sumit Sapra XII-B St. Theresa's Convent School

INDEX
i. Aim3 ii. Certificate..4 iii. Acknowledgements.....5 iv.Purpose.....6 v. Introduction..7 vi.Theory.8 vii. Apparatus..9 viii. Chemicals Required.10 ix. Detection of pH..............11 x. Test for Carbon Dioxide.12 xi. Test for Glucose.13 xii. Test for Phosphate...15 xiii. Test for Alcohol.16 xiv. Test for Sucrose....17 xv. Result....18 xvi. Conclusion..19 xvii. Bibliography..20

AIM
COMPARITIVE STUDY AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF COLD DRINKS AVAILABLE IN MARKET.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Sumit Sapra, student of Class XII, St. Theresa's Convent Sr. Sec. School, Karnal has completed the project titled . Determination of the Contents of Cold Drinks during the academic year 2012-13 towards partial fulfillment of credit for the Chemistry practical evaluation of AISSCE 2013, and submitted satisfactory report, as compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.

Mrs. Leena Arora (Teachers Signature)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
"There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than words of praise to only as good as belittle a person, whose words do not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings, which are of gratitude at this point of time."

It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere thanks to My Chemistry Teacher Mrs. Leena Arora in providing a helping hand in this project. Her valuable guidance, support and supervision all through this project titled Determination of the Contents of Cold Drinks, are responsible for attaining its present form.

PURPOSE
In recent days, soft drink brands were put into various questions regarding their purity. News flashed that they contain harmful pesticide, which arouse many interest in knowing its contents because I have been drinking them for years. I wanted to confirm that whether the charge imposed on these brands are true or not. Another fact which inspired me to do this project is that I am in touch with qualitative analysis whose knowledge with other factors helped me to do so.

INTRODUCTION
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the industrialization in India marked its beginning with launching of Limca and Goldspot by parley group of companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks was highly profitable and luring, many multinational companies launched their brands in India like Pepsi and Coke. Now days, it is observed in general that majority of people viewed Sprite, Miranda, and Limca to give feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to activate pulse and brain.

THEORY
Cold drinks of different brands are composed of alcohol, carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc. These soft drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a tangy taste which is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the formation of froth on shaking the bottle. The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic compounds and are major source of energy to our body. General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O)Y. On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are classified as:Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides. Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C H O .It occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers of many plants. The main source of sucrose is sugar cane juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugar beet which has about 10-17 % sucrose. The molecular formula of sucrose is C H O . It is produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be measured by finding their pH value. The pH values also depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and phosphoric acid.
6 12 6 12 22 11

APPARATUS
Test Tube Test Tube Holder Test Tube Stand Stop Watch Beaker Burner pH Paper Tripod Stand China Dish Wire Gauge Water Bath

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
Iodine Solution Potassium Iodine Sodium Hydroxide Fehlings A & B Solution Lime Water Concentrated HNO3 Benedict Solution Ammonium Molybdate

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DETECTION OF pH
EXPERIMENT
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The change in the color of pH paper was noticed and was compared with the standard pH scale.

OBSERVATION
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

COCA COLA SPRITE LIMCA FANTA

COLOUR CHANGE
PINK RED PINKISH LIGHT ORANGE

pH VALUE
2.5-3 3 4 3-4

INFERENCE
Soft drinks are generally acidic because of the presence of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold drink of different brands are different due to the variation in amount of acidic contents.

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TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

EXPERIMENT
As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the sample was passed through lime water. The lime water turned milky.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

COCA COLA SPRITE LIMCA FANTA

TIME TAKEN (SEC.)

26.5 21 35 36

CONCLUSION
CO2 IS PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT CO2 IS PRESENT

INFERENCE
All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in water. The carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, which is responsible for its tangy taste.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

Ca(OH)2(s) + CO2(g) ----------- CaCO3(s) +H2O(s)

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TEST FOR GLUCOSE

EXPERIMENT
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is detected by the following test:-

1. BENEDICTSS REAGENT TEST:Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Benedicts reagent were added. The test tube was heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish color confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

COCA COLA SPRITE LIMCA FANTA

OBSERVATION
REDDISH COLOUR PRECIPITATE REDDISH COLOUR PRECIPITATE REDDISH COLOUR PRECIPITATE REDDISH COLOUR PRECIPITATE

CONCLUSION
GLUCOSE IS PRESENT GLUCOSE IS PRESENT GLUCOSE IS PRESENT GLUCOSE IS PRESENT

INFERENCE
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Benedicts reagent.Hence all the drinks contain glucose.

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2. FEHLINGS SOLUTION TEST

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands were taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehlings A solution and Fehlings B solution was added in equal amount. The test tube was heated in a water bath for 10 minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

COCA COLA SPRITE LIMCA FANTA

OBSERVATION
REDDISH BROWN PRECIPITATE REDDISH BROWN PRECIPITATE REDDISH BROWN PRECIPITATE REDDISH BROWN PRECIPITATE

CONCLUSION
GLUCOSE IS PRESENT GLUCOSE IS PRESENT GLUCOSE IS PRESENT GLUCOSE IS PRESENT

INFERENCE
All the samples gave positive test for glucose with Fehlings (A & B) solutions. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.

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TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

EXPERIMENT
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to it. The solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow precipitate confirmed the presence of phosphate ions in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

COCA COLA SPRITE LIMCA FANTA

OBSERVATION
CANARY-YELLOW PRECIPITATE CANARY-YELLOW PRECIPITATE CANARY-YELLOW PRECIPITATE CANARY-YELLOW PRECIPITATE

CONCLUSION
PHOSPHATE IS PRESENT PHOSPHATE IS PRESENT PHOSPHATE IS PRESENT PHOSPHATE IS PRESENT

INFERENCE
All the soft drinks samples gave positive test for phosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks contain phosphate.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

NaHPO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 + 3H+ ---------- (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 + 21HN4NO3 + 12H2O

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TEST FOR ALCOHOL

EXPERIMENT
Small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Iodine followed by Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution was added to each test tube. Then the test tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes. Appearance of yellow colored precipitate confirmed the presence of alcohol in cold drinks

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

COCA COLA SPRITE LIMCA FANTA

OBSERVATION
YELLOW PRECIPITATE YELLOW PRECIPITATE YELLOW PRECIPITATE YELLOW PRECIPITATE

CONCLUSION
ALCOHOL IS PRESENT ALCOHOL IS PRESENT ALCOHOL IS PRESENT ALCOHOL IS PRESENT

INFERENCE
All the cold drinks samples gave positive test for alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain glucose.

CHEMICAL REACTION INVOLVED

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH ------ CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

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TEST FOR SUCROSE

EXPERIMENT
5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate china dishes and were heated very strongly until changes occur. Black colored residue left confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.

OBSERVATON
SR. NO.
1 2 3 4

NAME OF THE DRINK

COCA COLA SPRITE LIMCA FANTA

OBSERVATION
BLACK RESIDUE BLACK RESIDUE BLACK RESIDUE BLACK RESIDUE

CONCLUSION
SUCROSE IS PRESENT SUCROSE IS PRESENT SUCROSE IS PRESENT SUCROSE IS PRESENT

INFERENCE
All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta contains highest amount of sucrose.

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RESULT
After conducting several tests, it was concluded that the different brands of cold drinks namely: 1. 2. 3. 4. Coca Cola Sprite Limca Fanta

All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and carbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the four brands taken.

CARBON DIOXIDE
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken, Sprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved carbon dioxide.

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CONCLUSION
DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD DRINKS
1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar solution. As they contain sugar in large amount which cause problems in diabetes patients. 2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere with the bodys natural ability to suppress hunger feeling. 3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so they are also harmful for our bones. 4. Soft drinks contain phosphoric acid which has a pH of 2.8. So they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days. 5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the commercial truck must use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for highly consive material. 6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they are very harmful to our body.

USES OF COLD DRINKS

1. 2. 3. 4. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners. They can remove rust spots from chrome car humpers. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals. Soft drinks are used as an excellent detergent to remove grease from clothes. 5. They can loose a rusted bolt.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY(Universal Publications) Chemistry (Part I) Textbook for Class XII; National Council of Educational Research and Training Encyclopedias

Websites: www.google.com www.wikipedia.org www.ncert.nic.in

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