Pre-lab questions State Le Chateliers principle.

If a system in equilibrium is put under a stress, the system will respond by shifting to reduce the stress. Explain what happens when equilibrium is reached. The rates of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction. List the stresses that will be studied in this experiment. -Change in temperature -Change in concentration (of H2O, HCl, AgNO3) The formula for solid cobalt(II) chloride is CoCl26H2O. What is the name given to compounds such as this, which have water as part of their crystal structure? These substances are called hydrates. What safety precautions must be observed with hydrochloric acid (HCl)? With silver nitrate (AgNO3)? Goggles should be worn at all times during the experiment. Chemicals splashing in the eyes will cause eye damage. Gloves and aprons should be warn when handling the chemicals. HCl will burn clothing and skin on contact and silver nitrate stains clothing and skin. When handling HCl, one should not inhale near the exposed HCl. The fumes are potent and capable of burning the inside of ones nose. Predict the effect on the equilibrium system, 2CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O22- + H2O if you: add HCl. HCl is added to the reactant side of the equation. The concentration would shift right, towards the products, to restore equilibrium. add H2O. The concentration would shift left, towards the reactants, to restore equilibrium, because of the increased amount of water on the product-side. add NaOH. The OH- ions in NaOH would neutralize the H+ ions on the reactant side. This would cause decrease of H+ ions on the right side, resulting in leftward shift toward the reactant side of the equation, restoring equilibrium.

Post-lab questions Refer to the net ionic equation below to answer the following questions. Co(H2O)62+ + 4Cl- CoCl42- + 6H2O. In what direction was the equilibrium shifted by: The addition of HCl? Right. The addition of water? Left. The addition of AgNO3? Left. Increasing the temperature: Right. Decreasing the temperature: Left. How do you explain the results described in answers 1a and 1b? The addition of HCl to the left, reactant side caused the equilibrium to shift to the right. H2O is on the right, product side, thus adding water caused the equilibrium to shift leftward. Explain the results observed when AgNO3 was added. Ag+ ions in the AgNO3 react with Cl- to form AgCl. The AgCl is a solid, as does not affect equilibrium. However, the extra consumption of the Cl- caused there to be less Cl- on the reactant side, resulting in the equilibrium shifting to the left. Is the reaction shown above exothermic or endothermic? How do you know? When the solution was heated, it turned blue, showing that more CoCl42- (which is blue) was being produced. This means that the reverse reaction, which produces CoCl42- was occurring at a faster rate than the forward reaction. If the reverse reaction is favored when heat is added (endo), than when heat is released (exo) the forward reaction is favored. The forward reaction is exothermic. What the equilibrium expression for the system studied. Kc = [CoCl42-] / ( [Co(H2O)62+][Cl-]4 )

Critical Thinking Predict how the addition of sodium chloride would affect the equilibrium. Explain your prediction in terms of Le Chateliers principle. The Cl- ions in NaCl will add to the concentration of Cl- ions on the react side of the equation. The equilibrium would shift right, towards the product side of the equation, in order to balance. Rewrite the net ionic equation including the energy term where appropriate. The H for this reaction is +50 kJ/mol. Co(H2O)62+ + 4Cl- CoCl42- + 6H2O + 50kJ/mol Silver chloride (AgCl) is a white solid. For the equilibrium reaction, Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl (s), Keq = 6 109. At equilibrium, would you expect to have more silver and chloride ions or more solid silver chloride? Explain. I would expect to have more solid silver chloride. The equilibrium constant is very large due to AgCl being a solid and not influencing equilibrium. Also, the ions on the bottom of the equilibrium equation must have small concentrations in order to raise K to a high number like 6 109. Since there is miniscule influence from the product side of the equation, the equilibrium must be far to the left, meaning there is little Ag+ and Cl-.