Proton properties from Particle Data Group

Citation: J. Beringer et al. (Particle Data Group), PR D86, 010001 (2012) (URL: http://pdg.lbl.
gov)
I (J P ) =
1 1+ 2(2 )
Status:
p MASS (atomic mass units u)

The mass is known much more precisely in u (atomic mass units) than in MeV. See the next data block.
VALUE (u) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
1.007276466812 0.000000000090 MOHR 12 RVUE 2010 CODATA value We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 1.00727646677 1.00727646688 1.00727646688 1.007276470 0.00000000010 0.00000000013 0.00000000013 0.000000012 MOHR MOHR MOHR COHEN 08 05 99 87 RVUE RVUE RVUE RVUE 2006 2002 1998 1986 CODATA CODATA CODATA CODATA value value value value
p MASS (MeV)
The mass is known much more precisely in u (atomic mass units) than in MeV. The conversion from u to MeV, 1 u = 931.494 061(21) MeV/c2 (MOHR 12, the 2010 CODATA value), involves the relatively poorly known electronic charge.
VALUE (MeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
938.272046 0.000021 MOHR 12 RVUE 2010 CODATA value We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 938.272013 0.000023 938.272029 0.000080 938.271998 0.000038 938.27231 0.00028 938.2796 0.0027 MOHR MOHR MOHR COHEN COHEN 08 05 99 87 73 RVUE RVUE RVUE RVUE RVUE 2006 2002 1998 1986 1973 CODATA CODATA CODATA CODATA CODATA value value value value value
m p m p /m p
A test of CPT invariance. Note that the comparison of the p and p chargeto-mass ratio, given in the next data block, is much better determined.
VALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
1 HORI <2 109 90 06 SPEC p e He atom We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 1 HORI <1.0 108 90 03 SPEC p e 4 He, p e 3 He 8 1 HORI <6 10 90 01 SPEC p e He atom 7 2 TORII <5 10 99 SPEC p e He atom 1 HORI 01, HORI 03, and HORI 06 use the more-precisely-known constraint on the p charge-to-mass ratio of GABRIELSE 99 (see below) to get their results. Their results are not independent of the HORI 01, HORI 03, and HORI 06 values for qp +qp /e, below. 2 TORII 99 uses the more-precisely-known constraint on the p charge-to-mass ratio of GABRIELSE 95 (see below) to get this result. This is not independent of the TORII 99 value for qp +qp /e, below.
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Citation: J. Beringer et al. (Particle Data Group), PR D86, 010001 (2012) (URL: http://pdg.lbl.gov)
p/p CHARGE-TO-MASS RATIO,
qp mp
/( mp )
p
A test of CPT invariance. Listed here are measurements involving the inertial masses. For a discussion of what may be inferred about the ratio of p and p gravitational masses, see ERICSON 90; they obtain an upper bound of 106 107 for violation of the equivalence principle for ps.
VALUE DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
0.99999999991 0.00000000009 GABRIELSE 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, 3 GABRIELSE 1.0000000015 0.0000000011 95 4 GABRIELSE 1.000000023 0.000000042 90
TRAP Penning trap limits, etc. TRAP Penning trap TRAP Penning trap
3 Equation (2) of GABRIELSE 95 should read M(p)/M(p) = 0.999 999 9985 (11) (G. Gabrielse, private communication). 4 GABRIELSE 90 also measures m /m = 1836.152660 0.000083 and m p /m p e e = 1836.152680 0.000088. Both are completely consistent with the 1986 CODATA (COHEN 87) value for m p /m of 1836.152701 0.000037. e
qp mp
mp )/ mp
p
A test of CPT invariance. Taken from the p/p charge-to-mass ratio, above.
VALUE DOCUMENT ID
( 9 9) 1011 OUR EVALUATION
qp + qp e
A test of CPT invariance. Note that the comparison of the p and p chargeto-mass ratios given above is much better determined. See also a similar test involving the electron.
VALUE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
<2 109 90 We do not use the following <1.0 108 90 <6 108 90 <5 107 <2 105
06 SPEC p e He atom data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 5 HORI 03 SPEC p e 4 He, p e 3 He 5 HORI 01 SPEC p e He atom 6 TORII 99 SPEC p e He atom 7 HUGHES 92 RVUE
5 HORI
5 HORI 01, HORI 03, and HORI 06 use the more-precisely-known constraint on the p charge-to-mass ratio of GABRIELSE 99 (see above) to get their results. Their results are not independent of the HORI 01, HORI 03, and HORI 06 values for m p m p /m p , above. 6 TORII 99 uses the more-precisely-known constraint on the p charge-to-mass ratio of GABRIELSE 95 (see above) to get this result. This is not independent of the TORII 99 value for m p m p /m p , above. 7 HUGHES 92 uses recent measurements of Rydberg-energy and cyclotron-frequency ratios.
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qp + qe e
See BRESSI 11 for a summary of experiments on the neutrality of matter. See also n CHARGE in the neutron Listings.
VALUE DOCUMENT ID COMMENT
8 BRESSI <1 1021 11 Neutrality of SF6 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 9 SENGUPTA <3.2 1020 00 binary pulsar 21 <0.8 10 MARINELLI 84 Magnetic levitation 8 DYLLA <1.0 1021 73 Neutrality of SF6 8 BRESSI 11 uses the method of DYLLA 73 but nds serious errors in that experiment that greatly reduce its accuracy. The BRESSI 11 limit assumes that n p e e conserves charge. Thus the limit applies equally to the charge of the neutron. 9 SENGUPTA 00 uses the dierence between the observed rate of of rotational energy loss by the binary pulsar PSR B1913+16 and the rate predicted by general relativity to set this limit. See the paper for assumptions.
p MAGNETIC MOMENT
See the Note on Baryon Magnetic Moments in the Listings.
VALUE (N ) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
2.792847356 0.000000023 MOHR 12 RVUE 2010 CODATA value We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 2.792847356 0.000000023 2.792847351 0.000000028 2.792847337 0.000000029 2.792847386 0.000000063 2.7928456 0.0000011 MOHR MOHR MOHR COHEN COHEN 08 05 99 87 73 RVUE RVUE RVUE RVUE RVUE 2006 2002 1998 1986 1973 CODATA CODATA CODATA CODATA CODATA value value value value value
p MAGNETIC MOMENT
A few early results have been omitted.
VALUE (N ) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
2.793 0.006 OUR AVERAGE 2.7862 0.0083 PASK 2.8005 0.0090 KREISSL 2.817 0.048 ROBERTS 2.791 0.021 HU
09 88 78 75
CNTR p He+ hyperne structure CNTR p 208 Pb 11 10 X-ray CNTR CNTR Exotic atoms
( p + p )
A test of CPT invariance. Calculated from the p and p magnetic moments, above.
VALUE DOCUMENT ID
( 0.1 2.1) 103 OUR EVALUATION
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p ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT

A nonzero value is forbidden by both T invariance and P invariance.
VALUE (1023 e cm) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
< 0.54 03 Uses 199 Hg atom EDM We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 3.7 6.3 CHO 89 NMR Tl F molecules < 400 DZUBA 85 THEO Uses 129 Xe moment 11 WILKENING 84 130 200 12 WILKENING 84 900 1400 700 900 1G HARRISON 69 MBR Molecular beam 10 DMITRIEV 03 calculates this limit from the limit on the electric dipole moment of the 199 Hg atom. 11 This WILKENING 84 value includes a nite-size eect and a magnetic eect. 12 This WILKENING 84 value is more cautious than the other and excludes the nite-size eect, which relies on uncertain nuclear integrals.
10 DMITRIEV
p ELECTRIC POLARIZABILITY p
For a very complete review of the polarizability of the nucleon and Compton scattering, see SCHUMACHER 05. His recommended values for the proton are p = (12.0 0.6) 104 fm3 and p = (1.9 0.6) 104 fm3 , almost exactly our averages.
VALUE (104 fm3 ) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
12.0 0.6 OUR AVERAGE 13 BEANE 12.1 1.1 0.5 03 EFT + p + 0.52 14 BLANPIED 11.82 0.98 0.98 01 LEGS p(,), p(, 0 ), p(, + ) 15 OLMOSDEL... 01 CNTR p Compton scattering 11.9 0.5 1.3 16 MACGIBBON 95 RVUE global average 12.1 0.8 0.5 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 17 BARANOV 11.7 0.8 0.7 01 RVUE Global average 12.5 0.6 0.9 MACGIBBON 95 CNTR p Compton scattering 9.8 0.4 1.1 HALLIN 93 CNTR p Compton scattering + 1.25 + 1.07 10.62 1.19 1.03 ZIEGER 92 CNTR p Compton scattering 18 FEDERSPIEL 91 CNTR p Compton scattering 10.9 2.2 1.3 13 BEANE 03 uses eective eld theory and low-energy p and d Compton-scattering data. It also gets for the isoscalar polarizabilities (see the erratum) N = (13.0 + 3.9 + 2.1 1.9 1.5 ) 104 fm3 and N = ( 1.8 1.9 0.9 ) 104 fm3 . 14 BLANPIED 01 gives + and . The separate and are provided to p p p p p p us by A. Sandor. The rst error above is statistics plus systematics; the second is from the model. 15 This OLMOSDELEON 01 result uses the TAPS data alone, and does not use the (reevaluated) sum-rule constraint that + = (13.8 0.4) 104 fm3 . See the paper for a discussion. 16 MACGIBBON 95 combine the results of ZIEGER 92, FEDERSPIEL 91, and their own experiment to get a global average in which model errors and systematic errors are treated in a consistent way. See MACGIBBON 95 for a discussion.
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17 BARANOV 01 combines the results of 10 experiments from 1958 through 1995 to get a global average that takes into account both systematic and model errors and does not use the theoretical constraint on the sum p + p . 18 FEDERSPIEL 91 obtains for the (static) electric polarizability , dened in terms of the p induced electric dipole moment by D = 40 p E , the value (7.0 2.2 1.3)104 fm3 .
p MAGNETIC POLARIZABILITY p
The electric and magnetic polarizabilities are subject to a dispersion sumrule constraint + = (14.2 0.5) 104 fm3 . Errors here are anticorrelated with those on p due to this constraint.
VALUE (104 fm3 ) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
1.9 0.5 OUR AVERAGE 19 BEANE 3.4 1.1 0.1 03 EFT + p + 0.52 20 BLANPIED 1.43 0.98 0.98 01 LEGS p(,), p(, 0 ), p(, + ) 21 OLMOSDEL... 01 CNTR p Compton scattering 1.2 0.7 0.5 22 MACGIBBON 95 RVUE global average 2.1 0.8 0.5 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 23 BARANOV 2.3 0.9 0.7 01 RVUE Global average 1.7 0.6 0.9 MACGIBBON 95 CNTR p Compton scattering 4.4 0.4 1.1 HALLIN 93 CNTR p Compton scattering + 1.19 + 1.03 3.58 1.25 1.07 ZIEGER 92 CNTR p Compton scattering 3.3 2.2 1.3 FEDERSPIEL 91 CNTR p Compton scattering 19 BEANE 03 uses eective eld theory and low-energy p and d Compton-scattering data. It also gets for the isoscalar polarizabilities (see the erratum) N = (13.0 + 3.9 + 2.1 1.9 1.5 ) 104 fm3 and N = ( 1.8 1.9 0.9 ) 104 fm3 . 20 BLANPIED 01 gives + and . The separate and are provided to p p p p p p us by A. Sandor. The rst error above is statistics plus systematics; the second is from the model. 21 This OLMOSDELEON 01 result uses the TAPS data alone, and does not use the (reevaluated) sum-rule constraint that + = (13.8 0.4) 104 fm3 . See the paper for a discussion. 22 MACGIBBON 95 combine the results of ZIEGER 92, FEDERSPIEL 91, and their own experiment to get a global average in which model errors and systematic errors are treated in a consistent way. See MACGIBBON 95 for a discussion. 23 BARANOV 01 combines the results of 10 experiments from 1958 through 1995 to get a global average that takes into account both systematic and model errors and does not use the theoretical constraint on the sum p + p .
p CHARGE RADIUS
This is the rms electric charge radius, r2 . E
Most measurements of the radius of the proton involve electron-proton interactions, and most of the more recent values agree with one another. The most precise of these is rp = 0.879(8) fm (BERNAUER 10). The CODATA 10 value (MOHR 12), obtained from the electronic results, is 0.8775(51). However, a measurement using muonic hydrogen nds rp
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= 0.84184(67) fm (POHL 10), which is eight times more precise and seven standard deviations (using the CODATA 10 error) from the electronic results. Since POHL 10, there has been a lot of discussion about the disagreement, especially concerning the modeling of muonic hydrogen. Here is an incomplete list of papers: DERUJULA 10, CLOET 11, DISTLER 11, DERUJULA 11, ARRINGTON 11, BERNAUER 11, and HILL 11. Until the dierence between the e p and p values is understood, it does not make much sense to average all the values together. For the present, we stick with the less precise (and provisionally suspect) CODATA 2010 value (MOHR 12). It is up to workers in this eld to solve this puzzle.
VALUE (fm) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
0.8775 0.0051 MOHR 12 RVUE 2010 CODATA value We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 0.879 0.005 0.006 0.912 0.009 0.007 0.871 0.009 0.003 0.84184 0.00036 0.00056 0.8768 0.0069 + 0.008 0.844 0.004 0.897 0.018 0.8750 0.0068 0.895 0.010 0.013 0.830 0.040 0.040 0.883 0.014 0.880 0.015 0.847 0.008 0.877 0.024 BERNAUER BORISYUK HILL POHL MOHR BELUSHKIN 10 10 10 10 08 07 SPEC e p e p form factor reanalyzes old e p data z-expansion reanalysis p-atom Lamb shift RVUE 2006 CODATA value Dispersion analysis SICK 03 + 2 correction RVUE 2002 CODATA value e p e p reanalysis ep ep 1S Lamb Shift in H e p + Coul. corrections e p + disp. relations reanalysis of Mainz e p data ep ep ep ep ep ep ep ep e p e p (CH2 tgt.) ep ep 0.06) fm2 .
BLUNDEN 05 MOHR 05 SICK 03 24 ESCHRICH 01 MELNIKOV 00 ROSENFELDR... 00 MERGELL 96 WONG 94
0.865 0.020 MCCORD 91 0.862 0.012 SIMON 80 0.880 0.030 BORKOWSKI 74 0.810 0.020 AKIMOV 72 0.800 0.025 FREREJACQ... 66 0.805 0.011 HAND 63 24 ESCHRICH 01 actually gives r2 = (0.69 0.06
p MAGNETIC RADIUS
This is the rms magnetic radius,
VALUE (fm) DOCUMENT ID
r2 . M
TECN COMMENT
0.777 0.013 0.010 BERNAUER 10 SPEC e p e p form factor We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 0.876 0.010 0.016 0.854 0.005 BORISYUK BELUSHKIN 10 07 reanalyzes old e p e p data Dispersion analysis
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p MEAN LIFE
A test of baryon conservation. See the p Partial Mean Lives section below for limits for identied nal states. The limits here are to anything or are for disappearance modes of a bound proton (p) or (n). See also the 3 modes in the Partial Mean Lives section. Table 1 of BACK 03 is a nice summary.
LIMIT (years) PARTICLE CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
n 90 06 KLND p 90 04 SNO We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 26 AHMED >1.9 1029 n 90 04 SNO 27 BACK >1.8 1025 n 90 03 BORX 26 27 BACK >1.1 10 p 90 03 BORX 28 ZDESENKO >3.5 1028 p 90 03 29 AHMAD >1 1028 p 90 02 SNO 23 >4 10 p 95 TRETYAK 01 30 BERNABEI >1.9 1024 p 90 00B DAMA 31,32 EVANS >1.6 1025 p, n 77 23 32 DIX >3 10 p 70 CNTR 32,33 FLEROV >3 1023 p, n 58
>5.8 1029 >2.1 1029
25 ARAKI 26 AHMED
n invisible p invisible n invisible
p invisible p invisible d n+?
25 ARAKI 06 looks for signs of de-excitation of the residual nucleus after disappearance of a neutron from the s shell of 12 C. 26 AHMED 04 looks for rays from the de-excitation of a residual 15 O or 15 N following the disappearance of a neutron or proton in 16 O. 27 BACK 03 looks for decays of unstable nuclides left after N decays of parent 12 C, 13 C, 16 O nuclei. These are invisible channel limits. 28 ZDESENKO 03 gets this limit on proton disappearance in deuterium by analyzing SNO data in AHMAD 02. 29 AHMAD 02 (see its footnote 7) looks for neutrons left behind after the disappearance of the proton in deuterons. 30 BERNABEI 00B looks for the decay of a 128 I nucleus following the disappearance of a 53 proton in the otherwise-stable 129 Xe nucleus. 54 31 EVANS 77 looks for the daughter nuclide 129 Xe from possible 130 Te decays in ancient Te ore samples. 32 This mean-life limit has been obtained from a half-life limit by dividing the latter by ln(2) = 0.693. 33 FLEROV 58 looks for the spontaneous ssion of a 232 Th nucleus after the disappearance of one of its nucleons.
p MEAN LIFE
Of the two astrophysical limits here, that of GEER 00D involves considerably more renements in its modeling. The other limits come from direct observations of stored antiprotons. See also p Partial Mean Lives after p Partial Mean Lives, below, for exclusive-mode limits. The best (lifetime/branching fraction) limit there is 7 105 years, for p e . We advance only the exclusive-mode limits to our Summary Tables.
LIMIT (years)
CL%
EVTS
DOCUMENT ID
TECN
COMMENT
We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc.
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>8 105 >0.28 >0.08 >1 107 >3.7 103
90 90 1
34 GEER GABRIELSE BELL GOLDEN BREGMAN
00D 90 79 79 78
TRAP CNTR SPEC CNTR
p/p ratio, cosmic rays Penning trap Storage ring p/p ratio, cosmic rays Storage ring
34 GEER 00D uses agreement between a model of galactic p production and propagation and the observed p/p cosmic-ray spectrum to set this limit.
p DECAY MODES
See the Note on Nucleon Decay in our 1994 edition (Phys. Rev. D50 , 1173) for a short review. The partial mean life limits tabulated here are the limits on /Bi , where is the total mean life and Bi is the branching fraction for the mode in question. For N decays, p and n indicate proton and neutron partial lifetimes. Partial mean life (1030 years)
Mode
Condence level
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
N e+ N + N p e+ p + n N e+ N + N p e+ p + n N e+ K p e+ K 0 S p e+ K 0 L N + K p + K 0 S p + K 0 L N K n K0 S p e + K (892)0 N K (892)
Antilepton + meson
> 158 (n), > 8200 (p) > 100 (n), > 6600 (p) > 112 (n), > 25 (p) > 313 > 126 > 158 > 217 (n), > 75 (p) > 228 (n), > 110 (p) > 19 (n), > 162 (p) > 107 > 117 > 108 > 17 (n), > 150 (p) > 120 > 51 > 26 (n), > 120 (p) > 150 > 83 > 86 (n), > 670 (p) > 51 > 84 > 78 (n), > 51 (p) 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
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Antilepton + mesons 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 p p n p p n n n n n n n n p n p n p p p p n p n p p p n n n p p p p n n e + + e + 0 0 e + 0 + + + 0 0 + 0 e + K 0 e + + e + + e K + K + e + + e + 0 + + + 0 e + K + + K + e+ + e+ e+ e+ e e + + e+ e+ e + e + + e + e + + + e + + 3 5 Page 9

> 82 > 147 > 52 > 133 > 101 > 74 > 18 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
Lepton + meson
> 65 > 49 > 62 >7 > 32 > 57 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
Lepton + mesons
> 30 > 29 > 17 > 34 > 75 > 245 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
Antilepton + photon(s)
> 670 > 478 > 28 > 100 > 219 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
Three (or more) leptons

> 793 > 359 > 17 > 257 > 83 > 79 > 529 > 675 > 21 >6 > 0.0005 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
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59 60 61 62 63
N N N N N
e + anything + anything anything e + 0 anything 2 bodies, -free
Inclusive modes
> 0.6 (n, p) > 12 (n, p) > 0.6 (n, p) 90% 90% 90%
B = 2 dinucleon modes 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
The following are lifetime limits per iron nucleus. p p + + > 0.7 p n + 0 >2 + nn > 0.7 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
nn pp pp pp pn pn nn nn pn pp
0 0 e+ e+ e + + + + e+ + e e invisible invisible
> 3.4 > 5.8 > 3.6 > 1.7 > 2.8 > 1.6 > 1.4 >2.10 1025 > 0.00005
p DECAY MODES
Mode Partial mean life (years) Condence level 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90%
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91
p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p
e e 0 0 e e K 0 S K 0 S e K 0 L K 0 L e e e e K (892)0
> 7 105 > 5 104 > 4 105 > 5 104 > 2 104 > 8 103 > 900 > 4 103 > 9 103 > 7 103 > 2 104 > 2 104 > 200
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p PARTIAL MEAN LIVES

The partial mean life limits tabulated here are the limits on /Bi , where is the total mean life for the proton and Bi is the branching fraction for the mode in question. Decaying particle: p = proton, n = bound neutron. The same event may appear under more than one partial decay mode. Background estimates may be accurate to a factor of two.
Antilepton + meson N e+
LIMIT (1030 years) PARTICLE CL% EVTS BKGD EST DOCUMENT ID TECN
1
SKAM IMB3 IMB3 SKAM FREJ FREJ IMB3 KAMI KAMI IMB IMB SOUD SOUD IMB IMB KAMI KAMI IMB IMB IMB NUSX SOUD SOUD KOLR KOLR CNTR
>8200 p 90 0 0.3 NISHINO 09 > 158 n 90 3 5 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 540 p 90 0 0.2 MCGREW >1600 p 90 0 0.1 SHIOZAWA > 70 p 90 0 0.5 BERGER > 70 n 90 0 0.1 BERGER 35 BECKER-SZ... > 550 p 90 0 0.7 > 260 p 90 0 <0.04 HIRATA > 130 n 90 0 <0.2 HIRATA > 310 p 90 0 0.6 SEIDEL > 100 n 90 0 1.6 SEIDEL > 1.3 n 90 0 BARTELT > 1.3 p 90 0 BARTELT > 250 p 90 0 0.3 HAINES > 31 n 90 8 9 HAINES > 64 p 90 0 <0.4 ARISAKA > 26 n 90 0 <0.7 ARISAKA > 82 p (free) 90 0 0.2 BLEWITT > 250 p 90 0 0.2 BLEWITT > 25 n 90 4 4 PARK > 15 p, n 90 0 BATTISTONI 36 BARTELT > 0.5 p 90 1 0.3 36 BARTELT > 0.5 n 90 1 0.3 37 KRISHNA... > 5.8 p 90 2 37 KRISHNA... > 5.8 n 90 2 38 GURR > 0.1 n 90 35 This BECKER-SZENDY 90 result includes data from SEIDEL 88. 36 Limit based on zero events. 37 We have calculated 90% CL limit from 1 conned event. 38 We have converted half-life to 90% CL mean life. 99 98 91 91 90 89C 89C 88 88 87 87 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 84 83 83 82 82 67
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N +
2
90 0 0.3 NISHINO 09 SKAM 90 0 <0.2 HIRATA 89C KAMI following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0.6 1.9 0.2 1.0 <0.07 0.5 0.5 1 7 <0.7 <0.4 0.2 0.4 4 MCGREW MCGREW BERGER BERGER HIRATA SEIDEL SEIDEL HAINES HAINES ARISAKA ARISAKA BLEWITT BLEWITT PARK BATTISTONI ALEKSEEV 99 99 91 91 89C 88 88 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 84 81 IMB3 IMB3 FREJ FREJ KAMI IMB IMB IMB IMB KAMI KAMI IMB IMB IMB NUSX BAKS
>6600 p > 100 n We do not use the > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > 473 90 81 35 230 270 63 76 23 46 20 59 100 38 10 1.3 p n p n p p n p n p n p (free) p n p, n p, n
N
3
90 6 6.7 WALL 00B SOU2 90 6 6.6 MCGREW 99 IMB3 following data for averages, ts, limits, etc.
> 16 p >112 n We do not use the
> 39 n 90 4 3.8 WALL 00B SOU2 > 10 p 90 15 20.3 MCGREW 99 IMB3 > 13 n 90 1 1.2 BERGER 89 FREJ > 10 p 90 11 14 BERGER 89 FREJ 39 HIRATA > 25 p 90 32 32.8 89C KAMI >100 n 90 1 3 HIRATA 89C KAMI > 6 n 90 73 60 HAINES 86 IMB > 2 p 90 16 13 KAJITA 86 KAMI > 40 n 90 0 1 KAJITA 86 KAMI > 7 n 90 28 19 PARK 85 IMB > 7 n 90 0 BATTISTONI 84 NUSX > 2 p 90 3 BATTISTONI 84 NUSX 40 KRISHNA... > 5.8 p 90 1 82 KOLR 41 CHERRY > 0.3 p 90 2 81 HOME 42 GURR > 0.1 p 90 67 CNTR 39 In estimating the background, this HIRATA 89C limit (as opposed to the later limits of WALL 00B and MCGREW 99) does not take into account present understanding that the ux of originating in the upper atmosphere is depleted. Doing so would reduce the background and thus also would reduce the limit here. 40 We have calculated 90% CL limit from 1 conned event. 41 We have converted 2 possible events to 90% CL limit. 42 We have converted half-life to 90% CL mean life.
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p e+
4
IMB3 SOU2 FREJ KAMI IMB IMB KAMI IMB IMB HOME
>313 p 90 0 0.2 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 81 p > 44 p >140 p >100 p >200 p > 64 p > 64 p (free) >200 p > 1.2 p 43 We have converted 2 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 1 0 0 0 5 0 5 5 2 1.7 0.1 <0.04 0.6 3.3 <0.8 6.5 4.7 WALL BERGER HIRATA SEIDEL HAINES ARISAKA BLEWITT BLEWITT 43 CHERRY 00B 91 89C 88 86 85 85 85 81
possible events to 90% CL limit.
p +
5
IMB3 SOU2 FREJ KAMI HPW IMB IMB KAMI IMB IMB
>126 p 90 3 2.8 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > > > > > > > > > 89 26 69 1.3 34 46 26 17 46 p p p p p p p p (free) p 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 1 1 0 1 7 1 6 7 1.6 0.8 <0.08 0.7 1.5 6 <0.8 6 8 WALL BERGER HIRATA PHILLIPS SEIDEL HAINES ARISAKA BLEWITT BLEWITT 00B 91 89C 89 88 86 85 85 85
n
6
IMB3 SOU2 FREJ KAMI IMB IMB KAMI IMB HOME
>158 n 90 0 1.2 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 71 n > 29 n > 54 n > 16 n > 25 n > 30 n > 18 n > 0.6 n 44 We have converted 2 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 2 0 2 3 7 0 4 2 3.7 0.9 0.9 2.1 6 0.4 3 WALL BERGER HIRATA SEIDEL HAINES KAJITA PARK 44 CHERRY 00B 89 89C 88 86 86 85 81
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Page 13
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
N e+
7
90 4 4.8 MCGREW 99 IMB3 90 2 2.7 HIRATA 89C KAMI following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 91 91 89C 88 87 87 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 83 83 82 81 FREJ FREJ KAMI IMB SOUD SOUD IMB IMB KAMI KAMI IMB IMB IMB SOUD SOUD KOLR HOME
>217 n > 75 p We do not use the
> 29 p 90 0 2.2 BERGER > 41 n 90 0 1.4 BERGER > 58 n 90 0 1.9 HIRATA > 38 n 90 2 4.1 SEIDEL > 1.2 p 90 0 BARTELT > 1.5 n 90 0 BARTELT > 17 p 90 7 7 HAINES > 14 n 90 9 4 HAINES > 12 p 90 0 <1.2 ARISAKA > 6 n 90 2 <1 ARISAKA > 6.7 p (free) 90 6 6 BLEWITT > 17 p 90 7 7 BLEWITT > 12 n 90 4 2 PARK 45 BARTELT > 0.6 n 90 1 0.3 45 BARTELT > 0.5 p 90 1 0.3 46 KRISHNA... > 9.8 p 90 1 47 CHERRY > 0.8 p 90 2 45 Limit based on zero events. 46 We have calculated 90% CL limit from 0 conned events. 47 We have converted 2 possible events to 90% CL limit.
N +
>228 n 90 3 9.5 MCGREW 99 IMB3 >110 p 90 0 1.7 HIRATA 89C KAMI We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > > > > > > > > > > > > > 12 22 23 4.3 30 11 16 7 12 5 5.5 16 9 p n n p p n p n p n p (free) p n 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 6 0 1 4 4 1 0.5 1.1 1.8 0.7 0.5 1.1 4.5 5 <0.7 <1.2 5 5 2 BERGER BERGER HIRATA PHILLIPS SEIDEL SEIDEL HAINES HAINES ARISAKA ARISAKA BLEWITT BLEWITT PARK 91 91 89C 89 88 88 86 86 85 85 85 85 85 FREJ FREJ KAMI HPW IMB IMB IMB IMB KAMI KAMI IMB IMB IMB
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 14
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
N
9
90 18 21.7 MCGREW 99 90 0 0.5 SEIDEL 88 following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 4 0 5 4 1 6 15 2 2 6 6 7 2 2 2.4 0.9 1.5 3.6 1.1 5 10 1 2 7 5 3 BERGER BERGER HIRATA HIRATA SEIDEL HAINES HAINES KAJITA KAJITA BLEWITT BLEWITT PARK 48 CHERRY 48 CHERRY 89 89 89C 89C 88 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 81 81 IMB3 IMB FREJ FREJ KAMI KAMI IMB IMB IMB KAMI KAMI IMB IMB IMB HOME HOME
>162 p > 19 n We do not use the > 9 n > 24 p > 27 p > 13 n > 13 p > 8 p > 2 n > 11 p > 4 n > 4.1 p (free) > 8.4 p > 2 n > 0.9 p > 0.6 n 48 We have converted 2
p e+
LIMIT (1030 years) PARTICLE CL% EVTS BKGD EST DOCUMENT ID
10
TECN
>107 p 90 7 10.8 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 17 p 90 0 1.1 BERGER > 45 p 90 2 1.45 HIRATA > 26 p 90 1 1.0 SEIDEL > 1.5 p 90 0 BARTELT > 37 p 90 6 5.3 HAINES > 25 p 90 1 <1.4 ARISAKA > 12 p (free) 90 6 7.5 BLEWITT > 37 p 90 6 5.7 BLEWITT 49 BARTELT > 0.6 p 90 1 0.3 50 KRISHNA... > 9.8 p 90 1 51 CHERRY > 2.8 p 90 2 49 Limit based on zero events. 50 We have calculated 90% CL limit from 0 conned events. 51 We have converted 2 possible events to 90% CL limit. 91 89C 88 87 86 85 85 85 83 82 81
IMB3 FREJ KAMI IMB SOUD IMB KAMI IMB IMB SOUD KOLR HOME
p +
11
TECN
>117
90
11 12.1
MCGREW
99
IMB3
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 15
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > > > > > > > 11 57 4.4 10 23 6.5 23 p p p p p p (free) p 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 2 0 2 2 9 8 1.0 1.9 0.7 1.3 1 8.7 7 BERGER HIRATA PHILLIPS SEIDEL HAINES BLEWITT BLEWITT 91 89C 89 88 86 85 85 FREJ KAMI HPW IMB IMB IMB IMB
n
12
TECN
>108 n 90 12 22.5 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 17 n > 43 n > 6 n > 12 n > 18 n > 16 n > 2.0 n 52 We have converted 2 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 1 3 2 6 2 1 2 0.7 2.7 1.3 6 2 2 BERGER HIRATA SEIDEL HAINES KAJITA PARK 52 CHERRY 89 89C 88 86 86 85 81
IMB3 FREJ KAMI IMB IMB KAMI IMB HOME
N e+ K
13
TECN
> 17 n 90 35 29.4 MCGREW 99 IMB3 >150 p 90 0 <0.27 HIRATA 89C KAMI We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > > > > > > > > > > 85 31 60 70 77 38 24 77 1.3 1.3 p p p p p p p (free) p p n 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 3 23 0 0 5 0 7 5 0 0 4.9 25.2 1.8 4.5 <0.8 8.5 4 WALL MCGREW BERGER SEIDEL HAINES ARISAKA BLEWITT BLEWITT ALEKSEEV ALEKSEEV 00 99 91 88 86 85 85 85 81 81 SOU2 IMB3 FREJ IMB IMB KAMI IMB IMB BAKS BAKS
p e+ K 0 S
14
TECN
53 KOBAYASHI 05 >2000 p 90 6 4.7 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc.
SKAM
> 120 p 90 1 1.3 WALL 00 SOU2 > 76 p 90 0 0.5 BERGER 91 FREJ 53 We have doubled the p e + K 0 limit given in KOBAYASHI 05 to obtain this p e + K 0 limit. S
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 16
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
p e+ K 0 L
15
TECN
>51 p 90 2 3.5 WALL 00 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >44 p 90 0 0.1 BERGER 91
SOU2 FREJ
N + K
16
TECN
>120 p >120 p > 26 n >120 p We do not use the
90 0 <1.2 WALL 90 4 7.2 MCGREW 90 20 28.4 MCGREW 90 1 0.4 HIRATA following data for averages, ts, limits, etc.
00 99 99 89C 91 89 88 87 87 86 85 85 85 84 83 83 82 81 67
SOU2 IMB3 IMB3 KAMI FREJ HPW IMB SOUD SOUD IMB KAMI IMB IMB NUSX SOUD SOUD KOLR HOME CNTR
> 54 p 90 0 BERGER > 3.0 p 90 0 0.7 PHILLIPS > 19 p 90 3 2.5 SEIDEL 54 BARTELT > 1.5 p 90 0 > 1.1 n 90 0 BARTELT > 40 p 90 7 6 HAINES > 19 p 90 1 <1.1 ARISAKA > 6.7 p (free) 90 11 13 BLEWITT > 40 p 90 7 8 BLEWITT > 6 p 90 1 BATTISTONI 55 BARTELT > 0.6 p 90 0 55 BARTELT > 0.4 n 90 0 56 KRISHNA... > 5.8 p 90 2 > 2.0 p 90 0 CHERRY 57 GURR > 0.2 n 90 54 BARTELT 87 limit applies to p + K 0 . S 55 Limit based on zero events. 56 We have calculated 90% CL limit from 1 conned event. 57 We have converted half-life to 90% CL mean life.
p + K 0 S
17
TECN
>2600 p 90 3 3.9 05 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc.
58 KOBAYASHI
SKAM
> 150 p 90 0 <0.8 WALL 00 SOU2 > 64 p 90 0 1.2 BERGER 91 FREJ 58 We have doubled the p + K 0 limit given in KOBAYASHI 05 to obtain this p + K 0 limit. S
p + K 0 L
18
TECN
>83 p 90 0 0.4 WALL 00 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >44 p 90 0 0.1 BERGER 91
SOU2 FREJ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 17
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
N K
19
TECN
>2300 p > 86 n We do not use the
90 0 1.3 KOBAYASHI 05 SKAM 90 0 2.4 HIRATA 89C KAMI following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. SOU2 SKAM IMB3 IMB3 SOU2 FREJ FREJ KAMI HPW SOUD SOUD IMB IMB KAMI KAMI IMB IMB IMB NUSX NUSX SOUD SOUD KOLR HOME the limit
> 26 n 90 16 9.1 WALL 00 > 670 p 90 HAYATO 99 > 151 p 90 15 21.4 MCGREW 99 > 30 n 90 34 34.1 MCGREW 99 59 ALLISON > 43 p 90 1 1.54 98 > 15 n 90 1 1.8 BERGER 89 > 15 p 90 1 1.8 BERGER 89 > 100 p 90 9 7.3 HIRATA 89C > 0.28 p 90 0 0.7 PHILLIPS 89 > 0.3 p 90 0 BARTELT 87 60 BARTELT > 0.75 n 90 0 87 > 10 p 90 6 5 HAINES 86 > 15 n 90 3 5 HAINES 86 > 28 p 90 3 3 KAJITA 86 > 32 n 90 0 1.4 KAJITA 86 > 1.8 p (free) 90 6 11 BLEWITT 85 > 9.6 p 90 6 5 BLEWITT 85 > 10 n 90 2 2 PARK 85 > 5 n 90 0 BATTISTONI 84 > 2 p 90 0 BATTISTONI 84 61 BARTELT > 0.3 n 90 0 83 61 BARTELT > 0.1 p 90 0 83 62 KRISHNA... > 5.8 p 90 1 82 63 CHERRY > 0.3 n 90 2 81 59 This ALLISON 98 limit is with no background subtraction; with subtraction becomes > 46 1030 years. 60 BARTELT 87 limit applies to n K 0 . S 61 Limit based on zero events. 62 We have calculated 90% CL limit from 1 conned event. 63 We have converted 2 possible events to 90% CL limit.
n K0 S
20
TECN
64 KOBAYASHI 05 >260 n 90 34 30 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc.
SKAM
> 51 n 90 16 9.1 WALL 00 SOU2 64 We have doubled the n K 0 limit given in KOBAYASHI 05 to obtain this n K 0 S limit.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 18
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
p e + K (892)0
21
TECN
>84 p 90 38 52.0 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >10 >52 >10 p p p 90 90 90 0 0.8 2 1.55 1 <1 BERGER HIRATA ARISAKA
IMB3
91 FREJ 89C KAMI 85 KAMI
N K (892)
22
TECN
>51 p 90 7 9.1 MCGREW 99 >78 n 90 40 50 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >22 n >17 p >20 p >21 n >10 p > 5 n > 8 p > 6 n > 5.8 p (free) > 9.6 p > 7 n > 2.1 p 65 We have converted 1 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 5 4 7 8 3 2 10 7 1 1 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.4 6 7 2 1.6 16 6 4 BERGER BERGER HIRATA HIRATA HAINES HAINES KAJITA KAJITA BLEWITT BLEWITT PARK 65 BATTISTONI 89 89 89C 89C 86 86 86 86 85 85 85 82
IMB3 IMB3 FREJ FREJ KAMI KAMI IMB IMB KAMI KAMI IMB IMB IMB NUSX
possible event to 90% CL limit.
Antilepton + mesons p e + +
23
TECN
>82 p 90 16 23.1 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >21 p 90 0 2.2 BERGER 91
IMB3 FREJ
p e + 0 0
24
TECN
>147 p 90 2 0.8 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 38 p 90 1 0.5 BERGER 91
IMB3 FREJ
n e + 0
25
TECN
>52 n 90 38 34.2 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >32 n 90 1 0.8 BERGER 91
IMB3 FREJ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 19
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
p + +
26
TECN
>133 p 90 25 38.0 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 17 > 3.3 p p 90 90 1 2.6 0 0.7 BERGER PHILLIPS 91 89
IMB3 FREJ HPW
p + 0 0
27
TECN
IMB3 FREJ
n + 0
28
TECN
>74 n 90 17 20.8 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >33 n 90 0 1.1 BERGER 91
IMB3 FREJ
n e + K 0
29
TECN
>18
90
1 0.2
BERGER
91
FREJ
Lepton + meson n e +
30
TECN
>65 n 90 0 1.6 SEIDEL 88 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >55 >16 >25 n n n 90 90 90 0 1.09 9 7 2 4 BERGER HAINES PARK
IMB
91B FREJ 86 IMB 85 IMB
n +
31
TECN
>49 n 90 0 0.5 SEIDEL 88 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >33 > 2.7 >25 >27 n n n n 90 90 90 90 0 0 7 2 1.40 0.7 6 3 BERGER PHILLIPS HAINES PARK 91B 89 86 85
IMB FREJ HPW IMB IMB
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 20
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
n e +
32
TECN
>62 n 90 2 4.1 SEIDEL 88 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >12 >12 n n 90 90 13 6 5 3 HAINES PARK 86 85
IMB IMB IMB
n +
33
TECN
>7 n 90 1 1.1 SEIDEL 88 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >2.6 >9 >9 n n n 90 90 90 0 0.7 7 5 2 2 PHILLIPS HAINES PARK 89 86 85
IMB HPW IMB IMB
n e K +
34
TECN
>32 n 90 3 2.96 BERGER 91B FREJ We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 0.23 n 90 0 0.7 PHILLIPS 89 HPW
n K +
35
TECN
>57 n 90 0 2.18 BERGER 91B FREJ We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 4.7 n 90 0 0.7 PHILLIPS 89 HPW
Lepton + mesons p e + +
36
TECN
>30 p 90 1 2.50 BERGER 91B FREJ We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 2.0 p 90 0 0.7 PHILLIPS 89 HPW
n e + 0
37
TECN
>29
90
1 0.78
BERGER
91B FREJ
p + +
38
TECN
>17 p 90 1 1.72 BERGER 91B FREJ We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 7.8 p 90 0 0.7 PHILLIPS 89 HPW
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 21
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
n + 0
39
TECN
>34
90
0 0.78
BERGER
91B FREJ
p e + K +
40
TECN
>75 p 90 81 127.2 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >20 p 90 3 2.50 BERGER
IMB3
91B FREJ
p + K +
41
TECN
>245 p 90 3 4.0 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 5 p 90 2 0.78 BERGER
IMB3
91B FREJ
Antilepton + photon(s) p e+
42
TECN
>670 p 90 0 0.1 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >133 p 90 0 >460 p 90 0 >360 p 90 0 > 87 p (free) 90 0 >360 p 90 0 > 0.1 p 90 66 We have converted half-life to 90% 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 CL mean life. BERGER SEIDEL HAINES BLEWITT BLEWITT 66 GURR 91 88 86 85 85 67
IMB3 FREJ IMB IMB IMB IMB CNTR
p +
43
TECN
>478 p 90 0 0.1 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >155 p 90 0 >380 p 90 0 > 97 p 90 3 > 61 p (free) 90 0 >280 p 90 0 > 0.3 p 90 67 We have converted half-life to 90% 0.1 0.5 2 0.2 0.6 CL mean life. BERGER SEIDEL HAINES BLEWITT BLEWITT 67 GURR 91 88 86 85 85 67
IMB3 FREJ IMB IMB IMB IMB CNTR
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 22
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
n
44
TECN
>28 n 90 163 144.7 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >24 > 9 >11 n n n 90 90 90 10 6.86 73 60 28 19 BERGER HAINES PARK
IMB3
p e+
45
TECN
>100
90
1 0.8
BERGER
91
FREJ
n
46
TECN
>219
90
5 7.5
MCGREW
99
IMB3
Three (or more) leptons p e+ e+ e

47
TECN
>793 p 90 0 0.5 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >147 >510 > 89 >510 p p p (free) p 90 90 90 90 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 BERGER HAINES BLEWITT BLEWITT 91 86 85 85
IMB3 FREJ IMB IMB IMB
p e + +
48
TECN
>359 p 90 1 0.9 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 81 > 5.0 p p 90 90 0 0.16 0 0.7 BERGER PHILLIPS 91 89
IMB3 FREJ HPW
p e+
49
TECN
>17 p 90 152 153.7 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >11 p 90 11 6.08 BERGER
IMB3
91B FREJ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 23
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
n e+ e
50
TECN
>257 n 90 5 7.5 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 74 > 45 > 26 n n n 90 90 90 0 < 0.1 5 5 4 3 BERGER HAINES PARK
IMB3
n + e
51
TECN
>83 n 90 25 29.4 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >47 n 90 0 < 0.1 BERGER
IMB3
91B FREJ
n +
52
TECN
>79 n 90 100 145 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >42 > 5.1 >16 >19 n n n n 90 90 90 90 0 0 14 4 1.4 0.7 7 7 BERGER PHILLIPS HAINES PARK 91B 89 86 85
IMB3 FREJ HPW IMB IMB
p + e + e
53
TECN
IMB3 FREJ
p + +
54
TECN
>675 p 90 0 0.3 MCGREW 99 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >119 p > 10.5 p >190 p > 44 p (free) >190 p > 2.1 p 68 We have converted 1 90 90 90 90 90 90 0 0 1 1 1 1 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.9 BERGER PHILLIPS HAINES BLEWITT BLEWITT 68 BATTISTONI 91 89 86 85 85 82
IMB3 FREJ HPW IMB IMB IMB NUSX
possible event to 90% CL limit.
p +
55
TECN
>21
90
7 11.23
BERGER
91B FREJ
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 24
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
p e + +
56
TECN
>6.0
90
0 0.7
PHILLIPS
89
HPW
n 3
57 See also the to anything and disappearance limits for bound nucleons in the p Mean Life data block just in front of the list of possible p decay modes. Such modes could of course be to three (or ve) neutrinos, and the limits are stronger, but we do not repeat them here.
PARTICLE CL% EVTS BKGD EST DOCUMENT ID TECN
LIMIT (1030 years)
69 SUZUKI >0.00049 n 90 2 2 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 70 GLICENSTEIN >0.0023 n 90 71 BERGER >0.00003 n 90 11 6.1 71 BERGER >0.00012 n 90 7 11.2
93B KAMI 97 91B 91B 79 KAMI FREJ FREJ RVUE
>0.0005 n 90 0 LEARNED 69 The SUZUKI 93B limit applies to any of , , or . e e e 70 GLICENSTEIN 97 uses Kamioka data and the idea that the disappearance of the neutrons magnetic moment should produce radiation. 71 The rst BERGER 91B limit is for n , the second is for n . e e e
n 5
See the note on n 3 on the previous data block.
58
TECN
We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 72 GLICENSTEIN 97 KAMI >0.0017 n 90 72 GLICENSTEIN 97 uses Kamioka data and the idea that the disappearance of the neutrons magnetic moment should produce radiation.
Inclusive modes N e + anything

59
TECN
>0.6 p, n 90 73 The electron may be primary or secondary.
73 LEARNED
79
RVUE
N + anything
60
TECN
p, n >12 90 2 81 We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 75 COWSIK > 1.8 p, n 90 80 75 LEARNED > 6 p, n 90 79 74 We have converted 2 possible events to 90% CL limit. 75 The muon may be primary or secondary.
74,75 CHERRY
HOME CNTR RVUE
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 25
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
N anything
Anything = , , K , etc.
61
TECN
We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >0.0002 p, n 90 0 LEARNED 79 RVUE
N e + 0 anything
62
TECN
>0.6
p, n
90
LEARNED
79
RVUE
N 2 bodies, -free
63
TECN
We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >1.3 p, n 90 0 ALEKSEEV 81 BAKS
B = 2 dinucleon modes p p + +
LIMIT (1030 years) CL% EVTS BKGD EST DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
64
4 2.34 BERGER 91B FREJ per iron nucleus
>0.7
90
p n + 0
65
>2.0
90
n n +
66
>0.7
90
n n 0 0
67
>3.4
90
p p e+ e+
68
0 <0.1 BERGER 91B FREJ per iron nucleus
>5.8
90
p p e + +
69
0 <0.1 BERGER 91B FREJ per iron nucleus
>3.6
90
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 26
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
p p + +
70
>1.7
90
p n e+
71
>2.8
90
p n +
72
>1.6
90
n n e e
We include invisible modes here.
73
>1.4 90 06 KLND n n invisible We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 77 TRETYAK >0.000042 90 04 CNTR 78 BACK >0.000049 90 03 BORX 79 BERNABEI >0.000012 90 00B DAMA >0.000012 90 5 9.7 BERGER 91B FREJ per iron nucleus 76 ARAKI 06 looks for signs of de-excitation of the residual nucleus after disappearance of two neutrons from the s shell of 12 C. 77 TRETYAK 04 uses data from an old Homestake-mine radiochemical experiment on limits for invisible decays of 39 K to 37 Ar. 78 BACK 03 looks for decays of unstable nuclides left after N N decays of parent 12 C, 13 C, 16 O nuclei. These are invisible channel limits. 79 BERNABEI 00B looks for the decay of a 127 Xe nucleus following the disappearance of 54 an n n pair in the otherwise-stable 129 Xe nucleus. The limit here applies as well to n n 54 , n n , or any disappearance mode.
76 ARAKI
n n
74
We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >0.000006 90 4 4.4 BERGER 91B FREJ per iron nucleus
p n invisible
This violates charge conservation as well as baryon number conservation.
VALUE (1030 years) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN
75
80 TRETYAK
>0.000021 90 04 CNTR 80 TRETYAK 04 uses data from an old Homestake-mine radiochemical experiment on limits for invisible decays of 39 K to 37 Ar.
HTTP://PDG.LBL.GOV
Page 27
Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
p p invisible
This violates charge conservation as well as baryon number conservation.
LIMIT (1030 years) CL% EVTS BKGD EST CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN
76
>0.00005 90 03 BORX We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 82 BERNABEI >0.00000055 90 00B DAMA 81 BACK 03 looks for decays of unstable nuclides left after N N decays of parent 12 C, 13 C, 16 O nuclei. These are invisible channel limits. 82 BERNABEI 00B looks for the decay of a 127 Te nucleus following the disappearance of a 52 p p pair in the otherwise-stable 129 Xe nucleus. 54
81 BACK
p PARTIAL MEAN LIVES

The partial mean life limits tabulated here are the limits on /Bi , where is the total mean life for the antiproton and Bi is the branching fraction for the mode in question.
p e
VALUE (years) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
77
> 7 105 90 GEER 00 APEX 8.9 GeV/c p beam We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >1848 95 GEER 94 CALO 8.9 GeV/c p beam
p
78
>5 104 90 GEER 00 APEX 8.9 GeV/c p beam We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >5.0 104 90 HU 98B APEX 8.9 GeV/c p beam
p e 0
79
p 0
80
p e
81
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Created: 11/28/2012 11:02
p
82
p e K 0 S
83
>900 90 GEER 00 APEX 8.9 GeV/c p beam We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. > 29 95 GEER 94 CALO 8.9 GeV/c p beam
p K 0 S
84
p e K 0 L
85
>9 103 90 GEER 00 APEX 8.9 GeV/c p beam We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. >9 95 GEER 94 CALO 8.9 GeV/c p beam
p K 0 L
86
p e
87
90 GEER 00 APEX 8.9 GeV/c p beam
>2 104
p
88
p e
89
We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 83 GEER >200 90 00 APEX 8.9 GeV/c p beam 83 This GEER 00 measurement has been withdrawn; see GEER 00C.
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p e
90
90 GEER 00 APEX 8.9 GeV/c p beam
>200
p e K (892)0
91
We do not use the following data for averages, ts, limits, etc. 84 GEER >1 103 90 00 APEX 8.9 GeV/c p beam 84 This GEER 00 measurement has been withdrawn; see GEER 00C.
p REFERENCES
arXiv:1203.5425 P.J. Mohr, B.N. Taylor, D.B. Newell (NIST) PRL 107 119101 J. Arrington (ANL) PRL 107 119102 J.C. Bernauer et al. (MAMI A1 Collab.) PR A83 052101 G. Bressi et al. (LEGN, PAVII, PADO, TRST+) PR C83 012201 I.C. Cloet, G.A. Miller (WASH) PL B697 26 A. de Rujula (MADE, BOST, CERN) PL B696 343 M.O. Distler, J.C. Bernauer, T. Walcher (MANZ) PRL 107 160402 R.J. Hill, G. Paz (EFI) PRL 105 242001 J.C. Bernauer et al. (MAMI A1 Collab.) NP A843 59 D. Borisyuk (KIEV) PL B693 555 A. De Rujula (MADU, CERN) PR D82 113005 R.J. Hill, G. Paz (CHIC) NAT 466 213 R. Pohl et al. (MPIQ, ENSP, COIM, +) PRL 102 141801 H. Nishino et al. (Super Kamiokande Collab.) PL B678 55 T. Pask et al. (Stefan Meyer Inst., Vienna, TOKY+) RMP 80 633 P.J. Mohr, B.N. Taylor, D.B. Newell (NIST) PR C75 035202 M.A. Belushkin, H.W. Hammer, U.-G. Meissner (BONN+) PRL 96 101802 T. Araki et al. (KamLAND Collab.) PRL 96 243401 M. Hori et al. (CERN, TOKYO+) PR C72 057601 P.G. Blunden, I. Sick (MANI, BASL) PR D72 052007 K. Kobayashi et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collab.) RMP 77 1 P.J. Mohr, B.N. Taylor (NIST) PPNP 55 567 M. Schumacher (GOET) PRL 92 102004 S.N. Ahmed et al. (SNO Collab.) JETPL 79 106 V.I. Tretyak, V.Yu. Denisov, Yu.G. Zdesenko (KIEV) Translated from ZETFP 79 136. BACK 03 PL B563 23 H.O. Back et al. (BOREXINO Collab.) BEANE 03 PL B567 200 S.R. Beane et al. Also PL B607 320 (erratum) S.R. Beane et al. DMITRIEV 03 PRL 91 212303 V.F. Dmitriev, R.A. Senkov (NOVO) HORI 03 PRL 91 123401 M. Hori et al. (CERN ASACUSA Collab.) SICK 03 PL B576 62 I. Sick (BASL) ZDESENKO 03 PL B553 135 Yu.G. Zdesenko, V.I. Tretyak (KIEV) AHMAD 02 PRL 89 011301 Q.R. Ahmad et al. (SNO Collab.) BARANOV 01 PPN 32 376 P.S. Baranov et al. Translated from FECAY 32 699. BLANPIED 01 PR C64 025203 G. Blanpied et al. (BNL LEGS Collab.) ESCHRICH 01 PL B522 233 I. Eschrich et al. (FNAL SELEX Collab.) HORI 01 PRL 87 093401 M. Hori et al. (CERN ASACUSA Collab.) OLMOSDEL... 01 EPJ A10 207 V. Olmos de Leon et al. (MAMI TAPS Collab.) TRETYAK 01 PL B505 59 V.I. Tretyak, Yu.G. Zdesenko (KIEV) BERNABEI 00B PL B493 12 R. Bernabei et al. (Gran Sasso DAMA Collab.) GEER 00 PRL 84 590 S. Geer et al. (FNAL APEX Collab.) Also PR D62 052004 S. Geer et al. (FNAL APEX Collab.) Also PRL 85 3546 (erratum) S. Geer et al. (FNAL APEX Collab.) GEER 00C PRL 85 3546 (erratum) S. Geer et al. (FNAL APEX Collab.) GEER 00D APJ 532 648 S.H. Geer, D.C. Kennedy MELNIKOV 00 PRL 84 1673 K. Melnikov et al. (SLAC, KARL) ROSENFELDR...00 PL B479 381 R. Rosenfelder SENGUPTA 00 PL B484 275 S. Sengupta WALL 00 PR D61 072004 D. Wall et al. (Soudan-2 Collab.) WALL 00B PR D62 092003 D. Wall et al. (Soudan-2 Collab.) GABRIELSE 99 PRL 82 3198 G. Gabrielse et al. MOHR ARRINGTON BERNAUER BRESSI CLOET DERUJULA DISTLER HILL BERNAUER BORISYUK DERUJULA HILL POHL NISHINO PASK MOHR BELUSHKIN ARAKI HORI BLUNDEN KOBAYASHI MOHR SCHUMACHER AHMED TRETYAK 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 09 09 08 07 06 06 05 05 05 05 04 04
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HAYATO MCGREW MOHR Also TORII ALLISON HU SHIOZAWA GLICENSTEIN MERGELL GABRIELSE MACGIBBON GEER WONG HALLIN SUZUKI HUGHES ZIEGER Also BERGER BERGER FEDERSPIEL MCCORD BECKER-SZ... ERICSON GABRIELSE BERGER CHO HIRATA PHILLIPS KREISSL SEIDEL BARTELT Also COHEN HAINES KAJITA ARISAKA BLEWITT DZUBA PARK BATTISTONI MARINELLI WILKENING BARTELT BATTISTONI KRISHNA... ALEKSEEV CHERRY COWSIK SIMON BELL GOLDEN LEARNED BREGMAN ROBERTS EVANS HU BORKOWSKI COHEN DYLLA AKIMOV DIX HARRISON GURR FREREJACQ... HAND FLEROV
99 99 99 99 98 98B 98 97 96 95 95 94 94 93 93B 92 92 91 91B 91 91 90 90 90 89 89 89C 89 88 88 87 87 86 86 85 85 85 85 84 84 84 83 82 82 81 81 80 80 79 79 79 78 78 77 75 74 73 73 72 70 69 67 66 63 58
PRL 83 1529 Y. Hayato et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collab.) PR D59 052004 C. McGrew et al. (IMB-3 Collab.) JPCRD 28 1713 P.J. Mohr, B.N. Taylor (NIST) RMP 72 351 P.J. Mohr, B.N. Taylor (NIST) PR A59 223 H.A. Torii et al. (CERN PS-205 Collab.) PL B427 217 W.W.M. Allison et al. (Soudan-2 Collab.) PR D58 111101 M. Hu et al. (FNAL APEX Collab.) PRL 81 3319 M. Shiozawa et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collab.) PL B411 326 J.F. Glicenstein (SACL) NP A596 367 P. Mergell et al. (MANZ, BONN) PRL 74 3544 G. Gabrielse et al. (HARV, MANZ, SEOUL) PR C52 2097 B.E. MacGibbon et al. (ILL, SASK, INRM) PRL 72 1596 S. Geer et al. (FNAL, UCLA, PSU) IJMP E3 821 C.W. Wong (UCLA) PR C48 1497 E.L. Hallin et al. (SASK, BOST, ILL) PL B311 357 Y. Suzuki et al. (KAMIOKANDE Collab.) PRL 69 578 R.J. Hughes, B.I. Deutch (LANL, AARH) PL B278 34 A. Zieger et al. (MPCM) PL B281 417 (erratum) A. Zieger et al. (MPCM) ZPHY C50 385 C. Berger et al. (FREJUS Collab.) PL B269 227 C. Berger et al. (FREJUS Collab.) PRL 67 1511 F.J. Federspiel et al. (ILL) NIM B56/57 496 M. McCord et al. PR D42 2974 R.A. Becker-Szendy et al. (IMB-3 Collab.) EPL 11 295 T.E.O. Ericson, A. Richter (CERN, DARM) PRL 65 1317 G. Gabrielse et al. (HARV, MANZ, WASH+) NP B313 509 C. Berger et al. (FREJUS Collab.) PRL 63 2559 D. Cho, K. Sangster, E.A. Hinds (YALE) PL B220 308 K.S. Hirata et al. (Kamiokande Collab.) PL B224 348 T.J. Phillips et al. (HPW Collab.) ZPHY C37 557 A. Kreissl et al. (CERN PS176 Collab.) PRL 61 2522 S. Seidel et al. (IMB Collab.) PR D36 1990 J.E. Bartelt et al. (Soudan Collab.) PR D40 1701 (erratum) J.E. Bartelt et al. (Soudan Collab.) RMP 59 1121 E.R. Cohen, B.N. Taylor (RISC, NBS) PRL 57 1986 T.J. Haines et al. (IMB Collab.) JPSJ 55 711 T. Kajita et al. (Kamiokande Collab.) JPSJ 54 3213 K. Arisaka et al. (Kamiokande Collab.) PRL 55 2114 G.B. Blewitt et al. (IMB Collab.) PL 154B 93 V.A. Dzuba, V.V. Flambaum, P.G. Silvestrov (NOVO) PRL 54 22 H.S. Park et al. (IMB Collab.) PL 133B 454 G. Battistoni et al. (NUSEX Collab.) PL 137B 439 M. Marinelli, G. Morpurgo (GENO) PR A29 425 D.A. Wilkening, N.F. Ramsey, D.J. Larson (HARV+) PRL 50 651 J.E. Bartelt et al. (MINN, ANL) PL 118B 461 G. Battistoni et al. (NUSEX Collab.) PL 115B 349 M.R. Krishnaswamy et al. (TATA, OSKC+) JETPL 33 651 E.N. Alekseev et al. (PNPI) Translated from ZETFP 33 664. PRL 47 1507 M.L. Cherry et al. (PENN, BNL) PR D22 2204 R. Cowsik, V.S. Narasimham (TATA) NP A333 381 G.G. Simon et al. PL 86B 215 M. Bell et al. (CERN) PRL 43 1196 R.L. Golden et al. (NASA, PSLL) PRL 43 907 J.G. Learned, F. Reines, A. Soni (UCI) PL 78B 174 M. Bregman et al. (CERN) PR D17 358 B.L. Roberts (WILL, RHEL) SCI 197 989 J.C. Evans Jr., R.I. Steinberg (BNL, PENN) NP A254 403 E. Hu et al. (COLU, YALE) NP A222 269 F. Borkowski et al. JPCRD 2 664 E.R. Cohen, B.N. Taylor (RISC, NBS) PR A7 1224 H.F. Dylla, J.G. King (MIT) JETP 35 651 Yu.K. Akimov et al. (YERE) Translated from ZETF 62 1231. Thesis Case F.W. Dix (CASE) PRL 22 1263 G.E. Harrison, P.G.H. Sandars, S.J. Wright (OXF) PR 158 1321 H.S. Gurr et al. (CASE, WITW) PR 141 1308 D. Frerejacque et al. RMP 35 335 L.N. Hand et al. DOKL 3 79 G.N. Flerov et al. (ASCI)
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Proton properties from Particle Data Group

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Proton properties from Particle Data Group

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Citation: J. Beringer et al. (Particle Data Group), PR D86, 010001 (2012) (URL: http://pdg.lbl.

p MASS (atomic mass units u)

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

p/p CHARGE-TO-MASS RATIO,

( 9 9) 1011 OUR EVALUATION

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

( 0.1 2.1) 103 OUR EVALUATION

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

p ELECTRIC DIPOLE MOMENT

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

BLUNDEN 05 MOHR 05 SICK 03 24 ESCHRICH 01 MELNIKOV 00 ROSENFELDR... 00 MERGELL 96 WONG 94

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

>5.8 1029 >2.1 1029

n invisible p invisible n invisible

p invisible p invisible d n+?

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

>8 105 >0.28 >0.08 >1 107 >3.7 103

34 GEER GABRIELSE BELL GOLDEN BREGMAN

TRAP CNTR SPEC CNTR

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

Three (or more) leptons

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

e + anything + anything anything e + 0 anything 2 bodies, -free

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

p PARTIAL MEAN LIVES

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

> 16 p >112 n We do not use the

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

possible events to 90% CL limit.

possible events to 90% CL limit.

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

>217 n > 75 p We do not use the

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

possible events to 90% CL limit.

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

IMB3 FREJ KAMI IMB IMB KAMI IMB HOME

possible events to 90% CL limit.

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

>120 p >120 p > 26 n >120 p We do not use the

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

>2300 p > 86 n We do not use the

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

91 FREJ 89C KAMI 85 KAMI

possible event to 90% CL limit.

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

IMB3 FREJ HPW

91B FREJ 86 IMB 85 IMB

IMB FREJ HPW IMB IMB

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

IMB IMB IMB

IMB HPW IMB IMB

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

IMB3 FREJ IMB IMB IMB IMB CNTR

IMB3 FREJ IMB IMB IMB IMB CNTR

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

91B FREJ 86 IMB 85 IMB

Three (or more) leptons p e+ e+ e

IMB3 FREJ IMB IMB IMB

IMB3 FREJ HPW

Created: 11/28/2012 11:02

91B FREJ 86 IMB 85 IMB