Experiment involve intervention by researcher beyond that require for measurement Experimental design- relationship between independent and

nd dependent variable by reaching valid conclusions by researcher

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

ADVANTAGES OF EXPERIMENTS
Ability to manipulate variable Contamination from extraneous variable can be controlled

Convenience and cost of experimentation are superior

Replication-repeating an experiment with different subject groups and conditions

Can use naturally occurring events and some extent of field experiments to reduce subject preceptions

DISADVANTAGES OF EXPERIMENTS
Primary-artificiality of laboratory Problem- generalization from non-probability samples Low costs of experimentation but run out of budgets for primary data collection methods

Experimentation is most effectively targeted at problems of the present or

immediate future

Contd.
Steps involved in conducting experimental study: a) Identify and define problem b) Formulate hypotheses and deduce their consequences c) Construct an experimental design that represents all the elements, condition, and relations of the consequences. To do this, following are the steps. 1. Select sample of subject 2. Group or pair subjects 3. Identify and control non experimental factors 4. Select or construct, and validate instruments to measure outcomes 5. Conduct pilot study 6. Determine place, time, and duration of the experiments d) Conduct the experiments e) Compile raw data and reduce to usable form f) Apply an appropriate test of significance

CRITICAL ELEMENTS OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

OBSERVATION or MEASURE (O)

TREATMENT of PROGRAM (X)

GROUPS

ASSIGNMENT to GROUPS (R)

TIME

TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Randomized experimental design

Quasi-experimental design

Non-experimental design

Relationship between program and its outcomes design in notations as follows:

Post-test Randomized Experiment R X O

Pre-Test PostTest

Non-equivalent N

QuasiExperiment

Post-test only NonExperiment