1.

2) 2002
3

1990 1995
(WTO/TBT)1996 2
(International
Organization for StandardizationISO)
1998 5
3
2000 6
1995 1
1996
12 V
(B )

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CRC

2002 3

1.2
1.2.1

(NKB)
NKB Level System 1.2.1 NKB

NKB Level System

(EU)NKB Level System

NKB Level System

NKB Level System
1.2.1

1.2.2SEAOCStructural
Engineering Association of California Vision 2000
CALTRAN() 1.2.3

10

1.2.1

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NKB Level SystemNKB

CRC

1.2.1

(
)

1.2.2 Vision 2000

Structural Engineering Association of California
Earthquake Performance Level
Fully
Operational
Life Safe
Near Collapse
Operational
Frequent

(43year)
Earthquake
Occasional

Design
(72year)
Rare
Level

(475year)
(Return Period)
Very Rare

(970year)
Unacceptable Performance (for New Construction)
Basic Objective
Essential/Hazardous Objective
Safety Critical Objective

1.2.3

California

Ground Motion at Site

Ordinary Bridge Performance Level

Important Bridge Performance Level

Functional-Evaluation
Earthquake

Service Level
Immediate "Repairable" Damage

Service Level
Immediate "Minimal" Damage

Safety-Evaluation
Earthquake

Service Level
Limited "Significant" Damage

Service Level
Immediate "Repairable" Damage

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1.2.2

4 3
1115
2000 6 3

2001 4

16

()()

17

7
2005

18 2002
19 1999

21

20

2004

21

1
6

22

a)
b)c)
d) VE e)

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CRC

23)

()

24

25
26

1.3

1.3.1

1.3.1

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ISO
ISO2394 General principles on reliability for structures 27

capacity design
1

1.3.1

[]

()

etc.

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CRC

1.4

1) 26 1)20)25)27)28)

1.4.1

a)
objective

function

performance

quality
1
1

required performance

S R
basic performance

level of required performance

upper class expression for required performance

middle class expression for required performance

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CRC

lower class expression for required performance

b)
performance-based design

regulation-based design

deemed-to-satisfy regulation

reliability based design

3
limit state design

(partial safety factor design)

evaluating property of performance

index for performance check

(performance check)
SRSR f (S, R)1.0
Sdemand, response value

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CRC

Rcapacity, limit value of performance

required performance matrix

c)
limit state

ultimate limit state

serviceability limit state

life, lifetime, life period, lifecycle

design working life

lifecycle period
LCCLCCO 2

lifecycle cost, LCC

CO 2 total CO 2 emission in lifecycle periodLCCO 2

.

d)
design load model

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CRC

distinctness level of performance check

3
reliability level of structural analysis

3
H

M
L
reliability level of design load and capacity

4
A

B
() C
D
pre-evaluation

post-evaluation

performance check:

verification

.
authorization

certification

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CRC

26

1.4.2

Definitions of terminologies

0)

1)

ISO23943,1998ISO2394

2)

2001.10

3)

2000.3

4)

2002.10

5)

ISO13822,2001ISO13822

(structure) 1)

(structural element) 1)

(structural system) 1)

life, lifetime, life period2)

(life cycle)

1)

quality2)1
1

(reliability) 1)

(failure) 1)

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(comprehensive design codes) 3) ,

,,
.,
,,,
,,
.
,.
.
(specific base design codes) 3)
,
.
(specific design codes) 3),
,
,,
.
(performance based design codes) 3) ,
,,
.

performance-based design2)

specification-based design2)

pre-verified specification) 2)

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reliability based design 2)

(target reliability level) 5) :

limit state design 2)

(partial safety factor design)

(partial factors format) 1)

(partial factors design procedure) 3) :

(material factor approach)3) :,,

,,
,,,
.
(resistance factor approach) 3) :,
,,
,

(design working life) 1)

()(structural integrity) (structural robustness)

1)

(reliability class of structures) 1)

required performance matrix 2)

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CRC

(assessment) 1)

pre-evaluation2)

post-evaluation 2)

objective 0)

performance requirement 0)

(performance criterion) 0) :

basic performance requirement0)

significance of structures 0)

(serviceability) 1)

(limit states) 0)

(ultimate limit state) 1)

(serviceability limit state) 1)

(Restorability limit state) ) :

(irreversible limit state) 1)

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CRC

(reversible limit state) 1)

verification 2)
SRSR
f (S, R)1.0
(verification approach ) 0)

.
(verification approach ) 0) ,

,
,

design examination 0 )
.

accreditation )
certification )

(compliance) 1)

(action) 1)
a)
b)

(representative value of an action) 1)

(characteristic value of an action) 1)

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CRC

1:

2:(characteristic value ) 3 ) :

, F d (design value of an action) 1)

: F

(permanent action) 1) :
a)

b)
(variable action) 1)

(accidental action) 1)

(fixed action)

1)

(free action) 1)

(static action) 1)

(dynamic action) 1)

(bounded action)

1)

(unbounded action) 1)
(combination value)

1)

:
:

(frequent value) 1)

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(quasi-permanent value) 1)

(action combination)

load
combination
(environmental influence) 1) :

(load) 4) :

.
(reference period) 1)

(design situation) 1)

(persistent situation) 1)

(transient Situation) :

(characteristic value of a material property) 1)

(characteristic values of a geometrical quantity)

1)

(design value of a material property)

1)

: M

(design value of a geometrical quantity) 1)

(conversion factor) 1)

(conversion function)

1)

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CRC

(fractile value) 4) :

(design value) 3) :

S demand, response value 2)

Rcapacity, limit value of performance2)

(statistical uncertainty) 1)

(basic variable) 1)

(primary basic variable) 1)

(limit state function) 1)

: gg(X 1 ,X 2 ,,X n ) = 0

:g > 0g < 0

,(reliability index,)

1)

: P f =- -1 (p f )

-1
(reliability element) 1)

(element reliability) 1)

(system reliability) 1)

(model)

1)

: or

(model uncertainty)

1)

(assessment) 5)
(rehabilitation) 0)

(upgrading) 0)

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CRC

(damage) 5)
(deterioration) 5)
(deterioration model) 5)

(inspection) 5)
(investigation) 5)

(load testing) 5)

(maintenance) 5)
(monitoring) 5)

(remaining working life) 5)

1) JSSC
No.492001.10
2) ()

2000.8

3)
4)

1996.12

V 1996.12

5) 2002.3
6) NKBStructure for Building Regulations, NKB Research Report No.34, NKB, 1978.11.
7)

1996.9.
8) 2000.12.
9) Structural Engineering Association of CaliforniaVISION 2000; Performance Based Seismic
Engineering of Buildings, 1995.4.
10) ATCImproved seismic design criteria for California bridges : provisional recommendations,
1996.
11) 7
()()1996.3.

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CRC

12) 8
()()1997.3
13)
()()1998.3
14)
()1998.3
15)
()1998.3.
16) ()
http://www.aij.or.jp/news/index_n.htm2001.4.
17)
3
http://www.aij.or.jp/news/index_n.htm2001.4.
18) Vol.85
pp.30-312000.4
19) 2002 2002.3.
20)

ver. 12000.3.

21)

2004.4.
22) ()
2000.5.
23) 2000.9 2002.9.
24) 2003.4.
25) 2002.10.
26)
(code PLATFORM ver. 1) Vol. 5, JCOSSAR
, 2003.11.
27) ISO2394International Standard "General Principles on Reliability for Structures", 1998.3.
28) ISO13822Bases for design of structures Assessment of existing structures, 1 st edition,
2001.12.

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2.1

1)

2.1.1
1.3.1

1.3.1
2007 3 2006
2) 1.3.1

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2.1.1

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14 3)
(1)
(2)
(3)

1.3.1

2.2

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2)2.1

4)

2006

2)

1.3.1

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14 4)
(1)

(2)

(3)

2.3

2.3.1 2)

2.3.22.3.3

5)

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2.3.1

2.3.2 5)

civil-eye.com web

2.3.3 5)

1.3

4
4)
(1)LCC

(2)(LCU)

(3)

(4)

ISO23946)
(1)(3)(4) 4)
civil-eye.com web

(1)

ISO2394

Ctot = Cb + C m + Pf C f

CtotCb(Pf)Cm(Pf)Cf

Pf
Ctot Pf
PfT

(3)ISO2394

P( f | year ) P (d | f ) < 10 6 / year

(2.3.1)

P(f year)1 P(d f)

P(df)
P(f year)
1 10-4/year 10-6/year
(2.3.1)

2.3.1 7)
10-4/year = 100 /(10 )
10-6/year (2.3.1)

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2.3.1
(4)

2.3.4 ISO2394
T

T 2.3.5
3.5.1

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2.3.4 T

A1.5

2.3

B3.1

1.3

2.3

3.1

C3.8

2.3

3.1

3.8

4.3

AT=0 T=1.5
BT=2.3 T=3.1
CT=3.13.84.3
2.3.5 T
ANSI-A58 (1980)
D + L

= 3.0

D + S

= 3.0

ENV1991-1 Eurocode 1 (1993)

Ontario Highway Bridge

Design Code (1991)

= 3.850

= 3.8

= 4.7

= 1.5

D + L + W = 2.5

= 1.5

= 3.0

D + L + E = 2.0

= 1.53.8

()

(1)(4)(4)1980

8)

() 9)

(1)(2)

(3)

2.1

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10

LCU : Life Cycle Utility

1)()
2) ()2006
2007 3
3)2002 10
4) JSSC No.49
2001 10
5)() 2002 3
6)ISO/TC98/SC2 (1998)ISO2394 General Principles on Reliability for Structures,
1998.6.
7) ()()
8 1997.4.
8) Galombos, T.V., Ellingwood, B., MacGregor, J.G. and Cornell, A.Probability Based
Load Criteria: Assessment of Current Design Practice, Journal of Structural
Engineering Division, Proc. of ASCE, Vol.108, pp.959-977, 1982.
9) ()1990.

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3.1

3.1.1

1)

3.1.1
S(s)S(s)S(s)

i i i 1i

i 1/qi i i
100
100
1 100
S100(s)
S100(s){S(s)}100
i 100 100

100

100100S (i)
{S(i)}100i100

3.1.1

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2)
1)

S(s)

i
iS(i )

3.1.1. 2)

civil-eye.com web

510 510

510

3)

1)
3.1.2

510

Turkstra 4)

1)
5)

6)

1)

civil-eye.com web

3.2

ISO 23947) 2)

95
Rk ,est = m R k s

(3.2.1)

Rk,est 95

ks

mR

ks
ks

8)

95

ks =1.64

(3.2.1)

mR

(3.2.1)

3.2.1 95

1 ks
Pr [m R k s > k ] =

(3.2.2)

(3.2.2)
m

Pr R
> n (k s k ) =
n

(3.2.3)

(3.2.3) (m R )

n N(0, 1)

ks
n (k s k ) = 1 (1 )
ks = k +

1 (1 )

(3.2.4)

1 ()

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95
mR sR
Rk ,est = m R k s s R

(3.2.5)

(x

sR =

mR ) 2

(3.2.6)

n 1

ks
Pr [m R k s s R > k ] =

(3.2.7)

mR

+ n k

n
Pr
> n ks =

2
2
( n 1) s R

n 1

(m R )

(3.2.8)

n N(0, 1)(n1)sR2/2 n1

(3.2.8) n1 n k t
2

t t ' (n 1, n k )

9)

ks
ks =

t ' (n 1, n k )

(3.2.9)

75= 25 95
ks 3.2.1 7)
3.2.1 (3.2.5) ks 7)
n

10

20

30

100

0.95

3.15

2.68

2.34

2.19

2.10

1.93

1.87

1.76

1.64

JIS
5)

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3.3

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3.4

3.3
1)2)
3.4.1

1)

(1)

(2)

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(3)

3.4.2

JIS

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10)

5)

Miner

11)

12)
13)

3.3

2)

3.5
3.5.1

2)

3.5.1 3

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3.5.1

Pf PfT

Pf PfT

Sd
S
= i F k 1
Rd
Rk m

3.5.1
(1)

(3.5.1)

Pf PfT

3.5.1

Pf
PfT
(2)
1 2
(3.5.2)

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(3.5.2)

T 14)

R S

R S Z=RS
Z0 Z Z
Z Z = R S Z= 0 Z
= Z Z 3.5.1(2) 3.5.1(2)

R
S Z

Z 2
2
f (Z)

f (s) or f (r)

Z<0

f R (r)

f S (s)

s s + ds
s

f (Z)

= z
z

Z = R -S

S or R

Pf = f S (s) f R (r) dr ds

Z>0

Pf = f Z (z) dz

(1)
z

Pf
z

Z = R -S

(2)
f (s) or f (r)

T S

S S

T R
R R

f S (s)

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Sk Sd Rd Rk
(3)

f R (r)

S or R

12

3.5.1

(3)
Rd
Sd
(3.5.3)
(3.5.3)

Rd S d

Rd Sd

,
3

S d Rd R

(3.5.4)

Sd = Sk

(3.5.5)

R Rd ()Sk
()

C j S j Rd

(3.5.6)

j Sj c
()

C j S j Rd R

(3.5.7)

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15)

()

2
16)

1980 17)

T
18) 19)

20)

()

ISO 23947)

2010
21)

3.5.2

2002

()

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14

1996
12
22)

40
1000
90
140[N/mm2]

40

65[N/mm2]70[N/mm2]

1000

125[N/mm2]10[N/mm2]

135[N/mm2]

140[N/mm ]

40
1000

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3.5.3

(1)
3.5.1

2)

Sd
1
Rd

(3.5.8)

Rd
=

F B1 B 2

f k ,1 f k , 2
f k ,n
,
,L,
R
M ,n
M ,1 M , 2

(3.5.9)

fk,i5
F and/or
B1
B2
M,i
R()
Sd
= A C S ( 1, j 2, j 3, j Fk , j )

(3.5.10)

Fk,j 510

A
C
1,j
2,j
1.0
Fk,j

3,j
S()

(2)
(3.5.8)(3.5.10)

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23)

1) 18)

19)

1) fk,i
5%

24)5%
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F =1.0
F >1.0
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1.01.3

B1 1.05
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B2 =1.0
B2 =1.2
5) M,i

M,i =1.0
19)M,i =1.31.0
6) Fk,j
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5103.1

510

510
3.1.1
7) A

1.0 1.0< A <1.2

8) C

3.1.2

6) 3.5.2
9) 1,j

1.2 1.7

2)

1.0
10) 2,j

ISO23947) 1.0
Fk,j
8)C
11) 3,j

3.2 ISO2394

Annex D7)

12) I

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1.0 1.1 1.2

(3.5.8)
2.3 I
I
3.5.2

(P)(PP)

(P)(PP)(T)

(P)(PP)(W)

(P)(PP)(T)

(W)

(P)(PP)(BK)
(P)(PP)(CO)

(EQ)

(W)

(BK)

10(ER)

18)
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1)

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R ( fk / m ) / b

3.5.11

1.0

Rd

fk

b R()
Sd Fk

S()

3.5.11(3.5.8)(3.5.10)bFB1B2C1,j2,j3,j
(3.5.8)(3.5.10)3.5.11

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(3.5.8)(3.5.10)

(3) B1B2A
23)
B1
B2
A
A
a)B1
1)
engineering judgment
B1
2)
B1 1.10
1.20
3)B1

( L )

b)B2
4)
() engineering judgment

c)A
5)

human error

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6) A
1.0
A1.051.10

7) A1.05
A1.10

A1.151.20
8)

A1.001.05
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1.10 (

FB1 B2 1.01.3

1.05

)
1.20 (
)
B2
A

1.0()

1.0()

1.2()

1.2()

1.0

1.0 (

()

1.05 (

1.10 (
)

1.0 (

1.01.2

1.01.2
()

1.001.05
23)B1B2A 3.5.3

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(4)
20073 1)
3.5.3(1)(2)

3.1

(3.5.10)3,j1,j
2.3 (LCC)
(LCU)
(3.5.8)I (3.5.10)

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25)
1.01.2 1.00.8

1.11.2

3.5.4 26)
3.5.4

18)
3.5.5
3.5.5
1)
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510

Turkstra 4)

510

100 24)

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3.5.5
(a)

1.0D1.1L1.1I1.1C{LR}{T}
1.0D1.1L1.1I1.1C{LR}{LF}
{W}
1.0D1.1L{LR}{B}{W}
{LR}1.1B or 1.1LR{B}

1.1LF{W}
1.1B{W}
1.0D1.1L*21.1C*21.0W
1.0D1.2W
DLCEQ
[D]L[C]

1.0D1.1L1.1I1.1C

DLIC

1)

(b)

1.1*1D11.0D21.1L1.1I1.1C1.0SH
1.0CR{LR}{T}
1.1*1D11.0D21.1L1.0SH1.0CR{LR}

{B}{T}

1.1*1D11.0D21.1L*21.1C*21.0W
1.1*1D11.0D21.2W
D1D2LCEQ

[D]L[C]

*1
1.1 D11.0D21.1L1.1I1.1C

D1D2LIC

*1 1.1
1.0
*2 1.0

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D
D1
D2
L
I
C
LR
LF

B
W
T
CR
SH
EQ

1) ()2006

2007 3

2)
JSSC No.49
2001 10
3) 21 ver. 12000 3 .
4) Turkstra C.J. and Madsen H.O.: Load Combinations in Codified Structural Design,
Proc. of ASCE, Jour. of Structural Division, Vol. 106, No. ST12, pp.2527-2543, 1980
12 .
5)

II

2002

3
6)
Vol.36A, pp.479-4901990 3
7) ISO/TC98/SC2ISO2394 General Principles on Reliability for Structures1998.6
8) 1988
11
9) 3 1985
10)1985 10
11) 2002 3
12) 2005 3
13) ()2002 9
14) 1986 5 .
15)Freudenthal, A.M.Safety of Structures, Trans. ASCE, Vol.1121947.
16)Cornell, C.A.A probability-based Structural Code, ACI Journal 12, pp.974-985,
1969.
17) Galombos, T.V., Ellingwood, B., MacGregor, J.G. and Cornell, A.Probability Based
Load Criteria: Assessment of Current Design Practice, Journal of Structural
Engineering Division, Proc. of ASCE, Vol.108, pp.959-977, 1982.

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18)
2000 7 .
19) ()2002 9
20) 1990 .
21)CEN: EN 1990 Eurocode 0 Basis of Design for structural eurocode, 2001.
22)

1996 12

23)
2003 10
24)
Vol.31App.287-3001985 3 .
25)

No.450I-20pp.13-201992
26)
1986 1989

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