THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS

The most elemental three-phase The most elemental three-phase

INTRODUCTION
The most elemental three-phase
transformer consists on an
arrangement made of 3 single-
phase transformers
The most elemental three-phase
transformer consists on an
arrangement made of 3 single-
phase transformers phase transformers phase transformers
Three-phase bank of single-phase
transformers
Drawbacks of 3-phase banks:
- Three units are needed
- Much space is required
- Much iron weight is required
1
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
INTRODUCTION
0 = + + E E E
u
1
+u
2
+u
3
= 0
The 3 legs can be joined
u
1
+u
2
+u
3
= 0
The 3 legs can be joined
0
0
3 2 1
3 2 1
= + +
= + +
| | |
E E E
through a central leg through a central leg
2
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
INTRODUCTION
The central leg can be
removed because the removed because the
flux is null
The 3 legs can be joined
through a central leg
By removing the
central leg, material,
g g
weight and space is
saved
3
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
INTRODUCTION
4
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
5
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
6
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
7
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
Y
WINDING CONNECTIONS
Yy
Dd
D
Upper case: primary side
Lower case: secondary side
Dy
Yd
Lower case: secondary side
Yy
8
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
WINDING CONNECTIONS
Dy
What about the phase shift between the primary and secondary
Dy
9
What about the phase shift between the primary and secondary
voltages?
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
WINDING CONNECTIONS
10
Can we do that?
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
WINDING CONNECTIONS
Yy0
11
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
WINDING CONNECTIONS
Y 6 Yy6
12
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
WINDING CONNECTIONS
Dy11
13
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
WINDING CONNECTIONS
Yz1
14
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
IEC 60076-1
Voltages ratio r
t
(V
1n
/V
20
)
Clock
Yy:
2
1
N
N
1
N
number
Dd:
Yd:
2
1
N
N
1
3
N
N
Yd:
Dy:
2
N
2
1
3 N
N
Yz:
2
1
3
2
N
N
Dz:
2
1
3
2
N
N
15
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
CONDITIONS FOR CONNECTING 2 TRANSFORMERS A AND B IN PARALLEL
1. Same turns-ratio: r
tA
= r
tB
(V
1n,A
= V
1n,B
and V
2n,A
= V
2n,B
)
2 Similar c : c c (c c = c c ) 2. Similar c
sc
: c
scA
c
scB
(c
A
c
scA
= c
B
c
scB
)
3. Same angular displacement/clock number
2scB 2Bn B 2scA 2An A 2scB 2B 2scA 2A
Z I c Z I c Z I Z I = =
scB B scA A
2n
2scB 2Bn
B
2n
2scA 2An
A
c c
V
Z I
c
V
Z I
c = =
16
2n 2n
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
Transformer tap: connection point along a transformer winding that allows a certain
number of turns to be selected
TAPS
number of turns to be selected.
It produces variable turns ratio and enables voltage regulation of the output.
The tap selection is made via a tap changer mechanism p p g
In step-down distribution transformers, taps are usually found in HV windings
Taps
Taps
Windings
connections
Taps
17
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
18
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
19
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
TECHNICAL FEATURES OF 24 kV THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS TECHNICAL FEATURES OF 24 kV THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
Power (kVA) 50 75 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000
G
Yyn
0
Yyn
0
Yyn
0
Dyn
11
Dyn
11
Dyn
11
Dyn
11
Dyn
11
Dyn
11
Dyn
11
Dyn
11
Dyn
11
Dyn
11 Group 0 0 0 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
P
0
(kW) 0.24 0.33 0.40 0.48 0.58 0.69 0.82 0.98 1.17 1.38 1.64 1.96 2.15
P
sc
(kW) 1.39 1.87 2.20 2.53 2.97 3.49 4.10 4.86 5.80 6.89 8.22 10.24 13.30
c
sc
(%) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6
I
0
(%I
n
) 4.7 4.1 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6
Weight (kg) 385 481 570 655 731 834 976 1100 1422 1640 1930 2267 2645
20
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
A 900 kVA, 15000/3000-V,
sc
= 8% three-phase transformer, has the primary and the
secondary windings connected as in the table. Determine the parameters of the table.
Dy Dd Yd Yy l: line p: phase
5\3 5 5/\3 (15000/\3)/ 3000/\3 = 5 Turns ratio: r
te
5 5 5 15000/3000 = 5 Voltages ratio: r
t
Dy Dd Yd Yy l: line p: phase
34 64 A 34 64 A 34 64 A 900000/(\315000) = 34 64 A I
15000 V 15000 V 15000/\3 V 15000/\3 V V
p1
15000 V 15000 V 15000 V 15000 V V
l1
1200 V 0.0815000 = 1200 V 692.8 V 0.0815000/\3 = 692.8 V V
p,sc1
= c
sc
V
p1
20 A 34.64/\3 = 20 A 34.64 A 34.64 A I
pl
34.64 A 34.64 A 34.64 A 900000/(\3 15000) 34.64 A I
1l
3000/\3 V 3000 V 3000 V 3000/\3 V V
2
3000 V 3000 V 3000 V 3000 V V
l2
60 O 1200/20 = 60 O 20 O 692.8/34.64 = 20 O Z
sc1
= V
p,sc1
/I
p1
\
173.21 A 100 A 173.21/\3 = 100 A 173.21 A I
p2
173.21 A 173.21 A 173.21 A 900000/(\33000) = 173.21 A I
12
3000/\3 V 3000 V 3000 V 3000/\3 V V
p2
0.8 O 2.4 O 240/100 = 2.4 O 138.56/173.21 = 0.8 O Z
sc2
= V
p,sc2
/I
p2
138.56 V 240 V 0.083000 = 240 V 0.083000/\3 = 138.56 V V
p,sc2
= c
sc
V
p2
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THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
A 50 kVA D 1 15000/380 V d th h t f h l ti lt d A 50 kVA Dy1 15000/380-V and three-phase transformer has relative voltage drops

sc
= 10% and
Xsc
= 8%. The transformer feds a balanced wye-connected load
which phase impedances are 5
0
O. Determine: a) R
1sc
, X
1sc
, Z
1sc
. b) The voltage in
the secondary being the primary fed at 15000 V and the secondary the secondary, being the primary fed at 15000-V and the secondary
Solved from the point of view of the electrical machine: Dy
/ /
f f
37 . 68 V / V r V - 3 0/ 8 3 V V - 15000 V Y 2n,
f
1n,
f
te Y 2n, 1n,
= = = = A
A
A 1.11 I I 15000 3 I 3V 0VA 5000 S 1n,
f
1n,
f
1n, 1n, n
= = = = A A
A A
1 11 Z
1 11 X
1/3 Eq. Circuit Ay
1350 Z
15000
1.11 Z
0.1
1sc
1sc
sc
= = =
A
A
1080 X
15000
1.11 X
0.08
1sc
1sc
Xsc
= = =
A
A
1350 j1080 810 Z
53.13
1sc
= + =
23372.6 5 68.37 Z r ' Z
0 0 2
LoadY
2
t Load
= = =
A 6197 0 ' I ) 23372 6 (1350 ' I 15000
557 . 2 0 53.13 0
+ ) ' Z Z ' ( I V
V 00 . 4484 1 23372.6 6197 . 0 ' V ' Z ' I ' V
557 . 2 0 557 . 2
2
Load 2
2

= = =
A 6197 . 0 ' I ) 23372.6 (1350 ' I 15000
2 2
= + =
+ =
A A A A
) ' Z Z '( I V
Load 1sc 2 1
22
V 93 . 66 3 V 3 V V 85 . 11 2 /68.37 4484 1 /r ' V V
2Y 2 t 2 2Y
= = = = =
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
A 50 kVA Dy1 15000/380-V and three-phase transformer has relative voltage drops

sc
= 10% and
Xsc
= 8%. The transformer feds a balanced wye-connected load
which phase impedances are 5
0
O. Determine: a) R
1sc
, X
1sc
, Z
1sc
. b) The voltage in
the secondary, being the primary fed at 15000-V and the secondary
Solved from the point of view of the electrical system: Yy
47 39 V / V V 3 0/ 8 3 V V 3 15000/ V 47 . 39 V / V r V - 3 0/ 8 3 V V - 3 15000/ V
Y 2n, Y 1n, t Y 2n, Y 1n,
= = = =
A 1.925 I I
3
15000
3 I 3V 0VA 5000 S
Y 1n, Y 1n, Y 1n, Y 1n, n
= = = =
1/3 Eq. Circuit Yy
450 Z
3 15000/
1.925 Z
0.1
1sc
1sc
sc
= = =
Y
Y
0 6 3 X
3 15000/
1.925 X
0.08
1sc
1sc
Xsc
= = =
Y
Y
450 j360 270 Z
53.13
1scY
= + = j
1scY
4 . 789 7 5 7 4 . 9 3 Z r ' Z
0 0 2
LoadY
2
t LoadY
= = =
) ( /
558 2 0 53 13
0
) ' Z Z ' ( I V
V 92 . 361 8 7789.4 0735 . 1 ' V ' Z ' I ' V
558 . 2 0 558 . 2
2Y
LoadY 2Y
2Y

= = =
A 0735 . 1 ' I ) 4 . 7789 450 ( ' I 3 15000/
558 . 2
2Y
0 53.13
2Y

= + =
+ = ) ' Z Z '( I V
LoadY 1scY 2Y 1Y
23
V 91 . 66 3 V 3 V V 835 . 11 2 /39.47 92 . 361 8 /r ' V V
2Y 2 t 2Y 2Y
= = = = =
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
A Dy, 320 kVA, c
sc
=4%, P
sc
=3584 W, 10800/400-V three-phase transformer feeds a
balanced load which absorbs 300 A with PF = 0.8(i). In this situation V
1
=11100 V.
Calculate the voltage in the load
From the statement it results: I
1n
= 17.11 A I
2n
= 461.88 A r
t
= 27
2
I R 3 P
3584 P
Y 1n
Y
1sc sc
I R 3 P = 4.08
17.11 3
3584
I 3
P
R
2 2
1nY
sc
Y 1sc
= = =
14 58
3 432/ V
Z
1scY
= = =
V 432 10800 0 04 V V = = =
14.58
17.11 I
Z
1nY
Y 1sc
= = =
13.997 4.08 14.58 R Z X
2 2 2
1 Y
2
1 Y Y 1
= = =
V 432 10800 0.04 .V V
1n sc 1sc
= = =
13.997 4.08 14.58 R Z X
1scY 1scY Y 1sc
73.74
R
X
arctg
1scY
1scY
sC
= =
sc
1scY
Y 2 Y 2
Y 1
Z ' I ' V V + =
73.74
36.87
0
2

14.58
27
00 3
' V
3
11100
V1
+ =

30 10874
V 6278.28 V'
2Y
=
V 10874.30 6278.28 3 V
/
2
= =
V 75 402
27
30 10874
V
2
.
.
= =
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THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
A D 125 kVA 4% P 480 W P 2530 W 24000/380 V th h A Dy, 125 kVA
sc
= 4%, P
o
= 480 W, P
sc
= 2530 W, 24000/380-V, three-phase
transformer has a secondary winding with R
2
= 0.01 O. The wattmeter readings are
W
1
=60186.56 W, W
2
=23813.44 W, while V
2
=368.6 V. Compute: a) R
1
b) V
1
c) The
transformer efficiency d) The angular displacement of secondary with respect to
V
1
R
1
S
A=C'
B=A'
W
1
V
2
a
R
2
S
2
a= b= c
Balanced
From the statement it results:
I 3 007 A I 189 92 A 63 158
transformer efficiency d) The angular displacement of secondary with respect to
primary voltages.
S
1
T
1
C=B'
W
2
b
c
T
2
a = b = c
load
I
1n
= 3.007 A I
2n
= 189.92 A r
t
= 63.158
Y
2
2n
Y
2sc sc
I R 3 P =
2530 P
380

4
a)
0.02338
189.9178 3
2530
I 3
P
R
2 2
2n
sc
Y 2sc
Y
= = = 0.0462
189.9178
3
100
I
V
Z
Y 2n
Y 2sc
Y 2sc
= = =
0 03985 0 02338 0 0462 R Z X
2 2 2 2
= = =
( ) 0.03985 j 0.02338 Z
Y 2
+ =
0.03985 0.02338 0.0462 R Z X
Y 2sc Y 2sc Y 2sc
= = =
( ) 0.03985 j 0.02338 Z
Y 2sc
+
2
t
Y 1
2Y
r
R
R 0.02338 + =
53.37 R
Y 1
=
11 160 R 3 R
Y 1 1
. = =
( ) 63000 W W 3 Q
84000 W W P
2 1 T
2 1 T
= =
= + =
87 . 36 ) /P arctg(Q
T T T
= =
A 164.465
0.8 368.6 3
84000 P
I
T
Y 2
=
=
=
368 6
b)
Y sc 2, 2Y
2Y 1Y
Z I V ' V + = ( ) V 219.839 0.03985 j 0.02338 164.465
3
368.6
' V
0.72 36.87 0
1Y
= + + =

V 8 24048 V
1
. =
25
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
sc
2 2
1n 1 o 2
2
Cu Fe 2
2
P ) /V (V P P
P
P P P
P

c + +
=
+ +
=
c)
c = I
2
/I
2n
= 164.465/189.92 = 0.866
972 . 0
34 . 86379
84000
2530 866 0
8 . 24048
480 84000
84000

2
2
= =
|
|

|
=
2530 866 . 0
24000
480 84000
2
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
d) Clock number = angular displacement between secondary and primary voltages
R
1
S
A=C'
B=A'
a
R
2
S
a= b= c
A=C
a
b
Dy11
S
1
T
1
C=B'
b
c
S
2
T
2
a = b = c
B=A
C=B
b
c
N
y
26