Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1 m 10 +9 nm
10 +2 cm 1 m
= 550 nm
Ans.
175 grain
1 lb
1 lb dry air
7000 grains
1 lb moisture
40 lb dry air
or
kg moisture
kg dry air
1 kg moisture 1000 g
1 kg
40 kg dry air
= 25 g moisture/kg dry air
Ans.
Ans.
EXERCISE 1.2
EXERCISE 1.3
F
(5)2
4
= 19.635 cm2
Pressure = Force/Area = 192.6 104/(19.635 106)
= 0.0981 MPa 0.981 bar
2 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Ans.
EXERCISE 1.4
Weight = 500 lb 500 0.4536 226.8 kg
Volume = 29.25 L = 0.029 25 m3
Density of Fe, r = 226.8/0.029 25
= 7753.85 kg/m3 7.754 t/m3
Ans.
EXERCISE 1.5
Diameter = 5 ft = 1.524 m
Height of tank = 6 ft 6 inch = 1.981 m
Volume of tank = (p/4)(Dia)2(Height)
= (3.1416/4)(1.524)2(1.981)
= 3.614 m3
Volume of CCl4 liquid in the tank
= 3.614 0.75
= 2.71 m3
Density, r = 1600 kg/m3
Mass of CCl4 in the tank = 2.71 1600 = 4336 kg
Ans.
EXERCISE 1.6
Pressure drop = 0.05
lbf min
(Pa. in 2 )
6894.759
(in 2 US gal)
lbf
m3
1
US gal
1 h
10
3
3
h
m
60 min
3.785 412 10
1 kPa
1000 Pa
= 15.178 kPa
Ans.
EXERCISE 1.7
Total exposed area = 2 7.595 1.276 + 2 7.595 0.1535
+ 2 1.276 0.1535
= 22.106 cm2
Weight loss = 14.9412 14.6254 = 0.3158 g
Density = 7753.85 kg/m3
0.3158
1
10 6
365
1
1000
7753.85
50
22.106
1
= 0.0134 cm/a
0.0053 in/year 5.3 mpy
Corrosion rate =
Ans.
EXERCISE 1.8
Let p be the vapour pressure in kPa and T be the temperature in K
101 325kPa = 760 Torr
or
1 kPa = 7.500 62 Torr
p = 7.500 62 p
T = t + 273.15
or
t = T 273.15
Substitute the values in the equation,
1211.0
log10 (7.500 62 p) = 6.9057
(T - 27315
. + 220.8)
log10 p + 0.8751 = 6.9057
1211.0
(T - 52.35)
log10 p = 6.0306
1211.0
(T - 52.35)
Ans.
EXERCISE 1.9
Let Cmo p be the heat capacity of n-butane in SI units.
1 Btu/(lb mole R) = 1 kcal/(kmol K)
= 4.1868 kJ/(kmol K)
Cmo p /4.1868 = Cmo p
T = 1.8 T
Substituting the values in the equation,
( Cmo p /4.1868) = 4.429 + 40.159 103 1.8 T
68.562 107 (1.8 T)2
Simplifying,
Cmo p = 18.5433 + 302.6479 103 T 93.006 106 T 2
Ans.
EXERCISE 1.10
Let Dp, v and L be pressure drop in cm WC, gas velocity is m/s and liquid
flow rate in m3/m3 gas flow.
Dp = Dp 2.54
v = v 3.281
L = (L/264.172) 35.314 67
= 0.133 68 L
Substitute above values in the Calvert equation.
Dp
L
= 5 105 (v 3.281)2
0.133 68
2.54
Dp = 1.0227 102 v2 L
Ans.
4 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 1.11
Let h = heat transfer coefficient, kW/(m2 K)
G = mass velocity of fluid, kg/(m2 s)
Cp = specific heat, kJ/(kg K)
k = thermal conductivity of fluid, kW/(m K)
D = diameter of tube, m
m = viscosity of fluid, kg/(m s)
h=
3412.142 10-3
h = 0.1761 h
10.7639 1.8
G=
2.204 62 3600
G = 737.28 G
10.7639
Cp =
9.478 172 10 -4
= 2.2885 104 Cp
2.204 62 1.8
k=
3412.142 10-3
k = 0.5778 k
3.2808 1.8
D = 3.2808 D
m =
2.204 62 3600
m = 2419.11 m
3.2808
or
h = 0.023 G0.8 k0.67 Cl0.33 / (D0.2 m0.47)
Thus the equation does not change when consistent SI units are used. This is
because the equation is a simplified form of Sieder-Tate equation which is madeup of three dimensionless numbers.
Ans.
Basic Chemical
Calculations
EXERCISE 2.1
Molar mass of oxygen = 2 16 = 32 g/mol
Amount of oxygen = 500/32
= 15.625 mol
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.2
1 mol C is present in 1 mol CO2.
12 g C 44 g CO2
Carbon content in 264 g CO2 = (12 264/44)
= 72 g
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.3
Molar mass of KMnO4 = 39 + 55 + 4 16 = 158
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.4
Molar mass of HNO3 = 63
Molar mass of H2SO4 = 98
100 g HNO3 = 100/63 = 1.5873 mol
100 g H2SO4 = 100/98 = 1.0204 mol
Excess = 1.5873 1.0204
= 0.5669 mol HNO3
Excess atoms = 0.5669 6.022 142 1023
= 3.414 1023 atoms of HNO3
EXERCISE 2.5
Molar mass of CS2 = 12 + 2 32
= 76
76 g CS2 12 g C
Ans.
6 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.6
Molar mass of Al2(SO4)3 = 2 27 + 3(32 + 4 16) = 342
Valence of Al2(SO4)3 = 6
Equivalent mass of Al2(SO4)3 = 342/6 = 57
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.7
Molar mass of KMnO4 = 158
Valence of KMnO4 = 5 (based on oxidation number)
Equivalent mass of KMnO4 = 158/5 = 31.6
500 g KMnO4 = 500/31.6 = 15.82 g eq
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.8
Basis: 100 kg magnesite ore
Compound
Molar mass
kg
kmol
mole %
MgCO3
SiO2
H2O
84.3
60
18
81
14
5
0.961
0.233
0.278
65.28
15.83
18.89
Total
100
1.472
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.9
Basis: 100 kg glass
Compound
Molar mass
Na2O
MgO
ZnO
Al2O3
B2O3
SiO2
62
40.3
81.4
102.0
69.6
60.0
Total
kg
kmol
mole %
7.8
7.0
9.7
2.0
8.5
65.0
0.1258
0.1737
0.1192
0.0196
0.1221
1.0833
7.65
10.57
7.25
1.19
7.43
65.91
1.6437
100.00
100
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.10
Concentration of solids = 35 000 ppm or mg /L
(35 000 100)/106 3.5%
For watery solutions, 10 000 ppm = 1% by mass
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.11
Basis: 100 kg limestone
1 kmol CaO = 1 kmol CaCO3
Molar mass of CaCO 3 54.5
CaCO3 in limestone =
Molar mass of CaO
= 100 54.5/56
= 97.32% (by mass)
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.12
(a) In one mole of ammonium sulphate, two atoms (or one mole) nitrogen
are present.
Nitrogen content of commercial ammonium sulphate =
Molar mass of N 2 96
28 96
=
Molar mass of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4
132
= 20.36%
Ans.
(b) One mole of sodium nitrate contains half mole of nitrogen.
Nitrogen content of pure sodium nitrate =
0.5 Molar mass of N 2 100
0.5 28 100
=
Molar mass of NaNO 3
85
= 16.47%
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.13
Chemical equation: 2 NaOH Na2O + H2O
NaOH content of flakes =
2 40 74.6
62
= 96.26%
Ans.
8 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 2.14
Basis: 1 kmol azeotropic mixture
Compound
kmol
Molar mass
kg
% by mass
H2O
HNO3
0.622
0.378
18
63
11.196
23.814
31.98
68.02
Total
1.000
35.010
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.15
Basis: 100 kg saline solution
Compound
kg
Molar mass
kmol
mole %
NaCl
H2O
25
75
58.5
18
0.4274
4.1667
9.3
90.7
Total
100
4.5941
100.0
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.16
Basis: 100 g water
Component
mass, g
HCl
KCl
H2O
4.00
19.61
100.0
Total
123.61
mass %
Molar mass
mole
mole %
3.24
15.86
80.90
36.4609
74.5513
18.0153
0.1097
0.2630
5.5508
1.85
4.44
93.71
100.00
5.9235
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.17
Basis: 100 kg solution
Compound
kg
Nitrogen content
kg/kmol comp.
Molar mass
Nitrogen
Content kg
NH3
NH4NO3
NH2CONH2
19
65.6
6
14
28
28
17
80
60
15.647
22.960
2.800
Total
90.6
41.407
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.18
In one mole of ethanol, 2 moles of carbon are present.
TOC of the solution = 2 12 1000/46
= 522 mg/L
Oxidation (combustion) reaction:
C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
46
3 32
2 44
3 18
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.19
Basis: 100 kg Phosphoric acid of 35% P2O5 strength
2 H3PO4 P2O5 + 3 H2O
2 98
142
3 18
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.20
Basis: 100 kg spent acid
Free acid (H2SO4) content = 20 kg
NH4HSO4 content = 45 kg
+
H H SO + NH +
NH4HSO4 NH4+ + HSO4
2
4
4
115
18
97
98
18
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.21
Basis: 1 m3 of aqueous TEA solution
Mass of TEA = 0.47 1.00 1125 = 528.75 kg
Mass of water = 0.53 1.00 1000 = 530 kg
mass % TEA = 528.75 100/(528.75 + 530)
= 49.94%
Ans.
Note: Volumes are strictly not additive but for an ideal solution, they can be
considered additive.
10 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 2.22
Basis: 100 L wine
Mass of alcohol = 20 0.79 = 15.80 kg
Mass of alcohol-free liquid = (100 20) 1.0
= 80 kg
mass % alcohol =
15.80 100
= 16.49
(15.80 + 80)
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.23
Component
CaCO3
Na2CO3
MgSO4
(a) Concentration of Na2CO3 =
=
(b) Concentration of MgSO4 =
=
Equivalent mass
100/2 = 50
106/2 = 53
120.3/2 = 60.15
50 800/53
754.7 ppm or mg/L as CaCO3
50 85/60.15
70.7 ppm or mg/L as CaCO3
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.24
(a) Equivalent mass of H2SO4 = 98/2 = 49
Concn. of H2SO4 in solution = 294/49
= 6 mol/L
6N
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.25
Basis: 100 kg aqueous acetic acid solution
Molar mass of acetic acid = 60
Acetic acid content = 35/60 = 0.5833 kmol
Volume of 100 kg solution = 100/1.04 = 96.15 L
Molarity = 0.5833 1000/96.15
= 6.066 M
Since acetic acid is monovalent.
Normality of the solution = 6.066 N
Molality = 0.5833 1000/65 = 8.974
Ans.
EXERCISEE 2.26
Basis: 1 litre solution
CO2 dissolved (in gas form) = 40 L at NTP
= 40/22.414 = 1.785 mol
MEA content = 1 1.011 0.2 = 0.2022 kg
202.2 g
Molar mass of MEA = 61
Moles of MEA in solution = 202.2/61 = 3.315 mol
CO2 concentration = 1.785/3.315
= 0.5385 mol/mol MEA
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.27
Basis: 100 L of 60 volume H2O2 solution
O2 liberated in total = 60 100 = 6000 L
Sp. volume of ideal gas at STP = 23.69 L/mol
O2 liberated = 6000/23.69 = 253.27 mol
H2O2 H2O + 1/2 O2
H2O2 decomposed = 2 253.27 = 506.54 mol
Mass of H2O2 decomposed = 506.54 34 = 17 222.36 g
Mass of H2O2 solution = 100 1.075 = 107.5 kg
mass % H2O2 in solution = (17 222.36 100)/(107.5 1000)
= 16.02
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.28
Boiling point of 40% solution = 402.2 K(129.2C). (Ref. Fig. 2.3)
Boiling point of pure water at atm. pressure = 100C (373.15 K)
Boiling point elevation = 402.2 373.2
= 29 K or 29C
Ans.
12 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 2.29
Since solution is an ideal solution, it follows Raoult's law.
Vapour pressure of solution, pvs = 0.5 37.2 + 0.5 12.3
= 24.75 kPa
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.30
Basis: 100 kg urea solution containing 25 % urea
Urea present in solution =
25
= 0.4167 kmol
60
75
= 4.1667 kmol
18
Quantum of solution = 0.4167 + 4.1667 = 4.5834 kmol
4.1667
4.5834
= 0.9091
Since vapour pressure of urea at 60C (333.15 K) is negligible,
Vapour pressure of solution = 0.9091 19.92
= 18.11 kPa
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.31
1 bar = 10.1972 m H2O
1000 m H2O = 98.066 bar
According to Henry's law,
mole fraction of solute =
Assuming partial pressure of solvent (water) to be vapour pressure (as its mole
fraction is near unity),
mole fraction of nitrogen in water at 1000 m depth
=
98.066
= 1.119 103
87 650
98.066
= 0.775 103
126 600
EXERCISE 2.32
Mole fraction of NH3 in solution = 0.02
Roult's law:
yi p = xi pi
yi =
=
xi pi
p
11.58 0.02
1.01 325
= 0.2286
Henry's law:
pi =
=
=
=
yi =
Hi xi
0.861 0.02
0.01722 bar
1.722 kPa
pi 0.01722
=
p 1.013 25
= 0.017
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.33
Basis: 100 kmol gas
Gas
Formula
Molar mass
kmol
kg
mass %
Ethylene
Benzene
Oxygen
Methane
Ethane
Nitrogen
C2H4
C6H6
O2
CH4
C2H6
N2
28
78
32
16
30
28
30.6
24.5
1.3
15.5
25.0
3.1
856.8
1911.0
41.6
248.0
750.0
86.8
22.00
49.07
1.07
6.37
19.26
2.23
Total
100.00
3894.2
100.00
Ans.
14 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 2.34
Basis: 100 kmol sewage gas
Gas
Formula
Molar mass
kmol
kg
mass %
Methane
Carbon
dioxide
Ammonia
CH4
CO2
16
44
68
30
1088
1320
44.55
54.05
NH3
17
34
1.40
Total
100
2442
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.35
Basis: 1.10 kg CO2
Moles of CO2 = 1.10/44 = 0.025 kmol
Volume occupied = 33 L = 0.033 m3
V = 0.033/0.025 = 1.32 m3/kmol
T = 300 K
van der Waals equation:
F p + a I (V b) = RT
H VK
F p + 3.6 I (1.32 0.043) = 0.008 314 300 1000
H 1.32 K
2
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.36
For chlorine gas:
(a) Ideal gas law:
p = 15.2 MPa a, T = 503.15 K (230C)
V = RT/p = 0.008 314 503.15/15.2
= 0.2752 m3/kmol
71
Molar mass
=
= 258.0 kg/m3
0.2752
V
(b) van der Waals equation: For chlorine,
pc = 79.77 bar a and Tc = 416.90 K
a = 27 R2 T2/64 pc
Density =
Ans.
FG
H
I
K
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.37
Equation:
F
H
F
H
I
K
I
K
90 104
V (423.15)9
0.9
0.011 89
=
=
75.687V
V
e = c/VT3 =
0.011 89 2
/V
73 = 0.08314 423.15 1
16 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Ans.
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.38
For dimethyl ether (DME):
p = 15 bar a
T = 353.15 K
pc = 53.4 bar a Tc = 400.2 K
Acentric factor w = 0.192
Tr =
f = 0.1445
T
353.15
=
= 0.8824
Tc
400.2
0.607 10 3
0.1385
0.0121
0.330
(0.8824)8
0.8824
(0.8824) 2
(0.8824)3
= 0.4262
f 1 = 0.0637 +
0.8 10 2
0.331
0.423
(0.8824)8
(0.8824) 2
(0.8824)3
= 0.148
B=
0.08314 400.2
[ 0.4262 + 0.192 ( 0.148)]
53.4
= 0.283 26
Z=1
( - 0.283 26)15
0.08314 353.15
= 1.1447
V=
ZRT
1.1447 0.08314 353.15
=
p
15
= 2.241 m3/kmol
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.39
(a) Ideal gas law:
p = 7.09 + 1.013 25 = 8.103 25
T = 923.15 K (650 C)
V=
0.08314 923.15
RT
=
8.103 25
p
= 9.472 m3/kmol
Density = 27.587/9.472 = 2.912 kg/m3
(b) van der Waals equation:
a=
27 R 2Tc2
64 pc
Mole
fraction
ni
Molar
mass
Mi
Mass
kg
n Mi
N2
O2
H2O
NH3
0.705
0.188
0.012
0.095
28
32
18
17
19.740
6.016
0.216
1.615
Total
1.000
27.587
Critical temp
Tc, K
Critical
pressure
pc, bar
Tc
ni Tc
pc
88.893
29.061
7.718
38.523
33.94
50.42
221.2
113.50
126.09
154.58
643.30
405.50
164.195
ni pc
23.93
9.48
2.65
10.78
46.84
18 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
F
H
I
K
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.40
Concentration of water vapours = 0.216 kg/kmol
(0.216/9.3626)106 23 071 mg/m3
23.071 27.587
2.9465 18
= 12000 ppm
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.41
Basis: 9.082 g furfural-n-butane mixture
Partial pressure of water = 12.5 Torr at 295.2 K
Partial content of n-butane = 763.2 12.5 = 750.7 torr
n-butane content of vapours = pV/RT
750.7 105.7
=
760 1000 0.082 06 295.2
= 0.004 314 mol
Mass of n-butane = 0.004 314 58 = 0.2501 g
Mass of furfural = 9.082 0.2501 = 8.8319 g
mass % n-butane = 0.2501 100/9.082 = 2.75%
Moles of furfural = 8.8319/96 = 0.092 mol
Total moles = 0.092 + 0.004 314 = 0.096 314 mol
mole % n-butane = 0.004 314 100/0.096 314
= 4.48
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.42
Molar mass
44
32
28
64
Total
EXERCISE 2.43
kmol
10.00
7.96
82.00
0.04
kg
440.00
254.72
2296.00
2.56
100.00
2993.28
kg
100 kmol
38.513 m 3
3
= 664.7 mg/m
Ans.
Concentration of SO2 =
EXERCISE 2.44
kg
Molar mass
CH3CH
Steam
Oxygen (from air)
Nitrogen (from air)
200
133
32
18
Component
O2
N2
CH3OH
H2O
Total
kmol
6.25
7.39
0.21 400/29 = 2.897
0.79 400/29 = 10.897
20 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 2.45
Basis: 1 kmol LPG mixture at 313.15 K (40 C).
Gas
kmol
Molar mass
kg
C3H8
n-C4H10
i-C4H10
0.30
0.45
0.25
44.0956
58.1222
58.1222
13.229
26.155
14.531
Total
1.00
53.915
kmol
C3H8
n-C4H10
i-C4H10
0.30
0.45
0.25
Total
1.00
Ans. (a)
53.915
= 1.861
28.97
Vapour pressure
bar
13.975
3.773
5.290
Ans. (b)
Partial pressure
bar
4.1925
1.6979
1.3225
7.2129
Ans. (c)
EXERCISE 2.46
Basis: 5 m3 solution
Total pressure = 6.77 MPa g
= 6.77 + 0.1013 = 6.8713 MPa a
Solubility of N2 at 0.1013 MPa and 305.75 K
= 1.35 5/100 = 0.0675 Nm3/5 m3 soln.
Partial pressure of N2 at 6.77 MPa g total pressure
= (6.8713 0.206)/(1 0.022)
= 1.4473 MPa (on ammonia-free basis)
Solubility of N2 at 6.77 MPa g and 305.75 K
= 0.0675 1.4473/0.1013
= 0.9644 Nm3/5 m3 solution
In a similar manner, solubility can be calculated for all the gases as shown in the
following, table,
Gas
Solubility at
0.1013 MPa a and
305.75 K/5 m3 soln.
N2
H2
Ar
CH4
Total
Partial pr.
at 6.77 MPa g
Solubility at
305.75 K and
6.77 MPa g/5 m3
solution
0.0675
0.0800
0.1375
0.1400
1.4473
4.3560
0.2881
0.7800
0.964
3.440
0.391
1.078
0.4250 m3
6.8714 MPa a
5.873 Nm3
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.47
Refer Example 2.25
pi = 7 bar g = 8.013 bar a , pf = 1.013 bar a
T f = Ti m (pi pf)
= 313.15 0.21 (8.013 1.013)
= 311.68 K or 38.53C
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.48
p1 = 101 atm a p2 = 1 atm a Ti = 308.15 K
T f = 308.15 0.169 (101 1)
= 291.25 K or 18.1C
Ans.
EXERCISE 2.49
Assume ideal gas law.
Basis: Receiver of 2 m3 capacity
Volume of air in the receiver at 7.5 bar g and 313.15 K,
8.513 25 2 27315
.
v1 =
31315
. 1.013 25
= 14.657 Nm3
Volume of air in the receiver at 1 bar g and 313.15 K,
v2 =
2.013 25 2 27315
.
31315
. 1.013 25
= 3.466 Nm3
Volume of air pressurized = 14.657 3.466
= 11.191 Nm3 in 4 min
11191
.
60
4
= 167.9 Nm3/h
Ans.
22 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 2.50
qL =
Ans.
Material Balances
without Chemical
Reaction
EXERCISE 3.1
Basis: 4 kg feed water
Product water quantity = 3 kg
Material balance of dissolved solids (DS):
Feed water quantity concentration of DS in feed water
= product water quantity concentration of DS in product water +
concentrated stream quantity concentration of DS in concentrated
stream
Let concentration of DS in concentrated stream = x
4 500 = 3 600 + 1 x
x = 18 200 ppm
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.2
Basis: Feed rate of 20 000 kg/h solution containing 91% ethanol by mass
Non-permeate from pervaporation unit contains all ethanol of the feed.
Ehanol in non-permeate = 20 000 0.91
= 18 200 kg/h
Purity of non-permeate stream = 99.7%
18 200
Flow rate of non-permeate stream =
0.997
= 18 254.8 kg/h
Let flow rate of vapour entering pervaporation unit = x kg/h and
flow rate of permeate = y kg/h
x = y + 18 254.8
(1)
Ethanol balance:
x 0.78 = y 0.029 + 18 200
(2)
Solving both equations,
y = 5274.7 kg/h
Ans.
24 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 3.3
Basis: 1000 kg solid caustic soda to be processed/d.
When the evaporator system concentrates 4% solution to 25% concentration,
evaporation = 100 (4/0.25)
= 84 kg/100 kg original solution
However, the capacity of the evaporation system is 4 kg solid caustic soda per
100 kg original solution. Consider another case in which 5% solution is
concentrated to 50% concentration the
evaporation = 100 (5/0.5)
= 90 kg/100 kg original solution
The plant capacity is thus 5 kg caustic soda. It may be noted that the plant
capacity in terms of evaporation remains constant, i.e. the plant has actual capacity
of 84 kg evaporation per 100 kg solution.
In second case, for 84 kg evaporation,
Caustic soda processed = 5 84/90 = 4.667 kg.
Plant Capacity is terms of solid caustic soda
= 4.667 1000/4
= 1166.7 kg/d
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.4
Basis: 100 kg coal
Carbon content of coal = 67.2 kg
Ash, present in coal = 22.3 kg
Ash does not take part in combustion.
Ash content of refuse = 92.9%
Quantity of refuse = 22.3/0.929 = 24.0 kg
Carbon content of refuse = 24.0 22.3 = 1.7 kg
% carbon, unburnt = 1.7 100/67.2 = 2.53
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.5
Basis: 100 kg flaked soybean seeds
Solids (unextractable, i.e. inerts) = 69 kg
Final deoiled cake after extraction (meal) = 69/0.877 = 78.68 kg
Oil retained in DOC = 78.68 0.008 = 0.63 kg
Oil recovery = (18.6 0.63)100/18.6 = 96.6%
EXERCISE 3.6
Basis: 100 kmol feed gas (vent stream)
H2 in vent stream = 66 kmol
Ans.
kmol
66 56.1 = 9.9
33 1.14 = 31.86
1.00
Total
42.76
mole %
23.15
74.51
2.34
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.7
Basis: 100 kg deodorizer distillate
Fatty acids content = 19.8 + 56.1 = 75.9 kg
Let O be kmol of distillate from SPU and R be kmol of residue from SPU.
O + R = 100
(1)
(2)
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.8
Basis: 1000 kg saturated solution of magnesium chloride in ethanol at 298.15 K
(25 C)
Let
x = mass of crystals of MgCl2 6H2O, kg
y = mass of ethanol, kg
x + y = 1000
(1)
Crystal/solvent = 190/100 = 1.9 = x/y
or
x = 1.9y
(2)
solving the equations,
x = 655.5 kg and y = 344.5 kg
MgCl2 present in solution = 95.32 655.5/203.32
= 307.3 kg
Water present in solution = 655.5 307.3
= 348.2 kg
26 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Compound
Formula
molar
mass
mass,
kg
mass %
kmol
mole %
Magnesium
chloride
Water
Ethanol
MgCl2
H2O
C2H5OH
95.32
18
46
307.3
348.2
344.5
30.73
34.82
34.45
3.224
19.344
7.490
10.72
64.36
24.92
Total
1000.0
100.00
30.057
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.9
Basis: 1 kmol initial solution at 298.15 K (25 C)
Compound
Formula
Chloroacetic
acid (CAA)
Ether (E)
ClCH2COOH
(CH3CH2)2O
Total
molar
mass
kmol
mass
mass %
94.5
74.0
0.2
0.8
18.9
59.2
24.2
75.8
1.0
78.1
100.0
mass %
kmol
mole %
CAA
E
Mass
kg
190
100
65.52
34.48
2.01
1.35
59.82
40.18
Total
290
100.00
3.36
100.00
(1)
(2)
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.10
Basis: 100 kg mixture
Let
x = mass of CuSO4 5H2O in the mixture, kg
y = mass of FeSO4 7H2O in the mixture, kg
x + y = 100
After dehydration, the mixture will contain CuSO4 and FeSO4 alone.
Molar Mass of CuSO 4
Molar Mass of FeSO 4
+
= 59.78
Molar mass of CuSO 4 5H 2 O
Molar mass of FeSO 4 7H 2 O
(1)
(2)
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.11
Basis: 100 kmol flue gases
Let
x = amount of N2 in gas mixture, kmol
and
y = average molar mass of nitrogen-free flue gas
Amount of nitrogen-free gases = 100 x kmol
If correct molar mass of nitrogen is considered,
28 x
(100 - x ) y
= 30.08
+
100
100
If incorrect molar mass (14) of nitrogen is considered,
14 x
(100 - x ) y
= 18.74
+
100
100
Solving two equations,
x = 81 kmol
or 81% nitrogen
Substitute the value of x in Eq. (1),
(100 - 81)
y = 30.08 (28 81)/100
100
= 7.4
y = 7.4/0.19 = 38.95
Let m and n be the amounts of CO2 and O2, respectively.
m + n = 100 81 = 19
44 m + 32 n = 38.95 19 = 740.05
Solving Eqs. (3) and (4),
m = 11 kmol or 11% CO2
n = 8 kmol or 8% O2
(1)
(2)
Ans. (a)
(3)
(4)
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 3.12
Basis: 100 kg vapour mixture, entering overhead condenser
Let top layer = x kg
bottom layer = y kg
x + y = 100
Benzene balance:
0.81 x + 0.1 y = 74
Solving two equations,
x = 90.14 kg
(1)
(2)
28 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
y = 9.86 kg
Ratio, x/y = 9.142:1 (by mass)
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.13
Basis: 100 kg complex of acetic acid and oil
Let
(1)
(2)
Ans. (a)
The new complex with solvent (chloroform) contains 57.8% acetic acid.
Quantity of new complex = 63.4/0.578
= 109.7 kg
Mass of chloroform added = 109.7 100 = 9.7 kg
Let
Ans. (c)
(3)
(4)
Ratio,
Ans. (b)
For solving the example with the help of coordinate plots, following values are
tabulated.
Eq. (1)
Eq. (2)
Eq. (3)
30
32
34
36
38
40
70
68
66
64
62
60
30
32
34
36
38
40
65.05
64.84
64.63
64.43
64.22
64.01
40
42
44
46
48
50
69.7
67.7
65.7
63.7
61.7
59.7
Eq. (4)
40
42
44
46
48
50
65.83
65.5
65.17
64.83
64.50
64.17
Plot of first two equations are given in Fig. E3.1. Similar plot for Eq. (3) and
Eq. (4) can be drawn.
x = 35.52, y = 84.48, m = 44.64 and n = 65.06, all in kg
Ans.
700
68
66
(35.52, 64.48)
64
62
60
30
32
34
36
EXERCISE 3.14
Basis: 100 kg spent lye
Glycerol content of lye =
Loss of glycerol by entertainment =
Glycerol content of final solution =
=
Quantity of final solution =
9.6 kg
9.6 0.045 = 0.432 kg
9.6 0.432
9.168 kg
9.168/0.8 = 11.46 kg
38
40
30 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Ans. (b)
Ans. (a)
EXERCISE 3.15
Basis: 100 kg mixed fertiliser of grade 10 : 26 : 26
Nitrogen content of fertilizer = 10 kg as N
Phosphorous content of fertilizer = 26 kg as P2O5
Potassium content of fertilizer = 26 kg as K2O
Element/compound
Atomic mass/molar mass
N
14
142
P2O5
94.2
K2O
98
H3PO4
HCl
74.6
17
NH3
Urea
60
(a)
Anhydrous NH3 requirement = 17 10/14 = 12.14 kg
2 kmol H3 PO4 1 kmol P2O5
Anhydrous H3PO4 requirement = 98 2 26/142 = 35.89 kg
2 kmol KCl 1 kmol K2O
100% pure KCl requirement = 74.6 2 26/94.2
= 41.18 kg
Total of three is 89.21 kg/h.
Balance is called 'filler'.
(b) Urea requirement
= (60/28) 10 = 21.43 kg
(c) 98% KCl requirement
= 41.18/0.98 = 42.02 kg
Aqueous H3PO4 requirement = 100 12.14 42.02 = 45.84 kg
Concentration of H3PO4 in aqueous acid
= 35.89 100/45.84 = 78.09%
EXERCISE 3.16
Basis: 100 kg mixed acid
Quantity of 68.3% HNO3 required
Sulphuric acid requirement
Water in 68% HNO3
Water content of mixed acid
= 39/0.683 = 57.1 kg
= 100 57.1 = 42.9 kg
= 57.1 (1.000 0.683) = 18.1 kg
= 19 kg
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
10
80
20
30
2O
70
60
40
50
60
40
A
70
SO 4
H2
30
50
80
20
90
10
C
100%
HNO3
90
80
70
60
HNO3
50
40
30
20
10
100%
H2SO4
EXERCISE 3.17
Basis: 100 kg oleum
Oleum contains 10% SO3. This means 110 kg oleum contains 100 kg 100%
H2SO4 and 10 kg SO3.
H2SO4 content of 100 kg oleum = 90.91 kg
SO3 content of 100 kg oleum = 100 90.91 = 9.09 kg
SO3 will combine with H2O to form H2SO4 when mixed with spent acid and
aqueous HNO3.
32 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Let
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.18
Refer the triangular chart Fig. E 3.3.
Points A, B and C represent 99% H2SO4, pure water and 95% HNO3 respectively.
Point F1 represents original spent acid. Point F4 represents the final fortified
mixed acid (containing 50% H2SO4, 40% HNO3 and 10% H2O). Join AC. Join F1
and F4 and extend F1 F4 to meet at F3 on AC.
Blend F3
5.35 units
=
Blend F1
1.25 units
Blend F3 = (5.35/1.25)1000 = 4280 kg
99% H 2SO 4
10.25 units
=
95% HNO3
9.1 units
Thus (10.25 + 9.1 =) 19.35 kg blend F3 will contain 10.25 kg 99% H2SO4 and
9.1 kg 95% HNO3.
Hence 4280 kg blend F3 will contain 10.25 4280/19.35 = 2267 kg
99% H2SO4 and 4280 2267 = 2013 kg 95% HNO3.
Final acid after evaporation 10.75 units
=
original spent acid
17.75 units
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
34 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 3.19
Basis: 100 kg feed containing 38.2 mass % benzene
Component
kg
Molar mass
kmol
mole %
Benzene
38.2
78
0.4897
40.0
Cyclohexane
61.8
84
0.7357
60.0
1.2254
100.0
Total
100.0
Refer Fig. E3.4 which is a triangular chart. Points A, B and C represent 100%
cyclohexane, benzene and acetone each. Point D represents the feed mixture
containing 40 mole % benzene while point E represents the azeotropic mixture
containing 74.6 mole % acetone. Join CD which intersects BE at M which
represents mixture after adding acetone to the feed.
CYCLOHEXANE
A
90
10
80
20
30
70
D 60
40
50
50
40
30
60
70
E
20
80
90
10
B
BENZENE
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
C
10 ACETONE
Acetone to be added
9 units
=
Feed (Point D)
5 units
Acetone to be added = (9/5)1.2254 = 2.2057 kmol
Molar mass of acetone = 58
Ans.
Note: It may be noted that the triangular chart is plotted with mole %
compositions.
EXERCISE 3.20
Basis: 1000 kg dry building boards
Mass of moist boards = 1000/0.84 = 1190.5 kg
Final mass of boards after drying = 1000/0.995 = 1005 kg
Evaporation = 1190.5 1005 = 185.5 kg
Humidity difference in outgoing and incoming air
= 0.09 0.02 = 0.07 kg/kg dry air
Air required for drying = 185.5/0.07 = 2650 kg/h (dry air)
Specific volume of air at 301 K (28 C) and 0.02 kg/kg dry air
= 0.882 m3/kg dry air (ref. Fig. 6.14)
Volumetric flow rate of incoming air = 2650.0 0.882
= 2337.3 m3/h
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.21
Basis: 100 kg lard
Molar mass of all the components are listed below.
Component
Molar mass
(rounded off values)
Palmitodistearin
Stearodipalmitin
Oleodistearin
Oleopalmitostearin
Palmirodiolein
Palmitic acid (C15H31COOH)
Stearic acid (C17H35COOH)
Oleic acid (C17H33COOH)
862
834
888
860
858
256
284
282
Mass, kg
3
2
2
11
82
?
?
?
36 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Tri-glyceride
stearic
oleic
Total
Palimitodistearin
Steorodipalmitin
Oleodistearin
Oleopalmitostearin
Palmitodiolein
0.891
1.228
3.274
24.466
1.977
0.681
1.279
3.633
0.635
3.607
53.902
2.867
1.909
1.914
10.514
78.368
Total
29.859
7.570
58.144
95.573
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.22
Basis: 1 litre water
NaCl in water = 58.5 775.6/35.5 = 1278.1 mg/L
Na2SO4 in water = 142 230.4/96 = 340.8 mg/L
Na2CO3 in water = 53 80.5/50 = 85.3 mg/L
NaHCO3 in water = 84 208.1/50 = 349.6 mg/L
Mg (HCO3) in water = 73.14 194/50
= 283.8 mg/L
Calcium hardness in water = 284 194 = 90 mg/L as CaCO3
Ca(HCO3)2 in water = 81 90/50 = 145.8 mg/L
Dissolved solids in water = 1278.1 + 340.8 + 85.3 + 349.6 + 283.8 + 145.8
= 2483.4 mg/L
Na in NaCl = 1278.1 775.6 = 502.5 mg/L
Na in Na2SO4 = 340.8 230.4 = 110.4 mg/L
Na in Na2CO3 = 46 85.30/106 = 37.0 mg/L
Na in NaHCO3 = 23 349.6/84 = 95.7 mg/L
Total sodium (Na) content = 110.4 + 502.5 + 37.0 + 95.7
= 745.6 mg/L
32.41 meq/L
Equivalent of calcium (Ca) = 90/50 = 1.8 meq/L
Equivalent of magnesium (Mg) = 194/50 = 3.88 meq/L
Total cations = 32.41 + 1.8 + 3.88 = 38.09 meq/L
% sodium (Na) = 32.41 100/38.09 = 85.09
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.23
Basis: 1 litre dyehouse effluent
Na in effluents = 245.7/23 = 10.68 meq/L
EXERCISE 3.24
25
Air
Air in N2
N2
21
20
Oxygen consumed
from air
15
Effluent
oxygen
concentration
10
Oxygen consumed from
5 % mixture
Start 100 %
air feed
Stop
air
feed
Start 5 %
O2 in feed
0
600
1200
Decoking Time, s
1800
2400
3000
0 1800 s
0.6619
Considering 5% concentration of O2 in the feed stream, area upto nitrogen
introduction = 1044 square units
38 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
0.025 10-3
22.414
O2 consumed =
EXERCISE 3.25
Basis: 1000 kg/h feed rate
Material balance across mixer:
Let recycle and mixed feed be R and M kg/h, respectively.
Ans.
Overall balance:
M = 1000 + R
(1)
Balance of solids:
0.15 M = 300 + 0.03 R
M = 2000 + 0.2 R
(2)
Equating Eq. (1) and (2);
1000 + R = 2000 + 0.2 R
0.8 R = 1000
or
R = 1250 kg/h and M = 2250 kg/h
Balance across calciner:
Let the evaporation in calciner be W kg/h and product from the divider by P kg/h.
M=W+P+R
But
P = 700/0.97 = 721.65 kg/h
W = M P R = 2250 721.65 1250
= 278.35 kg/h
Total dry product from the calciner = P + R
= 1250 + 721.65
= 1971.65 kg/h
Recycle fraction = 1250 100/1971.65 = 63.4%
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.26
Basis: Cloth speed = 1 m/s
Production of dry cloth = 1 3600 90 90/(100 1000)
= 291.6 kg/h
Evaporation in the stenter = 291.6(0.80 0.08)
= 210 kg/h
Ans. (a)
Fresh air required = 210/(0.1 0.015)
= 2470.6 kg dry air/h
Ans. (b)
Specific volume of air = 8.314 303/(100 29)
= 0.8687 m3/kg dry air
Volumetric flow rate of dry air = 2470.6 0.8687
= 2146.2 m3/h
Ans. (c)
Material balance of moisture across points 1 and 3:
R 0.1 + 0.015 2470.6 = (R + 2470.6) 0.095
R = 39 530 kg dry air/h
Ans.(d)
40 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 3.27
Basis: 10 m3/L product water, nett of regeneration
System-I: Ion Exchange based demineralization
Effluent generation = 10 0.2
= 2 m3/h
Feed (raw) water requirement = 10 + 2 = 12 m3/h
Ans. (a)
System-II: RO + Ion Exchange
Effluent generation from ion-exchange system
= 10 0.1 = 1 m3/h
Feed to ion-exchange system = 10 + 1 = 11 m3/h
In RO module, permeate recovery is 80% and DS rejection is 95%. Thus for
10 m3 input raw water with 2500 mg/h DS, 8 m3 permeate is produced.
8 xDS = 10 2500 (1 0.95) = 1250
xDS = 156.25 mg/L in permeate
In reject water, DS concentration can be calculated.
2 zDS = 10 2500 0.95 = 23 750
zDS = 11 875 mg/L
Ans. (d)
Let P1 be flow of permeate water from RO module which is mixed with bypass
flow to achieve 11 m3/h feed rate to ion-exchange column.
P1 156.25 + (11 P1) 2500 = 11 500
P 1 = 9.387 m3/h
Bypass flow = 11 9.387 = 1.613 m3/h
Ratio of permeate/bypass = 9.387/1.613 = 5.82 m3/m3
Ans. (c)
Raw water input to RO module = 9.387/0.80
= 11.734 m3/h
Total raw water feed rate = 11.734 + 1.613
= 13.347 m3/h
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 3.28
Refer Example 3.18.
Calculations upto R2 = 1.25 m3/h are common.
Recovery from RO Module I = 60%:
P1
=
F + R2
F=
R2/F =
R1 =
0.6 or
6.25
= 0.6
F + 1.25
9.17 m3/h
1.25/9.17 = 0.136 m3/m3
F P2 = 9.17 5 = 4.17 m3/h
Fx F = R1 xR + P2 xP
1
2
9.17 4200 = 4.17 xR + 5 5
1
xR = 9230 mg /L or g/m3
1
55
= 267 g/m3 or mg/L
0.015 6.25
= P2 xP + R2 xR
DS in P1, xP =
1
P1 xP
(unchanged)
DS in mixed feed = F xF + R2 xR
2
= 9.17 4200 + 1.25 1315
= 40 158 g
Total mixed feed (MF) to RO module I = 9.17 + 1.25
= 10.42 m3/h
Concentration DS in MF =
40 158
10.42
38 489
100
40 158
= 95.84%
Rejection from Module I = 70%
Ans. (a)
6.25
= 0.7
F + 1.25
F = 7.68 m3/h
R2/F = 1.25/7.68 = 0.163 m3/m3
R 1 = F P2 = 7.68 5 = 2.68 m3/h
F xF = R1 xR + P2 xP
1
2
7.68 4200 = 2.68 xR + 5 5
1
xR = 12 026 mg/L or g/m3
1
DS is mixed feed = F xF + R2 xR
2
= 7.68 4200 + 1.25 1315
= 33 900 g
Concentration of DS in MF =
33 900
(7.68 + 1.25)
42 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
32 230
100
33 900
= 95.07%
Ans.
Note: Recovery from RO Module I can be varied by varying feed pressure (PI1)
and selecting right RO memberane. It can be seen that this does not affect % DS
rejection significantly. However, it makes significant changes in other parameters
(F and R1).
EXERCISE 3.29
Basis: 100 kg final 24% NaOH solution
Let mass of solution in the dissolution tank = W3 kg
Balance of NaOH:
W3 0.5 + W2 0 = 100 0.24
W3 = 48 kg of 60% solution
Overall material balance across the dilution tank:
W2 + W3 = 100
or
W2 = 100 48 = 52 kg water
Balance of NaOH across the dissolution tank:
W1 = W3 0.5 = 48 0.5 = 24 kg water
W3 /W2 = 24/52 = 0.462:1
EXERCISE 3.30
Basis: 3000 Nm3/h fresh feed
Overall material balance:
.
Let enriched CH4 stream from M-2 = n1 Nm3/h
.
and reject stream from M-3 = n2 Nm3/h
.
.
n1 + n2 = 3000
CH4 balance:
.
.
0.985 n1 + 0.04 n2 = 3000 0.88
.
Solving two equations,
n1 = 2666.67 Nm3/h
.
n2 = 333.33 Nm3/h
Module-2:
Permeate from module = 12 %
Non-permeate from module = 100 12 = 88 %
Non-permeate from M-2 is the enriched CH4 stream.
(1)
(2)
.
2666.67
Feed rate to M-2, n3 =
= 3030.31 Nm3/h
0.88
.
.
R 1 = n3 n1 = 3030.31 2666.67 = 363.64 Nm3/h
Module-3:
Permeate from module-1 = 44 %
Permeate from M-3 is the rejedct stream.
.
333.33
n4 =
= 757.568 Nm3/h
0.44
.
.
R 2 = n4 n2 = 757.568 333.33 = 424.238 Nm3/h
Mixed feed (MF) to M-1
= F + R1 + R2
= 3000 + 363.64 + 424.238
= 3787.878 Nm3/h
.
.
CO2 contents of n4 and n3 streams are 60.2 % and 4.25 % by mole, respectively
CO2 content of MF = x1 (mole fraction)
x1 3787.878 = 757.568 0.602 + 3030.31 0.0425
x1 = 0.1544
Mole fraction of CH4 in MF = 1 0.1544 = 0.8456
.
CH4 in n3 = 3030.31 (1 0.0425) = 2901.522 Nm3/h
CH4 in R1 = 2901.522 2666.67 0.985
= 274.852 Nm3/h
Feed rate to M-3,
CH4 concentration of R1 =
274.852 100
= 75.58 %
363.64
.
CH4 in n4 = 757.568 (1 0.602) = 301.512 Nm3/h
CH4 in R2 = 301.512 333.33 0.04
= 288.179 Nm3/h
CH4 content of R2 =
288.179 100
= 67.93 %
424.238
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.31
Basis: 20 L/s weak liquor
Mass flow rate wate = 20 3600 = 72 000 kg/h (SG = 1.0)
SO2 present in the weak liquor = 72 000 0.005 = 360 kg/h
SO2 present in the rich liquor = 72 000 0.01 = 720 kg/h
SO2 absorbed in the absorber = 720 360 = 360 kg/h
Now in the incoming 100 kmol gas, 17 kmol SO2 are present. Out of 17 kmol,
75% SO2 is absorbed.
44 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 3.32
Basis: 1 litre effluent sample
Let
x = content of methanol, mg/L
y = content of formaldehyde, mg/L
Carbon content of methanol = 12/32 = 0.375 mg/mg
Carbon content of formaldehyde = 12/30 = 0.4 mg/mg
TOC of the sample = 0.375 x + 0.4 y = 258.3
Oxidation reactions:
CH3OH
+
1.5 O2
CO2 +
H2O
32
HCHO
30
1.5 32
O2
32
44
CO2 +
44
(1)
18
H2O
18
EXERCISE 3.33
Basis: 16.5 Nm3/s of moist gas flow rate
Molar flow rate = 16.5/22.414
= 0.736 kmol/s 2650 kmol/h
Water vapours, present in moist gas = 4.2 Nm3/s
= 0.1874 kmol/s 674.6 kmol/h
Solids, present in the gas mixture = (16.5 4.2) 9000/106
= 0.1107 kg/s 398.5 kg/h
Chlorides in gas mixture = 1.5 g/s = 5.4 kg/h
Dry gas flow rate = 2650 674.6 = 1975.4 kg/h
(2)
Ans.
69.43 100
= 0.18%
39 230
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.34
Let the baterial suspended in total combined feed
Bacterial suspended solids in total combined feed
For minimum recycle ratio, xR
Bacterial suspended solids in fresh feed
Concentration of solids in clarifier overflow
= xR mg/L
= x0 mg/L
= 5x0
=0
=0
(1)
46 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
20 000 (1 + r ) - 485
r
(2)
(3)
or
0.975 75
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.35
At constant temperature T:
(a) Let initial quantum of the component in vessel = x kmol
Total quantum of gas in vessel = n1 kmol
Concentration of component at p1 pressure, c1 = x/n1 kmol/kmol
At an absolute pressure p1, n1 = p1 V/RT where V = vessel volume
When the vessel is pressurised to absolute pressure p2 with inert gas,
quantum of gas in the vessel will be n2 = p2 V/RT
Concentration of component at p2 pressure, c2 = x/n2 kmol/kmol
During depressurisation of the vessel there will be no change in
concentration c2.
Ans.
If k cycles are carried out, final concentration will be (p/101.3)k times c1.
Ratio of inert gas required to bring the vessel to atmospheric pressure
= [(n2 n1)/n1]V = [(101.3 p)/101.3]V per cycle
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.36
Empty height of isotank, h1 = 2.5 0.15 = 0.375 m
2.5
= 1.25 m
2
h1
0.375
=
= 0.3
1.25
R
From Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Ed. R.H. Perry, 5th Ed., p, 1-22, 1973,
Radius of isotank, R =
48 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
p1 = 1 atm
p2 = 2 bar g = 1.973 85 atm g
= 2.973 85 atm a
20.946
2.973 85
= 7.043 vol.%
7.043
2.973 85
= 2.368 vol.%
2.368
After third cycle of purging, c3 =
2.973 85
= 0.796 vol.% (i.e. < 1%)
Thus 3 cycles of purging are required.
EXERCISE 3.37
Basis: 100 kmol dry gas mixture at time of shutdown.
Steam present = 100 1.2 = 120 kmol
Ans.
Component
kmol
H2
CO
CO2
N2
Ar
H2O
56.0
15.0
7.0
21.7
0.3
120.0
25.45
6.82
3.18
9.86
0.14
54.55
Total
220.0
100.00
Initially when HT Shift Converter is pressure reduced to 0.25 bar g, there will be
no change in concentrations. Since presence of H 2O is objectional, its
concentration will be considered for calculations.
c1 = 0.5455 mole fraction
p1 = 0.25 bar g = 0.246 73 atm g = 1.246 73 atm a
p2 = 5 bar g = 4.934 62 atm g = 5.934 62 atm a
1.246 73
= 0.210 08
p1/p2 =
5.934 62
c2 = (p1/p2) c1 = 0.210 08 0.5455 = 0.1146 mole fraction
c3 = 0.210 08 0.1146 = 0.024 07
c4 = 0.210 08 0.024 07 = 0.005 06 (i.e. < 0.01)
Thus 3 cycles of purging are required.
Final concentration of water = c4 = 0.5% (by volume)
Final concentration of carbon monoxide
= (0.210 08)3 0.0682 = 0.0006 mole fraction
or 0.06% by volume
Number of (empty) void volumes required for purging
= (p2 p1)/p1 = (5.934 62 1.246 73)/1.246 73
= 3.76 times
Nitrogen requirement = 3.76 3 40
= 451.2 m3 at
1.246 73 atm a and 308.15 K (35 C)
451.2 1.246 73 27315
.
At NTP, nitrogen requirement =
308.15
= 498.63 Nm3
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.38
50 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
1400
14
Ans. (b)
Alternate 2:
Oxygen present = 100 0.2095
= 20.95 kmol
Let y be kmol of the total mixture.
0.05 y = 20.95
y = 419 kmol
N2 to be added = 419 200 = 219 kmol
Ans. (a)
EXERCISE 3.39
At any time G (h) the concentration of oxygen in the chamber is y mol/mol of
mixture.
Total air present initially = pV/RT
p = (53.3 + 101.3)
= 154.6 kPa
Air present = 154.6 4500/(8.314 293 1000)
= 0.2856 kmol
Astronaut inhales 123 kg air and exhales 112 kg air. The difference between
two is the oxygen consumption by the astronaut.
Oxygen consumed from the chamber
= (123 112)/24
= 0.4583 kg/h 0.0143 kmol/h
CO2 coming to the chamber = 8.8/(44 24)
= 0.0083 kmol/h
At time G, total moles of dry gas, present in the chamber (N)
= 0.2856 0.0143 G + 0.0083 G
= 0.2856 0.006 G kmol
Oxygen balance at time G:
Consumption of oxygen = input oxygen output oxygen
Since mole fraction of oxygen is y in the chamber at time G, average molar mass
of gas mixture in the chamber, excluding nitrogen
= 32 y + (1 y)44 = 44 12y
Air output (inhalation) from the chamber = 123 kg/d
= 5.125 kg/h
Equivalent oxygen output = 5.125y/(44 12y) kmol/h
Air input (exhalation) to the chamber = 112 kg/d = 4.667 kg/h
Equivalent oxygen input = 4.667y/(44 12y) kmol/h
Input output = 0.458y/(44 12y) kmol/h
dy
But consumption of oxygen = N
dG
0.458 y
dy
(0.2856 0.006 q)
=
dG
( 44 - 12 y)
dG
-dy( 44 - 12 y)
=
(0.2856 - 0.006 G )
0.45 y
Rearranging,
When
G = 0, i.e. start of the mission, y = 1.0, i.e. pure oxygen.
At the end of mission, i.e. G = G, y = 0.2.
G
dG
(0.2856 - 0.006G ) =
0
0.2
( 44 - 12 y)dy
0.458 y
EXERCISE 3.40
Basis: 1.65 kg/s 10% NaOH solution
52 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
The solution contains 0.165 kg/s NaOH. This solution is prepared by mixing
(0.165/0.5 =) 0.33 kg/s 50% lye and (1.65 0.33 =) 1.32 kg/s water.
Hold-up in the tank = 1900 1.1 = 2090 kg
NaOH balance of unsteady-state process when the flow of 50% lye will stop:
Let c = concentration of NaOH by mass in the tank at any time G (in seconds)
and dG = time interval in seconds
1.32 0 c dG = 2090 dc
c2
dG = (2090/0.165)
c1
G = 12 667 ln (0.1/0.08)
= 2827 s
Ans.
EXERCISE 3.41
Basis: 150 Sm3/h air at 101.325 kPa and 288.7 K (15 C)
Specific volume,
V = RT/p = 8.314 288.7/101.325 = 23.689 m3/kmol
Molar flow rate of moist air = 150/23.689 = 6.332 kmol/h
Inlet pressure = 710 kPa g = 811.325 kPa a
Vapour pressure of water at 318 K (45 C) = 9.582 kPa (ref. Chapter 6)
Humidity of inlet air = 9.582/(811.325 9.582)
= 0.011 95 kmol/kmol dry air
0.0118 kmol/kmol moist air
Total moisture in the inlet air = 6.332 0.0118
= 0.0747 kmol/h
1.345 kg/h
Dry air flow rate = 6.332 0.075 = 6.257 kmol/h
181.45 kg/h
Step-I: Increase of moisture content of silica gel from 2.5 to 3.75 kg per 100 kg
desiccant
Mixture picked-up by silica gel = (3.75 2.5) 220/100
= 2.75 kg
Average moisture content of outlet air
= (5 + 10)/2 = 7.5 mg/Sm3
Moisture, removed from air in
G1 h = [1.345 (7.5 150)/106] G1
= 1.3439 G1 kg
1.3439 G1 = 2.75
G1 = 2.046 h
EXERCISE 3.42
Basis: Cooling water (CW) hold-up in system = 3000 m3
Consider a small time interval DG = 1 h
G1 = 1 h
Initial total suspended solids in cooling water
= 3000 50 103 mg
= 15 107 mg
Suspended solids removed = 100 (50 10)103 = 0.4 107 mg
Suspended solids after one hour = (15 107 0.4 107) mg
Concentration of suspended solids
= (15 107 0.4 107)/(3000 103)
= 48.667 mg/L
Similar iterations can be performed, which are tabulated below.
Time
G h
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
suspended
solids in
outlet
water from
filter, mg/L
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
suspended
solids in
CW at the
end of
G h, mg/L
50.0
48.667
47.378
46.131
44.927
43.763
42.637
41.549
40.598
39.448
38.433
37.452
Time
G h
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
suspended suspended
solids in
solids in
outlet
CW at the
water from
end of
filter, mg/L G h, mg/L
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
36.503
35.587
34.700
33.844
33.016
32.215
31.441
30.693
29.927
29.206
28.499
27.815
54 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
8
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
27.155
26.483
25.833
25.205
24.565
23.946
23.348
22.770
22.211
21.671
21.148
20.643
20.155
19.683
19.194
18.721
18.263
17.821
17.394
16.981
16.582
15.822
15.462
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
15.113
14.776
14.450
14.135
13.831
13.536
13.231
13.143
12.710
12.453
12.205
11.965
11.733
11.508
11.291
11.082
10.879
10.683
10.493
10.310
10.133
9.962
Thus time required for bringing down the suspended solids to 10 mg/L level
= 68 h
Ans
EXERCISE 3.43
Basis: 3000 m3 hold-up
DG = 1 h
Suspended solids at G = 0 h = 3000 50 107 = 15 107 mg
Suspended solids removed in the filter = 4 106 mg/h (from Exercise 3.42
after first hour of filtration.)
Dust (turbidity) added in the basin = 16 109 106 106 kg/h
1.696 106 mg/h
Net suspended solids after 1 h = 15 107 4 106 + 1.696 106
= 147.696 106 mg/h
Suspended solid in CW = 147.696 106/(3000 103)
= 49.232 mg/L
Time
G h
suspended
solids in
outlet
water from
filter, mg/L
suspended
solids in
CW at the
end of
G h, mg/L
50.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
49.232
48.490
47.772
47.078
46.407
45.759
45.132
44.526
43.941
42.810
42.282
41.771
41.277
40.800
40.339
39.891
39.427
38.978
38.544
38.124
37.718
37.326
36.947
36.581
36.227
35.885
35.554
35.234
34.925
34.626
34.337
34.058
33.788
33.527
33.275
33.031
32.795
Time
G h
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
suspended suspended
solids in
solids in
outlet
CW at the
water from
end of
filter, mg/L G h, mg/L
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
32.567
32.347
32.134
31.929
31.730
31.537
31.352
31.172
30.998
30.831
30.668
30.511
30.359
30.213
30.071
29.900
29.736
29.577
29.423
29.274
29.130
28.991
28.857
28.727
28.601
28.480
28.363
28.249
28.140
28.034
27.931
27.832
27.737
27.644
27.555
27.468
27.351
(Contd.)
56 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
(Contd.)
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
27.238
27.129
27.023
26.921
26.822
26.722
26.635
26.546
26.460
26.380
26.296
26.218
26.149
26.070
26.000
25.932
25.866
25.803
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
25.741
25.682
25.624
25.569
25.515
25.464
25.413
25.335
25.318
25.273
25.229
25.187
25.146
25.106
25.068
25.031
24.999
Time, required to bring down the turbidity level to 25 mg/L = 109 hAns.
EXERCISE 3.44
Material balance of components A after time G:
Input output = accumulation
0 F CAG = V
When
DG 0,
DC
DG
F
dCA
=
dG
V
dCAG
CAG
CA 0
dCA
F
=
dG
dCAG
V
F
q
V
CAG = CA0 e(FG/V)
ln CAG ln CAO =
or
EXERCISE 3.45
Basis: V m3 volume of the receiver
Input output = accumulation
Ans.
Output = 0
Actual volume swept = v = v0 Dv
LM
MN
v = v0 1 + c -
Input =
LM
MN
FG IJ OP
H K PQ
3600 s v0 p0
kmol/h
ZRT
RS UV OP in 1 h
T W PQ
1/ C
3600 s v0 p0
p
p
-c
1+ cZRT
100 p0
p0
After time G,
1/ C
p
p
-c
100 p0
p0
dn
dG
n = no. of kmol present at time G
=
Therefore,
V
dp
ZRT
dG
LM
MN
p
dp
3600 s v p L
=
1+ cM
V
100 p
dG
MN
L
RpU
p
dq = dp/ M1 + c - cS V
100 p
MN
Tp W
RS UV
T W
RpU
- cS V
Tp W
OP
PQ
3600 s v0 p0
p
p
V
dp
=
-c
1+ cZRT
dG
ZRT
100 p0
p0
0
or
3600 s v0 p0
V
Substitute
1/ C
z z
LM p LM1 + c - p
100 p
MN MN
p1
dG =
dp
p0
R1
LM
N
dr / 1 + c -
V
q =
3600 s v0
R1
RS p UV
Tp W
1/ C
-c
0
or
OP
PQ
OP
PQ
1/ C
1/ C
r
- c(r )1 / C
100
OP
Q
dr
1 + c - (r /100) - c(r )1/ C
OP O
PQ PPQ
58 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
R1
dr
1 + c - (r /100) - c(r )1/ C
EXERCISE 3.46
Basis: Air receiver having 60 m3 capacity is to be from 101.325 kPa a
to 0.7 MPa g
Geometric volume of cylinder v0 = (p/4) (0.312) (0.15)
= 1.132 102 m3
3
V = 60 m , C = 1.4, c = 0.07, R1 = ?
Each stage has equal compression ratio.
Overall compression ratio = (700 + 101.325)/101.325 = 7.9085
R 1 = R2 = 7.9085
= 2.8122
L
The integral M
MN
R1
dr
1 + c - (r /100) - c(r )1 / C
[1 + c (r/100) c(r)1/C]
1.000 00
1.181 22
1.362 44
1.543 66
1.724 88
1.906 10
2.087 32
2.268 54
2.499 76
2.630 98
2.812 20
0.990 00
0.979 34
0.969 07
0.959 11
0.949 42
0.939 97
0.930 72
0.921 65
0.912 75
0.903 99
0.895 37
1.010 00
1.021 09
1.031 92
1.042 63
1.053 27
1.063 86
1.074 44
1.085 01
1.095 59
1.106 20
1.116 85
Value of the integral = (h/3) [f1 + 4f2 + 2f3 + 4f4 + 2f5 + K + f11]
where h = interval = 0.181 22
Value of the integral = (0.181 22/3) [1.010 00 + 4 1.021 09
+ 2 1.031 92 + 4 1.042 63
+ 2 1.053 27 + 4 1.063 86
+ 2 1.074 44 + 4 1.085 01
+ 2 1.095 59 + 4 1.106 20
+ 1 1.116 85]
V
integral
s v0
60 10 2
1.927 84 = 555.3 s
.
2 9.2 1132
The above calculated time refers to (2.8122 101.325) at the discharge of first
stage or 801.325 kPa a at the discharge of second sage.
time required = 555.3 s
0.154 h
Ans.
Evaluation of the integral by a numerical method is laborious. Mathcad can be
quite useful in quick evaluation of such an integral.
Material Balances
Involving Chemical
Reactions
EXERCISE 4.1
Basis: 1000 kg ammonia production
Molar mass of ammonia = 17.0305
NH3 Production =
1000
= 58.7182 kmol
17.0305
3
58.7182
2
= 88.0773 kmol
CH4 requirement = 88.0773/4
= 22.0193 kmol
493.541 Nm3
Ans. (a)
When air is used, 21% O2 is also fed alongwith 79 % N2. For 58.7182 kmol NH3
production,
N2 requirement = 58.7182/2
= 29.3591 kmol
O2 fed alongwith N2 = (21/79) 29.3591
= 7.9044 kmol
H2 consumed by O2 = 2 7.9044
= 15.8088 kmol
Total H2 requirement = 88.0773 + 15.8088
= 103.8861 kmol
CH4 requirement = (103.8861/4)
= 25.9715 kmol
528.126 Nm3
Ans. (b)
H2 requirement =
EXERCISE 4.2
Basis: 1000 kg methanol production
Molar mass of methanol = 32.0419
CH3OH production = 1000/32.0419
= 31.2091 kmol
CO2 requirement = 31.2091 kmol
H2 requirement = 3 31.2091
= 93.6273 kmol
CO2 and H2 are required in 1 : 3 molar proportions. However, reforming reaction
yields CO2 and H2 in 1 : 4 molar proportions. Hence H2 is in excess and therefore
methane requirement will be fixed by CO2 requirement.
CH4 requirement = 31.2091 kmol
699.521 Nm3/t
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.3
Basis: N2 flow of 0.025 L/s at NTP. This basis is same as that of Exercise 3.24.
Reaction: CH0.6 + 1.6 O2 = CO2 + 0.6 H2O
12.616
1.6 31.9988
O2 consumed = 4.096 103 kg
Coke burnt =
(by mass)
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.4
Basis : Charge to reactor : 50 kg naphthalene (N)
200 kg 98% H2SO4
C10H8
+
H2SO4
= C10H7SO3H + H2O (1)
N
MSN
128
98
208
18
C10H8
+
2 H2SO4
= C10H6(SO3H)2 + 2 H2O
N
DSN
128
2 98
288
2 18
New basis: 100 kg product
The product will contain 18.6 kg MSN and 81.4 kg DSN.
N requirement for 18.6 kg MSN = 128 18.6/208 = 11.45 kg
(2)
62 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Mass, kg
mass %
MSN
DSN
H2SO4
H2O
19.53
85.45
128.64
12.37
7.94
34.74
52.29
5.03
Total
245.99
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.5
Basis: 100 kg product
Compound
mass, kg
SBP
Nitric acid
DNOSBP
DNPSBP
65
15
18
2
150
63
240
240
0.4333
0.2381
0.0750
0.0083
57.41
31.55
9.94
1.10
100
0.7547
100.00
Total
Molar mass
kmol
mole %
Nitric acid being the limiting component, conversion has to be based on nitric
acid consumption.
New basis: 100 kmol product
Nitric acid input = 31.55 + 2(9.94 + 1.10) = 53.63 kmol
Conversion = 2(9.94 + 1.10)100/53.63 = 41.2%
Yield of DNOSBP = 2 9.94 100/[2(9.94 + 1.10)]
= 90.04%
Yield of DNPSBP = 100 90.04 = 9.96%
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.6
Basis: 1000 kg molasses
Monosaccharides present = 1000 0.45
= 450 kg
450 2 46 2
342
= 242.105 kg
308.41 L
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.7
Basis: 1 kmol fresh i-butane (combined feed)
Recycle hydrogen feed to the reactor = 0.75 kmol H2
0.75 0.1
Methane recycled with H2 =
= 0.083 kmol
0.9
Total recycle = 0.75 + 0.083
= 0.833 kmol
i-butane converted = 0.5 kmol
Yield of i-butylene = 0.5 0.88 = 0.44 kmol [reaction (1)]
H2 produced = 0.44 kmol
Total H2 in product stream = 0.75 + 0.44
= 1.19 kmol
Yield of propylene = 12% as per reaction (2)
Propylene produced = 0.5 0.44 = 0.06 kmol
Methane produced = 0.06 kmol
Total methane in product stream = 0.083 + 0.06
= 0.143 kmol
Reactor outlet stream
Component
kmol
vol. %
iC4H10
iC4H8
C3H6
H2
CH4
0.5
0.44
0.06
1.19
0.143
21.43
18.86
2.57
51.01
6.13
Total
2.333
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.8
Basis: 100 kmol creacked gas
Composition of cracked gas:
Component
H2
CH4
C2H4
C2H2
C3H6
kmol
56.5
5.2
0.3
7.5
0.5
Carbon
kmol
5.2
0.6
15.0
1.5
Hydrogen
kmol
56.5
10.4
0.6
7.5
1.5
Oxygen
64 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
CO
CO2
O2
Total
25.8
4.0
0.2
25.8
4.0
12.9
4.0
0.2
100.0
52.1
76.5
17.1
Ans. (a)
Ans. (c)
Ans. (b)
Ans. (d)
Ans. (c)
EXERCISE 4.9
Basis: 1 litre mixture of N2 + O2
Mass of water, absorbed on silica gel = 0.0362 g
= 0.002 01 mol
Let
P = Phenolphthalein reading, mL,
M = Methylorange reading (i.e. total alkalinity), mL and
N = Normality
Total alkalinity =
M N 50 000
mg/L as CaCO3
vol.of sample, mL
P = 35.4 mL and
1
M
2
Therefore, the solution contains hydroxide and carbonate alkalinies.
Normally of titrating acid, N = 0.012
(2P M) N 50 000
ppm as CaCO3
Hydroxide alkalinity =
vol. of sample in mL
44
138
18
mol
mole % (dry)
(1)
(2)
Molar mass
Mass, g
mass %
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
0.003 24
0.003 87
0.037
0.002 01
7.34
8.78
83.88
44
32
28
18
0.1426
0.1238
.1.036
0.0362
10.65
9.25
77.39
2.71
Total
0.046 12
100.00
1.3386
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.10
Basis: 500 kg limestone
CaCO3 content of limestone = 500 0.60 = 300 kg
MgCO3 content of limestone = 500 0.335 = 167.5 kg
Inerts = 500 300 167.5 = 32.5 kg
Reactions are:
CaCO3 + H2SO4 = CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
(1)
(2)
100
84.3
98
98
136
120.3
18
44
H2O + CO2
18
44
66 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Mass of
reactants, kg
300.0
167.5
32.5
562.0
4121.3
Nil
Nil
5183.3
Mass of
products, kg
Nil
Nil
32.5
73.3
4211.3
408.0
239.0
4964.1
mass %
in product
0.65
1.48
84.84
8.21
4.82
100.00
Ans. (b) and (c)
EXERCISE 4.11
Basis: 100 kmol of hydrogen chloride gas
4 HCl + O2 = 2 Cl2 + 2 H2O
Theoretical oxygen requirement = 100/4 = 25 kmol
Actual oxygen supply = 25 1.3 = 32.5 kmol
This oxygen is supplied in the form of air.
N2, entering with O2 = 79 32.5/21 = 122.3 kmol
The reaction goes to 80% completion.
HCl reacted = 100 0.80 = 80 kmol
O2 reacted = 80/4 = 20 kmol
Cl2 produced = 2 80/4 = 40 kmol
Component
HCl
O2
kmol
20.0
12.5
Ans.(d)
Cl2
N2
40.0
122.3
20.53
62.78
Total
194.8
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.12
Basis: 100 kmol of (A + inerts)
In a constant pressure reactor, the volume doubles by doubling total number of
moles (assuming that Ideal Gas Law holds).
At the end of reaction, total no. of moles = 200 kmol
A in the input mixture = 100 0.75 = 75 kmol
Let x kmol A are reacted.
Unreacted A = 75 x kmol
Product
= 3x kmol
Total gas mixture at the end of reaction = 75 x + 25 + 3x
= 100 + 2x kmol
100 + 2x = 200
x = 50 kmol
Conversion = 50 100/75 = 66.67%
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.13
Basis: 100 kmol dry inlet gas
CO present in ingoing gas mixture = a kmol
Let nCO kmol CO are reacted in the shift converter.
CO in outlet gas mixture = (a nCO) kmol
CO2 and H2 produced = nCO (each)
Total dry gas mixture at the outlet = (100 + nCO) kmol
% CO, present in outcoming gas mixture = b
a - nCO
b
=
100 + nCO
100
Simplifying, nCO =
100( a - b)
100 + b
Q.E.S.
EXERCISE 4.14
Basis: 100 kmol of gases, entering secondary converter.
The mixture contains 4 kmol SO2, 13 kmol O2 and 83 kmol N2.
Let x kmol SO2 are reacted to SO3 as per reaction:
1
SO2 + O2 = SO3
2
Outgoing gas mixture from the converter will contain (4 x) kmol SO2, (13
0.5x) kmol O2 and 83 kmol N2 on SO3free basis.
68 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
( 4 - x )100
= 0.45
( 4 - x ) + (13 - 0.5 x ) + 83
400 - 100 x
=
100 - 1.5 x
400 100 x =
99.325 x =
x=
Conversion =
=
0.45
45 0.675x
355
3.574 kmol
3.574 100/4
89.35%
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.15
Basis: 100 kmol of outgoing gas mixture from reactor
(1)
Reactions are: CO2 + 4 H2 = CH4 + 2 H2O
(2)
CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O
The outgoing gas mixture (100 kmol) contains 1.68 kmol CH4 and 0.12 kmol CO.
Reaction (1) :
CO2 required = 1.68 kmol
H2 required = 4 1.68 = 6.72 kmol
Reaction (2) :
CO2 required = 0.12 kmol
H2 required = 0.12 kmol
Total CO2 required = 1.68 + 0.12 = 1.8 kmol
Total H2 required = 6.72 + 0.12 = 6.84 kmol
Unconverted CO2 = 57.1 kmol
Total CO2, entering the reactor = 57.1 + 1.8 = 58.9 kmol
Conversion of CO2 per gas = 1.8 100/58.9
= 3.06%
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
Yield of CH4 = 1.68 100/1.8 = 93.33%
Total H2, entering the reactor = 6.84 + 41.1
= 47.94 kmol
CO2 content in incoming mixture = (58.9 100) / (58.9 + 47.94)
= 55.13%
H2 content in incoming mixture = 100 55.13 = 44.87% Ans.(c)
EXERCISE 4.16
Basis: 100 kmol dry outgoing gas mixture
N2 content of the mixture = 69.05 kmol
O2 entering with N2 through air = 21 69.05/79
= 18.36 kmol
Air, entering the system = 69.05 + 18.36 = 87.31 kmol
O2 unreacted = 2.55 kmol
O2 reacted = 18.36 2.55 = 15.8 kmol
Reactions: 2 CH3CHO + O2 = 2 CH3COOH
(1)
2 CH3CHO + 5 O2 = 4 CO2 + 4 H2O
(2)
Mass ratio,
= 4.85 kmol
= 5 4.85/4 = 6.06 kmol
= 2 4.85/4 = 2.43 kmol
= 15.81 6.06 = 9.75 kmol
= 2 9.75 = 19.5 kmol
= 19.50 kmol
= 2.43 + 19.50
= 21.93 kmol
= 8.65 kmol
= 21.93 + 8.65
= 30.58 kmol
= 21.93 100/30.58 = 71.7%
Ans. (a)
= 19.50 100/21.93 = 88.9%
Ans. (b)
= 1.884 kg/kg
Ans. (c)
= 4.85 kmol
= 14.90 kmol
= 19.50 14.90
= 4.60 kmol
Composition of gas mixture, leaving reactor:
Component
CO2
CH3CHO
CH3CHOH
O2
H2O
N2
Total
kmol
mole %
4.85
8.65
19.50
2.55
4.85
69.05
4.43
7.90
17.82
2.33
4.43
63.09
109.45
100.00
Ans. (e)
EXERCISE 4.17
Basis: 100 kg CH4, 100 kg O2 and 100 H2O
Moles of methane = 100/16 = 6.25 kmol
Moles of oxygen = 100/32 = 3.125 kmol
Moles of steam = 100/18 = 5.555 kmol
In the reactor, oxygen will be completely consumed. As a result, CO, CO2, H2
and CH4 will appear in the product mixture.
Let a, b, c and d be kmol of CO2 CO, H2O and H2 in the product gas mixture,
respectively.
70 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Carbon balance:
Hydrogen balance:
a + b = 6.25
(1)
c + d = 2 6.25 + 5.555
= 18.055
(2)
Oxygen balance: (c/2) + a + (b/2) = 3.125 + (5.556/2)
= 5.903
or
2a + b + c = 11.806
(3)
Eq. (3) Eq. (1): 2a + b + c a b = 11.806 6.25
a + c = 5.556
(4)
Eq. (2) + 2 Eq. (1) Eq. (3): c + d + 2a + 2b 2a b c
= 18.056 + 2 6.25 11.806
b + d = 18.75
(5)
yCO 2 yH 2
Based on kinetic considerations for shift reaction, K p =
yCO yH 2 O
Since there is no change of number of moles during the shift reaction, mole
fraction can be replaced by number of moles in the equilibrium equation.
(ad)/(bc) = 0.7
(6)
From Eq. (5),
d = (18.75 b)
From Eq. (1),
d = 18.75 6.25 + a = 12.5 + a
From Eq. (1),
b = 6.25 a
From Eq. (4),
c = 5.556 a
Substituting values of b, c and d in Eq. (6):
a(12.5 + a)
= 0.7
(6.25 - a)(5.556 - a )
Simplifying,
0.3a2 + 20.7642a 24.3075
Solving the quadratic equation, a
b
c
d
=0
= 1.151 kmol CO2
= 6.25 1.151 = 5.099 kmol CO
= 5.556 1.151 = 4.405 kmol H2O
= 12.5 + a = 13.651 kmol H2
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.18
Basis: 1 litre water to be treated with lime and soda ash.
In this case, since only temporary hardness is present in water, only burnt lime
(CaO) is required to be added for treatment.
CaO required to be added = 284 56/100 = 159 mg/L CaO
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.19
Basis: 1 litre water
In this case, since water contains temporary and permanent hardness, lime and
soda ash will be required to treat them.
Requirement of CaO = 56 232.6/100 = 130.3 mg/L
Requirement of Na2CO2 = 106 623.4/100 = 660.8 mg/L
Permanent hardness can be due to chlorides and sulphates of Ca and Mg. Since
this split-up is not known, it is not possible to give actual concentrations of all
components.
EXERCISE 4.20
Basis: 1 litre water to be softened
In the softener, temporary hardness is removed by passing the water through
sodium based cation exchanger. Raw water contains 275.5 mg/L Ca(HCO3)2
and 329.2 mg/L Mg(HCO3)2.
Equivalent NaCl requirement (theoretical) for regeneration
= 58.5 2 [(257.5/162) + (329.2/146.3)]
= 449.25 mg/L
Total NaCl consumption (theoretical) = 449.25 50 8/1000
= 179.7 kg
Actual consumption of NaCl = 60 4.24
= 254.4 kg
Excess NaCl = 254.4 179.7 = 74.7 kg
Excess NaCl over theoretical = 74.7 100/179.7
= 41.5 %
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.21
Basis: 100 kg cottonseed oil
Each sponification reaction will be separately dealt.
(i) Saponification of oleodipalmitin:
CH2OOCH33C17
3 56
92
a a
CH OOCH !!C%
3 56
92
72 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
CH2OOCH33C17
CH2OOCH31C17
856
3 56
92
Saponification of palmitodilinolein:
CH2OOCH31C15
3 56
92
CH2OOCH33C17
CH2OOCH31C17
880
3 56
92
EXERCISE 4.22
Basis: 100 kg castor fatty acids
Composition of castor fatty acids:
Fatty acid
kg
Molar mass
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
Oleic acid
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
1.4
1.2
4.5
6.0
0.5
256.42
284.48
282.46
280.45
278.43
kmol
0.0055
0.0042
0.0159
0.0214
0.0018
H2 requirement,
kmol
0.0159
0.0428
0.0054
Ricinoleic acid
86.4
Total
298.46
100.0
0.2895
0.2895
0.3383
0.3536
100
0.3383
= 295.6
Average molar mass of castor oil = 295.6 3 + 92.09 3 18.02
= 924.83
924.83 100
295.6 3
= 104.29 kg
H2 requirement = 0.3536 kmol/100 kg castor fatty acids
= 0.3391 kmol/100 kg castor oil
= 7.601 Nm3/100 kg castor oil Ans.(b)
Iodine value = 0.3536 kmol/100 kg castor fatty acids
= 0.3391 kmol/100 kg castor oil
= 86.07 kg/100 kg castor oil Ans. (a)
EXERCISE 4.23
Basis: 100 kg soybean fatty acids
Fatty acid
kg
Molar mass
kmol
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
Oleic acid
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
46.04
5.60
21.94
23.22
3.20
256.42
284.48
282.46
280.45
278.43
0.1795
0.0197
0.0777
0.0828
0.0115
Total
100.0
0.3712
100
= 269.4
0.3712
Average molar mass of used soybean oil = 269.4 3 + 92.09 3 18.02
= 846.23
846.23 100
Quantity of used soybean oil =
269.4 3
= 104.71 kg
0.1237 kmol
Reaction :
CH3(CH2)14 COOH + CH3OH = CH3(CH2)14COOCH3 + H2O
Palmitic acid
256.42
Methanol
32.04
Methyl ester
270.44
Water
18.02
74 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
270.44 46.04
= 48.56 kg
256.42
32.04 46.04
Methanol required =
= 5.75 kg
256.42
Water produced = 46.04 + 5.75 48.56 = 3.23 kg
Similar calculations can be made for other fatty acids.
Fatty acid
kg
Methanol
required, kg
Methyl ester
produced, kg
water produced
kg
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
Oleic acid
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
46.04
5.60
21.94
23.22
3.20
5.75
0.62
2.49
2.65
0.37
48.56
5.88
23.03
24.38
3.36
3.23
0.34
1.40
1.49
0.21
Total
100.00
11.88
105.21
6.67
11.88
= 0.1135 kg/kg soybean oil
104.71
105.21
= 1.005 kg/kg soybean oil
Specific methyl ester production =
104.71
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.24
Basis: 100 kg soybean fatty acids
Reaction:
CH3(CH2)14COOCH3 + 2 H2 = CH3(CH2)14CH2OH + CH3OH
FAME of
Palmitic acid
Hydrogen
FOH of
Palmitic acid
Methanol
Palmitic acid
Stearic acid
Oleic acid
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Molar mass
of FAME
kg
FAME*
270.44
298.50
296.48
294.83
292.81
48.56
5.88
23.03
24.38
3.36
Total
105.21
Molar mass
of corres-
ponding
242.43
270.49
268.47
266.82
264.80
kg
FOH
kg
CH3OH
43.53
5.33
20.85
22.06
3.04
5.75
0.63
2.49
2.65
0.36
94.81
11.89
EXERCISE 4.25
Basis: Urea feed rate of 350 kg/h
.
350
= 5.833 kmol/h
Molar feed rate of urea, nu =
60
H2SO4 required =
SO3 required =
Actual H2SO4 charged =
=
H2O entering with H2SO4 =
=
Actual SO3 charged =
=
On completion of reaction,
H2SO4 consumed =
SO3 consumed by reaction (1) =
SO3 consumed by reaction (2) =
14.58 kg/h
3.5 466.64
1633.24 kg/h
571.67 kg/h
466.64 kg/h
80
14.58
18
= 64.8 kg/h
H2SO4 produced by reaction (2) = 14.58 + 64.8
= 79.38 kg/h
194
350 = 1131.67 kg/h
60
.
mass, mi kg/h
714.58 571.67 + 79.38 = 222.29
1633.24 466.64 64.8 = 1101.80
1131.67
2455.76
mass %
9.05
44.87
46.08
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.26
Basis: Liquid feed rate = 6.1 kg/h
For 100 kmol liquid feed rate, following calculations are made which are converted
for 6.1 kg/h feed rate in last column.
76 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Liquid Feed
Component
Molar
mass
C10H20
C11H22
C12H24
C13H26
C14H28
140
154
168
182
196
Total
kmol
kmol feed
kg
mass %
0.8
9.9
82.2
6.7
0.4
112.0
1 524.6
13 809.6
1 219.4
78.4
0.67
9.11
82.47
7.28
0.47
100.0
16 744.0
100.00
kg/h for
6.1 kg/h
feed
0.040
0.555
5.030
0.444
0.028
87
71
67
08
67
6.100 00
16 744
100
= 167.44
Tetramer feed rate =
6.1
0.822
167.44
= 0.029 95 kmol/h
Gas feed rate = 1 Nm3/h (saturated)
= 0.044 61 kmol/h
Vapour pressure of water at 50C (323.15 K)
= 12.335 kPa (Ref. Chatper 6)
Feed gas pressure = 0.35 bar-g
= 1.363 25 bar a
Moisture in gas =
0.123 35
(1.363 25 - 0.123 35)
mole fraction
kmol/h
H2S
CO2
HC
0.967
0.013
0.020
0.039 23
0.000 53
0.000 81
Total
1.000
0.040 57
kg/h
mass %
C10H20
C11H22
C13H26
C14 H28
C12H26S(DDM)
0.040 87
0.555 71
0.444 08
0.028 67
6.049 90
0.57
7.81
6.24
0.40
84.98
Total
7.119 23
100.00
Ans.(a)
H2S consumed = 0.029 95 kmol/h
BF3 introduced = 0.35 Nm3/h
= 0.001 56 kmol/h
Gas Stream Exit of Reactor
Component
Kmol
mole %
H2S
CO2
HC
BF3
76.19
4.35
6.65
12.81
Total
0.012 18
100.00
Ans.(b)
Dry gas/liquid feed = 0.040 57/(6.0/167.44)
= 1.114 kmol/kmol
Conversion of H2S = (0.029 95/0.039 23) 100
= 76.34 %
EXERCISE 4.27
Basis: 4 kmol FeS2 burnt
Theoretical oxygen requirement = 11 kmol
SO2 produced due to complete combustion (roasting) = 8 kmol
Excess O2 supply = 11 0.6 = 6.6 kmol
O2 is supplied from air.
N2 entering with O2 = 79 (11 1.6)/21 = 66.21 kmol
Ans. (c)
Ans.(d)
78 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Gas
kmol
mole %
SO2
O2
N2
8.0
6.6
66.21
9.90
8.17
81.93
Total
80.81
100.00
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.28
Basis: 100 kg ZnS ore
It contains 74 kg ZnS and 26% kg inerts.
ZnS = [74/(65.4 + 32)] = 0.76 kmol
Roasting reaction:
2 ZnS + 3 O2 = 2 ZnO + 2 SO2
Theoretical O2 requirement = 3 0.76/2 = 1.14 kmol
Actual O2 supply = 1.55 1.14 = 1.767 kmol
N2 entering with O2 = 79 1.767/21 = 6.647 kmol
Total air = 1.767 + 6.647 = 8.414 kmol
SO2 produced = 0.76 kmol
Composition of burner gases:
Component
SO2
O2
N2
Total
kmol
mole %
0.76
(1.767 1.14) = 0.627
6.647
9.46
7.80
82.74
8.034
100.00
Ans. (a)
SO3 produced in converter = 0.76 0.98 = 0.745 kmol
Unconverted SO2 = 0.76 0.745 = 0.015 kmol
O2 consumed = 0.745/2 = 0.373 kmol
Unused O2 = 0.627 0.373 = 0.254 kmol
Composition of converter exit gas mixture:
Component
kmol
mole %
SO2
O2
SO3
N2
0.015
0.254
0.745
6.647
0.20
3.32
9.72
86.76
Total
7.661
100.00
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 4.29
Basis: 100 kg pyrites
FeS2 content = 88 kg
Roasting reaction:
4 FeS2 + 11 O2 = 2 Fe2O3 + 8 SO2
Theoretical O2 requirement = 11 88/(4 120)
= 2.02 kmol
Excess air = 150%
Actual O2 supply = 2.02 2.5 = 5.05 kmol
N2 entering with O2 = 79 5.05/21 = 19.0 kmol
Total air supply = 19 + 5.05 = 24.05 kmol
Sp. vol.of dry air to 100 kPa and 300 K = 24.942 m3/kmol
Volumetric air supply = 24.05 24.942
= 600 m3
Ans. (d)
New basis: 100 kg cinder
Cinder contains 2.6 kg S.
S present in form of FeS2 = 2.6 0.4 = 1.04 kg
FeS2 content of cinder = 120 1.04/32 = 3.90 kg
S present in the form of SO2 = 2.6 1.04 = 1.56 kg
SO3 content of cinder = 80 1.56/32 = 3.90 kg
(Fe2O3 + gangue) in cinder = 100 (3.90 + 3.90)
= 92.20 kg
Let x be the amount of FeS2 roasted.
Unburnt FeS2 = (88 x) kg
Fe2O3 produced = 160 2 x/(120 4)
= 0.667 x kg
Sulphur free cinder = 0.667 x + 12 kg
88 x
FeS2 unburnt
3.90
=
=
S- free cinder
0.667 x + 12
92.20
x = 85.1 kg
80 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Unburnt FeS2
Quantity of cinder
Sulphur, lost in cinder
Total sulphur charged
% S, lost in the cinder
Actual FeS2 roasted
FeS2 roasted to SO2
FeS2 roasted to SO3
O2 consumed
= 88 85.1 = 2.9 kg
= 2.9 100/3.9 = 74.4 kg
Ans. (a)
= 74.4 0.026 = 1.93 kg
= 64 88/120 = 46.93 kg
= 1.93 100/46.93 = 4.11% Ans. (b)
= 85.1/120 = 0.709 kmol
= 0.709 0.92 = 0.652 kmol
= 0.709 0.652 = 0.057 kmol
= [11 0.652/4] + [15 0.057/4]
= 1.793 + 0.214 = 2.007 kmol
SO2 produced = 8 0.652/4 = 1.304 kmol
SO3 produced = 8 0.057/4 = 0.114 kmol
Excess oxygen = 5.05 2.007 = 3.043 kmol
Composition of burner exit gas mixture:
Component
kmol
mole %
SO2
SO3
O2
N2
1.304
0.114
3.043
19.000
5.56
0.49
12.97
80.98
5.59
13.03
81.38
Total
23.461
100.00
100.00
Ans. (c)
EXERCISE 4.30
Basis: 100 kmol fuel gases
CO2 content of fuel gases = 12.8 kmol
Let x kmol CO3 are added in the furnace due to decomposition of MgCO3.
Total CO2 at the exit = 12.8 + x kmol
Total flue gas mixture = 100 + x kmol
The exit gas mixture contains 24% CO2
12.8 + x
= 0.24, or x = 14.74 kmol
Ans. (a)
100 + x
Component
CO2
O2
N2
Total
Molar
mass
44
32
28
Incoming gases
kmol
kg
12.8
563.2
6.1
195.2
81.1
2270.8
100.0
3029.2
Outgoing gases
kmol
kg
27.54
1211.76
6.10
195.20
81.10
2270.80
114.74
3677.76
mole %
24.00
5.32
70.68
100.00
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 4.31
Basis: 100 kmol/h of feed to reactor
There are 4 reactions and 7 reaction components. Hence total 11 equations can
be written.
Component balance equations:
nB,in = nB,out - A1 + 2A 4
Benzene balance:
nT,in = nT,out + A1 - A 2
nX,in = nX,out + A 2 - A 3
Toluene balance:
Xylene balance:
Pseudocumene balance:
Methane balance:
nP,in = nP,out + A 3
nCH4 , in = nCH4 ,out - A1 - A 2 - A3
Hydrogen balance:
nC,X nX,in = A 2 - A 3
nC,P nP,in = A3
n
nB,in
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 2 nB,0 nT,in
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 T,0 n
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 nX,0 X,in
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 nP,0 nP,in
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 nCH ,0 nCH 4 ,in
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 -1 -1 -1 1 n 4 = nH ,in
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 -1 H2 ,0 n 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 2 nDP,0 DP,in
f n
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 -1 0 0 A1
C,B B,in
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 A 2
f C,T nT,in
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 A 3
f C,X nX,in
A 3
f C, nP,in
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
n
0 -1 0 0 2 B,0 1
n
T,0
0 1 -1 0 0
3.67
0 0 1 -1 0 nX,0 6
0 0 0 1 0 nP,0 7.34
0 -1 -1 -1 0 nCH4 ,0 0
0 1 1 1 -1 nH ,0 = 81.99
1 0 0 0 -1 n 2 0
0 -1 0 0 2 DP,0 0.2
2.5
0 2 -1 0 0 A1
1.02
0 0 1 -1 0 A 2
5.138
3
0 0 0 1 0
A 4
V0 = I
0 = V1 I
82 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 4.32
Basis: Liberation of 127 g iodine
Electrochemical reactions: KI K + I 1
I - - e I 2
2
Equivalent mass of iodine = 126.9
Let I = current passed through the cell, amperes
Total Faradays passed = (I 3600 3)/96 485
I 3600 3 126.9
= 127.0
96 485
I = 8.95 amperes.
Iodine liberated =
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.33
EXERCISE 4.34
Let
Balance of H+ ion:
-3
(1500 1.25 103 ) + m
m
10
10 -4
1
1500 10 +
10 =
1.005
H 103
(1875 000 + m)
1.5 106 + 9.95 105 m =
10-7
H
pH of 0.1 N HCl solution = log (0.1) = 1
1
H =
w
i
Hi
1
H =
1875 000 1
1
m
1875 000 + m 1.25 + 1875 000 + m 1.005
1875 000 + m
1500 000 + 0.995 m
(1)
(2)
84 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.35
Basis: 2 kmol of Ca(OH)2 to be recarbonated
Reactions:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.36
Basis: 100 kmol/s fresh feed. This is the same basis as that of Example 4.17.
Case (a): Conversion per pass = 24%, ammonia separation = 65%
Case (b): Conversion per pass = 25%, ammonia separation = 70%
Case (a)
N2 reacted, kmol/s
H2 reacted, kmol/s
NH3 produced, kmol/s
Total gas mixture, leaving
the converter, kmol/s
NH3 in outlet gas
mixture, kmol/s
NH3 separated, kmol/s
NH3 uncondensed, kmol/s
Composition of gas mixture,
leaving separator, kmol/s
Component
N2
H2
NH3
Inerts
Total
0.24 a
0.72 a
0.48 a
M 0.48 a
Case (b)
0.25 a
0.75 a
0.50 a
M 0.5 a
0.9 M 3.52 a
0.9 M 3.5 a
0.585 M 2.288 a
0.315 M 1.232 a
0.63 M 2.45 a
0.27 M 1.05 a
0.76 a
2.28 a
0.315 M 1.232 a
0.1 M
0.75 a
2.25 a
0.27 M 1.05 a
0.1 M
0.415 M + 1.808 a
0.37 M + 1.95 a
Case (a):
Purge balance:
0.1 M P
= 1.0
0.415 M + 1.808 a
Recycle stream = 0.415 M + 1.808 a P
Substituting the value in Eq. (1) of Example 4.15,
100 + 0.415 M + 1.808 a P = M
Nitrogen balance:
Nitrogen lost in purge =
(3)
0.76 a P
kmol/s
(0.415 M + 1.808 a)
(2)
0.76 a P
kmol/s
(0.415 M + 1.808 a)
0.76 a P
+ 24.75 = a
(0.415 M + 1.808 a)
(4)
Substitute
24.75 455.293
0.24 455.293 + 7.6
= 96.419 kmol/s
4.15 455.293 + 18.08 96.419
P=
455.293
= 7.971 kmol/s
(5)
a=
Case (b)
Purge balance:
0.1 MP
= 1.0
0.37 M + 1.95 a
Ans.
(2)
86 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
0.75 a P
+ 24.75 = a
(0.37 M + 1.95 a)
Substitute
(4)
0.75 a P
+ 24.75 = a
0.1 M P
a=
24.75 M
unchanged from Example 4.14
0.25 M + 7.5
3.7 M + 19.5 a
M
Substitute values of a and P in Eq. (3) and simplifying,
0.1575 M2 67.6125 M 239.625 = 0
Mathcad solution:
f (M) := 0.1575 M2 67.6125 M 239.625
M := 300
soln := root (f(M), M)
soln := 432.801
or
M = 432.801 kmol/s
P=
a=
24.75 432.801
0.25 432.801 + 7.5
= 92.5826 kmol/s
3.7 432.801 + 19.5 92.5826
432.801
= 7.8713 kmol/s
Note: Exercise 9.3 is Mathcad exercise for this exercise.
P=
Ans.
EXERCISE 4.37
Since simultaneous equations cannot be easily solved, program, developed in
exercise 9.7 is used. In this program value of i is changed, keeping all other
perameters constant.
(a) For i = 0.09
P = 11.951 kmol/s
(b) For i = 0.11,
P = 9.162 kmol/s.
EXERCISE 4.38
Basis: Make-up hydrogen stream = 45 000 Nm3/h
H2 content of make-up stream = 45 000 0.885
= 39 825 Nm3/h
H2 consumed in hydrocraker unit
= H2 in make-up stream
H2 lost in HP purge
H2 lost in LP purge
HP purge stream = 4500 Nm3/h
H2 lost in HP purge = 4500 0.745
= 3352.5 Nm3/h
LP purge stream = 12 000 Nm3/h
H2 lost in LP purge = 12 000 0.517
= 6462.5 Nm3/h
H2 consumed in hydrocracking unit
= 39 825 3352.5 6462.5
= 30 010 Nm3/h
Membrane System I:
Hydrocarbons (HC) in HP purge = 4500 3352.5
= 1147.5 Nm3/h
Membrane system removes 85% HC in the reject stream I.
HC in Reject I = 1147.5 0.85
= 975.375 Nm3/h
HC in Permeate I = 1147.5 975.375
= 172.125 Nm3/h
Permeate I constains (1 0.945 =) 0.055 mole fraction HC.
Permeate I flow rate = 172.125/0.055
= 3129.545 Nm3/h
H2 recycled in Parmeate I = 3129.545 172.125
= 2957.42 Nm3/h
Since fresh make-up has 88.5 % H2, reduction in make-up stream =
= 3341.71 Nm3/h
Ans.(a)
2957.42
0.885
88 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
% reduction =
3341.71
100
45 000
= 7.43
Ans.(b)
724.5
= 9056.25 Nm3/h
0.08
8331.75
0.88
= 9414.41 Nm3/h
% reduction =
9414.41
100
45 000
= 20.92
Ans.(c)
Note: Reduction in make-up stream will result in same reduction in H 2
consumption.
EXERCISE 4.39
Basis: 1 litre feed water
Water going to C II should be 1 litre, irrespective of the recycled water.
Sodium content also should be equivalent to that of feed water.
Na content of feed water = C H meq
Na recycled in the water from AI = X (C H) meq
where
X = litres of water recycled/litre feed
Recycled Na is in the form of bicarbonates which means that alkalinity to the
extent of X (C H) meq is added to feed water.
Total alkalinity in mixed feed to CI = M + X (C H) meq
Total alkalinity should be equal to H to convert all hardness causing cations
(which are strong in nature) to bicarbonates so that the same can be removed in
CI.
M + X (C H) = H
X = (H M)/(C H)
Because of alkalinity recycle, CO2 availability at the exit of CI is H meq. However,
it is desired to convert all the strong anions (such as SO4) to bicarbonates.
Strong anions to be converted to HCO-3 = A H meq
= CO2 requirement from degasser (D)
Now CO2 content of the product water from D should equal to alkalinity in the
feed water, irrespective of recycle.
Recycled CO2 = y M meq
yM=AH
y = (A H)/M
F
H
(1 + x) (1 + y) = 1 +
H - M
C- H
I F1 + A - H I
KH M K
(C - M )( M + A - H )
(C - H ) M
(C - M )(C - H )
(C - H ) M
because M + A = C
C- M
M
because C M = A
A
M
EXERCISE 4.40
Let R kmol/h of dry tail gas recycled.
Moisture in recycle stream = 0.1146 R kmol/h
Let F kmol/h be the flow of dry ambient air.
Moisture in ambient air = 0.017 72 F kmol/h
Since total molar flow rate of gas mixture to the reactor is unchanged,
1.1146 R + 1.017 72 F = 1363.1
(1)
Let yO2 , yUC and yN 2 be the mole fractions of oxygen, undesired components
(i.e. CO + CO2 + H2 + CH4 + Ether) and nitrogen respectively in the dry recycle
stream.
yO 2 + yUC+ yN 2 = 1 on dry basis
(2)
(3)
90 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Balance of oxygen:
80.251
= yO 2
R + F - 55194
.
Multiply Eq. (3) by
(4)
1.017 72
= 4.8463
0.21
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
UC Balance:
R yUC + 13.365
=
R + F - 55.194
R + F 55.194 =
=
809.9 yUC + 13.365 =
yUC
(9)
or 89.97% in recycle
Compositions of tail gas and recycle gas will be same.
Composition of Gaseous Mixture, Entering Reactor
Component
CH3OH
O2
N2
H2O
UC
kmol
125.00
148.81
452.37 0.79 + 809.9 0.8997 = 1086.04
452.3 0.017 72 + 809.9 0.1146 = 100.84
809.9 0.0337 = 27.30
Total
1487.99
mole %
(wet basis)
8.40
10.00
72.99
6.78
1.83
100.00
mole %
kmol
Wet
1.25
111.375
27.30 + 13.365 = 40.665
80.251
1086.04
100.84 + 129.937 = 230.779
1550.358
0.08
7.18
2.62
5.18
70.05
14.89
100.00
3.37
6.65
89.98
100.00
13.365
= 396.6 kmol/h (dry)
0.0337
92 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
= 2.042 kmol/kmol
Recycle ratio =
Ans. (a)
Recycle stream
809.9 1.1146
=
452.37 1.017 72
Fresh air stream
= 1.96 kmol/kmol
Ans. (b)
Total dry tail gas stream from absorber = 1550.358 (1.25 + 111.375 + 230.779)
= 1206.954 kmol/h
40.665 100
1206.954
= 3.37%
(Check !)
Ans. (c)
EXERCISE 4.41
Basis: 100 kmol benzene feed
Let fresh H2 = a kmol
Recycle H2 stream = b kmol
Recycle cyclohexane stream = c kmol
Mixed feed, entering the reactor = 100 + a + b + c kmol
Inerts in the mixed feed = 0.1 (100 + a + b + c)
= 10 + 0.1a + 0.1b + 0.1c kmol
Benzene concentration in mixed feed = 18.5 mole %
100
= 0.185
100 + a + b + c
18.5 + 0.185a + 0.185b + 0.185c = 100
0.185a + 0.185b + 0.185c = 100 18.5 = 81.5
0.9a + 0.9b + 0.9c = 396.486
(1)
Hydrogen in the mixed feed = 100 + a + b + c 10 0.1a
0.1b 0.1c c 100
= 0.9a + 0.9b 0.1c 10 kmol
H2/benzene = 3.3
0.9a + 0.9b + 0.1c 10 = 3.3 100 = 330
0.9a + 0.9b + 0.1c = 340
(2)
Eq. (1) Eq. (2) yields
c = 56.486 kmol
0.9b = 340 + 0.1c 0.9a
= 345.645 0.9a
or
b = 384.054 a
(3)
The conversion of benzene is 100%. Therefore 100 kmol benzene and 300 kmol
H2 are consumed.
P=
(4)
= 0.975 a
But from Eq. (2),
0.9a + 0.9b 0.1c 310 = 30
( 0.975a - 300)( a + b - 300)
P=
30
= a 300
from Eq. (5)
2
0.975a + 0.975ab 292.5 a 300a 300b + 90 000 = 30a 9000
or a2 + ab 638.46a 307.69b + 101 538 = 0
(6)
Substitute the value of b from Eq. (3) into Eq. (6).
a2 + a(384.054 a) 638.46a 307.69 (384.054 a) + 101 538 = 0
a2 + 383.054a a2 638.46a 118 170 + 307.69a + 101 538
=0
53.284 a = 16 632
a = 312.139 kmol
b = 384.054 312.139
= 71.915 kmol
P = 312.139 300 = 12.139 kmol
Ans.
94 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
EXERCISE 4.42
Hydrogen in the reactor effluent = 30 kmol
Recovery of H2 = 0.9 30 = 27 kmol
Inerts in the purge = 0.025 a kmol
Inerts in the cooler exit gas mixture = (0.025a/0.95)
= 0.0263a kmol
Inerts in the recycle stream = (0.0263 0.025) a
= 0.0013a kmol
Recycle hydrogen stream = 27 + 0.0013a
=b
or
b 0.0013 a = 27
Make-up hydrogen requirement = 330 27
= 303 kmol
Inerts entering with make-up H2 = 303 2.5/97.5
= 7.769 kmol
a = 303 + 7.769 = 310.769 kmol
b = 27 + 0.0013 310.768 = 27.404 kmol
Inerts in the reactor inlet = 0.0263 a = 8.137 kmol
Total mixed feed = 100/0.185 = 540.541 kmol
Recycle cyclohexane = 540.541 330 8.173 100
= 102.367 kmol
Inerts content of mixed feed = 8.173 100/540.541
= 1.51 mole %
Purge, P = 30 + 8.173 27 0.404
= 10.769 kmol
EXERCISE 4.43
Basis: 3500 kg/h ethylene oxide (EO) production rate
Only first two reactions are considered.
Compound
Ethylene (C2H4)
Oxygen (O2)
Ethylene oxide (C2H4O)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Water (H2O)
Molar mass
28.0538
31.9988
44.0532
44.0098
18.0153
Ans.
CO2 produced =
Component
Ethylene
Oxygen
Inerts (N2 + Ar)
CO2 + H2O
Ethylene oxide
Total
Reactor effluent,
kmol/h
113.500
Nil
227.000
1674.125 + 68.10 2
= 1810.325
3500/44.0532 = 79.450
2230.275
Let recycle stream R1 contain x kmol/h of (CO2 + H2O). Ethylene and inerts
content are 113.50 and 227.00 kmol/h, respectively. Total stream R1 will amount
to (340.5 + x) kmol/h. Let purge rate be P kmol/h.
96 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
x (340.5 + x - P)
(340.5 + x )
= 1674.125
Simplifying,
x2 1333.625 x x P 570 040 = 0
(1)
227.00 P
(340.5 + x )
= 4.39 kmol/h
or
P = 6.585 + 0.019 34x.
Substitute value of P in Eq. (1).
x2 1333.625 x x (6.585 + 0.019 34x) 570 040 = 0
or
0.980 66x2 1340.21 x 570 040 = 0
Solving, x = 1707.14 kmol/h
Inerts in purge =
Streams, kmol/h
R2
(2)
Component
R1
Purge
Ethylene
Inerts
CO2 + H2O
Oxygen
113.50
227.00
1707.14
Nil
2.194
4.392
33.015
Nil
111.306
222.608
1674.125
Nil
Fresh feed
(M R2)
115.694
4.392
Nil
141.875
Total
2047.64
39.601
2008.039
261.961
EXERCISE 4.44
Basis: 100 kmol fresh ethylene feed
Feed consists of 96 kmol of ethylene and 4 kmol of non-reactive gases (NRG).
Let R and C be kmol of (ethylene + NRG) in the recycle stream and combined
feed, respectively.
Overall materials balance at A:
F+R=C
(1)
If x is the mole fraction of ethylene in recycle stream, ethylene balance fields:
0.96 100 + x R = 0.85 C
(2)
Reactor inlet stream:
Component
Ethylene
Water
kmol
0.85 C
0.85 0.65 C = 0.5525 C
NRG
0.15 C
Total
1.5525 C
In the scrubber, it is assumed that all the water and alcohol are removed:
Scrubber outlet off-gases:
Component
Ethylene
NRG
Total
kmol
0.8075 C
0.1500 C
0.9575 C
98 Solutions ManualStoichiometry
Component
C2 H 4
H2O
NRG
C2H5OH
Total
2716.45
2641.98
100.00
100.00
EXERCISE 4.45
Basis: 100 kmol mixed feed
Carbon input to the reactor = 4 100 = 400 kmol
New basis: 100 kmol reactor effluent gases
Carbon content = 3.25 + 1.16 2 + 1.08 2 + 1.32 3 + 0.64 3
+ 2.5 4 + 4.93 4 + 17.88 4 + 30.91 4
+ 8.78 4 + 0.16 5 + 5.34 1
= 279.75 kmol for 100 kmol reactor offluent stream
Therefore for 100 kmol mixed feed (i.e. original basis), reactor effluent
= 400 100/279.75
= 143 kmol
Hydrogen in reactor effluents = 143 0.2205
= 31.53 kmol
Hydrogen is present in the fuel gas.
Quantity of fuel gas = 31.53/0.7357
= 42.86 kmol
Balance of butadiene:
Butadiene in the reactor effluent = 143 0.0878
= 12.56 kmol
Butadiene in the fuel gas = 42.86 0.0024
= 0.1 kmol
Butadiene in the product mixture = 12.56 0.1 (100 0.34)/100
= 12.12 kmol
Total quantity of product mixture = 12.12/0.9831
= 12.33 kmol
Fresh feed
mole %
i-butane
i-butylene
n-butylene
n-butane
1,3-butadiene
Total
Mixed feed
kmol
kmol
Recycle stream
kmol
mole %
1.5
Nil
Nil
98.5
Nil
0.297
Nil
Nil
19.533
Nil
3.84
6.94
25.29
63.59
0.34
3.543
6.940
25.290
44.057
0.340
4.42
8.66
31.55
54.95
0.42
100.0
19.830
100.00
80.17
100.00
EXERCISE 4.46
Basis: 265 000 m3/h at 448.15 K (175C) flue gases
SO2 content of the flue gases = 1160 mg/m3 265 000 m3/h
1
kg/mg
10 6
= 307.4 kg/h
SO2 reacted = 307.4 0.9 = 276.66 kg/h
Na2CO3 + SO2 = Na2SO3 + CO2
Na2CO3 reacted = 106 276.66/64 = 458.22 kg/h
Reaction:
EXERCISE 4.47
Rock phosphate contains 34.55 kg P2O5.
Ca3(PO4)2 = 3 CaO + P2O5
310
3 56
142
2 36.5
111
EXERCISE 4.48
Basis: Ammonia flow to burner = 3266 Nm3/h
Molar flow rate = 3266/22.414 = 145.71 kmol/h
Volumetric flow rate of air = 29 394 Nm3/h (dry)
Molar flow rate of dry air = 29 394/22.414 = 1311.41 kmol/h
O2 supply to burner = 1311.41 0.21
= 275.40 kmol/h
N2 supply to burner = 1311.41 275.4 = 1036.01 kmol/h
Let x be kmol of NH3 reacted as per reaction (1).
NO formed = x kmol/h
O2 consumed = 1.25x kmol/h
H2O produced = 1.5x kmol/h
NH3 reacted as per reaction (2) = (145.71 x) kmol/h
N2 formed = 0.5 (145.71 x) = 72.86 0.5x kmol/h
O2 consumed as per reaction (2) = (3/4) (145.71 x)
= 109.28 0.75x kmol/h
H2O produced = 1.5 (145.71 x)
= 218.57 1.5x kmol/h
Composition of reactor effluent:
Component
NO
O2
kmol/h
H2O
x
275.4 [1.25x + 109.28 0.75 x] =
166.12 0.5x
1036.01 + 72.86 0.5x =
1108.87 0.5x
218.57 1.5x + 1.5x = 218.57
Total
1493.56
N2
kmol/h
NO
O2
N2
138.45 y
96.9 + 76.31 0.75 y = 173.21 0.75 y
1039.65 + 287.08 = 1326.73
Total
1638.39 1.75 y
(138.45 - y)100
1638.39 - 1.75 y
= 0.2
y = 135.65 kmol/h
NO consumed
100
Absorber efficiency =
NO fed
=
Combustion efficiency of reactor =
=
=
Overall efficiency =
=
=
135.65
100 = 98.0% Ans. (b)
138.45
NH 3 converted to NO
100
Total NH 3 fed
138.45
100
145.71
95.02%
Ans. (a)
Combustion efficiency
Absorption efficiency
0.98 0.9502
0.9312 or 93.12%
Ans. (c)
EXERCISE 4.49
Basis: 1000 kg pig iron
Fe, available per kg ore = 112 0.9/160 = 0.63 kg
Ore, required to produce 1000 kg pig iron = 950/0.63
= 1508 kg
Slag contains CaO, MgO and SiO2.
Silica balance:
Si presents in pig iron = 0.01 1000 = 10 kg
Equivalent SiO2 = 60 10/28 = 21.43 kg
Silica in ore = 0.1 1508 = 150.8 kg
Silica in coke = 0.1 1000 = 100 kg
Let x be the amount (in kg) of limestone added to the furnace.
Silica in the slag = 150.8 + 100 + 0.02 x 21.43
= 229.37 + 0.02 x kg
CaO in the slag = 0.95 56 x/100 = 0.532x kg
MgO in the slag = 0.03 40.3 x/84.3 = 0.0143x kg
Total mass of the slag = 229.37 + 0.02x + 0.532x + 0.0143x
= 229.37 + 0.5663x kg
CaO in the slag = 0.532x 100/(229.37 + 0.5663 x) %
MgO in the slag = 0.0143x 100/(229.37 + 0.5663 x)
However, (CaO + MgO) in slag = 45%
(0.532x + 0.0143x) 100 = 45(229.37 + 0.5663x)
or
x = 354.1 kg/t pig iron
Ans.
Energy Balances
EXERCISE 5.1
Basis: 10 000 Lph of thermic fluid
Energy balance:
E1 +
g
g
qm p1
q p
+ Z1 + Q + W = E2 + m 2 + Z 2
gc
gc
J r
J r
Z1 =
p1 =
p2 =
p2 p1 =
Z2
101.325 kPa a
100 + 101.325 = 201.325 kPa a
201.325 101.325 = 100 kPa
0.1 MPa
W = pump work = 1.1 0.5 = 0.55 kW
Q = 232.6 kW
EXERCISE 5.2
Basis: 1 kmol oxygen
T1 = 350 K and T2 = 1500 K
Ref. 7:
T2
H1 =
T1
11.3842
103 (15002 3502)
2
43.3779
37.0082
106 (15003 3503)
109 (15004 3504)
3
4
101006
.
1012 (15005 3505)
5
T2
H2 =
Ans. (ii)
T1
0.5623 109 T 3) dT
117551
.
103 (15002 3502)
= 26.0257(1500 350) +
2
2.3426
0.5623
6
3
10 (1500 3503)
103 (15004 3504)
4
3
= 29 929.6 + 12 504.5 + 2601.9 709.6
= 39 122.6 kJ
Ans. (i)
EXERCISE 5.3
Basis: 1 kmol SO2
T1 = 300 K and T2 = 1000 K
Ref. 7:
T2
H=
T1
Ans. (iii)
57.8938
103 (10002 3002)
2
38.0844
8.6063
106 (10003 3003)
109 (10004 3004)
3
4
= 18 040.8 + 26 341.7 12 352.0 + 2134.1
= 34 164.6 kJ/kmol
Ref. 9:
T2
H=
T1
Ans. (a)
62.9481
103 (10002 3002)
2
44.2582
11122
.
106 (10003 3003) +
109 (10004 3004)
3
4
= 17 340.8 + 28 641.4 14 354.4 + 2758.0
= 34 385.8 kJ/kmol
Ans. (b)
Ref. 61:
T2
H=
T1
10.634
103 (10002 3002)
2
+ 5.945 105 [(1/1000) (1/300)]
= 30 420.6 + 4838.5 1387.2
= 33 871.9 kJ/kmol
Use of absolute enthalpies (Table 5.22):
H = 314 357 ( 347 921)
= 33 564 kJ/kmol
Ans. (c)
Ans. (d)
EXERCISE 5.4
Basis: 1 kmol dry gas mixture from absorber
T1 = 343 K and T2 = 618 K
equation constants
Cmp
Component kmol
ni
CH4
0.0025
ai ni
bi ni 103
ci ni 106
di ni 109
0.0481
0.1303
0.0299
0.0283
CO
CO2
H2
N2
Ar
H2O
0.0038
0.001
0.7462
0.2435
0.003
0.0126
0.1103
0.0214
21.3492
7.2054
0.0623
0.4094
0.0107
0.0643
0.7607
1.2518
0.0010
0.0443
0.0411
0.1101
3.2100
0.1665
0.0179
0.0098
0.5738
1.2097
0.0573
Total
1.0126
29.2061
0.2840
3.2995
0.7296
ni
kmol
A=
(Ho H0o + DH fo)1
CH4
CO
CO
CO2
H2
Ar
H2O
0.0025
0.0038
0.001
0.7462
0.2435
0.003
0.0126
55 311
103 981
382 381
+ 9 709
+ 9 902
27 751
Total
1.0126
ni A
+
+
138
395
382
7245
2411
2870
+ 5871
Ans. (a)
B=
(H H0o + DH of )2 ni B
42 622
95 802
307 401
+ 17 722
+ 18 029
218 133
107
364
370
+ 13 224
+ 4 390
2748
+ 14 025
EXERCISE 5.5
Basis: 5000 kg/h hot oil
Heat load of oil = 5000 2.51 (423.15 338.15)
= 1066 750 kJ/h 296.32 kW
Heat gained by water = 10000 4.1868 (T 294.15)
Where T = outlet temperature of cooling water
Heat loss = Heat gain
10 000 4.1868 (T 294.15) = 1066 750
T = 319.63 K (46.5C)
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.6
Basis: 1 kg Diphyl DT
T2
Q=
(1.436 + 0.002 18 T) dT
T1
=
=
Mean heat capacity =
Q=
Error =
=
EXERCISE 5.7
For benzene:
C = a + bT
1.591 = a + 283b
2.018 = 1 + 338b
Solving the equations,
a = 0.6051, b = 0.007 76
For toluene:
(1)
(2)
C = a + bT
1.524 = a + 283b
2.236 = a + 358b
Solving the equations, a = 1.1645, b = 0.0095
Basis: 5 kmol benzene toluene mixture
(a) The mixture contains 3 kmol benzene and 2 kmol toluene.
Mass of benzene = 3 78 = 234 kg
Mass of toluene = 2 92 = 184 kg
Let T be the temperature of the mixture.
z
T
303
m1 Cl1 dT
(3)
(4)
0.007 76 2
(T 3032)
2
= 0.907 92 T 2 141.593 T 40 452
373
m2 Cl2 dT
z
T
303
373
= 2 [1.8083(373 T )
+ 812.223 103 (3732 T2)/2
1512.67 106 (3733 T3)/3
+ 1630.01 109 (3734 T4)/4]
= 815 109 T 4 + 1008.4 106 T 3
0.8122 103 T2 3.6166 T + 77 795.4
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 5.8
(a) From Table 5.4 for acetic acid,
log p = 4.682 06
1642.540
(T - 39.764)
T = 316.15 K
log p = 4.682 06
1642.540
(316.15 - 39.764)
= 1.260 86
or
p = 0.0548 bar or 5.48 kPa
(b) From Table 5.4, for sulphur trioxide,
log p = 4.205 15
Ans.
892.175
T - 103.564
T = 335.15 K
log p = 0.352 69
p = 2.253 bar
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.9
(a) From Table 5.5, for acetone,
LM
N
lv
T - To
= c
T
lv1
c - TB
OP
Q
0.38
0.38
lv
508.1 - 313.15
=
lv1
508.1 - 329.3
lv = 29.1 1.0334
= 30.072 kJ/mol
(b) From Table 5.5, for carbon disulphide,
552.0 - 413.15
lv
=
26.74
552.0 - 319.4
0.38
l v = 29.1 kJ/mol
1
l v = 26.74 0.821 97
= 21 98 kJ/mol
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.10
From Table 5.4, for chlorobenzene
1435.675
T - 55.124
1.013 25 bar
347.292
402.42 K or tB = 129.27C
404.9 K or tB = 131.75C
log p = 4.110 83
p=
T 55.124 =
T = TB =
Table 5.5 reports
TB =
Riedel equation:
1.092(ln pc - 5.6182 )
lv
=
0.930 - TBr
R TB
Read Tc and pc values from Appendix III.2
TBr = TB /Tc = 404.9/633.0
= 0.6396
pc = 4.53 MPa = 4530 kPa
lv =
Table 5.5 reports
= 35 450 kJ/kmol
lv = 35 190 kJ/kmol
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.11
(a) Benzene:
Riediel equation:
(0.930 - 0.6286)
Watson equation:
0.38
Riedel equation:
(0.930 - 0.6481)
Watson equation:
0.38
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.12
Basis: 100 kg naphthalene
Total heat to be supplied consists of sensible heat, supplied to the solid from
303.15 K to its melting point (353.35 K), latent heat of fusion l f at 353.35 K,
sensible heat supply to liquid naphthalene from the melting point (353.35 K) to its
normal boiling point (490 K) and the latent heat of vaporzation at 490 K.
Cl dT
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.13
Basis:
EXERCISE 5.14
Basis: 100 kg superheated steam @ 0.5 MPa a and 523 K (250C)
From Steam Tables AIV.3, specific enthalpy of superheated steam
= 2961.1 kJ/kg
From Steam Tables AIV.2, specific enthalpy of saturated steam at 0.5 MPa a
= 2747.5 kJ/kg at (TS) saturation temp.
of 425 K (151.85C).
Enthalpy of steam to be reduced = 2961.1 2747.5 = 213.6 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of water to be sprayed = 125.66 kJ/kg
Let a be the quantity of water to be sprayed.
100 2961.1 + a 125.66 = 2747.5 (100 + a)
or
a = 8.15 kg
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.15
Basis: 1 kg condensate
Operating pressure of dryer = 310 kPa a
Operating pressure of flash vessel = 101.325 kPa a
At 310 kPa a, Ts = 407.8 K (134.65C),
h = 566.23 kJ/kg and l v = 2159.9 kJ/kg
At 101.3 kPa a, Ts = 373.15 K (100C),
h = 419.06 kJ/kg, l v = 2256.9 kJ/kg and
H = 2676.0 kJ/kg
Let the flash quantity be a kg per kg of condensate at 310 kPa.
(1 a) 419.06 + 2676.0a = 566..23
a = 0.065 kg/kg condensate
Enthalpy of saturated steam at 780 kPa a= 2767.5 kJ/kg
Let y and y be the quantities of water to be sprayed before modification and after
the modification per kg of saturated steam at 310 kPa, respectively.
y 419.06 + (1 y) 2767.5 = (566.23 + 2159.9) = 2726.13
y = 0.0176 kg/kg condensate
After the modification,
y 419.06 + 0.065 2676.0 + (1 y 0.065) 2767.5
= 2726.13
y = 0.015 kg/kg condensate
Make-up 0.8 MPa a steam = 1 0.065 0.015 = 0.92 kg
Reduction in make-up steam = [(0.9824 - 0.92)/0.9824] 100
= 6.35%
EXERCISE 5.16
Basis: 1 kmol dry gas mixture. T1 = 1473.15 K, T2 = 573.15 K
Ans.
Component
kmol
ni
equation constants
Cmp
ai ni
bi ni 103
ci ni 103
di ni 103
H2
CO
CO2
CH4
N2
H2O
0.557
0.345
0.028
0.005
0.065
1.850
15.936
10.015
0.598
0.096
1.923
60.110
0.568
0.972
1.800
0.261
0.334
0.147
0.082
4.017
1.149
0.060
0.857
24.440
0.428
1.624
0.274
0.057
0.323
8.413
Total
2.850
88.678
1.470
28.143
9.715
Heat lost in WHB, DH = 88.678 (1473 573) + 1.470 103 (14732 5732)/2
+ 28.143 106 (14733 5733)/3 9.715 109 (14734 5734)/4
= 79 810.2 + 1353.4 + 28 216.9 11 172.1
= 98 208.4 kJ/kmol dry gas mixture
9820 840 kJ/100 kmol dry gas mixture
Steam pressure p = 4.0 MPa g = 4.1013 MPa a
Ts = 524.8 K (251.8C)
(Ref. A IV.2)
Water enters WHB at 504.8 K (231.8C), 20 K lower than 524.8 K.
Enthalpy of water at 504.8 K, h = 998.7 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of saturated steam at 4.1013 MPa a, Hs = 2800 kJ/kg
Enthalpy supplied to water in WHB
= 2800 998.7
= 1801.3 kJ/kg
Steam generated in WHB = 9820 840/1801.3
= 5452 kg per 100 kmol dry gas
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.17
Basis: 100 kg saturated liquid ammonia at 705 kPa a
Let y be the quantity of NH3 vapours flashed.
Liquid NH3 at 101.325 kPa a = 100 y kg
Heat balance:
Enthalpy of liquid NH3 at 705 kPa a
= Enthalpy of liquid NH3 at 101.3 kPa a
+ Enthalpy of flash vapours at 101.3 kPa a
100 265.56 = (100 y) 49.1 + y 1418.7 kJ/h ( 44.85 kW)
Solving the equation, y = 15.8 kg or 15.8 % flashing
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.18
Basis: 100 kg NH3 vapours, entering 1st stage of compressor
Enthalpy H1 = 100 1632.68 = 163 268 kJ/h ( 45.35 kW) of gas leaving 1st
stage.
Enthalpy of 100 kg liquid NH3 at 276 K = 100 213.92
= 21 392 kJ/h ( 5.94 kW)
Heat, removed in flash cooler = 163 268 21 392
= 141 876 kJ/h ( 39.41 kW)
Let y be the quantity of liquid NH3, obtained from the condenser and is utilised in
flash cooler. Out of this, a part will be flashed due to pressure reduction.
Another basis: 1 kg liquid NH3 at 1930.3 kPa a and 321 K (48C)
Enthalpy of saturated liquid at 1930.3 kPa a
= Enthalpy of saturated liquid at 276 K (3C) + Enthalpy
of saturated vapours at 276 K (3C)
100 431.07 = (100 z) 213.92 + z 1464.92
where z = amount of flash vapours, produced due to pressure reduction
z = 17.36 kg
Thus 17.36% liquid, entering the flash cooler (i.e. y kg) will be flashed.
Balance liq. NH3, available for cooling 1st stage vapours
= (1 0.1734) y = 0.8266y kg/h
This ammonia should cater for the heat load of 141 876 kJ/h.
0.8266 y 1251.0 = 141 876
or
y = 137.13 kg/h
Ans. (a)
Heat load of condenser = 1663.91 431.07
= 169 059 kJ/h 46.96 kW
Cooling water to condenser = 169 059/[3600 4.1868 (313 305)]
= 1.402 kg/s
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 5.19
Basis: 65 kW refrigeration load in chiller
From Table 5.7,
Enthalpy of saturated R-134a liquid at 40C (313.15 K) = 256.35 kJ/kg
Saturation temperature of R-134a at 101.325 kPa = 26C
Superheat = 10C
Temperature of R-134a gas, leaving chiller = 26 + 10 = 16C
Enthalpy of superheated R-134a gas at 101.325 kPa and 16C = 391.0 kJ/kg
(Ref. Table 5.71)
Heat picked up by R-134a in chiller = 391.0 256.35
= 134.65 kJ/kg
Evaporation rate = 60
kJ
1
kg
s 134.65 kJ
= 0.4456 kg/s
Ans.(a)
With the incorporation of the economizer, R-134a gas heats upto 10C at 101.325
kPa.
Heat picked up in the economizer = 412 391
= 21 kJ/kg
In exchange, R-134a liquid under saturation pressure (10.165 bar) at 40C (313.15 K)
is cooled.
Enthalpy of sub-cooled R-134a liquid = 256.35 21
= 235.35 kJ/kg
Heat picked up in chiller = 391 235.35
= 155.65 kJ/kg
Evaporation rate =
EXERCISE 5.20
65
= 0.4176 kg/s with
155.65
economizer
Ans. (b)
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.21
Basis: 1 kmol dry gas
T1 = 403.15 K and T2 = 313.15 K
Component kmol
yi
CO2
O2
N2
H2
0.947
0.008
0.030
0.015
Total
1.000
Molar mass
Mi
ni M i
41.677
0.256
0.840
0.030
Critical
pressure
yi pci
p ci
MPa
7.375
6.983
5.042
0.040
3.394
0.102
1.297
0.019
Critical
temperature
Tci
yi Tci
K
304.12 288.00
154.59
1.24
126.09
3.78
33.2
0.48
44.01
31.9988
28.0134
2.016
42.803
7.144
293.50
kmol
ni
C
mp equation constants
ai ni
bi ni 103
ci ni 106
di ni 109
CO2
O2
N2
H2
94.7
0.8
3.0
1.5
2023.313
20.821
88.773
42.916
6087.704
9.404
15.423
1.529
3887.492
1.874
39.549
0.221
928.051
0.450
14.904
1.154
Total
100.0
2175.823
6083.214
3850.038
913.851
R
= Cmp
+ w CmRp
R
At pr = 2.8 and Tr = 1.22
C
R
mp
= 5.681
Acentric factor (wi) for each component is to be considered and S (yi wi) is
required to be calculated for the mixture, However, since CO2 is 94.7% in the
mixture, its wCO value is taken for calculation.
2
w = 0.225 for CO2
(Ref. 3)
C
R
mp
R
Cmp
= 7.222
= 5.681 + (0.225 7.222) = 7.306
R
Cmp
= 1.2062
R
R
Cmp
= 2.3857
R
Cmp
74.633
Uncondense CO 2
=
= 14.083 kmol / kmol
5.3
inerts
At T = 273.15 K, saturation pressure of CO2, pS1 = 3485.9 kPa
total pressure = 3000 kPa
Applying Raoult's law,
(Ref. 24)
Moles of CO 2
3485.9
=
= 6.781
Moles of inerts
(4000 3485.9)
Thus calculated ratios do not match.
Trial 2: Assume liquefaction temperature (T2 ) of 275.15 K.
Enthalpy of gas mixture from 313.15 K to 275.15 K
= 193 955 kJ/h
53.876 kW
lv at 275.15 K = 225.05 kJ/kg = 9904.3 kJ/kmol
(94.7 x) 9904.3 = 193 955
94.7 x = 19.532
x = 74.1168 kmol/h
CO 2
74.168
=
= 14.183
5.3
Inerts
=
Heat given-up by gas =
=
(94.7 x) 9826.9 =
x=
Uncondensed CO 2 =
Inerts
At T4 =
EXERCISE 5.22
Basis: 32 000 kg of total ammonia (liquid + vapour) in each tank wagon
Temperature of ammonia in wagon = 29C (244.15 K)
Let x = quantity of ammonia vapours,
contained in the wagon (in kg)
Liquid ammonia = 32 000 x kg
Total volume of each wagon = 60.663 m3
x
(32 000 x )
+
= 60.663
676.25
1.0844
x = 14.49 kg vapours of ammonia
Liquid NH3 = 320 00 14.49 = 31 985.51 kg
Total enthalpy, H1 = 14.49 1425.06 + 31 985.51 68.32
= 2205 899.1 kJ
Similar values of liquid ammonia and vapour ammonia at different temperatures
can be calculated.
Temperature,
C(K)
NH3 vapours,
kg
29 (244.15)
27 (246.15)
25 (248.15)
23 (250.15)
21 (252.15)
19 (254.15)
17 (256.15)
14.49
15.62
16.85
18.12
19.44
20.84
22.27
liquid NH3,
kg
total enthalpy,
kJ
31 985.51
31 984.38
31 983.15
31 981.88
31 980.56
31 978.16
31 377.73
2205 899.1
2493 097.8
2781 056.0
3069 691.4
3359 336.6
3649 276.3
3940 422.8
= 287 198.7 kJ
Time, required for increase in temp. = 287 198.7/261 576 = 1.098 h
Similar calculations are listed below:
Rise in temperature
K
From
to
244.15
246.15
246.15
248.15
Enthalpy change,
kJ
287 198.7
287 958.2
Heat transfer
rate, f, kJ/h
Time, h
261 576
252 216
1.098
1.142
248.15
250.15
252.15
254.15
250.15
252.15
254.15
256.15
288 635.4
289 645.2
289 939.7
291 146.5
Total
1734 523.7
242 856
233 496
224 136
214 776
1.189
1.240
1.294
1.356
7.319
Ans. (a)
244.15 + 256.15
= 250 K
2
f = 1.3 [298.15 250.15] + 3.76
= 66.16 kW 238 176 kJ/h
Time q = 1734 523.7/238 176 = 7.283 h
Average T =
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 5.23
Basis: 1650 Nm3/h air flow rate
Molar flow rate = 1650/22.414 = 73.615 kmol/h
Mass flow rate = 73.615 28.84 = 2123.06 kg/h
Temperature drop from 463.15 K to 453.15 K:
Heat loss rate at 463.15 K (190C) = 575.8 W/m
[Ref. Fig. (5.35)]
Heat loss rate at 459.15 K (180C) = 532.3 W/m
[Ref. Fig. (5.35)]
Average heat loss rate = (575.8 + 532.3)/2457.5
= 554.05 W/m
Enthalpy to be removed from air = 2123.06 1.006 10
= 21 358 kJ/h 5.9328 kW
Length of pipe, required for cooling, L1 = 5.9328 1000/554.05
L1 = 10.71 m
Similar calculations are listed below, keeping enthalpy removal quantity as same
(i.e. 5.9328 kW) for 10 K drop.
Temp,
C(K)
190 (463.15)
180 (453.15)
170 (443.15)
160 (433.15)
150 (423.15)
140 (413.15)
130 (403.15)
120 (393.15)
110 (383.15)
100 (373.15)
575.8
532.3
481.1
434.4
400.0
364.8
324.6
292.6
266.4
244.3
554.05
506.7
457.75
417.2
382.4
344.7
308.6
279.5
255.35
Total
Length of pipe
m
10.71
11.71
12.96
14.22
15.51
17.21
19.22
21.23
23.23
146.00
EXERCISE 5.24
Basis: 1 kmol mixture of benzene and toluene containing 0.6 kmol benzene.
Antoine equation:
1203.835
for benzene: log p = 4.018 14
(T 53.226)
1343.943
for toluene: log p = 4.078 27
(T 53.773)
At p = 101.325 kPa, = 1.013 25 bar
Ts1 = 353.25 K, Ts2 = 383.77 K
ts2 = 110.62 C
ts1 = 80.1C
Initial guess,
T1 = 353.60 0.6 + 383.77 0.4
= 365.67 K say 366 K
Bubble point: component 1 = benzene and component 2 = toluene. All pressures
are kPa.
Temperature, K
x1
T1 = 366
p si
0.6
0.4
147.653
59.416
1.0
T2 = 360
yi
p si
T3 = 364
yi
p si
T5 = 362.75
yi
p si
yi
0.8743 124.155
0.2346 48.928
0.7352 139.468
0.1932 55.737
1.1089
0.9284
1.0459
1.0087
Ans. (ai)
Dew point:
Temperature, K
y1
0.6
T1 = 366
p si
xi
147.653
T2 = 368
p si
xi
0.4117 156.206
T3 = 370
p si
xi
0.3892 165.137
0.3681
p si
T4 = 369
xi
160.62 0.3785
0.4
1.0
59.416
0.6821
63.283
0.6405
1.0938
67.350
1.0297
0.6018
65.29 0.6208
0.9699
0.9993
Ans. (a ii)
TBP
Cl1 dT
273.15
TBP
Cl2 dT
273.15
562.05 369.0
=
562.05 353.3
0.38
30 720
591.75 383.8
0.38
33 180
TDP
Cl1 dT
273.15
TDP
Cl2 dT
273.15
EXERCISE 5.25
Basis: 1 kmol natural gas
Temperature
ni
CH4
CO2
C2 H 6
C3 H 3
i-C4H10
n-C4H10
C5H12
C6H14
C7H18
0.8957
0.0112
0.0526
0.0197
0.0068
0.0047
0.0038
0.0031
0.0024
Total
1.0000
Ki
2.70
0.90
0.38
0.098
0.038
0.024
0.0075
0.0019
0.0007
0.1
0.01
0.041
0.2421
0.0059
0.0381
0.0179
0.0065
0.0046
0.0038
0.0031
0.0024
0.0354
0.0012
0.0019
0.0105
0.0051
0.0039
0.0035
0.0030
0.0024
0.0033
0.0001
0.0014
0.0019
0.0014
0.0014
0.0022
0.0026
0.0022
0.0140
0.0005
0.0053
0.0060
0.0036
0.0030
0.0032
0.0030
0.0024
0.3244
0.0769
0.0165
0.041
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.26
Basis: 1 kmol crude gas mixture from demethanizing unit
Cryogenic temp. in cold box = 111 K ( 162.15 C)
Component
yi
K*i
H2
CH4
C2H6
N2
0.750
0.200
0.045
0.005
49.73
0.057
9.45 105
1.158
1.000
L1 =
0.5
0.0148
0.1892
0.0450
0.0022
L2 =
0.25
0.0050
0.1708
0.0450
0.0011
L3 =
0.22
0.0042
0.1664
0.0450
0.0010
L4 =
0.215
0.0041
0.1655
0.0450
0.0010
V
0.7459
0.0345
Nil
0.0040
0.2512
0.2219
0.2166
0.2156
0.7844
Molar
( m i )
Hi , kJ/kg
mi Hi
mass
kg/h
at 2.75 MPa a
and 300.15 K
kW
H2
CH4
C2H6
N2
626.4
167.03
37.58
4.18
2
16
30
28
1252.8
2672.5
1127.4
117.0
3972.1
888.43
607.82
305.67
1382.29
659.54
190.35
9.93
Total
835.19
components
5169.8
2242.11
kmol/h
ni
Molar
mass
kg/h
( m i )
H2
CH4
C2H8
N2
622.98
28.81
Nil
3.34
2
16
30
28
1246.0
461.0
Nil
93.5
Total
655.13
Hi, kJ/kg
at 2.75 MPa a,
and 297.65 K
3935.7
883.44
604.90
303.17
1800.5
mi Hi
kW
1362.19
113.13
Nil
7.83
1483.19
H2
ni
kmol/h
3.42
Molar
( m i )
Hi, kJ/kg
mi Hi
mass
kg/h
at 140 KPa a,
and 297.15 K
kW
6.8
3917.6
7.40
CH4
C2H6
N2
138.22
37.58
0.84
Total
180.06
16
30
28
Recovery of hydrogen =
Purity of product hydrogen stream =
=
2211.5
1127.4
23.5
907.34
665.26
308.14
557.38
208.34
2.01
3369.3
775.13
EXERCISE 5.27
(a) C7H16(g) + 11 O2(g) 7 CO2(g) + 8 H2O(g)
Heat of combustion of n-heptane (g), DHc = 4501.46 kJ/kmol
7 C(s) + 7 O2(g) 7 CO2(g)
Heat of combustion of carbon (s), DHc = 393.51 kJ/kmol
8 H2(g) + 4 O2(g) 8 H2O(g)
Heat of combustion of hydrogen (g), DHc (g) = 241.82 kJ/kmol
Heat of formation of n-heptane (g) = Heat of combustion of carbon +
Heat of combustion of hydrogen Heat of combustion of n-heptane
DHf = 7 393.51 8 241.82 + 4501.46
= 187.67 kJ/kmol
Ans.
From Table AV.2 DHf = 187.78 kJ/kmol
(b) C2H5OH (g) 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)
Heat of combustion of ethyl alcohol (g), DHc = 1277.53 kJ/kmol
2 C(s) + 2 O2(g) 2 CO2(g)
3 H2(g) + 1.5 O2(g) 3 H2O(g)
D Hf of C2H5OH (g) = 2 393.51 3 241.82 + 1277.53
= 234.95 kJ/kmol
D
H
From Table AV.2,
= 234.95 kJ/kmol
f
(c) C4H6(l) + 5.5 O2 (g) 4 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)
Heat of combustion of butadiene (1,3), DHc = 2386.69 kJ/kmol
4 C(s) + 4 O2(g)
4 CO2(g)
3 H2(g) + 1.5 O2(g) 3 H2O(g)
D Hf of C4H6(l) = 4 393.51 3 241.82 + 2386.69
Ans.
= 87.19 kJ/kmol
From Table AV.2, D Hf = 87.19 kJ/kmol
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.28
(a)
(b)
D Hf (l) =
241.82 kJ/kmol
2442.5 kJ/kg
44.002 kJ/mol
241.82 44.002
= 285.82 kJ/mol
D Hf (g) for methanol = 200.94 kJ/mol
Ans.
Watson equation:
512.5 298.15
lv at 298.15 K for methanol = 35 210
512.5 337.7
= 38 048 kJ/kmol
D Hf (l) = 200.94 38.05 = 238.99 kJ/mol
0.38
Ans.
NIST equation:
For methand, pc = 80.84 bar, Tc = 512.5 K
At T = 298.15 K Tr = 0.5818
lv at 298.15 K= 45.3 e(0.31)(0.5818) (1 0.5818)0.4241
= 37.485 kJ/mol
DHf (l) = 200.94 37.485
= 238.43 kJ/mol
(c)
Ans.
Watson equation:
552 298.15
l v = 26 740
552 319.04
= 27 627 kJ/kmol
0.38
EXERCISE 5.29
Basis: 1 kg NaHCO3
D H ro = ( 1130.68 393.51 241.82) 2( 950.81)
= + 135.61 kJ/2 mol NaHCO3
+ 67.805 kJ/mol NaHCO3 (endothermic)
Molar mass of NaHCO3 = 84.0066
Moles of NaHCO3 = 1000/84.0066 = 11.904 mol/kg
Heat to be supplied for dissociation = 67.805 11.904
Ans.
= 807.15 kJ/kg NaHCO3
EXERCISE 5.30
D H ro = D Hfo
products
D Hfo
reactants
EXERCISE 5.31
Basis: 100 kg CH4 reformed
Input heat balance:
Gas
kg
Molar kmol
Tempera-
mass
ture K(C)
ni
kJ/kmol
100
100
100
16
32
18
6.250
3.125
5.55
698 (425)
698 (425)
1253 (980)
38 416
+ 2 102
192 447
240 100
+ 65 691
1068 081
Total 300
14.925
1242 490
CH4
O2
H2O
mass
ni
ture K(C)
kJ/kmol
H2
27.3
H2O 79.2
CO 149.8
CO2 50.7
2
18
28
44
13.65
4.40
5.10
1.15
1198 (925)
1198 (925)
1198 (925)
1198 (925)
+ 35 134
194 882
76 942
339 706
+ 479 579
857 481
392 404
390 662
Total 300.0
24.30
1160 968
Gas
kg
Heat of reaction,
+ DHf )i, kJ
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.32
Basis: 0.1 kg coke and N2 flow of 0.025 L s1. These are same bases as those
of Exercises 3.24 and 4.1.
Reaction: CH0.6 + 1.6 O2 =
CO2
+
0.6 H2
101.1 1.6 0
393.51
0.6 ( 241.82)
DHf
D H r = 393.51 0.6 241.82 + 101.1
= 393.51 145.09 + 101.1
= 437.5 kJ/1.6 mol oxygen
(exothermic)
Actual oxygen consumed = 0.128 mol
Heat generated = 437.5 0.128/1.6
= 35 kJ
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.33
Many data are taken from Example 4.20.
Heat capacity Data of RII Exit Gas stream
Component
CH3OH
.
ni
kmol/h
1.415
35.2
72.0
83.0
63.9
218.267
10 520.5
CO2
16.481
352.1
1059.5
676.6
161.5
CO
1.857
53.9
5.2
21.6
8.7
H2
3.714
106.3
3.8
0.5
2.9
CH4
1.16
22.3
60.5
13.9
13.1
1.858
122.3
O2
159.270
4145.1
1872.2
373.1
89.6
N2
1082.930
32 044.9
5567.3
14 276.2
5380.0
H2O
268.04
8709.2
21.3
3541.0
1218.9
Total
1754.852
56 111.8
2483.2
16 885.5
6609.8
HCHO
(CH3)2O
In the gas to gas heat exchanger, air is preheated from 308.15 K to 523.15 K. Air
flow rate is 1395.1 kmol/h against 1363.1 kmol/h in Example 4.10.
From Example 5.37 (Table 5.31),
523.15
Cmpa
308.15
T1
(93/125)
T1
Cmpme dT = (1395.1/1363.1)
351. 47
Cmpa dT
523.15
504.9
f2 = (93/125)
504.9
Cmpme dT + (1395.1/1363.1)
298.15
Cmpa
298.15
.
ai ni
CH3OH
HCHO
0.93
92.07
23.1
4437.7
47.3
54.5
42.0
CO2
CO
H2
CH4
(CH3)2O
O2
6.537
0.737
1.474
0.460
0.737
236.865
139.7
21.4
43.2
8.9
48.5
6164.6
420.2
2.1
1.5
24.0
2784.4
268.3
8.6
0.2
5.5
554.9
64.1
3.5
1.1
5.2
133.2
N2
H2O
1082.930
120.974
32 044.9
3930.7
5567.3
9.6
14 276.2
1598.2
5380.0
550.1
Total
1543.714
46 861.7
2282.4
15 119.6
6048.8
613.15
f 3 =
Cmpr1
dT
298.15
351. 47
Cmpa
dT
298.15
613.15
f4 =
Cmpr2 dT
298.15
6388.71 kW
Heat transfer in RII = 15 260 251 + 22 999 351 18 246 584
= 20 013 018 kJ/h
5559.17 kW
RII exit gases leave the gas heat exchanger at 383.15 K (110C).
Heat transfer in BFW heater and heat exchanger
613.15
383.15
33 886 821
2629.3
12 888.2 kg/h
93 + 140.548
233.548 kmol/h
233.548 4551 263
125
8503 506 kJ/h
2362.01 kW
8503 506
2119.7
= 4011.7 kg/h
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.34
(a) Basis: 1 kmol CH4
Reaction: CH4 + C2H4 = C3H8 (gaseous)
Gas
D Hf
kJ/kmol
CH4
C2H4
C3H8
74 520
+ 52 550
104 680
b 103
c 106
d 109
52.1135
155.0213
306.264
11.973
81.5455
158.6316
11.3173
16.9755
32.1455
+ (89.0591 106/3)(298.15)3
(26.4873 109/4)(298.15)4
= 82 710 + 8828 4406 + 787 52
= 77 553 kJ/kmol heat of reaction at 0 K
D HrT = 78 154 27.598 T + 49.565 103 T2 29.686 106 T 3
(b)
D Hf
110.53
241.82
393.51
all in kJ/mol
= 41.16 kJ/mol
Gas
a
CO2
H2
CO
H2O
21.3655
28.6105
29.0277
32.4921
64.2841
1.0194
2.8165
0.0796
c 103
d 103
41.0506
0.1476
11.6437
13.2107
9.7999
0.769
4.7063
4.5474
+ 4.956 109 T 4
(c) Basis = 1 kmol CO consumed or CH3OH produced
CO(g) + 2 H2(g) = CH3OH(g)
Ans.
Gas
DHf
kJ/mol
CH3OH
CO
H2
200.94
110.53
O
Constants of C mp
equation
a
24.8692
29.0277
28.6105
b 103
c 103
d 103
50.8755
2.8165
1.0194
58.6278
11.6437
0.1476
45.1266
4.7063
0.769
EXERCISE 5.35
Let H be enthalpy in kJ/kg, T be temperature in K and p be pressure in bar a
H=
H
1.055 056 2.204 623
H
2.326
t = 1.8T 459.67
p
and
p =
or
p = 14.503 77 p
14.503 77
Substitute these values in equation.
H
= 34.38 + 0.7209 (1.8T 459.67)
2.326
105
1075
.
+ 7.763 106 (1.8T 459.67)2 +
14.503 77 p
Simplifying
17.2403 103
H = 846.934 + 2.9884 T + 58.5038 106T2 +
Ans.
p
=
EXERCISE 5.36
Basis: 100 kmol outgoing gas mixture
Gas
kmol ni
incoming
outgoing
CO2
H2
CH4
CO
58.9
47.94
57.10
41.10
1.68
0.12
Total
107.84
100.00
a
21.3655
28.6105
19.2494
29.0277
b 103
c 106
d 109
64.2841
1.0194
52.1135
2.8165
41.0506
0.1476
11.973
11.6437
9.7999
0.769
11.3173
4.7063
T1 = 298.15 K, T2 = 588.15 K
H1 =
T2
(ni c pi ) dT
T1
T3
(ni c pi ) dT
298.15
EXERCISE 5.37
Basis: 100 kmol dry gas mixture, entering the shift converter.
Refer Exercise 5.32 (b).
T1 = 618.15 K
DH rT1 = 41 160 7134 + 12 993 5197 + 723
= 39 775 kJ/kmol CO
T2 = 783.15 K
DH rT2 = 41 160 9039 + 20 857 10 570 + 1863
= 38 049 kJ/kmol CO
Average heat of reaction, DHrT = [ 39 775 + ( 38 049)]/2
= 38 912 kJ/kmol CO
Gas
CO
H2
CO2
N2
Ar
H2O
(H H + DHf ), kJ/kmol
618 K
783 K
95 804
17 723
370 400
18 029
218 133
90 644
22 585
362 262
23 126
211 933
38912 a
12.485 a
=
K
3116.7 + 3757.6 x
1 + 1.206 x
12.5 a
K
1 + 1.2 x
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.38
Basis: Flowrate of offgases from uranium oxide dissolver
= 38.3 Nm3/h
Flow rate = 919.2 Nm3/day 41.01 kmol/day
NO2 entering the reactor = 41.01 0.025
= 1.025 kmol/day
Reaction:
8 NH3(g) + 6 NO2(g) = 7 N2(g)
DHf : kJ/mol
45.94
33.18
0
o
DH r = 241.82 12 (45.94 8 + 6 33.18)
= 2733.4 kJ/6 mol NO2
455 567 kJ/kmol NO2 (exothermic)
Total heat generated = 455 567 1.025
= 466 956 kJ/d 5.405 kW
Theoretical NH3 required = 4 1.025/3 = 1.367 kmol/d
Actual NH3 fed = 2 Nm3/h 0.089 kmol/h
2.141 kmol/d
Excess NH3 = [(2.141 1.367)/1.367]/100
= 56.6%
+ 12 H2O(g)
241.82
Ans. (a)
Reactants:
Component
.
n i, kmol/d
N2
O2
NO2
H2O
NH3
11.278
2.051
1.025
26.656
2.141
.
n i a i
337.73
53.38
24.17
866.11
54.92
Total
41.099
1336.31
464.49
178.3
.
n i, kmol/d
N2
O2
H2O
NH3
12.474
2.051
28.706
0.774
.
n i a i
369.12
53.38
932.72
19.85
Total
44.005
1375.07
539.14
196.05
EXERCISE 5.39
Basis: 38.3 Nm3/h offgases
Flow rate = 41.01 kmol/d (Ref. Exercise 5.38)
NO2 entering the reactor = 41.01 0.035
= 1.435 kmol/d
.
n i a i
Constants of Cmp
.
.
n i bi 103
n i ci 106
.
n i di 109
N2
O2
NO2
H2O
NH3
10.868
2.051
1.435
26.656
2.141
321.59
53.38
33.84
866.11
54.92
55.87
24.11
76.91
2.12
71.68
143.27
4.80
45.19
352.14
0.75
53.99
1.15
9.38
121.22
6.6
Total
43.151
1329.84
118.95
446.17
173.58
.
n i a i
.
n i di 109
N2
O2
H2O
NH3
12.544
2.051
29.526
0.228
371.13
53.38
959.36
5.85
64.48
24.11
2.35
7.63
165.34
4.80
390.06
0.08
62.31
1.15
134.27
0.7
Total
44.347
1389.72
30.39
550.68
198.43
Enthalpy of product gas stream (excluding extra N2 supply) at 753.15 K over 298 K,
f2 = 1389.72 (753.15 298.15)
30.39 103 (753.152 298.152)/2
EXERCISE 5.40
Basis: 1 kmol toluene
O2 requirement for benzaldehyde production = 1 kmol
Excess O2 = 100%
Actual O2 supply = 2 kmol
N2 supply = 2 79/21 = 7.524 kmol
Air supply = 2 + 7.524 = 9.524 kmol
DHor = 36.7 241.82 (50.17) = 328.69 kJ/mol
Side reaction is the standard combustion reaction.
DHoc = 3772.0 kJ/mol (NHV)
Toluene burnt to CO2 and H2O = 0.005 kmol
Total toluene converted = 0.13 kmol
Total oxygen consumed = 0.125 + 0.005 9
= 0.17 kmol
Toluene reacted to benzaldehyde = 0.13 0.005 = 0.125 kmol
Total heat produced at 298.15 K (25C)
= 0.125 328 690 + 0.005 377 200
= 42 972 kJ
Inlet gas mixture is at 448.15 K (175C):
10.524
mole %
niai
nibi 103
9.5
19.0
71.5
35.19
52.05
222.64
563.18
23.51
38.68
349.80
4.69
99.19
82.59
1.12
37.38
548.01
255.30
44.09
100.0
239.500
nici 106
nidi 109
10.404
mole %
n i a i
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
8.36
17.59
72.32
1.20
0.34
0.19
30.62
47.63
222.64
16.25
0.75
0.65
489.97
21.51
38.68
2.25
304.32
4.29
99.19
1.44
0.26
71.85
1.03
37.38
0.34
0.09
100.00
257.30
475.05
210.60
33.69
EXERCISE 5.41
Basis: 1 kmol S2(g)
Stoichiometric CH4 requirement = 0.5 kmol
Actual supply of natural gas = 2 kmol
Actual CH4 supply = 2 0.6 = 1.2 kmol
Excess CH4 = 1.2 0.5 = 0.7 kmol
% Excess = 0.7 100/05 = 140
Conversion = 80%
S2 reacted = 0.8 kmol
Ans. (a)
CS2 produced
76 0.4
=
= 30.4 kg/kmol
S2 fed
1
Ans.(b)
kmol, ni
mole %
CH4
S2
N2
1.20
1.00
0.80
40.0
33.3
26.7
Total
3.00
100.0
(H Ho + DH f )i,
kJ/kmol at 720 K
(427C)
38 305
22 951
20 537
ni (H H o + DHf)i,
kJ
45 966
22 951
16 430
6 585
Products:
Gas
kmol, ni
mole %
CH4
S2
CS2
H2S
N2
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.8
26.67
6.67
13.33
26.66
26.67
Total
3.0
100.00
(H Ho + DHf ),
at 977 K (704 C)
20 257
+ 33 118
+ 32 118
45 137
+ 29 322
ni (H Ho + DHf ), kJ
16 206
+ 6 624
+ 12 843
36 110
23 458
9 391
Ans. (c and d)
1168.62
(298.15 - 31.616)
Ans. (e)
EXERCISE 5.42
Basis: 3 kmol H2S supply, including the bypass
Out of 3 kmol, 1 kmol H2S enters the furnace and 2 kmol bypass the furnace.
3
H2S(g) + O2(g) = SO2(g) + H2O(g)
(1)
2
(2)
SO2(g) + 2 H2S(g) = 3 S(l) + 2 H2O(g)
kmol
2.1 1.5 = 0.6
0.333 + 7.9 = 8.233
1.0
Total
9.833
mole %
6.11
83.73
10.16
100.00
Ans. (a)
Heat balance across furnace boiler:
DHr
= 241.82 296.83 ( 20.63)
= 518.02 kJ/mol H2S
Since the reactants are at 298.15 K (25 C), DHRectants = 0
Product stream from furnace boiler:
Component
ni kmol mole %
O2
H2O
SO2
N2
0.6
1.0
1.0
8.233
5.54
9.23
9.23
76.00
n i a i
15.615
32.492
24.771
243.622
Total
10.833
100.00
316.500
ni bi 103
7.053
0.08
62.948
42.326
27.755
ni ci 106 ni di 109
1.406
0.337
13.211
4.547
44.258
11.122
108.535 40.902
76.082
34.664
Ans. (c)
EXERCISE 5.43
Basis: 100 kmol fresh ethylene feed (96% pure)
Heat capacity constants for combined (mixed) feed:
Component
ni kmol
Constants of Cmp
ni ai
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
C2H4
H2O
N2
0.5483
0.3564
0.0953
2.262
11.58
2.82
84.998
0.028
0.49
44.711
4.708
1.256
9.308
1.621
0.473
Total
1.0000
16.662
84.536
38.747
7.214
Component
ni kmol
C2 H 4
H2O
N2
C2H5OH
0.5356
0.3382
0.0980
0.0282
2.210
10.989
2.9
0.294
83.029
0.027
0.504
5.908
43.676
4.468
1.292
2.326
9.092
1.538
0.487
0.111
1.0000
16.393
88.46
40.242
7.178
Total
ni ai
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
EXERCISE 5.44
Standard heat of reaction at 25 C (298.15 K),
DHr = 479.8 92.31 (484.2) 0 (Appendix AIV.2)
= 87.91 kJ/mol reactant
Average temperature = (40 + 100)/2 = 70C
Mean Heat Capacity at 100C (373.15 K)
Component
State
Acetic acid
Hydrogen chloride
MCA
Chloride
Liquid
Gas
Liquid
Gas
Cpmi, kJ/(kg K)
1.686
0.7977
1.88
0.45
Cpmi values are calculated using, equations given in Tables 5.1 and 5.3.
DHr at 100C (373.15 K)
= 87.99 1000 + (1.88 + 0.7977 1.686 0.485) (373.15 298.15)
= 87 842 kJ/kmol reacant
87.842 kJ/mol reactant
Ans.(a)
.
Let
nt = Molar flow rate of gas-vapour mixture, leaving the reactor, kmol/h
Basis: 100 kg/h MCA production rate molar production rate =
kmol/h
Molar feed rate of chlorine = 1.2 10.582
= 12.6984 kmol/h
Chlorine gas, leaving the reactor = 12.6984 10.582
= 2.1164 kmol/h
1000
= 10.582
94.5
and
1642.540
373.15 - 39.764
pCl
pvMCA =
pt =
=
+ pHCl =
pCl2 + pHCl
pt
1733.960
373.15 - 92.154
0.0331 bar
24.8 Torr
1.1 atm = 836 Torr
pCl + pHCl + 0.5 426.9 + 0.5 24.8
2
610.15
nCl2 + nHCl
nt
10.582 + 2.1164
610.5
=
nt
836
nt = 17.3888 kmol/h
nAA =
nMCA =
This gas-vapour mixture, is cooled to 40C (313 K) with the help of cooling
water in overhead condenser. Trial and error method is adopted to find the
condensation rates.
Trial - I: Assume total condensation of acetic acid and MCA.
xAA = Mole fraction of AA in the condensed liquid
=
4.4398
= 0.9451
(4.4398 + 0.2579)
Assume a pressure drop of 50 Torr in the heat exchanger. Gases leave the overhead
condenser at
pt = 836 50 = 786 Torr and 40C
At
T = 40 + 273.15 = 313.15 K,
pvAA = 0.0472 bar
35.4 Torr
pvMCA = 0.0007 bar
0.52 Torr
786 = pHCL + pCl + 0.9451 35.4 + 0.0549 0.52
2
pCL + pHCl = 752.51 Torr
2
10.582 + 2.1164
752.51
=
nt
786
t = 13.2635 kmol/h
n
AA =
n
MCA =
n
=
xMCA =
pCl + pHCl =
2
=
t =
n
0.9387
0.0613
786 0.9387 35.4 0.0613 0.52
752.74 Torr
(10.582 + 2.1164) 786
752.74
= 13.2595 kmol/h
AA =
n
MCA =
n
4.4398 - 0.5646
=
x
AA
(4.4398 - 0.5646) + (0.2579 - 0.538 10-3 )
= 0.9377
x
MCA = 0.0623
Both these values are close enough to xAA and xMCA and hence new trial is not
justified.
Acetic acid condensed = (4.4398 0.5646) 60
= 232.51 kg/h
MCA condensed = (0.2579 0.538 103) 94.5
= 24.32 kg/h
Heat duty of overhead condenser:
fc = sensible heat transfer of gas-vapour mixture + Latent heat transfer for
condensation of AA and MCA vapours + Subcooling of condensed
liquid
= 150.13 kg/h
m MCA
= 12.21 kg/h
AA = 232.75 kg/h
m
MCA = 24.32 kg/h
m
AA =
m
MCA =
m
0 + 232.75
= 116.38 kg/h
2
0 + 24.32
= 12.16 kg/h
2
Cpi, kJ/(kg C)
0.4864
0.7977
1.2254
1.0467
CLi, kJ/(kg C)
1.7
1.9
AT 70C (143.15 K), following latent heats of vaporization are calculated using
Watson equation.
lAA = 25 668 kJ/kmol = 427.8 kJ/kg
lMCA = 33 633 kJ/kmol = 355.9 kJ/kg
fc = (150.26 0.4864 + 386.24 0.7977 + 150.13 1.2254 + 12.21
1.0467) (100 40) + (232.51 427.8 + 24.32 355.9) + 116.38 1.7
+ 12.16 1.9) (100 40)
= 34676.3 + 108 123.3 + 13 248.6
= 156 048.2 kJ/h 43.347 kW
Ans.(b)
Energy balance around reactor:
Heat to be removed in jacket = Heat produced in reaction Heat removed in
overhead condenser.
= 87 842 10.582 156 579
= 772 965 kJ/h 214.713 kW
Ans.(c)
EXERCISE 5.45
The rate of chemical reaction is
R =
dM
= M {e ( 0.080 73 T -40.1841) } /183 672
dG
Energy balance:
249.972 48 1.675 (T1 535) = 607 (0.027 52)
T1 535 = 0.04
T1 = 535.04 K
Similar iterations can be performed for 24 seconds which are tabulated below.
Time
s
Mass of reactants,
kg
Rate of recion,
kg/s
Reaction temperature,
K
250
0.027 52
535.04
249.972 48
0.027 60
535.08
249.944 88
0.027 69
535.12
249.917 19
0.027 77
535.16
249.889 42
0.027 86
535.204
249.861 56
0.027 96
535.245
249.833 60
0.028 05
535.286
249.805 55
0.028 14
535.327
249.777 41
0.028 23
535.368
249.749 18
0.028 32
535.409
10
249.720 86
0.028 41
535.450
11
249.692 45
0.028 50
535.491
12
249.663 95
0.028 59
535.533
13
249.635 36
0.028 68
535.575
14
249.606 68
0.028 78
535.617
15
249.577 90
0.028 87
535.659
16
249.549 03
0.028 97
535.701
17
249.520 06
0.029 06
535.743
18
249.491 00
0.029 16
535.785
19
249.461 84
0.029 25
535.828
20
249.432 59
0.029 35
535.871
21
249.403 24
0.029 45
535.914
22
249.373 79
0.029 55
535.957
23
249.344 24
0.029 65
536.000
24
249.314 59
At q = 24 s, M = 249.319 59 kg
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.46
Heat of crystallisation is just opposite the heat to solution.
Heat of crystallisation = 17.58 kJ/mol (exothermic)
17 580/280.7
62.63 kJ/kg NiSO4 7 H2O
where molar mass of NiSO4 7 H2O = 280.7
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.47
Heat of crystallisation = 11.95 kJ/mol (exothermic)
CuSO4(s) + 5 H2O(l) CuSO4 5 H2O(s)
771.36
5 ( 285.83)
DHf
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.48
Basis: 1 mol KCIO3
Molar mass of KClO3 = 122.5
Water, present in KClO3 = 5.56 mol
5.56 18 100.08 kg
Mass % KClO3 = 122.5 100/(122.5 + 100.08)
= 55.04
For preparation of 1000 kg solution,
KClO3 dissolved = 0.55 1000 = 550 kg
DH = 37 260 kJ/kmol KClO3 (endothermic)
Heat absorbed = 37 260 550/122.5 = 167 290 kJ Ans.
EXERCISE 5.49
(a) Basis: 200 kg NaClO3 dissolved to produce 40% solution
From Fig. 5.35, integral heat of solution for 40% solution
= + 157 kJ/kg NaClO3 (endothermic)
For dissolution of 200 kg NaClO3,
heat absorbed = 157 200 = 31 400 kJ
(b) Basis: 500 kg of 30% NaClO3 solution
NaClO3 dissolved = 500 0.3 = 150 kg
From Fig. 5.35, integral heat solution for 30% solution,
= 176.3 kJ/kg NaClO3 (endothermic)
For 150 kg NaClO3 dissolution, heat absorbed = 150 176.3
= 26 445 kJ
(c) Integral heat of solution of 40% soln. = + 157 kJ/kg NaClO3
Integral heat of solution of 20% soln. = + 190 kJ/kg NaClO3
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.50
Molar mass of KOH = 56.1056
Molar mass of H2O = 18.0153
mol of Molar mass
mass
mole
Enthalpy HE, Excess HE, Excess
H2O/mol of 1 mol fraction of fraction
of
enthalpy, enthalpy,
of KOH KOH and KOH in
of KOH formation kJ/mol
kJ/kmol
number of solution
in
at 298.15 K, KOH
solution
mol H2O
wi
solution kJ/mol KOH
0
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
6
8
10
12
15
20
25
30
40
50
75
100
150
200
110.1515
119.1592
128.1668
137.1745
146.1821
164.1974
200.2280
236.2586
272.2892
326.3351
416.4116
506.4881
596.5646
776.7176
956.8706
1407.2531
1857.6356
2758.4006
3659.1656
0.5093
0.4708
0.4378
0.4090
0.3838
0.3417
0.2802
0.2375
0.2061
0.1719
0.1347
0.1108
0.0940
0.0722
0.0586
0.0399
0.0302
0.0203
0.0153
0.2500
0.2222
0.2000
0.1818
0.1667
0.1429
0.1111
0.0909
0.0769
0.0625
0.0476
0.0385
0.0323
0.0244
0.0196
0.0132
0.0099
0.0066
0.0050
424.764
469.462
471.302
472.955
474.503
475.712
477.093
478.775
479.725
480.306
480.825
481.189
481.302
481.369
481.461
481.520
481.595
481.637
481.700
481.742
44.698 11174.50
46.538 10341.78
48.191 9638.20
49.739 9043.45
50.948 8491.33
52.329 7475.57
54.011 6001.22
54.961 4996.45
55.542 4272.46
56.061 3503.81
56.425 2686.90
56.538 2174.54
56.605 1825.97
56.697 1382.85
56.756 1112.86
56.831 747.78
56.873 563.10
56.936 377.06
56.978 283.47
HE, Excess
enthalpy,
kJ/kg solution
0.5093
0.4708
0.4378
0.4090
0.3838
0.3417
0.2802
0.2375
0.2061
0.1719
0.1347
0.1108
0.0940
0.0722
0.0586
0.0399
0.0302
0.0203
0.0153
101.45
86.79
75.20
65.93
58.09
45.53
29.97
21.15
15.69
10.74
6.45
4.29
3.06
1.78
1.16
0.53
0.30
0.14
0.08
0.1
0.2
0.3
40
60
80
100
200
0.4
0.5
0.6
EXERCISE 5.51
(a) Locate two points on Fig. 5.16. One point corresponds to 60% NaOH at
373 K (100C). Another point corresponds to pure water (i.e. 0% NaOH)
at 308 K (35C). Draw a line joining the two points. The line intersects
vertical axis of 10% NaOH at 335 K (62C).
(b) H1 = Enthalpy of 10% NaOH soln. at 335 K (62C)
= 231.3 kJ/kg solution
(from Fig. 5.16)
H2 = Enthalpy of 10% NaOH soln. at 298.15 K (25C)
= 100 kJ/kg solution
(from Fig. 5.16)
Enthalpy to be removed = 231.3 100 = 131.3 kJ/kg solution
Ans. b (i)
Specific heats of 10% NaOH solution at 335 K (62C) and 298.15 K (25C) are
3.84 and 3.78 kJ/(kg solution K) as read from Fig. 5.4.
Average specific heat = (3.84 + 3.78)/2
= 3.81 kJ/(kg soln K)
Heat removed = 3.81 (335 298)
= 141 kJ/kg solution
Ans. b (ii)
EXERCISE 5.52
Basis: 100 kg 32% N solution
Urea dissolved = 50 kg
N from urea = 50 0.4665
= 23.325 kg
Required N from NH2NO3 = 32 23.325
= 8.675 kg
NH4NO3 dissolved =
80.0434 8.675
2 14,0067
o
m = 0.3097 1000/25.213
= 12.2833 molality of NH4NO3 1.1758 NH2CONH2
Additional urea dissolved =
50
0.3641
60.0553
= 0.8326 0.3641
EXERCISE 5.53
Basis: 100 kg 20% N solution
NH4NO3 dissolved = 30 kg 0.3748 kmol
N from NH4NO3 =
28.0134 30
80.0434
= 10.5 kg
Required N from urea = 20 10.5
= 9.5 kg
Urea dissolved =
9.5
= 20.364 kg
0.4665
0.3391 kmol
H2O in solution = 100 30 20.364
= 49.636 kg
2.755 kmol
Urea/NH4NO3 = 0.3391/0.3748
= 0.9048
0.3391
= 0.2884 kmol 288.4 mol
1.1758
0.2884 1000
= 5.81
49.636
EXERCISE 5.54
When mole fraction of ester is 0.95 in solution,
enthalpy of mixing = 326.6 kJ/kg solution
Molar mass of ester (CH3COOC2H5) = 88
Mass of CH3COOC2H5 per kmol mixture, m2 = 88 0.95
Integral heat to solution of ester = 326.6/(88 0.95)
= 3.907 kJ/kg ester
In a similar manner, following table is prepared.
Mole
fraction of
C2H5OH
0.05
Mass of
C2H5OH
mole
fraction
Mass of
CH3COOC2H5
per kmol
of
per kmol
mixture CH3COOC2H5 mixture
(m1) kg
(m2) kg
2.3
0.95
83.6
Mass
fraction
of
ester
0.973
Internal heat
of solution
kJ/kmol kJ/kg
soln.
ester
(H)
(H/m2)
326.6
3.907
(Contd.)
(Contd.)
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
0.95
4.6
9.2
13.8
18.4
23.0
27.6
32.2
36.8
41.4
43.7
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.05
79.2
70.4
61.6
52.8
44.0
35.2
26.4
17.6
8.8
4.4
0.945
0.884
0.817
0.742
0.657
0.561
0.451
0.324
0.175
0.091
596.1
1032.3
1319.8
1467.0
1486.1
1385.8
1176.3
859.1
531.3
245.8
7.527
14.663
21.425
27.784
33.775
39.369
44.557
48.813
60.375
55.864
Integral heat of mixing (in kJ/kg ester) and mass fraction of ester are plotted
below.
Ans.
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.091
0.175
0.324
0.451
0.561
0.657
0.742
0.817
0.884
0.945
EXERCISE 5.55
Basis: 1 kmol mixture
Enthalpy of 0.18 kmol ethanol at 318.15 K over 273.15 K:
H1 = 0.18
318.15
Cl1 dT
273.15
0.973
318.15
Cl2 dT
273.15
EXERCISE 5.56
Basis: 100 kg mixed acid
Refer Exercise 3.14.
For producing 100 kg mixed acid having 39% HNO3, 42% H2SO4 and 19%
H2O,
68.3% HNO3 requirement = 57.1 kg
97.9% H2SO4 requirement = 42.9 kg
Component
(Acid)
68. 3 % HNO3
97.9% H2SO4
Mixed acid
Enthalpy
at 303 K
(0 C)
kJ/kg
113.8
+ 32.1
Enthalpy
at 313 K
(0 C)
kJ/kg
144.9
EXERCISE 5.57
Basis: 100 kg spent acid
Let x = amount of 98% H2SO4 to be added, kg and
y = amount of 69% HNO3 to be added, kg
Total acid after mixing = 100 + x + y
H2SO4 balance:
44.4 + 0.98 x = 0.4 (100 + x + y)
(1)
HNO3 Balance:
11.3 + 0.69 y = 0.25 (100 + x + y)
(2)
Solving the equations, x = 22.84 kg 98% H2SO4
y = 44.11 kg 69% HNO3
Ans. (a)
Amount,
kg
mi
Acid
spent acid
69% HNO3
98% H2SO4
fortified mixed acid
100
44.11
22.84
166.95
215.8
191.8
10.5
284.7
mi hi
kJ
21 580
8 460
600
47 531
Ans.(b)
EXERCISE 5.58
Basis: 100 L solution containing 4.5% NH3
Use Fig. 5.22.
Locate a point representing liquid ammonia (w = 1.0) at 240 K (33C).
Locate another point representing water (w = 0) at 298 K (25C).
Join both the points. Line crosses 4.5% NH3 at 305 K (32C) having an enthalpy
value of 93.16 kJ/kg solution.
Enthalpy of 4.5% NH3 at 298.15 K(25C) = 67.17 kJ/kg solution
Change in enthalpy = 93.16 67.17 = 25.99 kJ/kg solution (exothermic)
Total solution = 100 0.98 = 98 kg
Heat evolved = 25.99 98 = 2547.0 kJ Ans.(i)
Ammonia dissolved = 98 0.045 = 4.41 kg
0.259 kmol
Use data, contained in Table 5.59.
For use of the Data of Table 5.59, heat of formation of liquid NH3 is required at
240 K ( 33C). From Fig. 5.22,
Enthalpy of anhydrous NH3 at 298.15 K (25C) = 464.9 kJ/kg NH3
Enthalpy of anhydrous NH3 at 240 K ( 33C) = 211.1 kJ/kg NH3
Heat evolved by cooling anhydrous NH3 = 464.9 211.1
= 253.8 kJ/kg
4322.5 kJ/kmol NH3
D Hf at 298.15 K (25C) of vapour NH3 = 46.11 kJ/mol NH3
Use Eq. (5.25). l v = 23 346 kJ/kmol at T = 239.7 K
n = 0.38, Tc = 405.6 K (Ref. Table 5.5)
0.33
LM
N
OP
Q
0.33
107.5
405.5 298.15
lv
=
=
165.8
405.5 239.8
23.325
l v = 23.35 0.848 = 19 775 kJ/kmol at 298.15 K
D Hf of liquid NH3 at = 46 110 4322.5 19 775
= 70 207.5 kJ/kmol
EXERCISE 5.59
Basis: 1000 kg 15% solution
NH3 content of the solution = 1000 0.15 = 150 kg
8.8075 kmol
From Table 5.59,
D Hf at 298.15 K (25C) of 32% NH3 solution = 77.707 kJ/mol NH3
15.9% NH3 solution = 79.319 kJ/mol NH3
4.5% NH3 solution = 80.073 kJ/mol NH3
When 32% NH3 solution is diluted to 15.9% NH3 soln.,
heat evolved = 79.319 ( 77.707) = 1.612 kJ/mol NH3
When 4.5% NH3 soln. is concentrated to 15.9% NH3 soln.,
heat absorbed = 79.319 ( 80.073) = + 0.754 kJ/mol NH3
Now on Fig. 5.22, locate points representing 32% NH3 (mass) at 298.15 K
(25C) and 4.5% (mass) NH3 at 298.15 K (25C). Join both the points.
Measure distances from intersection point on 15.9% NH3.
Distances to both the points are measured to be 24.4 and 17.6 linear units,
respectively.
24.4
Requirement of 4.5% soln. =
1000 = 580.6 kg
(24.4 + 17.6)
Ammonia content of 4.5% soln. = 580.6 0.045 = 26.13 kg
1.534 kmol
Heat absorbed = 1.534 0.754 1000 = 1156.8 kJ
Requirement of 32% soln. = 1000 580.6
= 419.4 kg
NH3 content of 32% soln. = 419.4 0.32 = 134.2 kg
7.88 kmol
Heat evolved = 7.88 1.612 1000
= 12 702.6 kJ
Net heat change = 12 702.6 1156.8
= 11 545.8 kJ (evolved)
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.60
Basis: 100 kmol/h gas mixture entering the absorber
Gas mixture enters the absorber at 318.15 K (45C) and leaves from the top at
303.15 K (30C).
Total pressure at absorber top = 6.85 kPa g
= 108.175 kPa a
ni
kmol/h
ni bi 103
2803.71
1922.50
ni ci 106
644.15
867.44
ni di 109
608.87
143.86
CH4
CH3Cl
53.80
18.30
ni ai
1035.62
247.83
CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CCl4
HCl
2.65
0.65
0.15
24.45
44.81
19.67
7.52
741.05
372.20
98.20
22.15
186.04
249.17
77.14
19.79
324.23
63.04
21.55
5.90
105.96
100.00
2096.50
5032.72
245.16
480.48
Total
Component
ni
kmol/h
ni ai
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
CH4
CH3Cl
CH2Cl3
CHCl3
CCl4
H2O
53.80
18.30
2.65
0.65
0.15
3.082
1035.62
247.83
44.81
19.67
7.52
104.93
2803.71
1922.50
372.20
98.20
22.15
29.74
644.15
867.44
249.17
77.14
19.79
101.70
608.87
143.86
63.04
21.55
5.90
63.02
Total
78.632
1460.38
5189.02
467.76
437.54
EXERCISE 5.61
HE = H Hid
[Eq. (5.74)]
Hid = x1 H1 + x2 H2
Reference temperature, t0/T0 = 0C/273.15 K
Enthalpy of cyclohexane (1) at 50C over 0C,
H1 = 155.78 (323.15 273.15)
= 7789 kJ/kmol
Enthalpy of cyclohexanone (2) at 50C over 0C,
H2 = 176.84 (323.15 273.15)
= 8842.0 kJ/kmol
HE can be calculated for x1 = 0.1 and x2 = 0.9 as
HE = 0.1 0.9 [3836.7 959.3 (0.9 0.1) + 815.2 (0.9 0.1)2 485.6
(0.9 0.1)3]
= 300.81 kJ/kmol mixure (endothermic)
In a similar manner, HE can be calculated for x1 = 0.1 to 1 in steps of 0.1.
x1
HE
(endothermic)
Hid
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0
300.81
551.95
746.00
881.66
959.18
975.61
920.21
769.70
483.70
0
8842.0
8736.8
8631.5
8526.2
8420.9
8315.6
8210.2
8104.9
7999.6
7894.3
7789.0
8842.0
9037.6
9183.5
9272.2
9302.6
9274.8
9185.8
9025.1
8769.3
8378.0
7789.0
H1 = H + x2
dH
dx1
Similarly, H 2 = H x1
(1)
dH
dx1
(2)
H = Hid + HE
= 7789 x1 + 8842.0 x2 + x1x2 [3836.7 959.3 (x2 x1) + 815.2 (x2 x1)2
485.6 (x2 x1)3]
Substituting x2 = 1 x1 and simplifying,
H = 3884.8 x15 + 6451.2 x14 4137.8 x13 1635.6 x12 + 2153.9 x1 + 8842.1
dH
= 19424 x14 + 25 804.8 x13 12 413.4 x12 3271.2 x1 + 2153.9
dx1
Substituting x2 = 1 x1, H and
dH
in Eq. (1),
dx1
H1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
8842.0
9037.6
9183.5
9272.2
9302.6
9274.8
9185.8
9025.1
8769.3
8378.0
7789.0
10 591.5
10 126.2
9 688.5
9 310.6
8 988.0
8 697.4
8 415.8
8 139.0
7 900.3
7 789.0
H2
8 842.0
8 865.0
8 947.7
9 093.7
9 297.1
9 561.5
9 918.6
10 447.0
11 290.6
12 677.7
Following is the plot of H vs x1, H1 and H 2 are evaluated at x1 = 0.4 and x1 = 0.7.
Enthalpy (H)
kJ/kg solution
H2 at x1 = 0.4
H1 at x1 = 0.4
9000
H1 at x1 = 0.7
8500
8000
7500
0.2
0.4
x1
0.6
0.8
EXERCISE 5.62
t0/T0 = 0C/273.15 K
Enthalpy of benzene (1) at 298.15 K over 273.15 K,
H1 = 129.8 (298.15 273.15)
= 3245 kJ/kmol
Entalpy of cyclohoxane (2) at 298.15 K over 273.15 K,
H2 = 150.83 (298.15 273.15)
= 3770.75 kJ/kmol
4
3
H = 490.664 x1 + 645.318 x1 3309.315 x12 + 2628.911 x1 + 3770.75
H1 = 1471.992 x14 3253.292 x13 + 5245.269 x12 6618.63 x1 + 6399.661
H 2 = 1471.992 x14 1290.636 x13 + 3309.315 x12 + 3770.75
x1
HE
(endothermic)
H1
H2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
282.97
502.94
662.01
761.11
800.01
777.24
690.24
535.19
307.67
3770.75
4001.14
4168.54
4275.03
4321.56
4307.88
4232.54
4092.96
3885.34
3604.74
3245.0
5787.15
5262.08
4810.23
4420.92
4087.00
3804.84
3574.35
3398.97
3285.69
3245.0
3770.75
3802.70
3895.15
4045.66
4255.32
4528.75
4874.10
5303.05
5830.83
6476.20
5400
5000
4600
Enthalpy (H)
kJ/kg solution
H2 at x1 = 0.4
4200
H1 at x1 = 0.4
3800
H1 at x1 = 0.7
3400
3000
0.2
0.4
x1
0.6
0.8
EXERCISE 5.63
t0/T0 = 0C/273.15 K
Enthalpy of 1,2-dichloroethane(1) at 40C (313.15 K) over 0C (273.15 K)
H1 = 123.9 (313.15 273.15) = 4956 kJ/kmol
Enthalpy of dimethyl carbonate(2) at 40C (313.15 K) over 0C (273.15 K)
H2 = 173.33 (313.15 273.15) = 6933.2 kJ/kmol
H = 1040 x14 + 2161.41 x13 598.17 x12 2500.41 x1 + 6933.2
4
3
2
H1 = 3120 x1 8482.82 x1 + 7082.4 x1 1196.34 x1 + 4432.79
H 2 = 3120 x14 4322.82 x13 + 598.17 x12 + 6933.2
x1
HE
(exothermic)
H1
H2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0
56.25
112.95
160.87
193.30
205.99
197.21
167.71
120.76
62.11
0
6933.2
6679.24
6424.82
6179.18
5949.04
5738.69
5549.69
5381.47
5230.70
5091.64
4956.03
4375.81
4413.95
4507.54
4624.41
4739.87
4836.71
4905.23
4943.20
4955.88
4956.03
6933.2
6935.17
6927.54
6895.59
6832.12
6737.39
6619.16
6492.69
6380.70
6313.41
Enthalpy (H)
kJ/kg solution
7000
H2 at x1 = 0.3
H2 at x1 = 0.6 6500
6000
5500
5000
4500
0.2
0.4
x1
0.6
0.8
H1 at x1 = 0.3
H1 at x1 = 0.6
EXERCISE 5.64
Basis: 100 Nm3/h vent stream
Molar flow rate =
100
= 4.4615 kmol/h
22.414
5.357
= 107.14 kg/h
0.05
kmol/h
mole %
kg/h
mass %
NaOBr
NaBr
NaOH
H2O
Total
0.0558
0.0558
0.0223
5.7058
5.8397
0.96
0.96
0.38
97.70
100.00
6.634
5.741
0.893
102.792
116.060
5.72
4.95
0.77
88.56
100.00
Ans.(a)
Ans.(b)
EXERCISE 5.65
Basis: Flow rate of moist flue gas = 265 000 Nm3/h
Refer solution of Exercise 4.46.
Molar flow rate of ingoing gas mixture
= 7584.43 kmol/h at 106.6 kPa and 175C (448.15 K)
Moisture, entering with gas mixture
= 422.22 kmol/h
Dry flue gas flow rate = 7584.43 422.22 = 7162.21 kmol/h
Molar flow rates of incoming and outgoing flue gas (dry) remain constant as
SO2 reacted equals CO2 generation.
Moisture in outgoing gas mixture = 937.53 kmol/h
Water evaporated in absorber = 937.53 422.22 = 515.31 kmol/h
9275.6 kg/h
Composition of solution purged from system
Component
kg/h
mass %
kmol/h
mole %
Na2SO3
Na2CO3
H2O
Total
544.67
305.48
9 776.73
10 626.88
5.13
2.87
92.00
100.00
4.3213
2.8822
542.6904
549.8939
0.79
0.52
98.69
100.00
10 626.88
= 19.325 kg/kmol
549.8939
Fresh aqueous 30 % NaOH is made-up and its flow rate is 2545.7 kg/h. It enters
at 32C (305.15 K). 1 kg solution contains 0.3 kg NaOH or 0.002 83 kmol NaOH
and 0.7 kg H2O or 0.038 86 kmol H2O. In this solution,
0.038 86
H2O
=
= 13.73 kmol/kmol
0.002 83
NaOH
In the circulating solution,
H2O
98.69
Na 2SO3 = 0.79 = 124.92 say 125
H2O
98.69
=
= 189.79 say 190
Na 2 CO3
0.52
In all three cases, water to chemical ratio is quite high and hence standard heat of
formation of solution having 1 molality concentration (repressented by 'ai' in
Annexure V.1) values can be taken for calculations.
Reaction:
Na2CO3(sol) + SO2(g) = Na2SO3(sol) + CO2(g)
DHf
1157.38
296.83
1115.87
393.51
DHr = 1115.87 393.51 [1157.38 296.83]
= 55.17 kJ/mol SO2 reacted
SO2 reacted = 276.66 kg/h
4.3185 kmol/h
Heat generated, f1 = 55.17 1000 4.3185
= 238 252 kJ/h
66.181 kW
Enthalpy of water at 32C (305.15 K), same as that of make-up solution
= 134.0 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of water vapour at 50C (323.15 K)
= 2592.2 kJ/kg
Heat picked up by water = 2592.2 134.0
= 2458.2 kJ/kg
Heat absorbed by water,
f2 = 9275.6 2458.2
= 22 801 280 kJ/h
6333.689 kW
Mean heat capacity of flue gas,
Cmp = 30.7 kJ/(kmol dry gas K)
Heat given up by flue gas
f3 = 7162.21 30.7 (448.15 323.15)
= 27 484 981 kJ/h
7634.717 kW
Reference temperature,
t0/T0 = 32C/305.15 K
1154.671 3600
4 8
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.66
Refer solution of Exercise 5.44. Final vent gases have following composition
Component
kmol/h
mole %
Cl2
HCl
Acetic acid (AA)
Total
2.1164
10.5820
0.5646
13.2630
15.96
79.79
4.25
100.00
kg/h
mass %
150.065
385.829
33.905
569.799
26.34
67.71
5.95
100.00
Reactions:
2 NaOH(sol) + Cl2(g) = NaOCl(sol) + H2O(l) + NaCl(sol)
(1)
NaOH(sol) + HCl(g) = NaCl(sol) + H2O(l)
(2)
NaOH(sol) + CH3COOH(g) = CH2COONa(sol) + H2O(l)
(3)
Aqueous solution of 10% NaOH is used for scrubbing. Consider standard enthalpies
of formation of NaOH, NaOCl, NaCl and CH3COONa in 'ai' state for calculation
of heats of reaction.
From Appendix V.1 values are taken.
DHr1 = (347.3) + (407.27) + (285.83) 2[470.11]
= 100.18 kJ/mol Cl2
676.69
0.1
= 6766.9 kg/h
Water in the solution = 6766.9 676.69
= 6090.2 kg/h
NaOCl produced = 2.1164 kmol/h
157.55 kg/h
Water produced by reactions (2) and (3)
= 10.582 + 0.5646 + 2.1164
= 13.263 kmol/h
238.937 kg/h
NaCl produced = 10.582 + 2.1164 kmol/h = 12.6984 kmol/h
724.13 kg/h
CH3COONa produced = 0.5646 kmol/h
= 46.32 kg/h
Component
kg/h
mass %
NaOCl
NaCl
CH3COONa
H2O
Total
157.55
742.13
46.32
6329.14
7275.14
2.16
10.20
0.64
87.00
100.00
1656 559
7275.14 3.5
= 65.06 K or C
Aqueous 10% solution is introduced at 32C (305.15 K).
Temperature of outgoing solution = 32.5 + 65.06
= 97.56C say 97.6C or 370.75 K Ans.
EXERCISE 5.67
Energy balance:
Enthalpy of original weak solution + Enthalpy of oleum + Heat of dissolution
= Enthalpy final solution
0.195 ( 157.005) 1000 + 4.689 ( 0.084) 1000 + 0.718 ( 10.886) 1000 +
0.477 ( 81.643) 1000 + DHm = 0.913 ( 125.981) 1000
+ 5.166 ( 3.559) 1000
Solving the equation, DHm = 55 636 kJ/100 kg weak acid
= 556.36 kJ/kg week acid
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.68
From Fig. 5.5,
heat capacity of 53.8% acid at 291 K (18C) = 2.404 kJ/(kg K)
heat capacity of 53.8% acid at 373 K (100C) = 2.550 kJ/(kg K)
Average heat capacity of 53.8% acid = 2.477 kJ/(kg K)
Rise in temperature = 55 636/(166.05 2.477)
= 135.3 K
From Fig. 5.18, boiling point of 53.8% acid is 405 K (132C). Therefore aqueons
acid will boil.
EXERCISE 5.69
Basis: 100 kg oleum containing 41.2% free SO3
SO3 conent = 89.2 kg
(Ref. Table 5.64)
1.115 kmol
Water content of oleum = 100 89.2 = 10.8 kg 0.6 kmol
Heat balance:
(1.115 kmol SO3 is 0.6 kmol H2O) + kmol H2O + DHm
= (1.115 kmol SO3 in kmol H2O)
DHm + 1.115 ( 10 886) + 0.6 ( 81 643) = 1.115 ( 181 079)
or DHm = 140 779 kJ/100 kg oleum diluted
Ans.
EXERCISE 5.70
Let M be the kmol of the binary mixture in the flask after time q having the mole
fraction x of the components A. The fraction dM kmol boil off during the time
interval dq. Consequently let the composition of the binary drp by dx.
Overall material balance:
Q q = lv (M0 M)
or Q dq = lv dM
(1)
Component A, lost from the liquid mixture during time dq
= M x (M d M) (x dx)
(2)
ax
= dM
1 + (a - 1) x
ax
M x (M dM) (x dx) = dM
1 + (a - 1) x
Neglecting second order term dM dx,
ax
x dM + M dx= dM
1 + (a - 1) x
Dividing Eq. (5) by dM and substituting value of dM from Eq. (1),
M lv d x
ax
x
=
1 + (a - 1) x
Q dq
Eq. (1) can be rewritten as M = M0 (Q q/lv)
Substituting this value of M in Eq. (6),
Q q l d x
ax
x - M0
=
l v Q dq
1 + (a - 1) x
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Qq d x
M 0 lv
ax
=
x
1
M
l
Q
d
1
(
q
+
a - 1) x
0 v
(a - 1)(1 - x) x
1 + (a - 1) x
(9)
(10)
dq
[1 + (a - 1) x] d x
=
(1
Kq )
(a - 1)(1 - x) x K
(11)
dq
[(1 - x) + x + (a - 1) x]d x
=
(1
Kq)
(a - 1)(1 - x) x K
(12)
dq
dx
dx
dx
+
+
=
(1 - Kq )
K (a - 1) x
K (a - 1)(1 - x)
K (1 - x)
(13)
dx a dx
dq
1
+
=
(1 - Kq )
K (a - 1) x (1 - x)
(14)
x dx
q
x dx
dq
x + a (1 - x ) = (1 - K q )
x
0
x0
(15)
x
ln(1 - Kq )
(1 - x)
1
a ln
ln
=
K
(1 - x0 )
K (a - 1) x0
(16)
x (1 - x0 )a
1
ln
= ln (1 K q)
(a - 1)
x0 (1 - x)a
(17)
or (1 Kq)(a 1) =
x (1 - x0 )a
x0 (1 - x)a
for Kq < 1
Q.E.A.
EXERCISE 5.71
Basis:
Q
0.5 3600
=
= 1.1506 h1
M 0 lv
0.0467 33 500
x (1 - x0 )a
x0 (1 - x)a
Therefore (1 Kq)(a 1)
(1 Kq)
Kq
q
Overall material balance:
= 0.290 08
[Ref. Eq. (17) of Exc. 5.70]
= 0.290 08(1/1.16) = 0.3441
= 1 0.3441 = 0.6559
= 0.6559/1.1506 = 0.57 h
34.2 min
Ans.(a-i)
Qq = lv (M0 M)
[Ref. Eq. (1)]
0.5 3600 0.57 = 33 500 (0.0467 M)
or M = 0.016 07 kmol
1 kmol final mixture will contain (0.3 100 + 0.7 114)
= 109.8 kg material.
0.016 07 kmol mixture = 0.016 07 109.8 = 1.764 kg Ans.(a-ii)
2.16 =
0.5(1 - x)
0.5
(1 - x) 2.16
= 0.447 57
x
(1 - x) 2.16
= 0.672 72
or x = 1.5077 (1 x)2.16
By trial and error, x = 0.4366 or 43.66 mole % n-heptane
Ans. (b-i)
Overall material balance
0.5 3600 0.25 = 33 500 (0.0467 M)
or M = 0.0333 kmol
Molar mass of final mixture = 0.4366 100 + 114 0.5635
= 107.89
Left over quantity in the flask = 107.89 0.0333
= 3.59 kg
Ans. (b-ii)
EXERCISE 5.72
Basis: Ammonia feed to burner = 3266 Nm3/h
= 145.71 kmol/h
This basis is choosen to be same as that assumed in Exercise 4.48.
Total feed = Ammonia + Air (dry)
= 145.71 + 1311.41 = 1457.12 kmol/h
Ammonia content of the feed = 145.71 100/1457.12
= 10% (check !)
Yield of NO = Combustion efficiency as derived in Exercise 4.48
= 95%
Since both the conditions of the example are satisfied, the calculations of Exercise
4.48 can be utilised for the balance calculations.
Heat of reactions:
There are two reactions taking place in burner.
Reaction (1):
4 NH3 + 5 O2 =
4 NO +
6 H2O
4 ( 46.11)
5 (0)
4 (90.25)
6 ( 241.82)
DHf , kJ/mol
DHr1 = 6(241.82) + 4(+90.25) [4(46.11)]
= 905.48 kJ/4 mol NH3
226.37 kJ/mol NH3
ni
kmol/h
ai n i
bi n i 103
145.71
275.40
1 036.01
33.805
1 490.925
3 737.5
5 658.1
30 656.5
1 098.4
41 150.5
4 878.5
22 058.1
5326.1
2.7
21 613.2
ci n i 106
di n i 109
51.3
17 195.1
13 657.6
446.6
3 039.6
449.3
4 674.1
5 146.9
153.7
9 218.0
553.15
Cmp dT
298.15
air
Component
ni
kmol/h
NO
O2
N2
H2O
Total
n i ai
138.450
96.895
1039.645
252.375
1 527.365
4 082.4
1 990.7
30 764.0
8 200.2
45 037.3
n i bi 103
n i ci 106
n i di 109
284.2
7 760.8
5 344.8
20.1
2 151.9
1 569.7
6 049.8
13 705.5
3 334.1
12 559.5
667.3
1 644.5
5 165.0
1 147.7
5 335.5
f4 =
1183.15
298.15
109 T3) dT
= 45 488 086.1 kJ/h
12 635.579 kW
Let enthalpy of superheated ammonia be f5 at T K.
f3 + f5 + f1 + f2 = f4
f5 = 45 488 086.1 11 416 807.1 31 340 927 2298 661
= 431 691 kJ/h
=
Solving by mathcad,
Comp
298.15
am
dT
T = 378.45 K or t = 105.3C
Ans.
Stoichiometry and
Unit Operations
EXERCISE 6.1
Basis:
1200 2800
+
46
18
= 26.087 + 155.556
= 181.643 kmol/h
Ethanol with NBP = 78.25 C (351.4 K) is a more volatile component.
Ethanol content in feed, zF =
26.087
181.643
= 0.8182
Bottom product is nearly pure water.
xB = 0
Ethanol balance:
F z F = D xD + xB W
181.643 0.1436 = 0.8182 D + 0 W
D = 31.88 kmol/h
W= F D
= 181.643 31.88
= 149.763 kmol/h
Using data, contained in Table 6.21 enthalpy-concentration diagram for ethanolwater binary is prepared as under.
95
373
368
90
363
85
358
80
353
Temperature, K
Temperature, C
100
75
348
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Mole Fraction of Ethanol
t-x-y Diagram For Ethanol & Water
49100
49000
48900
48800
48700
48600
10200
48500
9800
48400
9400
48300
9000
48200
8600
48100
8200
48000
7800
7400
7000
6600
0.0
For distillate,
EXERCISE 6.2
Basis: 10 000 kg/h feed
Let D and B be the amount of distillate and bottom products, respectively.
Overall material balance:
D + B = 10 000
(1)
Balance of DEA:
0.5 10 000 = 0.99 D + 0.05 B
19.8 D + B = 100 000
(2)
Solving the equations, B = 5212.8 kg/h
D = 4787.2 kg/h
Ans. (a)
Enthalpy balance:
Enthalpy of distillate product, f1 = 4787.2 372.2
= 1781 795 kJ/h
494.94 kW
Reflux ratio = 0.8 kmol/kmol product
Total vapours, condensed in the overhead condenser
= 4787.2 (1 + 0.8) = 8617 kg/h
EXERCISE 6.3
Basis: Fresh feed rate of 10 000 kg/h of 50:50 mixture of toluene and
methylcyclohexane (MCH) by mass.
Let T1 and T2 be the extractive distillation column and solvent recovery column,
respectively.
Toluene feed to T1 = 5000 kg/h
It is desired to recover 95% toluene as an overhead product of 90% purity from
T2.
Material balance over T2:
Toluene in overhead product = 5000 0.95 = 4750 kg/h
Overhead product rate = 4750/0.99
= 4798 kg/h
MCH in bottom product = 4798 4750 = 48 kg/h
Bottom product of T2 tower is the recycled solvent.
Recycled solvent = 3.3 10 000 = 33 000 kg/h
Presence of toluene in the bottom product = 0.9%
Phenol in the recycled solvent = 33 000 0.991
= 32 703 kg/h
Toluene in the recycled solvent = 33 000 32 703
= 297 kg/h
Composition of F2:
Component
Toluene
MCH
Phenol
Total
kg/h
mass %
13.35
0.13
86.52
37 798
100.00
EXERCISE 6.4
Molar mass
mole %
kg
mass %
46
78
18
22.8
53.0
23.3
1048.8
4204.2
419.4
18.48
74.12
7.40
100.0
5672.4
100.00
C2H5OH
C6H6
H2O
Total
Bottom product W1 from C 1 is pure ethanol. Hence all water appear in the
ternary azeotrope.
Ethanol entering C 1 = 0.04 (100 + V3) kg
Overhead vapour =
0.04(100 + V3 )
= 54.054 + 0.540 54 V3
0.074
Ethanol balance:
Ethanol in
0.751 V2 = 0.11 D1
D1 = 6.827 V2
W2 = 0.53 D1 0.125 V2
Water balance:
Water in W2
= 0.35 D1 0.124 V2
= 0.35 (6.827 V2) 0.124 V2
= 2.2655 V2 kg
Quantity of W2 = 3.4933 V2 + 2.2655 V2
= 5.7588 V2 kg
Material balance across C 3:
Water, entering in fresh feed (F), must be purged out as W3 stream.
W2 = V3 + 4
5.7588 V2 V3 = 4
Water in V3 = 2.2655 V2 4
But V3 contains 4% water.
0.04 V3 = 2.2655 V2 4
or
56.6375 V2 V3 = 100
Solving Eq. (1) and Eq. (2),
V 2 = 1.887 kg and V3 = 6.8669 kg
Component
V3
W3
(1)
(2)
W2
kg
mass %
kg
mass %
kg
mass %
C2H5OH
H2O
6.5922
0.2747
96.00
4.00
0
4.000
0
100.00
6.5922
4.2747
60.66
39.34
Total
6.8669
100.00
4.0000
100.00
10.8669
100.00
Component
V2
D1
kg
mass %
0.2359
1.4171
12.50
75.10
H2O
0.2340
12.40
Total
1.8870
100.00
C2H5OH
C6H6
kg
V1
mass %
kg
mass %
6.8281
1.4171
53.54
11.11
10.6751
42.8160
18.48
74.12
4.5087
35.35
12.7539
100.00
4.2747
57.7658
Reflux R = V1 + V2 D1
= 57.7658 + 1.887 12.7539
= 46.8989 kg/100 kg fresh feed
7.40
100.00
Composition of Reflux
Component
kg
mass %
C2H5OH
C6H6
H2O
4.0829
42.8160
0
8.71
91.29
0
Total
46.8989
100.00
EXERCISE 6.5
(a) From Fig. 6.26,
Stream, leaving reaction section= R + P kmol
Light component balance:
R xR = (R+ P) xE P xP
or
xR =
( R + P) xE - Pxp
R
Since the above equation does not involve the term Fp, it is evident that
the recycle composition is independent of Fp, i.e. feed to the distillation
column.
Ans. (i)
Light component balance across the distillation column:
D xD + P xP = FP xE
and
D = FP P
xD =
FP xE - P xP
FP - P
FP xE - P xP
Fp - P
Fpm xE = P xP
F pm = P xP /xE
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.6
Molar mass of ACN = 41.0519
Molar mass of H2O = 18.0153
Feed contains 50% ACN by mass. 1 kg feed solution contains 0.5 kg or 0.0122
kmol ACN and 0.5 kg or 0.0278 kmol H2O.
Mole fraction of ACN in feed =
0.0122
(0.0122 + 0.0278)
= 0.305
Mole fraction of H2O in feed = 1 0.305
= 0.695
Basis: 100 kmol fresh feed
Mixed feed to CI = 100 + R kmol
Recycle stream contains 0.6 mole fraction ACN.
ACN in mixed feed = 100 0.305 + 0.6 R
= 30.5 + 0.6 R kmol
Bottom product from CI is pure water. Bottom product from CII is 99.0 mole %
ACN. ACN of fresh feed must be purged out as the bottom product of CII.
30.5
= 30.81 kmol
0.99
Water in bottom product = 30.81 30.5
= 0.31 kmol
ACN, contained in mixed feed is distilled as an azeotrope, containing 69.0 mole
% ACN.
30.5 + 0.6 R
0.69
= 44.203 + 0.8696 R
Water in D1 = 44.203 + 0.8696 R 30.5 0.6 R
= 13.703 + 0.2696 R kmol
Quantity of D1 =
D1 is fed to CII.
(13.393 + 0.2696 R )
0.4
= 33.4825 + 0.674 R
R = 102.7 kmol/100 kmol fresh feed
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.7
Basis: 100 m3/h of feed
Specific volume of feed gas mixture at 100 kPa and 318.15 K
= 26.455 m3/kmol
(Ref. Table 7.8)
Feed gas rate = 100/26.455 = 3.78 kmol/h
HCl in the feed gas = 3.78 0.35 = 1.323 kmol/h
Nitrogen in the feed = 3.78 1.323 = 2.457 kmol/h
HCl absorbed = 1.323 0.96 = 1.27 kmol/h
HCl unabsorbed = 1.323 1.27 = 0.053 kmol/h
HCl content of outgoing dry gas mixture =
0.053 100
(2.457 + 0.053)
= 2.11%
Vapour pressure of H2O at 308 K (35 C) = 5.6216 kPa
Ans. (b)
(Table 6.13)
kmol
5.6216
= 0.0596
kmol dry gas
100 - 5.6216
Total outgoing gas mixture = (2.457 + 0.053)(1 + 0.0596)
= 2.66 kmol/h
Specific volume of outgoing gas mixture at 98 kPa and 308.15 K
= 26.144 m3/kmol
(Ref. Table 7.8)
Volumetric flow rate = 2.66 26.144 = 69.543 m3/h
Ans. (a)
Water content of gas mixture =
Inlet kmol
ni bi 10
ni ci 106
ni di 109
N2
HCl
2.457
1.323
72.705
40.099
12.631
10.067
32.39
17.544
12.206
5.733
Total
3.780
112.804
22.698
49.934
17.939
46.355
= 1188.59 kg/h
0.039
C mp
equation constants
ni ai
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
N2
H2O
HCl
2.457
0.15
0.053
72.705
4.874
1.606
12.631
0.012
0.403
32.39
1.982
0.703
12.206
0.682
0.230
Total
2.660
79.185
13.022
35.075
13.118
Ans. (c)
EXERCISE 6.8
Basis: 1425 m3/h of gas at 303 K and 101.325 kPa
Specific volume
V = 24.876 m3/kmol
(Table 7.8)
Flow rate of gas = 1425/24.876
= 57.28 kmol/h
SO2 content of ingoing gas = 57.28 0.148 = 8.48 kmol/h
Inerts in the feed gas = 57.28 8.48
= 48.8 kmol/h
EXERCISE 6.9
Basis: 100 kg fresh feed
Refer Fig. E6.3
Point F on the ternary diagram represents 76% C9, 18% AcOH and 6% Ac2O by
mass. This point lies above the top binodal curve. Since distillation boundary
passes between the two binodal curves, one fractionating column will be sufficient
to separate total C9 from the feed mixture and the top product from column1
will be a ternary azeotrope. Point N represents pure C9. Join NS which will
intersect base line (0% C9) at S. Point R2 represents an azeotrope of C9 and
AcOH (63.4% by mass).
Quantity of mixture (represented by) S
FN
=
Quantity of N
FS
AR2
Quantity of mixture (represented by) S
5.6 units
=
=
7 units
Quantity of mixture (represented by) A
SR2
Quantity of mixture (represented by) A = 7 24/5.6 = 30 kg
Composition of A is read from the ternary diagram as AcOH: 0.728,
Ac2O: 0.2 and C9: 0.072 (mass fractions).
Quantity of R2 = Quantity of A Quantity of S
= 30 24
= 6 kg
F
0.7 B
IN
OD
AL
CU
RV R1
ILLA
E
TION
BOU
NDA
0.5
RY
TIF
0.5
C9
R2
6.0
LIN
1.0
LIN
Ac20
s%
0.5
1.0
0.1
BINODAL CURVE
Mass % HOAc
Fig. E6.3 Solutionof Exercise 6.8
A
S
6.0
HOAc
0.
6.0
as
0.3
0.3
0.7
TIF
s%
Ac
2O
DIST
as
M
AD1
Quantity of mixture (represented by) D
9.7 units
=
=
2.7 units
Quantity of mixture (represented by) A
R1 D
Quantity of D = 9.7 30/2.7 = 107.8 kg
Quantity of R1 = 107.8 30 = 77.8 kg
Compositions of R1 and D are calculated from the diagram as follows.
Stream
AcOH
0.372
0.47
R1
D
DM
76
DM
76
=
=
=
76 + 107.8 1838
.
DM + TN
ND
ND = 12.4 units
DM = 12.4 76/183.8 = 5.13 units
Composition of M is read from the diagram as:
AcOH: 27.6%, Ac2O: 6.3% and C9: 66.1% (mass %)
All the resuls are summarised for N = 1000 kg/h in Table 6.24 in the text.
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.10
Basis: 6500 m3/h of feed gas in terms of H2
Actual flow of feed gas = 6500/0.78
= 8333.3 m3/h
This flow is rated at 101.3 kPa and 300.15 K (27 C). However, the actual
conditions are 1.6 MPa g and 473.15 K(200 C).
Assuring ideal gas law,
actual flow = (101.3 8333.3 473.15)/(300.15 1701.3)
= 782.3 m3/h
Ans. (a)
Rest calculations will be based on 101.3 kPa and 300.15 K (27 C).
CO2 in inlet gas mixture = 8333.3 0.165 = 1375 m3/h
(H2 + inerts) = 8333.3 1375 = 6958.3 m3/h
EXERCISE 6.11
Basis: 3000 m3/h of gas mixture at 101.3 kPa and 300.15 K (27 C)
Actual flow rate at 4 bar g and 523.15 K (250 C)
= 101.325 3000 523.15/(300.15 501.325)
= 1056.8 m3/h
Ans. (a)
Rest other calculations are based on 101.325 kPa and 298.15 K (25 C).
CO2 in inlet gas = 3000 0.18 = 540 m3/h
CO2 free gas mixture = 3000 540 = 2460 m3/h
Flow of outgoing gas mixture = 2460/0.998
= 2464.9 m3/h
CO2 in outgoing gas mixture = 2464.9 2460
= 4.9 m3/h
CO2 absorbed = 540 4.9 = 535.1 m3/h
535.1/24.465 21.87 kmol/h
Ans. (b)
Change in CO2 content of DAPOL solution
= 5800 2200 = 3600 mL/L
Flow rate of aqueous DAPOL solution
=
5351
. 106
60 3600
= 2477.3 L/min
41.3 L/s
EXERCISE 6.12
Basis: 0.625 L/s (37.5 L/min = 2250 L/h) MEA solution flow rate
Gas inlet flow = 1000 m3/h of dry gas mixture
Ans. (c)
Gas enters the absorber at 101.3 kPa a and 333.15 K (60 C).
Vapour pressure of water at 333.15 K, pw = 19.92 kPa
(Ref. Table 6.13)
Moisture content of incoming gas mixture
=
19.92
= 0.2447 kmol/kmol dry gas
101.325 - 19.92
ni
kmol
N2
H2
CO
CO2
CH4
H2O
8.50
25.51
0.19
3.98
0.12
9.37
ni ai
251.52
729.85
5.52
85.03
2.31
304.45
Total
47.67
1378.68
ni bi 103
43.70
26.00
0.54
255.85
4.25
0.75
244.61
ni ci 106
112.05
3.77
2.21
163.38
1.44
123.78
72.33
ni bi 109
42.23
19.62
0.89
39.00
1.36
42.61
28.47
8.50
Cmp
equation constants
ni ai
251.52
ni bi 103
43.70
ni ci 106
112.05
ni bi 109
42.23
(contd.)
(contd.)
H2
CO
CO2
CH4
H2O
25.51
0.19
1.61
0.12
4.14
729.85
5.52
34.40
2.31
139.07
26.00
0.54
103.50
6.25
0.34
3.77
2.21
66.09
1.44
56.54
19.62
0.89
15.78
1.36
19.46
Total
40.07
1162.67
91.85
102.38
28.54
EXERCISE 6.13
Basis: 25 000 m3/h feed gas
Molar
Mole feed rate = 25 000/22.414
= 1115.4 kmol/h
Gas
Molar mass
kmol/h
kg/h
H2
HCl
N2
CCl4
2
36.5
28
154
921.3
12.3
129.4
52.4
1 842.6
449.0
3 623.2
8 069.6
Total
1115.4
13 984.4
13 984.4
1115.4
= 12.54
HCl absorbed = 12.3 0.999 = 12.29 kmol/h
Reaction: HCl (g) + NaOH(ai) = NaCl(ai) + H2O(l)
DHf
92.31
470.11
407.27
285.83
DHR = 407.27 285.83 ( 92.31 470.11)
= 130.68 kJ/mol HCl
NaOH required = 12.29 kmol/h
491.6 kg/h
Pressure of gas at oulet = 3.38 bar g
= 4.393 25 bar a
Gas mixture will leave saturated at 311.15 K (38C) at the top.
Total pressure = 338 kPa a
Vapour pressure of H2O at 311.15 K (38C), pw = 6.624 kPa
(Table 6.13)
Water content of outgoing gas mixture = 6.624/(439.325 6.624)
= 0.0153 kmol/kmol dry gas
Molar flow rate of outgoing dry gas mixture = 1115.4 12.29
= 1103.11 kmol/h
Water vapours, accompanying gas mixture = 1103.11 0.0153
= 16.878 kmol/h
303.8 kg/h
Composition of solution, leaving the absorber:
Component
NaCl
NaOH
H2O
Total
kg/h
mass %
17.65
2.40
79.95
4074.8
100.00
Ans. (a)
EXERCISE 6.14
Basis: Ammonia flow to burner = 3266 Nm3/h
Following data are tabulated from Excercise 4.48
Components
mole %
mole %
NO
O2
N2
138.45
96.9
1039.65
10.86
7.60
81.54
2.80
71.47
1326.73
0.20
5.10
94.70
Total
1275.00
100.00
1401.00
100.00
12.335
= 0.1246 kmol/kmol dry gas
- 12.335)
(111325
.
Total water in reactor outlet gas mixture = 252.375 kmol/h (Ref.Exercise 5.72)
Water, entering with secondary air = 363.39 29 0.016
= 168.6 kg/h
9.37 kmol/h
Water condensed in the cooler = 252.375 + 9.37 38.505
= 223.24 kmol/h
= 4018.32 kg/h at 313 K (40C)
Acid produced = 135.65 kmol/h
(same as NO consumed)
= 8546 kg/h at 100% concn. of HNO3
Final strength of acid = 58% (by mass)
Final acid quantity = 8546/0.58 = 14 734.5 kg/h
Water content of acid = 14 734.5 8546 = 6188.5 kg/h
Water consumed in the reaction = 135.65/2
= 67.825 kmol/h
1220.9 kg/h
Water balance across absorber:
Let a be the amount of demineralised water added,
4018.32 + a + 693.1 = 6188.5 + 3142.2 + 1220.9
a = 5840.18 kg/h
Reaction:
2 NO(g) + 1.5 O(g) + H2O(l) = 2 HNO3(l)
DHf
2 90.309
286.021
2 ( 174.213)
For finding the cooling load, enthalpy balance across the absorber has to be
made.
Absorber inlet gas enthalpy:
Temperature of inlet gas = 313.15 K (40C)
Component
C mp
equation constants
ni
kmol
ni ai
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
NO
138.45
4 082.4
284.2
1 569.7
667.3
O2
96.90
2 521.9
1139.1
227.0
54.5
N2
1039.65
30 764.2
5344.8
13 705.6
5165.0
Total
1275.00
37 368.5
4489.9
15 048.3
5886.8
313.15
o
Cmpair dT
298.15
(by Mathcad)
51.858 kW
Absorber outlet gas enthalpy:
Temperature of outlet gas = 323.15 K (50C)
C mp
equation constants
ni ai
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
NO
O2
N2
ni
kmol
2.80
71.47
1326.73
82.6
1 860.1
39 259.1
5.7
840.1
6820.7
31.7
167.4
17 490.2
13.5
40.2
6591.2
Total
1400.00
41 201.8
5986.3
17 354.5
6644.9
Component
ni di 109
= 409.6 m3/h
EXERCISE 6.15
Basis: 1000 kg/h oil-free solid meal
Solvent feed = 0.665 1000 = 665 kg/h
Oil content of solvent = 665 0.015 = 9.975 kg/h
Benzene in the solvent = 665 9.975 = 655.025 kg/h
Ans.
+ 507 0.1183
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.16
Basis: 7500 kg 29.6% Na2SO4 solution
Na2SO4 in the solution = 7500 0.296 = 2220 kg
Water in the solution = 7500 2220 = 5280 kg
Water lost by evaporation = 5280 0.05 = 264 kg
Water in the crystals and mother liquor = 5280 264
= 5016 kg
Let x be the amount of crystals produced.
Quantity of mother liquor = 5016 + 2220 x
= 7236 x kg
Balance of Na2SO4:
Na2SO4 in mother liquor = 0.183 (7236 x)
= 1324.19 0.183 x kg
x kg crystals will contain = (142 x/322) = 0.441 x kg Na2SO4
where molar mass of Na2SO4 = 142 and
Molar mass of Na2SO4 10 H2O crystals = 322
0.441 x + 1324.19 0.183 x = 2220
x = 3472.1 kg crystals
Mother liquor quantity = 7236 3472.1 = 3763.9 kg Ans.
EXERCISE 6.17
Basis: 100 kg initial solution
FeSO4 in solution = 28 kg
Associated water in crystals (FeSO4 7 H2O) = (126 28)/152
= 23.21 kg
FeSO4 7 H2O dissolved in water = 28 + 23.21
= 51.21 kg
Copper as dissolved = 51.21/0.96 = 53.34 kg
Free water in solution = 100 53.34 = 46.66 kg
Free water and impurities remain constant during crystallization and the total
quantity of the two figures should be taken for calculation purpose.
By cooling, solubility of FeSO4 is reduced to 20.51 kg per 100 kg water.
Associated water = (20.51 126)/152 = 17.0 kg
Free water = 100 17 = 83 kg
FeSO4 7H2O quantity = 20.51 + 17 = 37.51 kg
Crystals of FeSO4 7H2O per 1000 kg free water
= 37.51 100/83 = 45.19 kg
In the original solution, crystals of FeSO4 7H2O per
100 kg free water = (23.21 + 28) 100/(46.66 5)
= 122.92 kg
Yield per 100 kg free water = 122.92 45.19
= 77.73 kg
For 500 kg yield, original solution requirement
= (109.75 + 100) 500/77.73 = 1349.2 kg
Copperas to be charged = 1349.2 0.5334 = 719.7 kg
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.18
Basis: 1000 kg/h of feed (fresh) containing 20% NaNO3
Since the mother liquor of constant composition is recycled, whatever NaNO3
enters the system, the same must go out.
NaNO3 in fresh feed = 0.2 1000 = 200 kg/h
Crystals of NaNO3 contain 4% water.
Crystals quantity = 200/0.96 = 208.33 kg/h
Ans. (a)
Chemically bonded water = 208.33 200 = 8.33 kg/h
Let the quantity of recycled mother liquor = W kg/h
Solution fed to crystalliser = W + 208.33 kg/h
Feed to the crystallizer contains 58% NaNO3.
NaNO3 in the solution = 0.58 (W + 208.33)
EXERCISE 6.19
Basis: 675 kg/h liquid paraffin
Sensible heat lost by paraffin, f1 = 675 2.93 (332 320)
= 23 733 kJ/h 6.59 kW
Mechanical energy = 17 kW
Total heat gained by water = 1.92 3600 4.1868 5.8
= 167 847 kJ/h
46.62 kW
Heat taken up by water owing to crystallisation
= 46.62 17 6.59 = 23.03 kW
Crystals produced = 23.03 3600/168.7 = 491.5 kg/h
Crystallisation = 491.5 100/675 = 72.8%
EXERCISE 6.20
Basis: 100 kg feed
Water in the feed = 17.5 kg
Water in mother liquor = 17.5/2 = 8.75 kg
Urea in mother liquor = 8.75 205/100 = 17.94 kg
Quantity of mother liquor = (8.75 + 17.94)/(1 0.016)
= 27.12 kg
Ans.
0.07 100
(64.06 + 0.07)
= 0.11%
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.21
Basis: 1000 kg mixture
NaCl content of the mixture = 400 kg
NH4Cl content = 1000 400 = 600 kg
Since NaCl is less soluble than NH4Cl (at 323 K), all NH4Cl will dissolve and a
definite quantity of NaCl will remain undissolved.
Quantity of NaCl which will dissolve with 600 kg NH4Cl
= 14.26 600/22.50 = 380.3 kg
NaCl undissolved = 400 380.3 = 19.7 kg
Ans. (a-i)
Quantity of saturated solution = 380.3 + 600 + (600 100/22.50)
= 3647 kg
Ans. (a-ii)
Water content of saturated solution = 3647 380.3 600
= 2666.7 kg
NaCl which can be present in saturated solution at 283 K (10 C)
= 18.25 2666.7/100 = 486.7 kg
Additional NaCl which can be dissolved = 486.7 380.3
= 106.4 kg
NH4Cl remaining undissolved from the added mixture
= 106.4 60/40 = 159.6 kg
NH4Cl in saturated solution at 283 K = 12.49 2666.7/100
= 333.1 kg
NH4Cl crystallized out = 600 333.1 = 266.9
Total NH4Cl separated = 266.9 + 159.6 = 426.5 kg
Ans. (b i)
Additional salt treated = 106.4 + 159.6
= 266 kg
Ans. (b ii)
NH4Cl which can be present in saturated solution at 373 K (100 C)
= 33.98 2666.7/100 = 906.1 kg
Additional NH4Cl which can be dissolved= 40 (906.1 600)/60
=
NaCl remaining undissolved =
=
NaCl in saturated solution at 373 K =
=
NaCl crystallized out =
Total NaCl separated =
Additional salt which can be treated =
=
204.1 kg
40 306.1/60
204.1 kg
10.77 2666.7/100
287.2 kg
380.3 287.2 = 93.1 kg
204.1 + 93.1 = 297.2 kg
204.1 + 306.1
510.2 kg
Ans. (c)
EXERCISE 6.22
(a) Basis: 100 kg aqueous 20 % urea solution
Refer given below figure.
Solubility isotherms
Isoconcs of nitrogen
Phase boundaries
100%
H2O
5C
A
O
4N
40%N
100%
CO(Nh2)2
C
C
0
0
1
C
26.5C
0C
35%N
30%N
20C
C
20
H
2O
20%N
25%N
NH
10C
ICE (H2O)
C
1020C
C
30
NH4NO3
CO(Nh2)2
CO(Nh2)2
100%
B
NH4NO3
Point A represents 20% urea while point B represents 100 % NH4NO3. Join AB.
It intersects 25% N (isocon) at C.
AC
100
BC
2.031 units
=
100
1.285 units
= 158.05 kg
Requirement of NH4NO3 =
Ans.
Solubility isotherms
Isoconcs of nitrogen
Phase boundaries
100%
H2O
5C
35%N
40%N
100%
D
CO(Nh2)2
C
C
0
0
1
C
26.5C
0C
30%N
20C
C
20
25%N
H
2O
20%N
O3
4N
NH
10C
ICE (H2O)
C
10 0C
2 C
30
NH4NO3
CO(Nh2)2
CO(Nh2)2
100%
NH4NO3
Point D represents 100% urea and point E represents 40% NH4NO3. Join DE. It
intersects 30% N isocon at F.
EF
100
DF
1.578 units
= 1.574 units 100
= 100.25 kg
Salt-out temperature is read as 24.4C (297.55 K)
Algebraic method:
Let mb kg urea is required.
Nitrogen balance:
0.35 0.4 100 + 0.4596 mb = (100 + mb) 0.3
mb = 100.25 kg
Requirement of urea =
Ans.
100%
H 2O
5C
C
0
26.5C
35%N
40%N
100%
CO(Nh2)2
0C
30%N
20C
25%N
C
20
H
2O
20%N
O3
4N
NH
10C
ICE (H2O)
C
1020C
C
30
NH4NO3
CO(Nh2)2
CO(Nh2)2
100%
NH4NO3
Point G represents 70% urea while point H represents 50% NH4NO3. Join GH. It
intersects 25% N isocon at I.
NH4NO3 required =
HI
100
GI
1.104 units
= 1.155 units 100
mc = 95.58 kg
Salt-out temperature is read as 8.3C (264.85 k)
Algebraic method:
Nitrogen balance:
100 0.7 0.4596 + mc 0.5 0.35= (100 + mc) 0.25
mc = 95.6 kg
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.23
In example 5.48, solution contains 42.02 kg NH4NO3, 37.63 kg urea and 20.35
kg H2O.
Point representing this concentration on Fig. 6.32 reads salt out temperature to
be -7.9C (265.25 K)
Ans(a)
When the above solution is cooled to 20C, it will cool on the phase boundary
line between NH4NO3 and urea. At 20C, solution concentration is read as 37%
NH4NO3, 30% urea and 33% H2O (by mass).
Basis: 100 kg original solution.
It contains 20.35 kg water. Final solution contains 33% water.
20.35
= 61.67 kg
0.33
Final solution =
NH4NO3 in final solution =
Urea in final solution =
Water in final solution =
NH4NO3 crystallized out =
=
Urea crystallized out =
=
Total crystallized mass =
NH4NO3 in the mass =
=
Urea in the mass =
EXERCISE 6.24
(a)
or p = 0.5066 Pa
From Table 6.12 DP = 65.5C (207.65 K)
(b)
Or p = 4 Pa
Ans
EXERCISE 6.25
Purge gas rate = 8000 Nm3/h
= 356.9198 kmol/h
Vapour pressure of ice at 40C,
p w = 12.841 Pa
Total pressure = 45 bar a
= 45 105 Pa
Basis:
(dry)
(Ref. Table 6.12)
12.841
(45 105 - 12.841)
= 2.8536 106
kmol
kmol dry gas
EXERCISE 6.26
Vapour pressure of water of 308.15 K (35C) = 5.6216 kPa (ps)
% RH = 80
Partial pressure of water, p = 0.8 5.6216
= 4.4973 kPa
Vapour pressure of water at 304.15 K (31C)= 4.4911 kPa
(Table 6.13)
Hence DP of air is 304.15 K (31 C).
Ans. (b)
Absolute humidity H =
18
4.4973
29
(100 4.4973)
Ans. (a)
18
5.6216
29
(100 5.6216)
Ans. (c)
Ans. (d)
Ans. (e)
EXERCISE 6.27
Basis: 1 kg dry air
From Fig. 6.15:
At 367 K DB and 300.5 K WB, H1 = 20.7 g/kg dry air
and DP1 = 298.5 K (25.5C)
At 303 K DB and 50% RH, H2 = 13.2 g/kg dry air
and DP2 = 291.2 K (18.2C)
Moisture to be removed = 20.7 13.2
= 7.5 g/kg dry air
At DP1, lv1 = 2441.35 kJ/kg and at DP2, lv2 = 2458.54 kJ/kg
Average lv = (2441.35 + 2458.54)/2 = 2450 kJ/kg
Since the air will be fully saturated after the spray chamber, from Fig. 6.15,
i1 = 87.5 kJ/kg dry air
i2 = 51.5 kJ/kg dry air
Cooling load on the spray chamber = (87.5 51.5)
+ 0.0075 (307.15 291.2) 4.1868
= 36.5 kJ/kg dry air
Humid volume of air at 307 K DB and 300.5 K WB.
VH = 0.899 m3/kg dry air
1
Ans. (a)
(Table AIV.2)
Ans. (b)
pv
0.622 =
(101.325 - pv )
pv =
From Table 6.13,
DP =
i2 at 14.02C =
Cooling load for NCL =
0.01
1.604 kPa
14.02C (287.17 K)
39 kJ/kg dry air
87.5 39 + (0.0207 0.01)
(307.15 287.17) 4.186 8
= 48.5 + 0.9
= 49.4 kJ/kg dry air
Total cooling load = 66 704.8 49.4
= 329 522 kJ/h
915.34 kW
260.45 TR
At H = 0.01 kg/kg dry air and RH = 50%, DB requirement can be read as 25.2C
(298.35 K) from Fig. 6.15.
CHs = 1.006 + 1.84 0.01
= 1.0244 kJ/(kg dry air K)
Heating load = 66 704.8 1.0244 (298.35 287.17)
= 763 956 kJ/h
212.20 kW
Steam consumption for NCL = 763 956/2133
= 358.2 kg/h
Ans.(c)
Note: Calculations show that for achieving NCL conditions, refrigeration
requirement is 35.3% higher.
EXERCISE 6.28
Vapour pressure of water at 313.15 K (40 C) = 7.375 kPa
Absolute humidity, H =
7.375
18.015
(117.3 7.375)
44.01
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.29
Vapour pressure of water 291.15 K (18C) = 2.0624 kPa
Absolute humidity in chlorine gas =
2.0624
18.015
18.015
2.0624
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.30
Basis: 4 kmol HCl gas
Based on Table 5.53, following data are tabulated.
Component
HCl
O2
Cl2
N2
H2O
Total
kmol
Molar mass
kg
0.8
0.55
36.5
32
29.2
17.6
1.6
5.079
(1.6)
71
28
18
113.6
142.21
(28.8)
302.61
(331.41)
8.029 (9.629)
37.821
(37.69 + 37.821)/2
37.756
12.335 kPa
(Table 6.13)
12.335
18.015
Note: HCl to the tune of 4.334 kg is reduced from the exit gas quantity of
302.61 kg. Therefore one more trial is attempted.
Water content of exit gas mixture = (302.61 4.334) 0.066 08
= 19.71 kg 1.09 kmol
Water condensed = 28.8 19.71 = 9.09 kg
Aqueous acid = 9.09/0.67 = 13.567 kg/4 kmol HCl feed
3.39 kg/kmol HCl feed
close to previous value
HCl absorbed = 9.09 0.333/0.667 = 4.538 kg
0.124 kmol
Components ni kmol
ni ai
ni ci 106
ni di 109
HCl
0.68
20.610
5.174
9.017
2.947
O2
Cl2
H2O
N2
0.55
1.60
1.09
5.079
14.314
45.674
35.416
150.292
6.465
38.207
0.087
26.111
1.288
34.181
14.400
66.956
0.309
10.356
4.96
25.232
Total
8.999
266.306
13.474
54.904
22.474
EXERCISE 6.31
Refer solution of exercise 4.23.
Basis: Urea feed rate = 350 kg/h
Total CO2 liberated = 5.833 kmol/h
CO2 leave at 7 bar and 80C (353.15 K).
Antoine equation for SO3:
892.175
log p = 4.205 15 T - 103.564
At T1 = 353.15 K,
log p1 = 4.205 15
892.175
(353.15 - 103.564)
or p1 = 4.27 bar
4.27
SO3, carried with CO2 = 7 - 4.27
0.4614
SO2, leftover in CO2 = (6.7 - 0.4614)
= 0.074 kmol/kmol CO2
SO3 quantity in CO2 at the outlet of condenser,
= 5.833 0.074
= 0.4316 kmol/h
SO3 condensed (refluxed) = 9.1234 0.4316
Ans.
= 8.6918 kmol/h
695.344 kg/h
Latent heat removal, f3 = 695.344 42.55
= 29 587 kJ/h
8.219 kW
Gas mixture ingoing to condenser
.
Component
ni
Heat capacity equation constants
kmol/h
ni ai
ni bi 103 ni ci 106 ni di 109
CO2
SO3
5.8330
9.1234
124.62
201.06
374.97
1109.62
239.45
838.14
57.16
222.33
Total
14.9 564
325.68
1484.59
1077.59
279.49
353.15
298.15
109 T 3) dT
= 38 737 kJ/h
10.760 kW
Gas mixture outcoming from condenser
.
Component
ni
Heat capacity equation constants
kmol/h
ni ai
ni bi 103 ni ci 106 ni di 109
CO2
SO3
5.8330
0.4316
124.62
9.51
374.97
52.49
239.45
39.65
57.16
10.52
Total
6.2646
134.13
427.46
279.10
67.68
303.15
298.15
109 T 3) dT
= 1196.4 kJ/h 0.332 kW
Heat load of condenser,
fc = 38 737 + 29 587 1196.4
= 67 127.6 kJ/h
18.647 kW
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.32
Basis: 1103.1 kmol/h HCl free gas, entering the compressor (Ref. Excercise 6.13)
Antoine constants:
A = 4.02291 B = 1221.781 and C = 45.739
(Ref. Table 5.4)
Use Antoine equation 5.24.
Vapour pressure of CCl4 at 313.15 K (40 C), pv is given by
log p = 4.022 91
1221.781
(313.15 45.739)
1050.7
=
1130 28.44
= 27.127 kmol/h
CCl4 condensed = 52.4 27.127 = 25.273 kmol/h
3887.6 kg/h
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.33
Basis: 780 kmol of benzene-nitrogen mixture, entering the absorber
Vapour pressure of benzene at 313.15 K (40C) = 24.39 kPa
This vapour pressure is calculated using Antoine constants (Ref. Table 5.4);
A = 4.01814 B = 1203.835 and C = 53.226 and using Eq. (5.24).
Benzene content of incoming gas mixture = (24.39 780)/104
= 182.9 kmol
N2 entering with benzene = 780 182.9 = 597.1 kmol
Vapour pressure of benzene at 283.15 K (10C) = 6.06 kPa (Calculated)
Benzene content of outgoing gas mixture = 6.06/(101.325 6.06)
= 0.0636 kmol/kmol dry gas
Benzene unadsorbed = 0.0636 597.1 = 37.976 kmol
Benzene removal in adsorber = 182.9 37.976 = 144.924 kmol
11 320.3 kg
For removal of 1000 kg/h of benzene, the mass flow rate of bone
dry nitrogen = 597.1 28 1000/11 320.3
= 1476.9 kg/h
Ans.(a)
Change in benzene content of BD activated carbon
= 0.35 0.05 = 0.3 kg/kg
or p = 872.7 kPa a
Ans. (c)
EXERCISE 6.34
Basis: 1 kg bone dry soybean flakes
C6H14 removed = 0.61 0.025 = 0.585 kg/kg BD flakes
0.0068 kmol/kg BD flakes
New basis: 760 kmol gas mixture, entering the vessel.
For calculating vapour pressures of n-Hexane at various temperatures, Antoine
constants from Table 5.5 are used.
A = 4.00 266, B = 1171.530, C = 48.784
Use Eq. (5.24).
Temperature K (C)
283.15 (10)
293.15 (20)
343.15 (70)
0.1009 (10.09)
0.1616 (16.16)
1.0539 (105.39)
68.504
684.32 = 1428.31 kmol
(101.325 68.504)
p = 162.3 kPa a
Ans. (c)
EXERCISE 6.35
Basis: 100 kg/h wet pigment
Water in the pigment = 50 kg/h
Water in the dried pigment = 50 0.03/0.97
= 1.55 kg/h
Water evaporated = 50 1.55 = 48.45 kg/h
Air required for evaporation of water = 48.45 100/2.08
= 2329.3 m3/h
Ans. (c)
Vapour pressure of H2O at 294 K (21C) = 2.485 kPa
(Ref. Table 6.13)
Moisture content of incoming air = 2.485/(114 2.485)
= 0.022 28 kmol/kmol dry air
0.0218 kmol/kmol wet air
Specific volume of air at 114 kPa and 373.15 K(100C),
V = RT/p = (8.314 373.15)/114 = 27.213 m3/kmol
Molar flow rate of air = 2329.3/27.213
= 85.6 kmol moist air/h
Moisture, entering with air = 85.6 0.0218
= 1.866 kmol/h
BD air = 85.63 1.866 = 83.764 kmol/h
BD air requirement = 83.764/48.45
= 1.7289 kmol/kg moisture removed
Ans. (a)
H2O evaporated = 48.45/18 = 2.692 kmol/h
Total air, leaving the drier = 85.63 + 2.692 = 88.322 kmol/h (wet)
Moisture in outgoing air = 1.867 + 2.692 = 4.559 kmol/h
EXERCISE 6.36
Miscella contains 40% edible oil (having 872 molar mass) and 60% n-hexane.
(60 / 86)
Mole fraction of n-hexane = (60 / 86) + (40 / 872)
= 0.9383
Absolute pressure in vessel = 760 197.5
= 562.5 Torr
0.7401 atm
0.75 bar
At t/T = 60C/333.15 K, using Antoine constants vapour pressure of n-hexane =
0.7636 bar.
Partial pressure of n-hexane over
miscella = 0.9383 0.7636 (Raoult's law)
= 0.7165 bar
n-Hexane content of vapour from vessel
0.7165
= (0.75 - 0.7165)
313.15 K = 22.414
313.15 760
273.15 310
= 62.9974 m3/kmol
Gas mixture being ejected from the cooler (with cooling water) =
25
62.9974
= 0.3968 kmol/h
Vapour pressure of n-hexane at 313.15 K
= 0.3726 bar
n-Hexane content of gas mixture
0.3762
= (0.4133) = 0.9015 kmol/kmol mixture
30.7635 24
200
n-Hexane loss =
Ans.(b)
Enthalpy balance:
(a) System with only cooler:
Gas mixture leaving cooler
.
Component
ni
Heat capacity equation constants
kmol/h
ni ai
ni bi 103 ni ci 106 ni di 109
O2
N2
n-C6H14
0.0082
0.0309
0.3577
0.2134
0.9144
1.5793
0.0964
0.1589
208.1540
0.0192
0.4074
111.5517
0.0046
0.1535
23.2216
Total
0.3968
0.4515
208.0915
111.1635
23.0625
t0/T0 = 25C/298.15 K
Enthalpy of gas mixture, leaving cooler, at 313.15 K,
f2 =
313.15
298.15
109T 3) dT
= 6.8 + 954.05 155.81 + 9.9
= 801.34 kJ/h 0.223 kW
n-Hexane in gas mixture entering condenser = (21.388 0.0391)
= 0.8363 kmol/h
Gas mixture entering condenser
Component
.
ni
ni ci 106
ni di 109
kmol/h
ni ai
O2
N2
n-C6H14
0.0082
0.0309
0.8363
0.2134
0.9144
3.6924
0.0964
0.1589
487.0695
0.0192
0.4074
259.7882
0.0056
0.1535
52.6225
Total
0.8754
2.5646
487.0070
259.4000
52.4634
333.15
298.15
109 T 3) dT
= 89.8 + 5380.3 905.5 + 57.9
= 4442.9 kJ/h
1.234 kW
n-Hexane condensed = 0.8363 0.3577
= 0.4786 kmol/h
Average temperature of condensation =
Latent heat of n-hexane at 323.15 K,
40 + 60
= 50C or 323.15 K
2
0.38
507.6 - 323.15
lv2 = 28.85
507.6 - 341.9
= 30.05 kJ/mol
Heat given up during condensation
f3 = 0.4786 30.050
= 14 381.9 kJ/h 3.995 kW
Heat duty of cooler = f1 + f3 f2
= 4442.3 + 14 381.9 801.3
= 18 022.9 kJ/h
5.006 kW
(b) System with cooler and chiller:
Gas mixture, leaving chiller
.
Component
ni
Heat capacity equation constants
kmol/h
ni ai
ni bi 103 ni ci 106 ni di 109
O2
N2
n-C6H14
0.0082
0.0309
0.0281
0.2134
0.9144
0.1241
0.0964
0.1589
16.3520
0.0192
0.4074
8.7632
0.0056
0.1535
1.8242
Total
0.0692
1.0039
16.2895
8.3750
1.6651
263.15
298.15
109 T 3) dT
= 35.1 160.0 + 23.1 1.3
= 173.3 kJ/h 0.048 kW
40 - ( -10)
2
= 25C or 298.15 K
0.38
507.6 - 298.15
lv = 28.85
3
507.6 - 341.9
= 31.537 kJ/mol at 298.15 K
n-Hexane condensed in chiller = 0.3577 0.0281
= 0.3296 kmol/h
Heat given-up during condensation,
f5 = 0.3296 31 537
= 10 394.6 kJ/h
Heat load of chiller = f2 + f5 f4
= 801.3 + 10 394.6 (173.3)
= 11 369.2 kJ/h
3.158 kW
0.899 TR
Ans.
EXERCISE 6.37
Basis: 5 m/s paper speed
Production rate = 5 3600 3.8 0.081 24/1000
= 133 t/d on BD basis
Ans.(a)
Water content of paper, leaving the drier
= 0.05 133 1000/24 = 277 kg/h
Ans.(bi)
Filler Content = 0.2 0.95 133 1000/24 = 1052.92 kg/h
Ans.(bii)
Fiber in paper = 0.8 0.95 133 1000/24
= 4211.7 kg/h
Ans.(biii)
Water in the paper, leaving the presses
= (1052.92 + 4211.72) 0.6/0.4
= 7897 kg/h
Evaporation in the drier = 7897 277 = 7620 kg/h
Ans.(c)
EXERCISE 6.38
Basis: 1000 kg/h dried product
X1 =
0.3
= 0.4286 kg moisture/kg dry solid
1 - 0.3
0.02
0.0204 kg moisture/kg dry solid
1 - 0.02
.
mc = mass flow rate of dry carbon pellets
= 1000 (1 0.02)
= 980 kg/h
.
Let msi = mass flow rate of ingoing superheated steam, kg/h
.
mso = mass flow rate of outcoming superheated steam, kg/h
Reference temperature, t0/T0 = 0C/273.15 K
Energy balance:
.
.
.
.
mc is1 + msi Hsi = mc is2 + mso Hso + fL
where is1 = enthalpy of dry solid
= Cs(Ti T0) + XiCl(Ti T0)
= 1.3146 (303.15 273.15) + 0.4286 4.1868
(303.15 273.15)
= 93.272 kJ/kg dry solid
is2 = Cs (T t0) + X2Cl(T T0)
= 1.3146 (383.15 273.15) + 0.0204 4.1868
(383.15 273.15)
= 154 kJ/kg dry solid
From Appendix IV.2,
Hsi = 3074.5 kJ/kg at 300C (573.15 K)
Hso = 2776.3 kJ/kg at 150C (423.15 K)
These values are at atmospheric pressure.
.
.
980 93.272 + msi 3074.5 = 980 154 + mso 2776.3 + fL
Heat loss fL is 5% of total heat input
.
.
0.95 (980 93.272 + msi 3074.5) = 980 154 + mso 2776.3
(1)
Material balance:
.
.
.
mo(X1 X2) = msi mso
.
.
msi mso = 980 (0.4286 0.0204)
= 400 kg/h
(2)
Solving Eq. (1) and Eq. (2),
.
msi = 8130.15 kg/h
.
mso = 8530.15 kg/h
Ans.
X2 =
EXERCISE 6.39
Basis: Solution feed rate = 970 kg/h
.
Let
ma = mass flow rate of air through the drier on dry basis, kg/s
H1 = Humidity of ingoing air
= 0.036 kg moisture/kg dry air (Fig. 6.15)
X1 =
0.75
= 3 kg moisture/kg dry solid at inlet
(1 - 0.75)
X2 =
0.03
= 0.030 93 kg moisture/kg dry solid at outlet
(1 - 0.03)
.
ms = mass flow rate of dry solid
= 970 0.25 = 242.5 kg/h 0.067 36 kg/s
Moisture balance:
.
.
ms(X1 X2) = ma (H2 H1)
.
ma(H2 0.036) = 0.067 36 (3 0.030 93)
(1)
Enthalpy of solid at inlet above 0C (273 K),
is1 = Cs (ti 0) + X1 CL (ti 0)
= 1.4 (60 0) + 3 4.1868 (60 0)
= 837.6 kJ/kg dry solid
Enthalpy of solid at outlet above 0C (273 K)
is2 = Cs(t0 0) + X2CL(t0 0)
= 1.4 (70 0) + 0.030 93 (70 0)
= 100.165 kJ/kg dry solid
Enthalpy of at inlet of dryer above 0C (273.15 K),
ia1 = 1.006 (TDP 273.15) + H1.iws1 + CH (TDB1 TDP)
2
TDB1 = 280 + 273.15
= 553.15 K
TDP = 35 + 273.15 = 308.15 K
CH1 = 1.006 + 1.84 H1 = 1.006 + 1.84 0.036
= 1.072 24 kJ/(kg dry air K)
iws1 = Enthalpy of saturated water vapour at 35C (308.15 K)
= 2565.4 KJ/kg (Appendix IV.1)
ia1 = 1.006 (308.15 273.15) + 0.036 2565.4 + 1.072 24
(553.15 308.15)
= 390.26 kJ/kg dry air
Enthalpy of air, leaving the dryer,
ia2 = 1.006 (TDP 273.15) + H2.iws2 + CH (TDB2 TDP)
2
TDB2 = 80 + 273.15 = 353.15 K
15.002
18
H2 = (101.325 - 15.002) 29
= 0.107 87 kg/kg dry air
Ans(b)
ia2 = 1.006 (327.15 273.15) + 0.107 87 2599.2 + (1.006 + 1.84
0.107 87) (353.15 327.15)
= 366.02 kJ/kg dry air
.
From Eq. (1), ma (0.107 87 0.036) = 0.2
.
ma = 2.7828 kg/s 10 018 kg/h of dry air
Ans.(a)
From Eq. (2), ia2 351.23 = 44/2.7828
ia2 = 367.04 kJ/kg dry air
This value is close enough to ia2, calculated earlier.
Hence
tDP = 54C or TDP = 327.15 K
Heat duty of air heater,
.
f = ma(ia1 iaa)
Enthalpy of air at the heater inlet,
iaa = 1.006 (308.15 273.15) + 0.036 2565.4
= 127.56 kJ/kg dry air
f = 2.7828 (390.26 - 127.56)
= 731.042 kW
731.357
Fuel oil consumption = 41 300 0.7
= 0.025 29 kg/s
91.03 kg/h
Ans.(c)
EXERCISE 6.40
Basis: Feed flow rate of 50% solution = 50 000 kg/h
Caustic soda content of feed = 50 000 0.5
= 25000 kg/h
Concentrated solution leaves the evaporator with 75% concentration.
Flow of 75% solution =
25 000
= 33 333.33 kg/h
0.75
Economy of evaporator =
EXERCISE 6.41
Basis: Weak liquor flow = 50 L/s
Mass flow rate = 1.08 24 50 3600
= 4665 600 kg/d
Solids in the weak liquor = 4665 600 0.15 = 699 840 kg/d
Flow of concentrated liquor = 699 840/0.55
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 6.42
Basis: Weak liquor flow rate = 530 L/min (= 8.85 L/S)
Mass flow rate = 530 1.05 60 = 33 390 kg/h
Solids in the weak liquor = 33 390 0.1 = 3339 kg/h
Mass flow rate of concentrated liquor, leaving the final (4th)
Stage = 3339/0.5
= 6678 kg/h
Evaporation = 33 390 6678
= 26 712 kg/h (total in four effects) Ans. (a)
Effect No.
temperature,
K (C)
saturation
pressure, kPa a
latent heat of
evaporation, kJ/kg
1st
376
(103)
112.5
2249.1 (lv1)
2nd
367
(94.0)
81.5
2272.8 (lv2)
3rd
353.5
(80.5)
48.0
2308.0 (lv3)
4th
324.6
(51.6)
13.3
2379.2 (lv4)
3rd effect:
(W1 W2) lv2 = W2 cp3 (T3 T2) + (W2 W3) lv3
(W1 W2) 2272.8 = W2 (353.5 367) 4.1868 + (W2 W3) 2308.0
W1 1.991 W2 = 1.0155 W3
(3)
4th effect:
(W2 W3) lv3 = W3 cp4 (T4 T3) + (W3 W4) lv4
(W2 W3) 2308 = W3 (324.6 353.5) 4.1868 + (W3 6678) 2379.2
W2 1.978 W3 = 6884.01
(4)
Rewriting Eq. (4),
1.978 W3 = W2 + 6884.01
or
W3 = 0.5056 W2 + 3480.3
(5)
Substitute the value of W3 in Eq. (3).
W1 1.991
W2 = 0.5134 W2 3534.24
or
W1 1.4776 W2 = 3554.24
(6)
W1 0.5068 W2 = 16 747.05
(2)
()
(+)
()
W2 = 20 281.29
or
0.9708 W2 = 20 895.6 kg/h
W1 = 27 337 kg/h, W3 = 14 045.1 kg/h and
Ws = 10 191.6 kg/h
Steam economy = 26 712/10 191.6
= 2.621 kg evaporation/kg steam
Ans.
Simultaneous equations (1) to (4) can be conveniently solving with Mathcad.
EXERCISE 6.43
Basis: Weak liquor flow rate = 530 L/min (same as Excercise - 6.33)
Effect
No.
temperature,
K(C)
saturation
pressure, kPa a
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
362 (89.0)
347.5 (74.5)
337.5 (64.5)
324.6 (51.6)
67.5
37.6
24.5
13.3
latent heat of
evaporation, kJ/kg
2287.4 (lv1)
2323.0 (lv2)
2347.6 (lv3)
2379.1 (lv4)
2nd effect:
(W2 W1) lv1 = W3 cp3 (T2 T3) + (W3 W2) lv2
(W2 6678) 2287.4 = W3 (347.5 337.5) 4.1868 + (W3 W2) 2323.0
1.9495 W2 W3 = 6459.24
(2)
3rd effect:
(W3 W2) lv2 = W4 cp4 (T3 T2) + (W4 W3) lv3
(W3 W2) 2323.0 = W4 (337.5 324.6) 4.1868 + (W4 W3) 2347.6
2.0106 W3 W2 = 1.0318 W4
(3)
4th effect:
(W4 W3) lv3 = WF cpF (T4 T1) + (WF W1) lv4
(W4 W3) 2347.6 = 33 390 (324.6 313) 4.1868 + (33 390 W4) 2379.1
2.0134 W4 W3 = 34 528.8
(4)
From Eq. (2),
W2 = 3313.28 + 0.513 W3
(5)
Substitute W2 in Eq. (3).
2.0106 W3 3313.28 0.513 W3 = 1.034 W4
1.4976 W3 1.034 W4 = 3313.28
W3 0.69 W4 = 2211.39
(6)
Add Eq. (4) and Eq. (6) which yield W4 = 27 762 kg/h
Eq. (6) yields, W3 = 21 367 kg/h
Eq. (5) yields, W2 = 14 275 kg/h
Eq. (1) yields, Ws = 8294 kg/h
Steam economy = 26 712/8294
= 3.221 kg evaporation/kg steam
Ans.
Use of Mathcad is recommended for solving simultaneous equations.
EXERCISE 6.44
Basis: Pulp handling rate = 175 t/d
Feed rate of pulp slurry = (175 1000)/(3600 24 0.015)
= 135.03 kg/s
Salt in the slurry = 135.03 0.0925
= 12.49 kg/s
Liquor in the feed (with dissolved salt) = 135.03 0.985
= 133.0 kg/s
Flow of washed cake = 175 1000/(3600 24 0.18)
= 11.253 kg/s
Salt in the washed cake = 11.253 0.0163
= 0.183 kg/s
Ratio =
F 133.61 I a
H 12.307 K
a + 4.644 b = 0.0562
Solving the equations, a = 0.249 kg/s
b = 0.066 kg/s
(2)
(12.307 0.249)
100
12.307
= 97.98% say 98%
(0.249 0.183)
100
0.249
= 26.51%
(12.307 0.183)
100
12.307
= 98.51 %
Efficiency (overall) =
EXERCISE 6.45
Basis: 100 00 kg/h feed to the fractionator
Overall material balance:
F+S=W+Q+O
Ans.
(2)
Balance of CH3OH:
0.0202 10 000 + S 0 = W 0 + Q 0.1606 + O 0.093
0.58 O + Q = 1257.78
(3)
Ans. (a)
Molar
mass
kg/h
kmol/h
mole %
kg/h
kmol/h
85
32
18
92.28
194.22
922.87
1.086
6.069
51.271
1.86
10.39
87.75
75.71
7.76
0.891
0.243
1209.37
58.426
100.00
83.47
1.134
kmol/h
mole %
kg/h
2.83
10.53
86.64
215.14
300.94
1393.25
100.00
1909.38
Antoine constants
(Ref. Table 5.4)
CH2Cl2
CH3OH
H2O
H2O
A
B
C
4.536 91 1327.016 20.474
5.204 09 1581.341 33.500
4.6543
1435.264 64.848
From Appendix (A IV.2)
Calculated
Saturation
Temperature
Latent heat of
evaporation (lv)
K (C)
kJ/kmol kJ/kg
238.75 (34.4C)
31.72 373.5
289.55 (16.4C)
38.62 1205.3
369.52 (96.37C)
369.5 K
2267.3
Combustion
EXERCISE 7.1
GCV = 24 070 kJ/kg on dry ash-free basis
Moisture in coal = 100 24.6 49.8 20.3 = 5.3%
GCV on as-received basis = 24 070 (1 0.203 0.053)
= 24 070 0.744
= 17 908 kJ/kg
7699 Btu/lb
% C = 5.88 + 0.005 12 [7699 (40.5) (0.7)]
0.0053 [80 100 (24.6/49.8)]1.55 [Ref. Eq. (7.3)]
Since 100 (24.6)/49.8 < 80
% C = 5.88 + 39.27 + 1.06 = 46.21
Ans.
EXERCISE 7.2
Basis: 100 kg air dried coal
GCV = 27 235 kJ/kg on dry ash-free basis
O2 content of coal = 18.6 kg
= 0.581 kmol
Equivalent H2 = 2 0.581
= 1.162 kmol
Net H = 3.5 (1.162 2) = 1.176 kg or 1.176%
Ans. (a)
Moisture in coal = 4 kg
Combined water = 1.162 18 4 = 20.916 4
= 16.916 kg or 16.916%
Ans. (b)
GCV on as-received basis = 27 235 (1 0.142 0.04)
= 22 278 kJ/kg 9578 Btu/lb
Dlongs formula:
GCV = 33 950 0.615 (1 0.04) + 144 200 0.011 76 + 9400 0.004
= 20 044 + 1696 + 37.6
= 21 777.6 kJ/kg on as-received basis Ans. (c)
Calderwood equation:
Since 100(26.7/55.1) < 80
% C = 5.88 + 0.005 12(9578 40.5 0.4)
+ 0.0053 [80 (100 26.7/55.1)]1.55
Ans. (d)
Ans. (e)
Element
Mass,
kg
Molar
Mass
kmol
O2 requirement
kmol
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulpher
Oxygen
59.04
3.36
0.38
17.86
12
2
32
32
4.92
1.68
0.012
0.558
4.92
0.84
0.012
() 0.558
Total
84.0 (dry)
7.170
5.214
kmol
Orsat analysis
CO2
SO2
O2
N2
H2O
4.92
0.012
3.128
31.445
1.911
11.88
0.03
7.55
75.92
4.62
12.48
7.92
79.60
Total
41.416 (wet)
39.505 (dry)
100.00
100.00
Ans.(g)
EXERCISE 7.3
Basis: 100 kg fuel oil
(Carbon + Hydrogen) content of fuel oil =
=
Carbon in the fuel oil =
=
100 1.37
98.63 kg
9.33 98.63/10.33
89.08 kg
Combustion
237
EXERCISE 7.4
(a) Gaseous n-propanol:
Formula: C3H8O
Water formed = 4 mol/mol n-propanol
= 72.06 kg/kmol n-propanol
NCV = 2068.65 2442.8 72.06/1000
= 1892.72 kJ/mol
(b) Liquid acetone:
Formula : C3H6O
Water formed = 3 mol/mol acetone
= 54.045 kg/kmol acetone
NCV = GCV 2442.8(H2O produced)
= 1790.02 2442.8 54.045/1000
= 1658.00 kJ/mol
Ans.
Ans.
EXERCISE 7.5
NCV of CH4 = 802.62 kJ/mol at 298.15 K
(a) Specific energy consumption
= 22.0193 802.62 103/106
= 17.673 GJ/t NH3
(b) Specific energy consumption
= 25.9715 802.62 103/106
= 20.845 GJ/t NH3
EXERCISE 7.6
Specific energy consumption
= 31.2091 802.62 103/106
= 25.049 GJ/t CH3OH
Ans.
EXERCISE 7.7
NCV of motor spirit = 44 050 kJ/kg at 298.15 K (ref. Example 5.29)
NCV of ethanol liquid = 1235.49 kJ/mol
Molar mass of ethanol = 46.0684 kg/kmol
1234.97 1000
46.0684
Ans.
0.8486 44.0098
12
= 3.112 kg/kg
3.112 106
44 050
= 70.65 kg/GJ
2.9919 106
42 325.7
= 70.68 kg/GJ
In both cases, CO2 generated are practically same on heat release basis.
CO2 generated by blend =
EXERCISE 7.8
Basis: 1 mol associated gas
Component mol
ni
Molar
mass
Mi
ni Mi
g
Calorific values
ni GCVi ni NCVi
kJ/mol
kJ
GCVi
NCVi
890.65
1560.69
2219.17
2868.20
2877.40
3528.83
3535.77
CH4
C2 H 6
C3 H 8
i-C4H10
n-C4H10
i-C5H12
n-C5H12
N2
CO2
0.744
0.084
0.074
0.017
0.020
0.005
0.004
0.043
0.009
16.0425
30.0690
44.0956
58.1222
58.1222
72.1488
72.1488
28.0135
44.0095
11.936
2.526
3.263
0.988
1.162
0.361
0.289
1.205
0.396
Total
1.000
22.126
802.62
1428.64
2043.11
2648.12
2657.32
3264.73
3271.67
662.64
131.10
164.22
48.76
57.55
17.64
14.14
597.15
120.01
151.19
45.02
53.15
16.32
13.09
1096.05
995.93
Combustion
239
At 101.325 kPa and 298.15 K (25 C), specific volume = 24.465 m3/kmol
GCV = 1096.05 1000/24.465 = 44 800.7 kJ/m3
NCV = 995.93 1000/24.465 = 40 708.4 kJ/m3
Ans.
EXERCISE 7.9
Basis: 100 mol refinery gas
Refer tabular calculations given below:
Component
H2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
n-C4H10
n-C5H12
Total
mole ni
ni Mi, kg
ni GCVi, kJ
ni NCVi, kJ
74.0
13.5
7.4
3.6
1.2
0.3
148
216
222
158.4
69.6
21.6
21 151.4
12 023.8
11 549.1
7 989.0
3 452.9
1 060.7
17 894.7
10 835.4
10 571.9
7 355.2
3 188.8
981.5
100.0
835.6
57 226.9
50 827.5
Ans.
EXERCISE 7.10
Basis: 100 mol purge gas:
Component
H2
N2
Ar
CH4
mol,
ni
69.0
23.0
2.7
5.3
Total
100.0
Molar
mass, Mi
2
28
40
16
ni Mi, g
138
644
108
84.8
ni GCVi
kJ
19 722.3
4 720.4
ni NCVi
kJ
16 685.6
4 253.9
974.8
24 442.7
20 939.5
Ans. (a)
mol
Ans.(b)
mole % (dry)
5.3
2.7
203.59 + 23.0 = 226.59
54.12 45.1= 9.02
CO2
Ar
N2
O2
Total
2.18
1.11
93.01
3.70
243.61 100.00
Ans.(c)
EXERCISE 7.11
Basis: 100 mol SNG
Component
ni
mol
96.59
1.29
0.22
2.00
CH4
H2
CO
CO2
Total
100.00
GCV =
NCV =
or GCV =
NCV =
Molar mass
Mi
16
2
28
44
ni Mi g
1545.44
2.58
6.16
88.00
ni GCVi ,
kJ
86 027.9
368.7
62.3
ni NCVi ,
kJ
77 525.1
311.9
62.3
1642.18
86 458.9
77 899.3
Ans.
EXERCISE 7.12
Basis: 100 kmol tail gas (wet). Data in the following table are extracted from
Table 4.20 and Table 4.21.
Component
CO2
CO
H2
CH4
(CH3)2O
O2
N2
H2O
Total
ni
kmol
1.17
0.13
0.26
0.08
0.13
11.28
76.67
10.28
100.00
(GCV)i
kJ/kmol
282 980
285 830
890 650
2107 400
ni GCVi
kJ
36 787.4
74 315.8
71 252.0
273 962.0
456 317.2
(NCV)i
kJ/kmol
282 980
241 820
802 620
1931 380
ni (NCV)i
kJ
36 787.4
62 873.2
64 209.6
251 079.4
414 949.6
Combustion
241
Ans.
EXERCISE 7.13
Basis: 100 kmol dry flue gases
O2, accounted for = 10.6 + 8.7
= 19.3 kmol
O2 supplied from air = 21 80.7/79 = 21.452 kmol
O2 unaccounted = 21.452 19.3 = 2.152 kmol
Hydrogen burnt = 2.152
2 = 4.304 kmol
Water formed = 4.304 kmol
Carbon burnt = 10.6 katom
127.2 kg
Total air supplied = 80.7 + 21.452 = 102.152 kmol
New Basis: 100 kg coal
Carbon content of coal = 65 kg
Carbon in the refuse = [12.7 0.086/(1 0.086)] = 1.195 kg
Carbon burnt = 65 1.195 = 63.805 kg
Dry air supply = 102.152 63.805/127.2
= 51.241 kmol
Dry air
51.241 29
=
= 14.86 kg/kg Ans. (a)
Ratio
Coal
100
(100 + 4.304)63.805
Flue gas quantity =
127.2
= 52.32 kmol (wet)
For 100 kmol dry flue gas basis:
Component
Molar mass, Mi
ni Mi, kg
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
kmol, ni
10.6
8.7
80.7
4.304
44
32
28
18
466.4
278.4
2259.6
77.5
Total
104.304
3081.9
Ans.(b)
Ans. (c)
EXERCISE 7.14
Basis: 100 kmol of dry flue gases
N2 in flue gas = 100 10.6 6.0 = 83.4 kmol
O2 accounted = 10.6 + 6.0 = 16.6 kmol
O2 supplied through air = 21 83.4/79 = 22.17 kmol
Theoretical oxygen requirement = 22.17 6.0
= 16.17 kmol
Excess air = 6.0 100/16.17 = 37.1%
Ans. (a)
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 7.15
Basis: 100 kmol fuel gas mixture
Combustion reactions:
CH4 + 2 O2 = CO2
+ 2 H2O
kmol
CO2
C2H4
C6H6
O2
CO
H2
CH4
N2
3.4
3.7
1.5
0.3
17.4
36.8
24.9
12.0
Theoretical O2
requirement, kmol
+ 11.10
+ 11.25
0.30
+ 8.70
+ 18.40
+ 49.80
Total
100.00
+ 98.95
Total carbon,
kmol
3.4
7.4
9.0
17.4
24.9
62.1
Combustion
243
kmol
CO2
O2
N2
62.1
36.68
522.18
10.00
5.91
84.09
Total
620.96
100.00
Ans.(b)
EXERCISE 7.16
Basis: 100 kmol dry flue gas mixture
Component
kmol
kmol of C
kmol of O2
CO2
CO
O2
N2
12.4
3.1
5.4
79.1
12.4
3.1
12.4
1.55
5.40
Total
100.00
15.5
19.35
EXERCISE 7.17
Comparison of the fuels is to be made on NCV basis.
(A): Basis 100 kmol bottled LPG
Gas
C2 H 6
C3 H 2
i-C4H10
n-C4H10
Total
kmol
ni
1.2
25.2
23.9
49.7
Molar mass
Mi
30
44
58
58
100.0
Mass, ni Mi
kg
36.0
1108.8
1386.2
2882.6
LCVi,
kJ/kmol
1428 640
2043 110
2648 120
2657 320
5413.6
ni LCVi
kJ
1 714 368
51 486 372
63 290 068
132 068 800
248 559 610
ni, kmol
CH4
C2 H 8
C3 H 8
n-C4H10
i-C4H10
0.866
0.086
0.039
0.007
0.002
Total
1.000
LCVi, kJ/kmol
ni LCVi, kJ
802
1428
2043
2657
2648
695
122
79
18
5
620
640
110
320
120
069
863
681
601
296
921 510
Ans.
EXERCISE 7.18
Basis: 100 kmol blast furnace (fuel) gas
Gas
kmol, ni
H2
CO
CO2
N2
3.2
26.2
13.0
57.6
Total
100.0
Molar mass
Mi
2
28
44
28
Mass
ni Mi kg
6.4
733.6
572.0
1612.8
O2 requirement,
kmol
1.6
13.1
Nil
Nil
2924.8
14.7
Combustion
245
kmol
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
Total
Actual analysis
(wet) mole %
22.97
1.72
72.63
2.68
Orsat analysis
mole %
23.60
1.77
74.63
100.00
100.00
ni, kmol
C
mp constants
H2
CO
CO2
N2
3.2
26.2
12.0
57.6
ai ni
91.554
760.526
256.386
1704.436
Total
100.0
2812.902
ni bi 103
32.621
73.792
771.409
296.122
ni ci 106
0.472
305.065
492.607
759.335
ni di 109
2.461
123.305
117.599
286.157
434.116
571.321
289.402
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
Total
ni, kmol
39.2
2.94
123.96
4.578
170.678
148.749
115.175
0.364
97.428
60.479
24.447
20.818
2.209
1771.791
2372.181
2431.683
1148.769
1239.730
347.821
242.652
37.857
(ni ai)1
(ni ai)2
(ni bi)1 103
(ni bi)2 103
(ni ci)1 106
(ni ci)2 106
(ni di)1 109
(ni di)2 109
837.528 76.516
1457.221 54.193
2519.937 34.560
910.894 63.849
1609.184 6.887
289.249 24.416
384.156 1.653
32.195
3.398
708.998
745.592
123.178
76.598
315.862
9.709
119.033
0.055
Suffixes 1 and 2 refer to the constants for temperature ranges 298.15 to 1500
K and 1500 to 4000 K, respectively.
Enthalpy of flue gas at 1500 K over 298.15 K
= 1771.791 (1500 298.15) + 2431.683 103 (15002 298.152)/2
1239.83 106 (15003 298.153)/3
+ 242.652 109 (15004 298.154)/4
= 2129 693 + 2627 672 1383 760 + 306 628
= 3680 233 kJ
Enthalpy of flue gas above 1500 K at T K
= 2372.181 (T 1500) + 1148.769 103 (T2 15002)/2
347.821 106 (T3 15003)/3
+ 37.857 109 (T4 15004)/4
= 8291 027 3680 233
= 4610 794 kJ
Ans.
Combustion
247
EXERCISE 7.19
Basis: 100 kg coal
Carbon content of coal = 46.21 kg
(refer Exercise 7.1)
3.85 katom or kmol
Sulphur content of coal = 0.7 kg
0.022 katom or kmol
Considering SO2 as CO2 in the flue gases,
CO2 content of flue gases = 3.85 + 0.022
= 3.872 kmol
Total dry flue gases mixture = 3.872/0.088
= 44 kmol
O2 content of flue gases = 44 0.092
= 4.05 kmol
N2 content of flue gases = 44 3.872 4.05
= 36.078 kmol
O2 from air = (21 36.078)/79
= 9.59 kmol
O2 accounted = 3.872 + 4.05 = 7.922 kmol
O2 unaccounted = 9.59 7.922
= 1.668 kmol
This O2 is used to burn the net hydrogen of the coal.
Net H2 in flue = 1.668 2 = 3.336 kmol
Water vapours in flue gases:
Moisture of coal = 5.3 kg
Moisture, sprinkled over coal = 5 kg
Total moisture due to coal firing = 10.2 kg
0.567 kmol
Absolute humidity of air at 307 K (34C) DB and 297 K(24C) WB
= 14.8 g/kg dry air
(Ref. Fig. 6.15)
0.0239 kmol/kmol dry air
Moisture, entering through air = 0.0239 (9.590 + 36.078)
= 1.092 kmol
Water produced by burning net H2 = 3.276 kmol
Total moisture in flue gases = 0.567 + 1.092 + 3.336
= 4.995 kmol
Composition of flue gases:
Gas
kmol
CO2
SO2
O2
3.85
0.022
4.05
7.85
0.04
8.27
Orsat analysis
8.80
9.20
N2
H2O
36.078
4.995
Total
48.995 (wet)
44.000 (dry)
73.65
10.19
82.00
100.00
100.00
Combustion
249
Superheater:
Enthalpy of steam at 0.9 MPa g and 473 K (180C) = 2826.6 kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy gain in the superheater = 2826.6 2776.3
= 50.3 kJ/kg
Total heat gained in superheater, f6 = 50.3 12 150
= 611 145 kJ/h 169.763 kW
Total moisture, evaporated in the boiler = 0.567 + 3.336
= 3.903 kmol/100 kg coal
0.7031 kg/kg coal
Total moisture evaporated = 0.7031 2500
= 1757.75 kg/h
lv at DP [46.2C)] = 2392.8 kJ/kg
Heat lost in evaporation, f8 = 1757.75 2392.8
= 4205 944 kJ/h 1168.318 kW
Ash content of the refuse = 2500 0.203 = 507.5 kg/h
Combustibles (as C) = 507.5 0.059/0.941 = 31.82 kg/h
Heat lost in refuse, f11 = 32 762 31.82
= 1042 487 kJ/h
289.58 kW
Heat loss in flue gas:
Basis: 100 kg coal
Cmp equation constants
Component
ni kmol
ai ni
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
3.872
4.050
36.078
4.995
82.727
117.932
1067.581
162.333
248.908
4.031
185.477
0.398
158.948
49.647
475.613
66.027
37.945
162.503
179.236
22.728
Total
48.995
1430.573
67.860
333.745
1.516
Heat loss in the flue gas for 2500 kg/h firing rate
2500
[1430.333 (463.15 298.15) + 67.860 103 (463.152 298.152)/2
100
+ 333.745 106 (463.153 298.153)/3
1.516 109 (463.154 298.154)/4]
= 25 248 355
f7 =
12 436.11
%
100.0
805.44
8 026.80
169.76
1 724.688
1 168.318
289.58
251.524
6.48
64.54
1.37
13.87
9.39
2.33
2.02
12 436.11
100.00
Boiler efficiency =
EXERCISE 7.20
Basis: 100 kg fuel oil
Component
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulphur
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Total
Mass, kg
kmol
O2 requirement, kmol
84.0
12.7
0.4
1.2
1.7
7.000
6.350
0.013
0.038
0.061
7.000
3.175
0.013
() 0.038
100.0
13.462
10.15
Combustion
251
kmol
7.00
0.013
6.35 + 1.208 = 7.558
Nil
38.183 + 0.061 = 38.244
52.815 (wet)
45.257 (dry)
84.50
100.00
Component
ni kmol
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
7.013
13.118
87.595
9.120
149.836
381.982
2592.015
296.328
450.824
13.550
450.326
0.726
287.888
160.808
1154.756
120.482
68.727
526.348
435.172
41.472
Total
116.846
3420.161
14.774
826.542
118.431
EXERCISE 7.21
Basis: 100 kg furnace oil
Oxygen requirement:
Element
Carbon
Sulphur
Hydrogen
Total
Mass, kg
kmol
O2 requirement, kmol
85.65
3.00
11.35
7.138
0.094
5.675
7.138
0.094
2.838
100.00
12.907
10.070
Combustion
Gas
kmol, ni
Molar mass,
Mi
44
64
18
32
28
CO2
SO2
H2O
O2
N2
7.138
0.094
8.238
3.732
51.923
Total
71.125 (wet)
62.887 (dry)
253
ni Mi,
kg
314.07
6.02
148.29
119.42
1453.84
mole %
(wet basis)
10.04
0.13
11.58
5.25
73.00
Orsat
analysis, %
11.50
5.93
82.57
2041.64
100.00
100.00
ni kmol
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
Total
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
7.232
3.732
51.923
8.238
154.515
108.672
1536.448
267.670
464.903
3.714
266.936
0.656
296.878
45.749
684.496
108.830
70.873
149.743
257.953
37.461
71.125
2067.305
202.337
405.699
74.798
1060.8
[2067.305 (550.15 298.15)]
100
+ 202.337 103 (550.152 298.152)/2
+ 450.699 106 (550.153 298.153)/3
74.798 109 (550.154 294.154)/4]
= 10.608 (520 960.9 + 21 619.3 + 3488.4 16)
= 10.608 546 067
= 5792 679 kJ/h
1609.08 kW
Moisture, produced by burning H2 of fuel oil
= 5.675 18 1060.8/100 = 1084.18 kg/h
lv at 321.85 K (48.7C) = 2388.4 kJ/kg
Heat loss due to evaporation of moisture = f8
= 1084.18 2388.4 = 2589 456 kJ/h 719.29 kW
Dry air supply = 65.725 29 1060.8/100
= 20 219.11 kg/h
CH = 1.006 + 1.84 0.0242 = 1.0505 kJ/(kg dry air K)
f3 = 20 219.11 1.0505 (308.15 298.15) = 212 402 kJ/h 59.00 kW
f2 = 1060.8 1.675 (350.15 298.15) = 92 396 kJ/h = 25.67 kW
f1 = 1060.8 43 040 = 45 656 832 kJ/h 12 682.45 kW
Thermal efficiency of the boiler
= (471.39 + 7814.73 + 689.86) 100/12 682.45
= 70.77%
(Ref. Table 7.52)
Specific volume of air at 100.0 kPa and 308 K = 25.623 m3/kmol
(Ref. Table 7.8)
Molar flow rate of air = (65.725 + 2.563) 1060.8/100
= 724.4 kmol/h
Combustion
255
Ans.
All the above results are tubulated in Table 7.52 in the text.
EXERCISE 7.22
Basis: 1 kmol methanol
CH3OH(l) + 3/2 O2(g) = CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
Theoretical O2 requirement = 1.5 kmol
N2 entering with air = 79 1.5/21 = 5.643 kmol
Stoichimetric air requirement = 1.5 + 5.643
= 7.143 kmol
207.15 kg
Ratio, stoichiometric air/fuel = 207.15/32
= 6.47 kg dry air/kg methanol
Ans. (a)
NCV of liquid fuel = 638.24 kJ/mol at 298.15 K (25C)
(Ref. Table AV.2)
Excess air = 40%
Actual O2 supply = 1.4 1.5 = 2.1 kmol
Excess O2 = 2.1 1.5 = 0.6 kmol
Actual N2 supply = 79 2.1/21 = 7.9 kmol
Component
dry
kmol
wet
Orsat analysis
mole %
CO2
1.0
1.0
10.53
N2
7.9
7.9
83.16
O2
0.6
0.6
6.31
H2O
2.0
Total
9.5
11.5
100.00
Since liquid methanol and air are available at 298.15 K (25C), their enthalpies are
0 kJ/kmol at reference temperature.
Heat capacity
constants
ni kmol
(ni ai)1*
(ni ai)2*
CO2
1.0
21.366
37.174
N2
7.9
233.768
245.834
O2
0.6
15.615
11.060
H2O
Total
2.0
64.984
50.317
11.5
335.733
344.385
64.284
23.237
41.051
7.379
9.8
0.821
40.614
25.256
104.145
3.201
39.247
0.018
7.053
13.030
1.405
4.983
0.337
0.693
0.159
42.564
26.421
10.680
9.095
0.965
30.882
104.087
88.109
26.243
38.879
2.497
Suffixes 1 and 2 refer to the constants for temperature ranges 298.15 1500 K
and 1500 4000 K, respectively.
Enthalpy of flue gas at 1500 K above 298.15 K
= 335.733 (1500 298.15)
+ 30.882 103 (15002 298.152)/2
+ 88.109 106 (15003 298.153)/3
38.879 109 (15004 298.154)/4
= 403 551 + 33 371 + 98 345 49 130
= 486 137 kJ
Let T be AFT.
Enthalpy of flue gas above 1500 K
= 344.385 (T 1500)
+ 104.087 103 (T2 15002)/2
26.243 106 (T 3 15003)/3
+ 2.497 109 (T 4 15004)/4
= 638 240 (NCV of 1 kmol CH3OH) 486 137 = 152 103
Ans.
EXERCISE 7.23
Basis: Firing rate = 3000 Nm3/h
GCV = 38 574 kJ/Nm3
Total heat input = 3000 38 574 = 1.157 22 108 kJ/h
32 145 kW
Total enthalpy of steam at 65 bar a and 673 K = 3170.8 kJ/kg
(Table AV.3)
Enthalpy of water at 373 K (100 C) = 419.06 kJ/kg
(Table AV.1)
Enthalpy, supplied for steam raising = 3170.8 419.06
= 2751.74 kJ/kg
Combustion
257
kmol
katom C
CH4
H2
CO
CO2
96.59
1.29
0.22
1.90
96.59
0.22
2.00
193.18
1.29
kmol H2
kmol O2
0.11
1.90
Total
100.00
98.71
194.47
2.01
194.47
0.22
2.01 +
2
2
194.045 kmol
194.045 1.1
213.345 kmol
213.345 194.045 = 19.4 kmol
79 213.345/21
802.584 kmol
0.018 (213.345 + 802.584)
18.287 kmol
213.345 + 802.584 + 18.287
1034.186 kmol
=
Actual O2 supply =
=
Excess O2 =
N2, entering through air =
=
Moisture entering with air =
=
Total moist air =
=
Specific combustion air requirement
= 1034.186/100
= 10.342 kmol/kmol SNG
Ans.(b)
Total moisture in flue gas = 194.47 + 18.287 = 212.757 kmol
Composition of flue gas mixture
Component
kmol
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
98.710
19.400
802.584
212.757
Total
1133.451 (wet)
920.694 (dry)
Orsat
gas analysis
mole %
10.72
2.11
87.17
100.00
Heat capacity
equation constants
ni
(ni ai)1*
(ni ai)2*
(ni bi)1 103
(ni bi)2 103
(ni ci)1 106
(ni ci)2 106
(ni di)1 109
(ni di)2 109
CO2
0.0871
1.861
3.238
5.599
2.024
3.576
0.643
0.854
0.072
N2
O2
H2O
Total
0.7081
0.0171
0.1877
1.0000
20.953
22.035
3.640
2.264
9.335
0.287
3.518
0.002
0.445
0.315
0.201
0.371
0.040
0.142
0.010
0.020
6.099
4.722
0.015
3.995
2.480
1.002
0.854
0.091
29.358
30.310
2.175
8.654
8.199
2.074
3.528
0.185
Suffixes 1 and 2 refer to the constants for temperature ranges 298.15 to 1500
K and 1500 to 4000 K, respectively.
Total heat liberated by combustion of SNG (based on NCV)
77 899.3 1000
= 778 993 kJ/kmol SNG
=
100
Enthalpy of flue gas at 1500 K above 298.15 K,
H1 = 1133.451 [29.358 (1500 298.15)
+ 2.175 103 (15002 298.152)/2
+ 8.199 106 (15003 298.153)/3
3.528 109 (15004 298.154)/4]
= 42 327.4 1133.451 = 47 976 034 kJ
Let T be the flame temperature.
Enthalpy of flue gas above 1500 K (upto T)
= 778 993 100 47 976 034
= 29 923 266 kJ/100 kmol SNG
Hence
1133.451 [30.310 (T 1500) + 8.654 103 (T2 15002)/2
2.074 106 (T3 15003)/3 + 0.185 109 (T4 15004)/4]
= 29 926 186
Solving by Matcad
T = 2155.25 K or 1882.1C
Ans.(c)
Combustion
259
EXERCISE 7.24
Basis: 100 kmol SNG
Let x kmol flue gas be recycled having GCV = 0 kJ/kmol
Total mixed gas = 100 + x kmol
GCV balance
(100 + x) 288 200 = 864 589 100
or
x = 200.0 kmol
Let a be kmol of O2 in recycle flue gas and b be kmol of H2O in recycle flue gas.
(CO2 + N2) in flue gas recycle = 200 a b kmol
Theoretical O2 demand = 194.045 a kmol
Actual O2 supply = 1.1 (194.045 a) = 213.345 1.1 a kmol
Excess O2 = 213.345 1.1 a (194.045 a)
= 19.4 0.1 a kmol
79
N2 entering with O2 =
(213.345 1.1 a)
21
= 802.584 4.138 a
Total dry air = 213.345 1.1 a + 802.584 4.138 a
= 1015.929 5.238 a kmol
Moisture, entering with air = 0.018 (1015.929 5.238 a)
= 18.287 0.0943 a kmol
Total moisture in flue gas = 194.47 + 18.287 0.0943 a + b
= 212.757 0.0943 a + b kmol
Flue Gas Composition:
Component
kmol
98.71
802.584 4.138 a
212.757 0.0943 a + b
19.400 0.1 a
200 a b from recycled flue gas
CO2
N2
H2O
O2
CO2 + N2
Total
1333.451 5.3323 a
19.4 0.1 a
a
=
200
1333.451 5.3323 a
5.3323 a2 1353.451 a + 3880 = 0
Solving for a, a = 2.9 kmol (only positive root)
1.45% in flue gas
H2O balance:
b
212.757 0.0943 a + b
=
200
1333.451 5.3323 a
Substituting value of a,
O2 balance:
b
212.484 + b
=
200
1317.987
or
b = 38.01 kmol or 19.005% in flue gas
(CO2 + N2) in recycle flue gas = 200 2.9 38.01
= 159.09 kmol
It will be safe to assume CO2/N2 ratio, same as that of combustion gases.
Check:
Theoretical O2 demand = 194.045 2.9
= 191.145 kmol
Actual O2 supply = 191.145 1.1 = 210.260 kmol
Excess O2 = 210.260 191.145 = 19.115 kmol
79
210.260
N2 entering alongwith O2 =
21
= 790.978 kmol
Total dry air = 210.260 + 790.978 = 1001.238 kmol
Moisture in air = 1001.238 0.018 = 18.022 kmol
Total moisture in flue gas = 194.47 + 18.022 + 38.01
= 250.502 kmol
Component
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
kmol
98.71 + 17.66 = 116.37
19.115
790.978 + 141.43 = 932.408
250.502
Total
Recycle ratio =
Heat Capacity Data:
Heat capacity
constants
ni, kmol
(ni ai)1*
(ni ai)2*
(ni bi)1 103
(ni bi)2 103
(ni ci)1 106
(ni ci)2 106
(ni di)1 109
(ni di)2 109
*
1318.395 (wet)
1067.893 (dry)
Wet analysis
mole %
8.83
1.45
70.72
19.00
Dry analysis
mole %
10.90
1.79
87.31
100.00
100.00
kmol
200
= 0.1517
kmol
1318.398
Ans. (a)
CO2
N2
O2
H2O
Total
0.0883
1.887
3.282
5.676
2.052
3.625
0.652
0.865
0.073
0.7072
20.927
22.007
3.636
2.261
9.323
0.287
3.513
0.002
0.0145
0.377
0.267
0.170
0.315
0.034
0.120
0.008
0.017
0.1900
6.173
4.780
0.015
4.044
2.510
1.015
0.864
0.092
1.0000
29.364
30.336
2.225
8.672
8.174
2.074
3.520
0.184
Suffixes 1 and 2 refer to the constants for temperature ranges 298.15 1500 K
and 1500 4000 K, respectively.
Combustion
261
100
100
= 10.1926 kmol/kmol fuel
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 7.25
Basis: 100 kmol dry blue gas
N2 content = 2.4% which comes from air.
O2 entering with N2 = 21 2.4/79 = 0.638 kmol
Total O2, available in blue gas, is calculated in the table given below:
Gas
kmol
kmol C
kmol O2
kmol H2
H2
CO
CO2
N2
O2
CH4
48.5
44.2
2.3
2.4
1.0
1.6
44.2
2.3
1.6
22.1
2.3
1.0
48.5
3.2
100.0
48.1
25.4
51.7
Total
steam decomposed
(49.524 18.015)
=
coal charged
768.283
= 1.16 kg/kg
Dry blue gas produced = 100 100/768.283
= 13.02 kmol/100 kg coal
Ratio,
Ans. (b)
Ans. (a)
EXERCISE 7.26
Basis: 100 kmol dry blue gas
Gas
kmol
kmol C
kmol O2
kmol H2
H2
CH4
CO
CO2
N2
49.0
0.8
41.0
4.7
4.5
0.8
41.0
4.7
20.5
4.7
49.0
1.6
Total
100.0
46.5
25.2
50.6
Combustion
263
kmol
kmol C
kmol O2
kmol H2
H2
CH4
CO
CO2
C3H6
O2
N2
37.0
14.0
30.5
5.6
7.0
0.4
5.5
14.0
30.5
5.6
21.0
15.25
5.6
0.4
37.0
28.0
21.0
Total
100.0
71.1
21.25
86.0
= 12.202 kmol
219.64 kg
Ratio,
Ans. (c)
Ans. (b)
Ans. (a)
EXERCISE 7.27
Basis: 100 kmol producer gas
Gas
kmol
kmol C
kmol O2
kmol H2
H2
CH4
C2H 4
CO
CO2
N2
10.5
2.1
0.4
22.0
7.7
57.3
2.1
0.8
22.0
7.7
11.0
7.7
10.5
4.2
0.8
Total
100.0
32.6
18.7
15.5
Mass, kg
391.2
598.4
31
New basis: 100 kg coal
Carbon content of refuse = [18.5/(1 0.062)]0.062
= 1.223 kg
Carbon utilised = 62 1.223 = 60.777 kg
Thus coal, used for 100 kmol dry producer gas
= 391.2/0.607 77 = 643.64 kg
N2 from coal = 643.64 0.06 = 38.62 kg 1.38 kmol
O2 from coal = 643.64 0.093 = 59.86 kg 1.87 kmol
N2 from air = 57.3 1.38 = 55.92 kmol
O2 from air = 21 55.92/79 = 14.86 kmol
O2 accounted for = 14.86 + 1.87 = 16.73 kmol
O2 from decomposition for steam = 18.7 16.73 = 1.97 kmol
Steam decomposed = 1.97 2 = 3.94 kmol
H2 produced due to decomposition of steam = 3.94 kmol
(Table 6.13)
Vapour pressure of water 298.15 K (25C), pw = 3.166 kPa
Humidity of producer gas = 3.166/(106.7 3.166)
= 0.0306 kmol/kmol dry gas
Water vapours with producer gas = 0.306 100
Combustion
265
= 3.06 kmol
H2 from fuel = 15.5 3.94 = 11.56 kmol 23.12 kg
Check from fuel analysis:
H2 from fuel = 643.64 0.036 = 23.17 kg
Moist producer gas:
Molar mass, Mi
H2
CH4
C2H4
CO
CO2
N2
H2O
Gas
kmol, ni
10.5
2.1
0.4
22.0
7.7
57.3
3.06
2
16
28
28
44
28
18
21.0
33.6
11.2
616.0
338.8
1604.4
55.08
Total
103.06
2680.08
Ratio
kmol ni
H2
CH4
C2 H 4
CO
CO2
N2
H2O
10.5
2.1
0.4
22.0
7.7
57.3
3.06
ni ai
206.407
40.424
1.650
638.609
164.514
1695.559
99.426
Total
103.06
2846.589
ni bi 103
103.978
109.438
62.009
61.963
494.988
294.579
0.244
414.115
ni ci 106
ni di 109
3036.805 7786.180
25.143
23.770
32.618
6.790
256.161
103.539
316.090
75.459
755.380
284.666
40.425
13.915
3765.206
8129.821
kmol, ni
GCVi, kJ/mol
ni GCVi, kJ
H2
CH4
C2H4
CO
10.5
2.1
0.4
22.0
285.83
890.65
1411.2
282.98
3001 215
1870 365
564 480
6225 560
Total
35.0
11 661 620
Ans.
EXERCISE 7.28
Basis: 100 kg waste liquor to be incinerated
Let x kmol of natural gas be required as the stabilizing fuel. Water liquor incineration:
Component
kg
kmol
O2 requirement, kmol
Carbon
Hydrogen
Sulphur
Oxygen
Water
7.5
0.5
5.7
12.5
58.8
0.625
0.250
0.178
0.391
3.267
0.625
0.125
0.178
() 0.391
.Nil
Total
85.0
4.711
0.537
Combustion
267
New basis: 100 kmol natural gas (Ref. Table 7.7 in the text)
Components
kmol
CH4
C2H8
C3H8
C4H10 (total)
CO2
89.4
5.0
1.9
1.0
0.7
Total
98.0
O2 requirement
kmol
178.8
17.5
9.5
6.5
CO2 production
kmol
89.4
10.0
5.7
4.0
0.7
212.3
109.8
H2O production
kmol
178.8
15.0
7.6
5.0
206.4
kmol
0.625 + 1.098 x = 0.625 + 1.098 x
3.267 + 0.25 + 2.064 x = 3.517 + 2.064 x
0.178
0.02 x + 2.3234 + 9.1849 x = 2.3234 + 9.2049 x
0.0806 + 0.3185 x
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
O2
Total
6.7240 + 12.6854 x
(H Ho + DHf ), kJ/kmol at
1200 K
CO2
H2O
SO2
N2
O2
339 593
194 796
303 331
+ 36 699
+ 38 399
475 K
298.15 K
376 906
223 245
340 659
+ 13 745
+ 13 900
384 158
229 252
347 992
+ 8 613
+ 8 597
Absolute enthalpy
different, kJ
1200 K 475 K
37 313
28 449
37 328
22 954
24 499
1200 K 298.15
44 565
34 456
44 661
28 086
29 802
kmol
0.9935
4.2097
0.1780
5.4126
0.1875
10.9813 (wet)
6.7716 (dry)
Wet gas
analysis, %
9.05
38.34
1.62
49.29
1.70
100.00
Furnace pressure p =
Partial pressure of water, pH O =
2
=
From Steam Tables (Table 6.13),
Water dew point =
A = ln (pH O) =
2
Partial pressure of SO2, pSO =
2
=
B = ln (pSO ) =
2
Dry gas
analysis, %
14.67
2.63
79.93
2.77
100.00
Orsat
analysis, %
17.30
79.93
2.77
100.00
103.5 kPa
103.5 0.3834
39.682 kPa
348.85 (75.7C)
ln (39.682) = 3.6809
103.5 0.0162
1.6767 kPa
ln (1.6767) = 0.5168
Ans. (bi)
Substituting the values of A and B, sulphurous acid (H2SO3) dew point can be
calculated.
(1000/TDP) = 3.5752 0.1845 3.6809 9.333 104 0.5168
9.13 104 0.5168 3.6809
= 3.5752 0.6791 0.0005 0.0017 = 2.8939
Sulphurous acid dew point
TDP(SO ) = 1000/2.8939
2
= 345.55 K or 72.4C
Ans. (b-ii)
For liquid fuel (i.e. waste liquor), C/H mole ratio = 0.625/0.25
Excess air = 15%
From Fig. 7.3, sulphuric and dew point TDP(SO3) = 426 K
= 153C
Ans. (b-iii)
Enthalpy available for steam generation
= Enthalpy of flue gas at 1200 K above 475 K
= 0.9935 37 313 + 4.2057 28 449 + 0.178 37 328
+ 5.4126 22 954 + 0.1875 24 499 = 292 311 kJ
Combustion
269
EXERCISE 7.29
Combustion reaction:
F
H
Cn Hm + n +
Basis: 1 mol fuel
I
K
m
m
O2 = n CO2 +
H2O
2
4
m
mol
4
m
Let actual oxygen supply = n +
+ y mol
4
F
H
Total N2 = 3.762 n +
I
K
m
+ y from air and CO2 = n mol
4
==
y
4.762 y + [n + (m /4)]3.762 + n
y=
=
(1 - 4.762 = )
% excess air =
100 y
[n + ( m / 4)]
By definition,
19.048 + 3.762r
100 =
4+r
(1 - 4.762 =)
OP
Q
where
r = m/n
4
For methane,
r = = 4 and = = 5/100 = 0.05
1
Substituting the values in the equation,
% excess air =
=
LM
N
19.048 + 3.762 4
100 0.05
4+4
[1 - ( 4.762 0.05)]
5(19.048 + 15.048)
= 27.97%
(1 - 0.2381)8
Ans.
EXERCISE 7.30
Basis: 1 mol fuel
Inerts content of fuel = a mol
Combustibles = (1 a) mol
Combustion reaction:
F
H
(1 a)Cn Hm + (1 a) n +
I
K
m
m
O2 = (1 a)n CO2 + (1 a)
H2O
2
4
F
H
Theoretical O2 required = (1 a) n +
In flue gases,
I
K
m
+ y mol
4
F
H
I
K
m
+ y mol
4
CO2 = (1 a)n mol, Inerts = a mol
Mole fraction of oxygen in flue gases,
y
==
4.762 y + (1 - a ) n + ( m / 4) 3.762 + (1 - a )n + a
Solving the equation for y,
Total N2 = 3.762(1 a) n +
y=
F
H
% excess air =
I
K
=
m
[3.762 (1 a) n +
+ n(1 a) + a]
(1 - 4.762 =)
4
By definition,
100 y
(1 - a)[n + ( m / 4)]
LM
N
100=
19.048 + 3.762 r
4a
+
(1 - 4.762=)
(4 + r )
n(1 - a)( 4 + r )
100=
(1 - 4.762=)
LM19.048 + 3.762r + c OP
Q
N (4 + r )
OP
Q
OP
Q
Combustion
=
Now when a =
cf =
% excess air =
=
=
4a
n(1 a)( 4 + r )
0.05
4 0.05/(1 0.95 8) = 0.0263
5
19.048 + 15.048
+ 0.0263
(1 - 0.2381)
8
5 34.307/(0.7619 8)
28.14
LM
N
OP
Q
EXERCISE 7.31
Basis: 1 mol fuel
Combustion reactions can be written as under:
m
m
x1 Cn Hm + x1 n1 + 1 O2 = x1 n1 CO2 + x1 1 H2O
1
1
2
4
m2
m
x2 Cn Hm + x2 n2 +
O2 = x2 n2 CO2 + x2 1 H2O
2
2
2
4
mi
mi
O2 = xi ni CO2 + xi
H2O
x1 Cni Hmi + xi ni +
4
2
mj
i
mol
Theoretical O2 required = xj n j +
4
1
mj
i
Actual O2 supply = xj n j +
+ y mol
4
1
Mole fraction of O2 in flue gases,
=
y
==
( 4.762 y + 3.762) i
i
mj
+ xj + xjnj
x j n j +
4
1
1
Solving the equation for y,
F
H
F
H
F
H
I
K
I
K
I
K
FG
H
FG
H
IJ
K
IJ
K
mj i
=
+ xi n j
3.762 x j n j +
(1 - 4.762=)
4 1
By definition,
y=
% excess air =
271
100 y
mj
xj nj +
4
1
i
xjnj
100=
1
% excess air =
3.762 + i
i
(1 - 4.762=)
nj xj + xjmj
1
1
Ans.
LM
N
19.048 + 3.762 rm
100=
4 + rm
(1 - 4.762=)
i
where, rm =
x m
j
1
i
OP
Q
x j n j rj
1
xjnj
xjnj
and rj = mj / nj
EXERCISE 7.32
Basis: 1 mol fuel
Combustion reactions can be written as follows:
m
x1(1 a1) Cn Hm + x1 (1 a1) n1 + 1 O2
1
1
4
m1
= x1 (1 a1)n1 CO2 + x1 (1 a1)
H2O
2
m
x2(1 a2) Cn Hm + x2 (1 a2) n2 + 2 O2
2
2
4
m2
= x2 (1 a2)n2 CO2 + x2(1 a2)
H2O
2
m
xi (1 ai)Cni Hmj + xi (1 ai) n4 + i O2
4
m
= xi (1 ai) ni CO2 + xi (1 a2) i H2O
2
F
H
I
K
F
H
I
K
F
H
I
K
Solving for y,
y=
1
i
+ (1 - a j )n j x j + x j a j
i
1
(1 - 4.762=)
1
i
i
+ x j nj (1 aj) + x j a j
1
Combustion
273
By definition,
100 y
% excess air =
x j (1 - a j )[n j + (m j /4)]
1
i
i
x j n j (1 - a j ) x j a j
=
1
1
=
3.762 + i
(1 - 4.762= )
x j (1 - a j )[n j + (m j /4)]
1
i
xjaj
=
1
1
=
+ i
3.762 +
(1 - 4.762= )
1 + rm
+
x
a
n
m
(1
)[
(
/4)]
j
j
j
j
1
3.762 rm + 19.048
=
+ c fm
=
4 + rm
(1 - 4.762=)
LM
N
where rm =
x j m j (1 - a j )
i
x j n j + (1 - a j )
1
and cfm = i 4 x a
j j
1
OP
Q
x j n j rj (1 - a j )
1
x j n j (1 - a j )
1
[n j x j ][(1 - a j )(4 + rj )]
1
EXERCISE 7.33
Fuels Firing in Reformer Furnace
Fuel
Firing rate
kmol/h
mole fraction xi
Natural gas
375
0.590
Tail gas
158
0.249
Naphtha
102.3
0.161
rm =
=
Cfm =
ai
0.028
0.820
0.005
ri
2.75
5.55
1.75
[(1 - 0.28) 0.59 2.75 + (1 - 0.82) 0.249 5.55 + (1 - 0.005) 0.161 1.75]
[(1 - 0.28) 0.59 + (1 - 0.82) 0.249 + (1 - 005) 0.161]
(1.1682 + 0.2488 + 0.2803) 1.6973
= 2.695
=
(0.4248 + 0.0448 + 0.1602) 0.6298
[4 0.59 0.028 + 4 0.249 0.82 + 4 0.161 0.005]
[0.59 (1 - 0.028)(4 + 2.75) + 0.249 (1 - 0.82) (4 + 5.55)
+ 0.161 (1 - 0.005) (4 + 1.75)]
Excess air =
100 0.035
+ 0.1697
(1 - 4.762 0.035)
(4 + 2.695)
3.5 29.1866
+ 0.1697
0.8333 6.695
= 19.02 %
Ans.
Stoichiometry and
Industrial Problems
EXERCISE 8.1
Basis: 100 L/min 3 N potassium solution, entering the tower
Concentration of K in solution = 39 3
= 117 g/L
Ingoing solution:
K in K2CO3 form = 0.7 117 = 81.9 g/L
K2CO3 in solution = 138 81.9/78 = 144.9 g/L
K in KHCO3 form = 0.3 117 = 35.1 g/L
KHCO3 in solution = 100 35.1/39 = 90 g/L
Outcoming solution :
K in K2CO3 form = 0.32 117 = 37.44 g/L
K2CO3 in solution = 138 37.44/78 = 66.24 g/L
K in KHCO3 form = 0.68 117 100/39 = 204 g/L
Ans. (a)
Liquor rate = 1.65 L/s = 5940 L/h
K2CO3 in entering solution = 144.9 5940/1000 = 860.7 kg/h
KHCO3 in entering solution = 90 5940/1000 = 534.6 kg/h
K2CO3 in outgoing solution = 66.25 5940/1000
= 393.5 kg/h
KHCO3 in outgoing solution = 204 5940/1000
= 1211.8 kg/h
Chemical reaction, accompanying absorption is as follows:
K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O = 2 KHCO3
Molar mass
138
44
18
2 100
K2CO3 converted to KHCO3 = 860.7 393.5 = 467.2 kg/h
CO2 absorbed = 467.2 44/138 = 149 kg/h Ans. (b)
H2O reacted = 467.2 18/138 = 60.9 kg/h
EXERCISE 8.2
Basis: 100 kmol dry flue gas, leaving boiler furnace. Let x kmol dry air mixes
with flue gas.
Balance of dry flue gas across RAH:
100 0.14 = (100 + x) 0.125
x = 12 kmol
Thus 0.12 kmol dry air mixes with one kmol dry flue gas.
Ans. (a)
Dew point of flue gas = 319.3 K (46.3C)
Vapour pressure of water at 319.3 K, pw = 10.242 kPa
Total pressure of flue gas, leaving boiler furnace,
p = 100 kPa
10.242
Moisture, present in flue gas from boiler, =
(100 - 10.242)
= 0.114 kmol/kmol dry flue gas
Total wet flue gas = 100 + 11.4 = 111.4 kmol
Humidity of air at 313 K DB and 295 K WB
= 0.0134 kg/kg dry air
= 0.0216 kmol/kmol dry air
Dry air mixing with flue gas = 12 kmol
Wet air mixing with flue gas = 12 (1 + 0.0216)
= 12.259 kmol
kmol
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
Total
14.0
3.0
83.0
11.4
ai
299.12
78.08
2456.04
370.41
bi 103
899.98
35.27
426.70
0.91
111.4
3203.65
509.46
ci 106
574.71
7.03
1094.18
150.60
di 109
137.20
1.69
412.34
51.84
663.04
328.67
Combustion Air
Component
kmol
O2
N2
Ar
H2O
Total
bi 103
ci 106
di 109
0.21
0.78
0.01
0.0216
5.47
23.08
0.21
0.70
2.47
4.01
0.49
10.28
0.29
0.12
3.87
0.10
1.0216
29.46
1.54
10.08
4.09
523.15
H1 =
298.15
433.15
H2 =
298.15
313.15
H3 =
298.15
433.15
H4 =
298.15
Ans. (b)
100
1.045
= 95.694 kmol wet air
93.67 kmol dry air
Let T be the temperature of combustion air after RAH.
z
T
(93.67)
(29.46 1.54 103 T + 10.08 106 T2 4.09 109 T3) dT = 277 354
298.15
Ans. (c)
12 100
93.67
= 12.81%
Ans. (d)
Instead of RAH, a tubular heater is used,
heat transfer duty, H5 = 788 175 467 501
= 320 674 kJ/100 kmol dry flue gas
(93.67)
(29.46 1.54 10
298.15
Ans.
EXERCISE 8.3
Basis: 4000 kg/h production rate of 1,3-butadiene
Molar feed rate of n-butane = 1.818 3600/58 = 6545.5/58
= 112.85 kmol/h
Butene-1 formed = 112.85 kmol/h
H2 produced due to reaction (1) = 112.85 kmol/h
Butadiene formed = 4000/54 = 74.07 kmol/h
Butene-1 consumed to produce butadiene = 74.07 kmol/h
H2 produced due to reaction (2) = 74.07 kmol/h
Butene-1 consumed to produced ethylene = 112.85 74.07
= 38.78 kmol/h
Butene-1 recycled = 6.642 kg/s = 23 911 kg/h = 426.96 kmol/h
Ethylene produced = 38.78 2 = 77.56 kmol/h
Offgas analysis:
.
n i, kmol/h
mole %
H2
C2H4
186.92
77.56
70.67
29.33
Total
264.48
100.00
Component
mole %
55.77
9.68
24.42
10.13
765.51
100.00
Ans. (a)
Enthalpy of reactants:
Component
kmol/h
.
ni
Temp.,
K (C)
n-Butane
Butene-1
112.85
426.95
920 (647)
920 (647)
Total
539.80
(H Ho+ DHf )i
kJ/kmol
.
n i (H Ho + DHf )i
kW
24 494
131 000
767.82
15 536.24
16 304.06
Enthalpy of products:
Component
kmol/h
.
ni
Temp.,
K (C)
(H Ho+ DHf )i
kJ/kmol
.
n i (H Ho + DHf )i
kW
Butene-1
1, 3-Butadiene
Hydrogen
Ethylene
426.96
74.07
186.92
77.56
810 (537)
810 (537)
810 (537)
810 (537)
110 850
204 386
23 386
105 220
13 146.50
4 205.24
1 214.25
2 266.91
Total
765.50
20 832.90
. I
F 425 27315
H 425 268.7 K
0.38
= 22 223 kJ/kmol
(H Ho + DHf ) at 273.15 K of 1,3-butadiene = 139 270 kJ/kmol
Total heat to be removed for condensation of 1,3-butadiene
= (204 386 139 270) + 22 223
= 87 339 kJ/kmol
Total heat removed = 87 339 74.07/3600
= 1797 kW
Ans. (d)
EXERCISE 8.4
It can be noticed that the concentration of a component in the effluents changes
with respect to time. This is because when the acid is introduced, the bed is full
of water which is replaced by acid during the course of time. Till the water is
replaced by acid, no appreciable chlorides can be found in the effluents. After
sometime (about 10 minutes in this case), chlorides start appearing in the effluents
and its concentration reach to a peak value at the end of the acid introduction
step. At the start of slow rinse, the bed is full with acidic water, and hence the
concentration of chlorides taper out as the slow rinse proceeds.
It can be further noticed that FMA is observed in the effluents after a longer
period. This is because acid is completely consumed by cations in the beginning.
Such an example can be solved by a geometric technique. A graph is plotted
(refer Fig. E8.1) of the concentration of chloride and FMA vs. time.
Area under the chloride curve from the start of acid introduction step to the end
of slow rinse step = 191.67 square units. It is desired to segregate 85% of these
chlorides.
Chlorides to be segregated = 191.67 0.85
= 162.92 square units.
Careful evaluation of the chloride curve indicates that area, corresponding to
163.60 square units, is represented by a period of 50 minutes; ranging from 20
minutes from the start of acid introduction step.
Ans. (a)
Area under the chloride curve 20 minutes to 52 minutes (i.e. 32 minutes) from
the start of acid introduction step = 107.421 square units
Area under the chloride curve from the start of slow rinse period to the end of
segregation period = 163.60 107.421 = 56.179 square units
Volume of concentrated effluent = (32 63/60) + (18 54/60)
= 33.6 + 16.2
= 49.8 m3
Ans. (b ii)
Ans. (b ii)
Acid Entry
60000
54000
48000
36000
30000
e
urv
12000
FM
AC
18000
e Curve
24000
Chlorid
Concentration in mg/L
42000
6000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Time in minutes
Fig. E8.1 Solution of Exercise 8.3
80
90
100
Concentration of chlorides:
Scales of the graph: x-axis: 2 units = 10 min
y-axis: 2 unit = 6000 mg/L (i.e. ppm)
Thus 4 square unit = 10 6000 = 60 000 (min ppm)
Chloride (Cl):
Concentrated stream:
Acid introduction step:
Area = 60 000 107.421/4 = 1611 315 (min ppm)
Chlorides, eluted in 32 min = 1611 315/32
= 50 354 ppm or g/m3
Chlorides, eluted in acid introduction step, i.e. in
33.6 m3 = 50 354 33.6
= 1691 881 g
Ans.(d)
EXERCISE 8.5
Concentrations of all hydrocarbons, except ethane, are above the higher limit. By
pressure purging, it is required to bring down the concentrations below the lower
limits. It may further be noted that butane (total) concentration is 73.6% by
volume (highest amongst all hydrocarbons) and its lower limit is 1.9% by volume
(lowest). Hence, if butane concentration is brought down below 1.9%, bullet
will be safe for hotwork.
p1 = 0.25 bar g = 1.263 25 bar a
p2 = 2.5 bar g = 3.513 25 bar a
c0 = 73.6% by vol.
c1 =
1.263 25
73.6 = 26.46% after first cycle of purging
3.513 25
Ans. (a)
Ethane
Propane
Butane
0.02
0.42
1.23
Total
1.67
156.728
308.15 1.013 25
173.2 Nm3
Ans.(c)
EXERCISE 8.6
Solution Refer data of Exercise 8.5.
Assume that bullet is at atmospheric pressure after nitrogen purgings.
Specific volume of gas at 1.013 25 bar a and 308.15 K
V m1 =
Total gas inside the bullet =
0.083 14 308.15
= 25.284 57 m3/kmol
1.013 25
22
25.284 57
= 0.8701 kmol
At the end of purging with nitrogen and at atmospheric pressure (i.e. at
101.325 kPa),
hydrocarbons = 0.8701 0.0167 = 0.0145 kmol
N2 in bullet = 0.8701 0.0145 = 0.8556 kmol
Air pressurization is done upto 4 bar g or 5.013 25 bar a.
0.083 14 308.15
V m2 =
= 5.1104 m3/kmol
5.013 25
Total gas in bullet after pressurization
22
=
= 4.305 kmol
5.1104
Air introduced = 4.305 0.8701 = 3.4349 kmol
O2 introduced = 3.4349 0.21 = 0.7213 kmol
O2 in bullet after first pressurization cycle
0.7213
= 0.1675 or 16.75% (v/v)
=
4.305
After depressurization to atmospheric pressure, again quantity of gas in bullet
will be 0.8701 kmol.
Oxygen in bullet = 0.8701 0.1675
= 0.1457 kmol
After second cycle of pressurization,
total oxygen in bullet = 0.1457 + 0.7213
= 0.867 kmol
0.867
O2 concentration in bullet =
4.305
= 0.2014 or 20.14% (v/v)
Thus oxygen concentration will be well above 18% after 2 cycles of pressurization.
Ans. (a)
Compressed air requirement = 3.4349 2
= 6.8698 kmol
Volumetric air requirement = 6.8698 22.414
= 154 Nm3
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 8.7
Basis: 10 500 kg/h feed to bent tube evaporator
Solids in feed = 10 500 0.3155 = 3312.75 kg/h
Water in feed = 10 500 3312.75 = 7187.25 kg/h
Bent tube evaporator :
Amount of 60% liquor = 3312.75/0.6 = 5521.25 kg/h
Evaporators load = 10 500 5521.25 4978.75 kg/h
Vapours are produced at 383 K.
Saturation pressure at 383 K for water = 143.3 kPa a
From steam tables, h = 461.32 kJ/kg, H = 2691.3 kJ/kg
and lv = 2230.0 kJ/kg
(Table AIV.2)
Take base temperature T0 = 298.15 K (25C)
Heat given to vapours = 2691.3 104.8 = 2586.5 kJ/kg
Total heat in vapours = 2586.5 4978.75/3600 = 3577.09 kW
Enthalpy to be supplied to feed = 5521.25 225.7/3600
= 346.15 kW
Total heat load of the evaporator = 3577.09 + 346.15
= 3923.24 kW
At p = 190 kPa g, Ts = 405.4 K (132.4C) lv = 2166.6 kJ/kg
Steam consumption in the evaporator = 3923.24 3600/2166.6
= 6518.8 kg/h
Wiped film evaporator:
Amount of 90% liquor = 3312.75/0.9 = 3680.83 kg/h
Water evaporated = 5521.25 3680.83 = 1840.42 kg/h
Enthalpy of liquid leaving the evaporator
= 3680.83 202.2/3600 = 206.74 kW
Enthalpy of liquid, entering the evaporator
= 346.15 kW
Temperature of water vapours = 410 K (137C)
At T = 410 K, ps = 3.32 bar a and H = 2729.2 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of vapours = 1840.42 (2729.2 104.8)/3600
= 1341.67 kW
Total heat load of evaporator = 1341.67 + 206.74 346.15
= 1202.26 kW
For steam at p = 12 bar g, Ts = 464.6 K and lv = 1970.7 kJ/kg
Steam consumption = 1202.26 3600/1970.7 = 2196.2 kg/h
EXERCISE 8.8
Basis: 1000 kg cell liquor
NaOH content of liquor = 1000 0.109 = 109 kg
NaCl content of liquor = 1000 0.1526 = 152.6 kg
Water in the liquor = 1000 109 152.6 = 738.4 kg
Reaction:
2 NaOH + SO2 = Na2SO3 + H2O
Molar mass 2 40
64
126
18
Since reaction goes to completion,
Na2SO3 produced = 126 109/80 = 171.67 kg
Water produced = 18 109/80 = 24.53 kg
Evaporation loss = 71 kg
Final quantity of water = 738.4 + 24.53 71
= 691.93 kg
Concentration of NaCl in sulphited liquor
= 152.6 100/691.93
= 22 g/100 g water or 22 kg/100 kg water
From Fig. 8.14, at 373.15 K (100C), the solubility of Na2SO3 in the presence of
22 kg NaCl/100 kg water = 7.75 kg/100 kg water
Dissolved Na2SO3 in solution = 7.75 691.93/100
= 53.63 kg
Na2SO3 crystallized = 171.7 53.63 = 118.07 kg
Yield of Na2SO3 = 118.07 100/171.7 = 68.8% Ans. (a)
In the second case, water is partially evaporated till the invariant composition is
reached at 373.15 K (100C).
Solubility of NaCl at this point = 38 kg/100 kg water
Solubility of Na2SO3 at this point = 3.0 kg/100 kg water
To attain solubility of 38 kg NaCl/100 kg water, final water quantity after evapn.
= 152.6 100/38
= 401.6 kg
Water to be evaporated = 691.93 401.6 = 290.33 kg
Na2SO3 in final solution = 3 4.016 = 12.05 kg
Na2SO3 crystallised = 171.7 12.05 = 159.65 kg Ans.(b-i)
Overall Yield = 159.65 100/171.7 = 93.0%
Ans.(b-ii)
In the third case, common salt is added to the extent that the invariant composition
at 373.15 K (100C) is attained.
Final quantity of NaCl in solution = 38 691.93/100
= 262.93 kg
Salt added = 262.93 152.6
= 110.33 kg
Ans.(c-i)
Na2SO3 in solution = 3 691.93/100 = 20.76 kg
Yield of Na2SO3 = 171.7 20.76 = 150.94 kg
Overall Yield = 150.94 100/171.7 = 87.9%
Ans. (c ii)
Instead of concentrating the sulphited liquor, if cooling of solution is carried out
to 273.15 K (0C), yield of Na2SO3 can be improved. From Fig. 8.14 at invariant
point,
NaCl concn. = 33.6 kg/100 kg H2O at 273.15 K
For NaCl concn. of 22.0 g/100 g H2O at 273.15 K(0C),
solubility of Na2SO3 = 5.0 kg/100 kg H2O
These crystals are heptahydrate.
Na2SO3 in solution = 5 691.93/100 = 34.6 kg
Yield of crystals = 171.7 34.6 = 137.1 kg
Water, associated with crystals = 18 7 137.1/126
= 137.1 kg
Thus water, retained in the solution = 691.93 137.1
= 554.83 kg
This change in water quantity will change the solubility of NaCl and Na2SO3.
Due to this reason, a trial and error method is required.
After a number of trial and error iterations,
solubility of NaCl = 152.6 100/554.82
= 27.5 kg/100 kg H2O
This gives an indication that the final solubility if NaCl in the solution will be
higher than that of 27.5 kg/100 kg H2O.
Assume final solubility = 28 g NaCl/100 g H2O
Final quantity of water = 152.6 100/28
= 545 kg
From Fig. 8.14, solubility of Na2SO3 at 273.15 K (0C) in presence of 28 kg
NaCl/100 kg H2O = 4.25 kg/100 kg H2O.
Na2SO3 in solution = 4.25 545/100 = 23.16 kg
Na2SO3 crystallised = 171.7 23.16 = 148.54 kg
Ans.(d-i)
Water, associated with crystals = 148.54 18 7/126
= 148.54 kg
Final water quantity = 691.93 148.54 = 543.39 kg
This quantity closely tallies with 545 kg water.
Overall Yield = 148.54 100/171.7 = 86.5% Ans. (d-ii)
EXERCISE 8.9
Basis: 5000 kg/h MgCl2 as product rate
Amount of final product = 5000/0.9 = 5555.6 kg/h
MgO present in final product = 5555.6 0.05 = 277.8 kg/h
H2O in final product = 5555.6 5000 277.8 = 277.8 kg/h
1 mole MgO = 1 mole MgCl2
277.8 kg/h MgO corresponds to 95.3 277.8/40.3 = 656.9 kg/h MgCl2.
HCl produced = 2 36.5 656.9/95.3 = 503.2 kg/h
H2O consumed = 18 656.9/95.3 = 124.1 kg/h
Total MgCl2 in the feed = 5000 + 656.9 = 5656.9 kg/h
Feed contains 48% solids (by mass).
Feed rate = 5656.9/0.48 = 11 785.2 kg/h
Evaporation in the dryer = Total feed (Amount of MgCl2 + Mass of water in
product Mass of water reacted)
= 11 785.2 (5656.9 + 277.8 124.1)
= 5974.6 kg/h
Ans. (a)
Calculation of total heat load requires following considerations.
(i) Latent heat of water vapours.
(ii) Heat of crystallisation of MgCl2 from the solution.
(iii) Heat of reaction between MgCl2 and H2O.
(iv) Sensible heat of water vapour from the feed temperature to outlet gas
temperature.
(v) Sensible heat of solids from feed temperature to the outlet gas temperature.
(vi) Heat loss from the system
.
Enthalpy of dry flue gases, f9 = n 1.006 (798 573)/3600
.
= 0.0629 n kW
.
where n = dry flue gas flow, kg/h
For enthalpy of water vapours, use total enthalpy of water vapour at 101.325
kPa and 798 K (525C) and 573 K (300C).
Enthalpy of water at 798 K = 3541.7 kJ/kg over 273.15 K
Enthalpy of water at 573 K = 3074.5 kJ/kg over 273.15 K
Enthalpy of water vapours accompanying flue gas,
.
f10 = n 0.03 (3541.7 3074.5)/3600
= 0.0039 n kW
Total heat given up by flue gas = f9 + f10
.
= (0.0629 + 0.0039)n
.
= 0.0668 n kW
= 7561.04 kW
.
n = 113 189 kg/h of dry flue gas
3903.07 kmol/h
Water vapours = 113 189 0.03/18
= 188.65 kmol/h
Total wet flue gas = 3903.07 + 188.65
= 4091.72 kmol/h
Specific volume of gas at 101.325 kPa a and 798 K
= (8.314 14 798.15)/101.325
= 65.492 m3/h
Incoming flue gas rate = 4091.72 65.492
= 267 975 m3/h
Ans.(c-i)
Outgoing gas mixture = 4091.72 + (503.2/36.5) + (5726.4/18)
(124.1/18)
= 4091.72 + 13.79 + 318.13 6.89
= 4416.75 kmol/h
Specific volume of gas at 101.325 kPa a and 573 K
= 8.314 14 573.15/101.325
= 47.029 m3/kmol
Volumetric flow rate of outgoing gas mixture
= 4416.75 47.029 = 207 715 m3/h
Ans.(c-ii)
Notes: (a) The reaction, mentioned in the above example, takes place in two
steps.
MgCl2 + 2 H2O = Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl
Mg(OH)2 = MgO + H2O
EXERCISE 8.10
Basis: 186 minutes of operation
Hydrogen liberated = Hydrogen from electrolysis of water
Hydrogen equivalent to SO4, migrated from
catholyte + Hydrogen from electrolysis of H2SO4
= Hydrogen from electrolysis of water
Hydrogen equivalent to SO4, produced by
decomposition of FeSO4 Hydrogen equivalent
to SO4 + Hydrogen from electrolysis of H2SO4
= Hydrogen from water + Hydrogen equivalent to SO4,
produced by decomposition of FeSO4.
O2 liberated = 3.331 Nm3 = 0.1486 kmol 4.756 kg
Equivalent hydrogen = 2 4.756/16 = 0.5945 kg
Fe deposited = 5.313 kg
Equivalent hydrogen = 2 5.313/56 = 0.1897 kg
Hydrogen liberated = 0.5945 0.1897 = 0.4048 kg
0.2024 kmol 4.54 Nm3
Ans. (b)
Let a = amount of final catholyte,
b = amount of final anolyte and
c = total amount of water evaporated; all in kg
Fe balance at the cathode:
Fe in final catholyte = Fe in initial catholyte Fe deposited
(0.018 56/152)a = (15.6 56/152) 5.313
a = 65.6 kg
Ans. (a i)
SO4 balance at the cathode:
SO4 in final catholyte = SO4 in the initial catholyte SO4 migrated to anode
compartment
H2SO4 in initial anotyte = 0.03 59 = 1.77 kg
SO4 migrated = (0.177 b 1.77) 96/98 kg
SO4 in initial catholyte = (3.9 96/98) + (15.6 96/152)
= 3.8204 + 9.8526 = 13.6730 kg
SO4 in final catholyte = 65.6 [(0.018 96/152) + (0.0155 96/98)]
= 1.7418 kg
1.7392 = 13.6730 [(0.177 b 1.77) 96/98]
b = 78.81 kg
Ans.(a-ii)
actual Fe liberation
100
theoretical Fe liberation
= 5.313 100/12.942
= 41.05%
Ans. (d)
EXERCISE 8.11
Basis: 100 kmol NG (natural gas) input
Let a, b, c and d be kmol of H2, CO, CO2 and H2O, respectively in the reactor
outlet gases.
Let e be kmol of CH4 and f be kmol of O2 supply (98% by vol.)
Inerts (Ar + N2) in supply NG = 1.95 + 0.4 = 2.35 kmol
Inerts (Ar) in O2 supply = 0.02f kmol
Inerts in outgoing gas mixture = 2.35 + 0.02f kmol
Total moles of outgoing gas mixture,
n = a + b + c + d + e + 2.35 + 0.02f kmol
CH4 balance :
e
= 0.0035
(1)
n
H2 balance:
a + d + 2e = 93.25 2 + 3.32 3 + 0.88 4 + 0.2 5
= 186.5 + 9.96 + 3.52 + 1.00
= 200.98
(2)
Carbon balance:
b + c + e = 93.25 + 3.32 2 + 0.88 3 + 0.2 4
= 93.25 + 6.64 + 2.64 + 0.8
= 103.33
(3)
O2 balance:
0.5 b + c + 0.5 d = 0.98 f
b + 2 c + d = 1.96 f
(4)
Limiting reaction is steam-methane reaction. Its approach to equilibrium is 30 K.
Since this reaction is endothermic, the composition of outgoing gas mixture will
be determined by chemical equilibrium at 1395 30 = 1365 K.
(e / n) p ( d / n ) p
edn 2
= 3 2 = 2.5207 105
Therefore, Kp1 =
3
a bp
(b / n) p [(a / n) p]
System pressure, p = 2.0 MPa a = 19.7385 atm a
Kp1 =
edn 2
= 2.5207 105
a b (19.7385) 2
3
edn 2
= 9.8209 103
(5)
3
a b
Shift reaction is exothermic and hence it reaches almost to completion at such a
high temperature. Thus chemical equilibrium of shift reaction at 1395 K is taken
for calculations.
or
Kp2 =
( a / n) (c / n) p 2
= 0.4465
(b / n) ( d / n) p 2
ac
= 0.4465
(6)
bd
Six simultaneous equations will yield six unknowns. Equations (5) and (6) are
complicated. Therefore trial and error method is suggested.
Iteration-1: Let n = 300 kmol. The increase in number of moles is evident as
reforming reaction is a primary reaction.
e = 0.0035 300 = 1.05 kmol
a + d 200.98 2 1.05 = 198.88 kmol
b + c = 103.33 1.05 = 102.28 kmol
Substitute values of n and e in Eq. (5),
or
or
1.05 d (300) 2
= 9.8209 103
a 3b
1.05 (300 ) 2 10 3
d
d
b=
3 = 9.6223 106 3
9.8209
a
a
c = 42.35 kmol
a = 163.38 kmol
c = 25.06 kmol
d, kmol
(assumed)
30
35
37
39
39.5
39.1
a, kmol
b, kmol
c, kmol
168.88
163.88
161.88
159.88
159.88
159.78
59.93
77.22
83.94
91.83
93.88
92.23
42.35
25.06
18.34
10.45
8.40
10.05
ac /ad
3.978
1.5149
0.9559
0.4665
0.361
0.4453
>
>
>
>
<
<
0.4465
0.4465
0.4465
0.4465
0.4465
0.4465
a, kmol
b, kmol
c, kmol
159.74
160.84
161.04
160.99
97.862
93.17
92.335
92.544
4.398
9.09
9.925
9.716
ac / ad
0.1841
0.4130
0.4579
0.44655
< 0.4465
< 0.4465
> 0.4465
; 0.4465
f = 76.442 kmol
n = 160.99 + 92.544 + 9.716 + 37.85 + 1.05 + 2.35 + 76.442 0.02
= 306.049 kmol
; 306 kmol (nearly same as assumed)
dry gas
kmol
160.990
92.544
9.716
1.070
1.950
1.929
Total
268.199
mole %
60.03
34.50
3.62
0.40
0.73
0.72
100.00
kmol
160.990
92.544
9.716
37.850
1.070
1.950
1.929
wet gas
mole %
52.60
30.24
3.17
12.37
0.35
0.64
0.63
306.049
100.00
Ans.(b)
kmol
ni
93.25
3.32
0.88
0.20
1.95
74.91
1.929
Temperature
K
422
422
422
422
422
400
400
176.439
Enthalpy, kJ/kmol
(H Ho + DHf )i
52 247
49 736
56 164
64 005
12 187
12 277
ni (H Ho DHf )i
kJ
4 871 996
165 123
49 424
12 801
+ 23 765
+ 919 673
4 155 906
kmol
ni
160.99
92.544
9.716
37.85
1.07
1.95
1.929
Total
306.049
Temperature
K
1395
1395
1395
1395
1395
1395
1395
Enthalpy, kJ/kmol
(H Ho + DHf )i
+ 41 315
70 120
328 410
186 030
+ 12 386
+ 43 372
ni (H Ho DHf )i
kJ
+ 6 651 282
6 489 197
3 190 833
7 041 238
+ 13 253
+ 84 576
9 972 157
EXERCISE 8.12
Basis: 100 kg spent acid
Let x kg be the fuel oil required for decomposition.
Reactions:
H2SO4 = H2O + SO3
SO3 = SO2 + 1/2 O2
2 NH4HSO4 + 1/2 O2 = N2 + 5 H2O + 2 SO2
C + O2 = CO2
H2 + 1/2 O2 = H2O
Carbon of organics, present in spent acid = 5.1 5/6.1
= 4.18 kg
Hydrogen of organics, present in spent acid = 5 4.18
= 0.82 kg
Carbon content of fuel oil = 6.2 x/(7.2 12) = 0.0718 x kmol
Hydrogen content of fuel oil = 1 x/(7.2 2) = 0.0694 x kmol
Component
H2SO4
NH4HSO4
Cm Hn C
H
H2O
Total
kg
20
45
4.18
0.82
30.0
100.00
Molar mass
98
115
12
2
18
kmol
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
O2 requirement, kmol
0.2041
0.3913
0.3483
0.4100
1.6667
0.1021
+ 0.0978
+ 0.3483
+ 0.2050
3.0204
0.5490
LHV of organics =
Heat liberated by combustion =
=
Total air requirements =
=
Combustion air requirements =
=
Enthalpy of dry air =
41 870 kJ/kg
1791.67 41 870/3600
20 838.12 kW
(9.5775 + 0.1975)
9.775 kmol/100 kg spent acid
9.775 358.333
3502.7 kmol/h (moist)
1.006 9.5775 358.333
29 (723.15 298.15)/3600
= 11 820.11 kW
Enthalpy of water vapour at 101.325 kPa and 723.15 K = 3382.4 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of water vapour at 298.15 K = 2547.3 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of water vapours at 723.15 K accompanying air
= 0.1975 358.333 (3382.4 2547.3) 18/3600
= 295.50 kW
Total enthalpy of wet air = 11 820.11 + 295.50
= 12 115.61 kW
Total heat supplied = enthalpy of air + combustion heat of fuel
and organics
= 12 115.61 + 30 054.25 + 20 838.12
= 63 007.98 kW
Heat utilisation = 98%
Heat utilised = 63 007.98 0.98 = 61 747.82 kW
Heat of solution of NH4HSO4 = 1019.85 (1026.96)
= + 7.11 kJ/kmol NH4HSO4 (endothermic)
61.768 kJ/kg NH4HSO4
Total NH4HSO4 dried = 45 358.333 = 16 125 kg/h
Heat supplied during crystallization
= 61.768 16 125/3600
f1 = 276.27 kW (exothermic)
Acid concentration of spent acid (without NH4HSO4)
= [20/(20 + 30)] 100 = 40%
This is to be dehydrated to 100%.
SO3 in dilute acid = (40 80)/(98 80) = 0.408 kmol
H2O in dilute acid = (0.408 18 + 60)/18 = 3.741 kmol
(Ref. Table 5.64)
H 1 = 2.093 kJ/mol H2O
(Ref. Table 5.64)
H 2 = 135.65 kJ/mol SO3
At 100% concentration, = H 1 = H 2 = 44.34 kJ/mol
Dehydration:
Dilute acid + Heat of mixing = 100% acid + water
3rd iteration:
Assume x = 8.6 kg/100 kg spent acid
SO3 in exit gas mixture = 0.5954 100/(6.6071 + 8.6 0.4724)
= 5.57%
Total dry air supply = 6.0167 + 0.5071 8.6
= 6.0167 + 4.3611 = 10.3778 kmol
Moisture with air = 10.3778 0.0205
= 0.2138 kmol/100 kg spent acid
Total moisture in exist gas mixture
= 3.2591 + 0.0694 8.6 + 0.2138
= 4.0697 kmol/100 kg spent acid
CO2 in exit gas mixture = 0.3483 + 0.0718 8.6
= 0.9658 kmol/100 kg spent acid
N2 in exit gas mixture = 4.9489 + 0.4006 8.6
= 8.3941 kmol/100 kg spent acid
Component
kmol
ni
SO2
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
0.5954
0.9658
0.7145
8.3941
4.0697
ai ni
17.748
20.635
18.595
248.389
132.233
Total
14.7395
434.600
ni bi 103
37.479
62.086
8.399
43.154
0.324
65.134
ni ci 106
26.351
39.647
1.674
110.659
53.764
96.751
ni di 109
6.622
9.465
0.402
41.702
18.507
44.524
4th iteration:
Let x = 8.6 + 0.3 = 8.9 kg/100 kg spent acid
Dry air = 6.0167 + 0.5071 8.9 = 10.53 kmol
Moisture with air = 10.53 0.0206 = 0.2169 kmol
Total moisture in exit gas mixture
= 3.2591 + 0.0694 8.9 + 0.2169
= 4.0937 kmol
CO2 in exit gas mixture = 0.3483 + 0.0718 8.9
= 0.9873 kmol
N2 in exit gas mixture = 4.9469 + 0.4006 8.9
= 8.5122 kmol
Component
kmol
ni
Dry
gas
mole %
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
6.622
9.675
0.402
42.289
18.616
SO2
CO2
O2
N2
H2O
0.5954
0.9873
0.7145
8.5122
4.0937
5.51
9.13
6.61
78.75
14.748
21.094
18.595
251.884
133.013
37.479
63.468
8.399
43.761
0.326
26.351
40.529
1.674
112.215
54.081
Total
14.9031
100.00
439.334
65.911
97.742
45.01
B = ln (pSO2) = 1.45
Sulphurous acid dew point (Ref. Exercise 7.28):
1000/TDP = 3.5752 0.1845 3.3779
9.333 104 1.45
9.13 104 (3.3779 1.45)
TDP(SO2) = 339.45 K (66.3C)
Therefore air must be introduced at about 345 K (72C). a 5 K margine.
Enthalpy of air 345 K (72C)
= 10.53 (1.006 + 1.84 0.0128) 358.33 (345 298.15)/3600
= 50.72 kW
Enthalpy of air at 723 K (450C) = 10.7469 12 115.61/9.775
= 13 320.23 kW
Enthalpy supplied in air preheater = 13 320.23 50.72
= 13 269.51 kW
12 404.73 kJ/kmol
Total air required in furnace for decomposition
= (10.7469) 358.333
= 3850.97 kmol/h (moist)
Heat, given up by exit gas stream in air preheater
= 51 400.92 15 733.11
= 35 667.81 kW
Total air preheated = 35 667.81 3600 0.98/12 404.73
= 10 144.19 kmol/h
EXERCISE 8.13
Basis: 1 kmol benzene formation in reactor (net)
Profit a (conversion)0.5
Profit a (yield)3
Therefore porfit function a (conversion)0.5 (yield)3
Profit function is to be maximised. Since the values of conversion and
corresponding yield are available in Table 8.56, a graph (Fig. E8.2) of conversion
vs. profit [i.e. (conversion)0.5 (yield)3] is plotted. Another (second) graph is plotted
for conversion vs. yield.
Conversion, %
Relative Profit Function
50
0.686
66
0.776
70
0.780
75
0.790
85
0.742
100
0.80
99
98
0.76
97
0.72
96
n
rsio
nve
Co
V/S
tV
/S
Co
0.74
ld
Yie
nv
e
r si
on
96.55
95
0.70
0.68
94
50
60
70
76
80
Conversion
Fig. E8.2 Solution of Exercise 8.11
90
100
93
Yield, %
0.78
Pr
ofi
Max. Profit
0.82
Compositions of vapour stream from the separator, recycle gas stream and purge
gas stream are same.
H 2 in vapour phase
= 0.5
Total gas in vapour phase
6.0933
= 0.5
(6.0933 + 1.0325 + y + 0.005 263 + 0.000 3258)
y = 5.0552 kmol
Total vapour phase mixture = 6.0933/0.5 = 12.1866 kmol
Methane in vapour phase = 1.0325 + 5.0552
= 6.0877 kmol
Let A kmol are purged out and M kmol is the quantity of fresh feed.
Methane balance:
Methane in recycle stream + methane in make-up gas
= Methane in gross fed
[(12.1866 A) 6.0877/12.1866] + 0.05 M = 5.0552
0.4995 A 0.05 M = 1.0325
(1)
Hydrogen balance:
Hydrogen in recycle stream + Hydrogen in make-up gas
= Hydrogen in gross feed
(12.1866 A)0.5 + 0.95 M = 6.793 + 5 0.057 89 + 5 0.005 42
= 7.109 55
0.5 A + 0.95 M = 1.016 25
(2)
Solving the simultaneous equations,
M = 2.2775 kmol and A = 2.2948 kmol
Composition of steam from phase separator:
Component
H2
CH4
C6H6
C7H8
C12H10
Total
vapour phase
kmol
6.093 3
6.087 7
0.005 363
0.000 3258
0
12.186 589
liquid phase
kg
12.186 6
79.062 4
0.410 5
0.029 97
0
mole %
50.00
49.95
0.043
0.007
0
kmol
kg
0
0
1.052 63
0.325 7742
0.021 67
82.105 14
29.971 23
3.337 18
71.14
25.97
2.89
91.689 47
100.00
1.400 0742
115.41355
100.00
Benzene column:
Benzene recovered = 78 kg (final net product)
Bottom product = 115.413 55 78 = 37.413 55 kg
mass %
Toluene column:
Diphenyl in bottom product = 0.021 67 0.75
= 0.016 25 kmol
2.502 89 kg
Toluene in fresh feed = 1.3586 0.325 7742
= 1.032 858 kmol
85.02 kg
All these calculations can be prorated for 1000 kg/h benzene product from benzene
column. These data are summarised in Table 8.55. Also these data are summarised
in Fig. 3.6.
Ans.
EXERCISE 8.14
Basis: Product gas stream from Reactor-II = 100 kmol/h
HCN in the product gas stream = 5.9 kmol/h
Reaction (ii):
CH4 consumed = 5.9 kmol/h
NO consumed = 5.9 kmol/h
H2O produced = 5.9 kmol/h
H2 produced =
5.9
= 2.95 kmol/h
2
Let a, b and c kmol/h of CH4, consumed as per reaction (iii), (iv) and (v),
respectively.
H2 produced = 4b + 3c as per reactions (iv) and (v)
CO2 produced = a + b as per reactions (iii) and (iv)
CO produced = c = 1.2 kmol/h
Let d be the consumption (in kmol/h) of NH3 as per reaction (vi)
H2O produced = 1.5 d
Total H2 produced = 2.95 + 4b + 3c = 7.5 kmol/h
Substituting value of c, b = 0.2375 kmol/h
CO2 in product gas stream = 2.0 kmol/h = a + b
a = 2 0.2375 = 1.7625 kmol/h
O2 consumed as per reaction (iii) = 1.7625 2
= 3.525 kmol/h
O2 consumed as per reaction (vi) =
3
d kmol/h
4
100
(56.7 0.5d)=
79
H2O, entering with air =
=
NO production by reaction (i) =
=
H2O produced by reaction (i) =
=
Total H2O accounted =
=
=
Substituting value of a, d =
Total dry air, entering Reactor I =
=
H2O, entering Reactor I with air =
=
71.7722 0.6329 d
82.2036
100.00
2342.12
255.44
716.49
322.68
.
capacity (n i Cop2) equation constant
.
.
.
ni bi 103 ni ci 106 ni di 109
168.63
85.11
282.66
1.77
16.96
724.82
15.53
4.07
273.15
NO
H2O
5.9000
10.5199
7.05
12.57
173.97
341.81
12.11
0.84
66.89
138.98
28.44
47.84
Total
83.6786
100.00
2460.37
40.19
915.50
369.03
92.7786
100.00
2635.34
434.04
926.40
472.02
100.00
100.0
3019.42
30.21
984.60
383.45
Energy Balance:
Enthalpy of Reactor I inlet stream 1 at t1/T1 = 900C (1173.15 K) over 25C
(298.15 K),
f1 =
1173.15
o
(ni C p1 ) dT
298.15
T2
o
(ni C p2 ) dT
298.15
1373.15
o
(ni C p4 ) dT
298.15
T3
o
( Sni C p3 ) dT
298.15
Solving by Mathcad
T3 = 671.80 K or t3 = 398.65C
o
( Sni C p2 ) dT
298.15
T 2 = 724.15 K or t2 = 451.0C
Ans. (d)
Enthalpy to be extracted from exit gas stream from Reactor I (i.e. cooling from
1595.4 K to 724.15 K),
f9 = 3776 480 1122 524
= 2653 956 kJ/h 737.21 kW
Enthalpy of mixed feed, entering Reactor I, at 35C (308.15 K) over 25C
(298.15 K):
308.15
o
(ni C p1 ) dT
f10 =
298.15
1173.15
o
(ni C p1 ) dT
298.15
o
(ni C p2 ) dT = 1360 346
298.15
(69.5972 + 1.6699)
= 6.519 kmol/kmol
10.9315
Ans. (a)
EXERCISE 8.15
Basis: Fresh feed rate F = 100 kmol/s
H2 in F = 100 0.7 = 70 kmol/s
Inerts in
F = 100 0.01 = 1 kmol/s
Let a = CO in mixed feed, kmol/s
b = CO2 in mixed feed, kmol/s
H2 in mixed feed = 1.05 (2a + 3b)
= 2.1 a + 3.15 b
Presence of CO, CO2 and H2 in MF
= a + b + 2.1a + 3.15 b
= 3.1a + 4.15 b kmol/s
Methanol in MF = 0.45 mole %
Inerts in
MF = 10.0 mole %
MF = (3.1a + 4.15 a)/(1.0000 0.1 0.0045)
= 3.46175 a + 4.63 428b kmol/s
Methanol in MF = (3.46175a + 4.634 28b) 0.0045
= 0.015 57 a + 0.020 85 b kmol/s
Inerts in MF = (3.461 75 a + 4.634 28b)0.1
= 0.346 18 a + 0.463 43 b kmol/s
Let x and y be kmol/s of CO and CO2 reacted, respectively.
Composition of Converter Exit Gas Mixture
Component
CO
CO2
H2
CH3OH
H2O
Inerts
kmol/s
ax
by
2.1a + 3.15b 2x 3y
0.015 57 a + 0.020 85b + x + y
y
0.346 18a + 0.463 43 b
Total
3.461 75a + 4.634 28 b 2x 2y
Gas mixture, leaving the converter, contains 3 mole % methanol.
(1)
(4)
Inerts balance:
(0.346 18a + 0.463 43b) P = 1
(5)
T
Reaction equilibrium of water gas reaction at 275C (584.15 K) in converter exit
gas mixture:
K=
(b - y ) (2.1a + 3.15 b - 2 x - 3 y )
(a - x) y
= 69
Solving six simultaneous equations by Mathcad,
Mathcad output:
a = 133.849
kmol/s
b = 140.201
kmol/s
c = 26.733
kmol/s
x = 16.253
kmol/s
y = 10.526
kmol/s
P = 9.184
kmol/s
Compositions of Gas streams
Converter inlet
(mixed feed M)
CO
CO2
(6)
Converter outlet
kmol/s
mole %
kmol/s
mole %
133.849
140.201
12.02
12.60
117.596
129.675
11.10
12.24
H2
Inerts
CH3OH
H2O
Total
722.716
111.308
5.009
Nil
64.93
10.00
0.45
Nil
658.632
111.308
31.788
10.526
62.16
10.51
3.00
0.99
1113.083
100.00
1059.525
100.00
kmol/s
mole %
117.596
129.675
658.632
111.308
5.055
1022.266
Purge steam
kmol/s
mole %
11.50
12.69
64.43
10.89
0.49
1.056
1.165
5.917
1.000
0.045
11.50
12.69
64.43
10.89
0.49
100.00
9.184
100.00
kmol/s
mole %
kmol/s
mole %
116.540
128.510
652.715
110.308
5.010
11.50
12.69
64.43
10.89
0.49
17.309
11.691
70.000
1.000
Nil
17.31
11.69
70.00
1.00
Nil
1013.083
100.00
100.000
100.00
16.253 100
133.849
= 12.14% per pass
Conversion of CO =
10.526 100
140.201
= 7.51% per pass
Conversion of CO2 =
Conversion of H2 =
Recycle ratio =
1013.083
= 10.131 kmol/kmol fresh feed
100
Enthalpy balance:
Reference temperature, T0 = 298.15 K
Heat Capacity Equation Constants for Converter Inlet Gas Stream Component
.
Component
ni
Heat capacity equation constant
.
.
.
.
kmol/s
ni ai
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
CO
133.849
3885.3
377.0
1558.5
629.9
140.201
2995.5
9012.7
5755.4
1374.0
CO2
722.716
20 677.3
736.7
106.7
555.8
H2
Ar
33.392
693.6
CH4
77.916
1499.8
4060.5
932.9
881.8
5.009
124.6
254.8
293.7
226.0
CH3OH
Total
1113.083
29 876.1
13 687.7
3077.0
192.1
77,916
1499.8
4060.5
932.9
881.8
CH4
31.788
790.5
1617.2
1863.6
1434.5
CH3OH
H2O
10.526
342.0
0.8
139.1
47.9
Total
1059.525
28 353.8
14 354.7
1115.5
1140.3
548.15
298.15
T1
298.15
Solving by Mathacad
Ans.
T1 = 486.47 K or t1 = 213.32C
Thus ingoing gas stream is to be heated from 66C (339.15 K) to 213.32C
(486.47 K).
Heat exchange in the heat exchanger (HE-1),
f4 =
486.47
339.15
T2
Ans.
EXERCISE 8.16
Heat duty of chiller, fch = 1500 kW
.
Let mch be the mass flow rate of chilled water.
.
fch = mch CL Dt
.
mch =
1500
= 119.423 kg/s
4.1868 (12 - 9)
430 m3/h
In the chiller, water is used as a refrigerant.
Latent heat of water at 6C (279.15 K)
= 2487.4 kJ/kg
1500
Evaporation rate of water =
2487.4
.
m1 = 0.603 kg/s
.
Let m2 = Mass flow rate of SA solution, entering
absorber, kg/h
.
m3 = Mass flow rate of WA solution, leaving
absorber, kg/h
.
.
m3 m2 = Water evaporation in chiller + Water vapour
formed due to flashing of water, coming
from condenser
= 0.603 3600 + x
= 2170.8 + x
Also considering overall material balance,
.
.
m3 m2 = Amount of water from condenser
=y
Enthalpy of water in condenser
= 191.83 kJ/kg at 45.83C (318.98 K)
Enthalpy of water at 6C = 25.31 kJ/kg
Change in enthalpy will result in flashing.
y (191.83 25.31) = x 2487.4
y = 14.938 x
= 2170.8 + x
x = 155.75 kg/h
.
.
m3 m2 = 2170.8 + 155.75
= 2326.55 kg/h
(1)
LiBr balance:
.
.
m2 0.633 = m3 0.595
.
.
m2 = 0.94 m3
.
Substituting value of m2 in Eq. (1),
.
0.06 m3 = 2326.55
.
m3 = 38 775.83 kg/h
.
m2 = 36 449.28 kg/h
Heat of dilution will be assumed constant at 498 kJ/kg for determining heat
duties of the generator and absorber.
Heat duty of absorber fa = Heat of dilution of LiBr solution + Heat of
condensation of water vapour + sensible heat
change in solution
= 2326.55 498 + 2326.55 2487.4
38 775.83 + 36 449.28
+
1.842 (48.9 40)
38 775.83 + 36 449.28
+
1.842 (101.6
2
Cooling water enters at 32C (305 K) into absorber coils and leave at 40C
(313 K) from the condenser.
Total heat duty = fa + fc
= 2100.638 + 1614.865
= 3715.503 kW
3715.503
.
Required CW flow, mcw =
8 4.1868
= 110.929 kg/s
399.3 m3/h
Rise in CW temperature across absorber
=
2100.638
= 4.523C or K
110.929 4.1868
EXERCISE 8.17
Before attempting the actual steam balance, enthalpies of steam at different
pressure/temperature, of condensates and boiler feed water are to be tabulated.
Steam or
Pressure,
Condensate or
MPa a
BFW
Steam
4.6
Steam
0.95
Steam
0.95
Steam
0.1013
Steam
0.1013
Steam
0.014
Steam
0.014
Condensate
0.014
Condensate
0.014
Condendsate 0.014
BFW
4.9
Temperature,
K (C)
673
553
450.8
473
373
325.7
325.7
325.7
373
450.8
394
(400)
(280)
(177.7)
(200)
(100)
(52.6)
(52.6)
(52.6)
(100)
(177.7)
(121)
Condition
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Superheated
Superheated
Saturated
Superheated
Saturated
0.955 DF
0.867 DF
Saturated
Saturated
Saturated
Subcooled
3205.3
3010.5
2774.2
2875.3
2676.0
2489.7
2280.6
220.0
419.1
752.8
508.0
Turbine A:
Heat transfer in turbine = 3205.3 3010.5 = 194.8 kJ/kg
1426 3600
= 27 740.2 kg/h
Steam requirement in turbine =
0.95 194.8
Let x1 kg/h BFW is introduced in steam at 0.95 MPa a and 553 K (280C).
x1 508.0 + 27 740.2 3010.5 = (27 740.2 + x1) 2774.2
x1 = 2891.3 kg/h
Total saturated steam at 0.95 MPa a = 27 740.2 + 2891.3
= 30 631.5 kg/h
Turbine B:
Heat transfer in turbine = 3205.3 2489.7 = 715.6 kJ/kg
5974 3600
Steam requirement in turbine =
= 31 635.4 kg/h
0.95 715.6
Turbine C:
Total energy requirement = 2460 3600/0.95
= 9322 105.3 kJ/h or 2589.5 kW
Saturated steam requirement for absorption refrigeration = 5940 kg/h
Let x2 kg/h BFW is used for desuperheating steam @ 0.1013 MPa a and 473.15 K
(200C).
5940 2676.0 = x2 508 + (5940 x2) 2875.3
x2 = 500.1 kg/h
Superheated extraction steam = 5940 500.1
= 5439.9 kg/h from Turbine C
Enthalpy removed in extraction part of Turbine C:
= 5439.9 (3205.3 2875.3)
= 1795 167 kJ/h 498.7 kW
Enthalpy removal in condensing part
= 2589.5 498.7 = 2090.8 kW
7526 938 kJ/h
Steam requirement = 7526 938/(3205.3 2280.6)
= 8139.9 kg/h
Total steam input to Turbine C
= 5439.9 + 8139.9 = 13 579.8 kg/h
say 13 580 kg/h
Total condensate to surface condenser
= 8139.9 + 31 635.4 = 39 775.3 kg/h
Enthalpy of total condensates, entering deaerator
= 39 775.3 220 + 5940 419.1 + 30 631.5 752.8
= 34 299 413 kJ/h 9527.6 kW
Loss of enthalpy = 5%
Let x3 kg/h be superheated steam, used in deaerator.
Total condensate, entering deaerator = 39 775.3 + 30 631.5 + 5940.0
= 75 346.8 kg/h
34 299 413 0.95 + x3 3205.3 = (76 346.8 + x3) 508.0
x3 = 2298.5 kg/h
BFW flow = 76 346.8 + 2298.5 = 78 645.3 kg/h
Ans.
EXERCISE 8.18
Basis: Power requirement = 6832 kW
Specific Steam Requirements of Turbines
Initial
Steam
Conditions
Final
steam
conditions
Enthalpy
available
for energy
conversion,
kJ/kg
Actual
energy
conversion
(97%),
kJ/kg
Soevific
steam
consumption
in turbine,
kg/kWh
64 bar a
440C
(713 K)
3273.3 kJ/kg
39 bar a
385C
(658 K)
3182.1 kJ/kg
91.2
88.464
40.6945
303.804
11.8497
684.723
5.2576
596.259
6.0376
BFW
39 bar a
4.4 bar a
313.2
385C
205C
(658 K)
(478 K)
3182.1 kJ/kg 2868.9 kJ/kg
64 bar a
12 kPa a
705.9
440C
50C (323 K)
(713 K)
99% dry
3273.4 kJ/kg 2567.4 kJ/kg
39 bar a
12 kPa a
614.7
385C
50C (323 K)
(658 K)
99% dry
3182.1 kJ/kg 2567.4 kJ/kg
BFW Requirements for Desuperheating
Initial steam conditions
Pressure
bar a
Temp.
C(K)
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Pressure
bar a
64
39
39
4.4
440 (713)
385 (658)
385 (658)
205 (478)
3273.3
3182.1
3182.1
2868.9
39
15
4.4
4.4
Temp.
C (K)
385 (658)
Satd.
Satd.
Satd.
Enthalpy
kJ/kg
3182.1
2789.9
2741.9
2741.9
requirement,
kg/kg initial
Steam
0.0333
0.1669
01912
0.0552
3
= 2.5709 t/h
(1 + 0.1669)
d=
(1)
(2)
(3)
= 3.1134 (a + b + e + 16.5)
3.1134 (a + b + e + 16.5) 11.8497
=c
1000
a + b + e 27.1055 c = 16.5
CW pump turbine:
Enthalpy, given-up in
SC = 2567.4 209.2
= 2358.2 kJ/kg steam
CW requirement in
SC =
2358.2 (b + e)
10 4.1868
(5)
b=
(6)
in Example 8.7 =
= 403.93 kg/h
EXERCISE 8.19
Refer Example 8.7. Its basis is used for following calculations.
LP steam header pressure = 4 bar a
Enthalpy of superheated steam at 4 bar a and 438 K (165C) = 2785.1 kJ/kg
3600
235.3 0.97
= 15.773 kg/kWh
d=
c=
(5)
Ans.
EXERCISE 8.20
Refer solution of Example 8.7. In this example, cooling water pump turbine is
shown to be condensing. In this Exercise, this CW pump turbine is considered to
be a back pressure type.
Production of superheated LP steam = b + c + d t/h
Corresponding saturated LP stream = 1.022 (b + c + d) + 1.121 g t/h
1.022 (b + c + d) + 1.121 g = 13.5 + a
(1)
Deaerator:
Condensate from SC = e + 0.5 t/h
a = 0.11 (e + 16.5)
a = 0.11 e + 1.815
or
a 0.11 e = 1.815
(2)
Equations, concerning power turbine and FD fan turbine remain unchanged.
Thus equations (3) and (4) of Example 8.6 are unchanged.
5.16 b + 5.16 c + 5.16 d +21.79 e + 5.16 g 5.50 h = 754.03
(3)
b + c 23.78 d + e + g 0.066 h = 2.74
(4)
BFW pump:
Total BFW = a + e + 16.5 t/h
c = 5.493 (a + e + 16.5) 16.34/1000
a + e 11.14 c = 16.5
CW pump:
(5)
(6)
Coefficient matrix of constraint equations:
Eq. No.
6
2
5
1
3
4
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
11.14
1.022
1.022
5.16
5.16
1
1
Constant
0
0
0
1.121
5.16
1
0
0
0.2045
2.2696
0
0
0.11
1.815
0
0
1
16.500
1.121
0
0
13.50
5.16 5.50
21.79
768.17
1
0.066
1
2.74
Mathcad solution
Matrix
. O
LM-1 1.022 1.022 1.022 0 1121
PP
-0.11 0
0
0
MM 10 0516
.
5.16
5.16
21.79 5.16 P
M: = M
PP
-23.78
1
1
1
MM 01 10 -1114
.
0
1
0
PP
MN 0 264.36 0
-54.05 0
0
Q
LM 13.5 OP
MM 7541..815
P
03 P
v: = M
MM--162..574 PPP
MN 600 PQ
.
OP
LM 5153
474
PP
MM 48..668
Solution = M v
Solution = M
061 P
PP
MM302..346
MN 2.78 PQ
1
Ans.
EXERCISE 8.21
Nomenclature will be same as that of Example 8.7.
Initial steam
conditions
Final steam
conditions
Enthalpy
available for
energy
conversion,
kJ/kg
170.3
115 bar a
713 K (440 C)
3190.7 kJ/kg
39 bar a
593 K (320 C)
3020.4 kJ/kg
36 bar a
673 K (400 C)
3222.5 kJ/kg
4.4 bar a
458 K (185 C)
2826.0 kJ/kg
396.5
384.6
9.36
115 bar a
713 K (440 C)
3190.7 kJ/kg
12 kPa a
323 K (50 C), 95% dry
2472.0 kJ/kg
718.7
697.1
5.16
36 bar a
673 K (400 C)
3222.5 kJ/kg
12 kPa a
323 K (50 C), 95% dry
2472.0 kJ/kg
750.5
728.0
4.945
CW Pump Turbine:
0.2315(54.05b + 54.05e + 600 )4.945
1000
819.49 b 54.05 e = 600
(6)
Mathcad solution:
a = 5.401 t/h
b = 2.704 t/h
c = 2.802 t/h
d = 1.214 t/h
e = 29.900 t/h
g = 13.148 t/h
Z = 52.508 t/h
Ans.
(53.624 - 52.508)100
Saving in HP steam generation =
53.624
= 2.08%
(33.822 - 33104
. )100
Reduction in heat load of cooling tower =
33.822
= 2.12%
Refer Fig. 8.24 in the text for steam balance.
Ans.
b=
EXERCISE 8.22
Basis: 10 000 kg/h dry PP handling
Inlet n-hexane content = 35% on wet basis
Dry basis n-hexane content = 35 100/65
= 53.85%
n-Hexane removal rate = 10 000 (0.5385 0.02)
= 5185 kg/h
Antoine constants for n-hexane (Table 5.4)
A = 4.002 66, B = 1171.53 and C = 48.784
Nitrogen, ingoing to the spiral dryer has a dew point of T1 = 307.15 K (34C).
1171.53
log10 p1 = 4.002 66
(307.15 - 48.784)
= 0.666 35
p1 = 0.294 bar 29.4 kPa
29.4
86.1754
28.0134
(102 - 29.4)
= 1.2457 kg n-hexane/kg dry N2
Nitrogen circulation rate = 10 000 0.18
= 1800 kg/h 64.255 kmol/h
n-Hexane content =
1171.53
(363.15 - 48.784)
= 0.276 02
p2 = 1.888 bar 188.8 kPa
Pressure of N2-n-Hexane mixture, leaving the separator (i.e. the mixture entering
interchanger) = 110 kPa
n-Hexane content of the mixture = 2242.3 + 5185
= 7427.3 kg/h
Specific n-hexane content = 7427.3/1800
= 4.1263 kg/kg dry N2
If partial pressure of n-hexane is p3 after interchanger,
p3
86.1754
= 4.1263
110 - pa 28.0134
1171.53
(T3 - 48.784)
996 623
(64.255 + 86.188)(363.15 - 298.15)
= 101.92 kJ/(kmol K)
If it is assumed that there is no condensation of n-hexane from this mixture in the
interchanger, drop in temperature
= [211 638.9/(150.443 101.92)]
= 13.8 K
Temperature of the mixture, leaving the interchanger
= 363.15 13.8 = 349.35 K or 76.2C Ans. (c)
This temperature is more than the calculated dew point = 327.5 K (54.35 C) and
hence no condensation will take place in the interchanger. Latent heat of evaporation
(lv) of n-hexane at 298.15 K (25C) is calculated using Watson equation [Ref.
Eq. (5.25)].
507.6 - 298.15
lv =
28 850
507.6 - 341.9
= 31 537 kJ/kmol n-hexane
Heat balance across spiral dryer:
Reference temperature To = 298.15 K (25 C)
Enthalpy of ingoing N2-n-hexane gas mixture,
f4 = 64.255 [29.5909 (403.15 298.15)
5.141 103 (403.152 298.152)/2
+ 13.1829 106 (403.153 298.153)/3
4.968 109 (403.154 298.154)/4]
+ 26.02 [ 4.4142 (403.15 298.15)
+ 581.9233 103 (403.152 298.152)/2
311.8584 106 (403.153 298.153)/3
+ 64.9193 109 (403.154 298.154)/4
= 64.255 3066.2 + 26.02 17 000.0
= 197 019 + 442 340
= 639 359 kJ/h
177.6 kW
Enthalpy of outcoming N2-n-hexane gas mixture,
f2 = 996 623 kJ/h = 276.840 kW
Enthalpy of feed (wet PP),
f5 = 10 000 1.926 (338.15 298.15) + 5385 (338.15 298.15) 2.512
= 770 400 + 541 085
= 1311 485 kJ/h
364.301 kW
Enthalpy of outgoing PP-n-hexane mixture,
f6 = 10 000 1.926 (353.15 298.15) + 200 2.512 (353.15 298.15)
= 1059 300 + 27 632
= 1086 932 kJ/h
301.926 kW
Heat required for evaporation,
f7 = 31 537 5185/86.1754
= 1897 518 kJ/h 527.088 kW
Net heat input to jacket
= f2 + f7 + f6 f4 f5 = 276.840 + 527.088 + 301.926
177.600 364.301
= 563.953 kW
Ans. (b)
EXERCISE 8.23
Basis: Dry nitrogen flow to AFD = 100 Nm3/h
Molar flow rate =
100
= 4.4615 kmol/h
22.414
Solvent laden nitrogen comes out from the dryer at 105 kPa and 90C (363.15 K)
with a DP = 10C (283.15 K).
Refer Table 5.4 for Antoine constants for CH2Cl2.
At 10C, log10 pv1 = 4.53691 +
1327.016
T - 20.474
T = 283.15 K
log pv1 = 4.536 91 5.50 191 = 0.515
pv1 = 0.3055 bar or 30.55 kPa
CH2Cl2 content of N2 from ldryer,
30.55
= 0.4103 kmol/kmol dry N2
(105 - 30.55)
.
CH2Cl2 in N2 stream from dryer, n1 = 4.4615 0.4103
= 1.8306 kmol/h
N2 stream from dryer is cooled from 90C to 40C in a cooler with cooling
water. Since DP = 10C, no condensation will take place.
y1 =
f1 = 4.4615
363.15
363.15
313.15
313.15
o
C pN2 dT + 1.8306 C pmc dT
Solvent laden N2 enters cryo condenser at 40C and leaves at 31C (242.15 K).
log10pv2 = 4.536 91 +
1327.016
(242.15 - 20.474)
= 1.449 38
pv2 = 0.0355 bar or 3.55 kPa
CH2Cl2 content of saturated N2 stream, leaving cryo condenser,
y2 =
3.55
102 - 3.55
6.2921
153.75
292.42
-214.40
73.55
4.6226
133.93
3.81
34.78
13.74
T2 = 242.15 K
enthalpy of N2-stream, leaving cryo condenser,
f3 = 133.93 (242.15 298.15) + 3.81 103 (242.152 298.152)/2 + 34.78
106 (242.153 298.153)/3 13.74 109 (242.154 198.154)/4
= 7500.08 57.64 142.65 + 15.33
= 7685.04 kJ/h 2.135 kW
Sensible heat load of cryo condenser
f 4 = 2931.04 (7685.04)
= 10 616.08 kJ/h 2.949 kW
Average temperature of condensation
=
10 + (-31)
= 10.5C
2
or 262.65 K
508 - 262.65
lv2 = 28.06
508 - 313
0.38
LN requirement =
51 118.42
= 136.87 kg/h
373.48
(276.08 - 136.87) 100
276.08
= 50.42 %
Ans.
EXERCISE 8.24
(a) Basis: 900 kg liquid chlorine at 303.15 K (30C)
At 303.15 K, rl1 = 1378.83 kg/m3
lv1 = 245.5 kJ/kg
Volume of liquid chlorine V1 = 900/1378.83
= 0.652 73 m3
Length of container = 1.8 m
Cross-sectional area of chlorine filled circular surface = A1 = 0.652 73/1.8
= 0.362 63 m2
A1 =
where
1 2
r a1
2
a1 = angle in radians
2 p radians = 360
6.283 18 radians = 360
1 radian = 57.296
r = 0.76/2 = 0.38 m
1
(0.38)2 a1 = 0.362 63
2
a1 = 5.022 58 radian
287.77
Arc length of cylinder in contact with liquid chlorine, S = ra
S = 0.38 5.022 58
= 1.9086 m
Area in contact with liquid chlorine,
A1 = 1.9086 1.8
= 3.435 48 m2
Energy balance:
.
Chlorine withdrawl rate, m3 = 5.56 g/s
= 20.016 kg/h
.
m3 lv1 = UA1(T0 Ts)
T0 = 303.15 K
U = 11.4 W/(m2 K)
= 41.04 kJ/(h m2 K)
41.04 3.435 48 (303.15 Ts) = 20.016 245.5
Ts = 268.3 K
Iteraction 2:
At this
Ts = 268.3 K, r1 = 1483.68 kg/m3
lv1 = 270.82 kJ/kg
Average lv =
(245.5 + 270.82)
2
= 258.16 kJ/kg
V 1 = 900/1483.68
= 0.6066 m3
A 1 = 0.6066/1.8 = 0.337 m2
a1 = 0.337 2/(0.38)2
= 4.66759 radian
S = ra = 0.38 4.667 59
= 1.773 68 m
A1 = 1.773 68 1.8
= 3.192 62 m2
41.04 3.192 62 (303.15 Ts) = 20.016 258.16
Ts = 263.71 K
Iteration 3:
At Ts = 263.71 K, r1 = 1496.31 kg/m3
l 1 = 273.73 kJ/kg
Average lv = 272.27 kJ/kg
V 1 = 900/1496.31
= 0.601 48 m3
A 1 = 0.601 48/1.8 = 0.334 16 m2
a1 = 0.334 16 2/(0.38)2
= 4.628 25 radian
S = r a1 = 0.38 4.628 25 = 1.758 74 m
A = 1.758 74 1.8
= 3.165 73 m2
41.04 3.165 73 (303.15 Ts) = 20.016 272.27
Ts = 261.20 K
Iteration 4:
At Ts = 261.20 K, r1 = 1503.1 kg/m3
lv1 = 275.28 kJ/kg
Average lv = 274.5 kJ/kg
V 1 = 900/1503.1
= 0.598 76 m3
A 1 = 0.596 76/1.8 = 0.332 65 m2
a1 = 0.332 65 2/(0.38)2
= 4.607 28 radian
S = 4.607 28 0.38
= 1.750 77 m
A1 = 1.750 77 1.8
= 3.151 38 m2
41.04 3.151 38 (303.15 Ts) = 20.016 274.5
Ts = 260.67 K
Iteration 5:
At Ts = 260.67, r1 = 1504.53 kg/m3
lv1 = 275.6 kJ/kg
Average lv = 275.44 kJ/kg
V 1 = 900/1504.53
= 0.598 19 m3
A 1 = 0.598.19/1.8 = 0.332 33 m2
a1 = 0.332 33 2/(0.38)2
= 4.6029 radian
S = 4.6029 0.38
= 1.749 10 m
A1 = 1.749 10 1.8
= 3.148 39 m2
41.04 3.148 39 (303.15 Ts) = 20.016 275.44
Ts = 260.48 K or 012.67C
This Ts value is close enough to the value of iteration 4.
Steady state temperature,
t/T = 12.67C/260.48 K
Average latent heat between 303.15 K and 260.48 K
l=
Ans.
(245.5 + 275.44)
= 260.47 kJ/kg
2
A1 = 0.212 05 1.8
= 0.381 69 m2
Ts = 303.15 [20.016 245.5/(41.04 0.381 69)]
= 10.55 K - irrational answer
Therefore, transient material and energy balance is required.
Energy balance:
Heat input Heat output = Accumulation
.
.
UA (Ta T) mlv = (M0 mq) Cl (dT/dq)
(1)
where
M 0 = initial mass of liquid chlorine
= 100 kg at q = 0 h
Cl = Heat capacity of liquid chlorine
= 0.985 kJ/(kg K)
q = time, h
T = Temperature of liquid chlorine in the
container after time q, K
Integrating above equation
T2
Cl dT
dq
=
lv ]
T1 [UA (Ta - T ) - m
0 ( M 0 - mq )
.
a = UA (Ta T) mlv
da
= UA
dT
.
T = T0, a = UA (Ta T0) mlv = a0
.
b = Cl (M0 mq)
.
db
= Cl m
dq
q = 0, b = ClM0 = b0
Let
When
Let
when
Rewriting Eq. (2)
a0
(2)
b
da
db
=
-UA a
b0 - Cl mb
a = 1 ln b
1
ln
Cl m
b0
UA a0
UA / C m
l
C [ M 0 - m q ]
UA (Ta - T ) - m lv
ln
= ln l
UA (Ta - T0 ) - m lv
Cl M 0
Simplifying,
.
.
.
.
UA (Ta T) mlv = (UA (Ta T0) mlv) (1 mq/M0)UA/Clm
Rearranging,
T=
1
(UA Ta - m lv ) + [m lv = UA (Ta - T0 )] (1 - m q / M 0 )UA / Cl m (3)
UA
Equation (3) can be utilized to know T after time q (is elapsed). Since surface
(A ) in contact with liquid chlorine (of the container) varies as soon as some
mass is vaporized, it is advisable to adopt numerical integration.
Period-I : q1 = 0.2 h
Initially liquid in the container is at the ambient temperature, i.e., T1 = 303.15 K
Ta T1 = 0
Liquid density at
T1, rl = 1378.83 kg/m3
Latent heat of vaporization at T1, l v = 245.50 kJ/kg
Inital mass M0 = 100 kg
Volume,
V 1 = 100/1378.83 = 0.072 53 m3
Cross-section area of liquid of circular surface, A1 = 0.072 53/1.8 = 0.040 29 m2
Central angle,
a1 = 0.040 29 2/(0.38)2
= 0.558 06 radian
Arc length of curved surfaqce in contact with liquid,
S1 = 0.558 06 0.38
= 0.212 06 m
Area in contact with liquid,
A1 = 0.212 06 1.8 = 0.381 71 m2
.
mq/M0 = 20.016 0.2/100
= 0.040 03
.
1 mq/M0 = 1 0.040 03 = 0.959 97
.
UA1/mCl = 41.04 0.381 71/(20.016 0.985)
= 0.794 56
.
.
(UA1/mCl)
[1 mq/M0]
= (0.959 97)0.794 56
= 0.968 06
T2 =
1
[ (41.04 0.38171 303.15 20.016 245.5)
(41.04 0.381 71)
(100 + 95.9968)
= 97.9984 kg
2
Ans.
EXERCISE 8.25
Basis:
F = 100 kmol/h
Let D and B be kmol/h of distilled and bottom products.
D + B = 100
Benzene balance:
0.228 D = 2.2
or
D = 9.63 kmol/h
B = 100 9.63 = 90.37 kmol/h
A check can be made for other components.
Ans. (a)
mole fraction
0.228
0.722
0.050
.
B
1203.835
1343.943
1419.315
1525.059
C
53.226
53.773
60.539
56.379
Initial value of T
Tin,K
303.15
Liquid density at T
ri, kg/m3 1378.83
Liquid latent
lv, kJ/kg
245.50
heat of vap.
Average liquid density ri, kg/m3 1378.83
Average latent
lV, kJ/kg
245.50
heat of vap.
Average Mo
Mo, kg
100
0.07253
Volume of liquid
V1, m3
Cross-sectional area
A1, m2
0.04029
Central angle
a1, radian 0.55806
Arc length
Si, m
0.21206
0.38171
Area in contact
A1, m2
with liquid
m*q/Mo
0.04003
1m*q/Mo
0.95997
UA 1
15.6654
303.15
To
UA1/mC1
0.79456
(1-m*q/Mo)(UA 1 /mC1)
0.96806
UATa
4748.968
4913.851
mlv (avg)
UA (Ta To)
0.000
4756.899
Calculated T
Tcal,K
293.13
293.13
1410.59
253.36
287.91
1426.64
257.28
285.29
1434.53
259.19
283.98
1438.45
260.13
283.33
1440.40
260.60
283.00
1441.37
260.83
282.84
1441.85
260.95
282.76
1442.10
261.01
282.72
1442.22
261.04
1394.71
249.43
1402.74
251.39
1406.68
252.34
1408.64
252.81
1409.62
253.05
1410.10
253.16
1410.34
253.22
1410.47
253.25
1410.53
253.27
97.9984
0.07026
0.03904
0.54066
0.20545
0.36981
97.9984
0.06986
0.03881
0.53757
0.20428
0.36770
97.9984
0.06967
0.03870
0.53606
0.20370
0.36666
97.9984
0.06957
0.03865
0.53531
0.20342
0.36615
97.9984
0.06952
0.03862
0.53494
0.20328
0.36590
97.9984
0.06950
0.03861
0.53476
0.20321
0.36578
97.9984
0.06949
0.03860
0.53467
0.20317
0.36571
97.9984
0.06948
0.03860
0.53462
0.20316
0.36568
97.9984
0.06948
0.03860
0.53460
0.20315
0.36567
0.04085
0.95915
15.1771
298.14
0.76979
0.96840
4600.926
4992.569
76.030
4761.195
287.91
0.04085
0.95915
15.0902
295.53
0.76539
0.96858
4574.608
5031.750
115.025
4762.250
285.29
0.04085
0.95915
15.0479
294.22
0.76324
0.96867
4561.772
5050.868
134.372
4762.454
283.98
0.04085
0.95915
15.0270
293.57
0.76218
0.96871
4555.434
5060.306
144.006
4762.475
283.33
0.04085
0.95915
15.0166
293.24
0.76166
0.96873
4552.287
5064.994
148.813
4762.465
283.00
0.04085
0.95915
15.0114
293.08
0.76139
0.96874
4550.718
5067.329
151.212
4762.454
282.84
0.04085
0.95915
15.0089
293.00
0.76126
0.96875
4549.936
5068.494
152.411
4762.448
282.76
0.04085
0.95915
15.0076
292.95
0.76120
0.96875
4549.545
5069.076
153.010
4762.444
282.72
0.04085
0.95915
15.0069
292.93
0.76116
0.96875
4549.350
5069.366
153.309
4762.442
282.70
Calculated T
Tin.K
ri, kg/m3
lv, kJ/kg
ri, kg/m3
lv, kJ/kg
Mo, kg
V1, m3
A1, m2
a1, radian
S1, m
A1 m2
282.70
Tcal,K
282.70
1442.27
261.05
1442.27
261.05
95.9968
0.06795
0.03775
0.52283
0.19868
0.35762
0.04085
0.95915
14.6766
277.55
0.74441
0.96943
4449.216
5225.141
300.137
4774.445
272.44
272.44
1472.70
268.26
1457.49
264.65
93.9952
0.06383
0.03546
0.49111
0.18662
0.33592
0.04259
0.95741
13.7862
274.64
0.69925
0.97003
4179.288
5369.526
352.985
4866.171
266.64
266.64
1488.13
271.85
1465.20
266.45
93.9952
0.06349
0.03527
0.48855
0.18565
0.33417
0.04259
0.95741
13.7144
273.20
0.69560
0.97018
4157.508
5405.415
390.938
4864.940
263.74
263.74
1495.70
273.59
1468.98
267.32
93.9952
0.06333
0.03518
0.48731
0.18518
0.33332
0.04259
0.95741
13.6794
272.47
0.69383
0.97025
4146.910
5422.821
409.763
4863.939
262.29
262.29
1499.44
274.44
1470.86
267.75
93.9952
0.06325
0.03514
0.48669
0.18494
0.33290
0.04259
0.95741
13.6622
272.11
0.69296
0.97029
4141.686
5431.384
419.126
4863.347
261.57
261.57
1501.30
274.87
1471.79
267.96
93.9952
0.06321
0.03512
0.48639
0.18483
0.33269
0.04259
0.95741
13.6536
271.93
0.69252
0.97031
4139.095
5435.627
423.790
4863.031
261.21
261.21
1502.23
275.08
1472.25
268.06
93.9952
0.06319
0.03511
0.48624
0.18477
0.33259
0.04259
0.95741
13.6494
271.84
0.69231
0.97032
4137.806
5437.738
426.115
4862.869
261.03
261.03
1502.69
275.18
1472.48
268.12
93.9952
0.06318
0.03510
0.48616
0.18474
0.33254
0.04259
0.95741
13.6472
271.80
0.69220
0.97032
4137.163
5438.790
427.274
4862.787
260.94
260.94
1502.92
275.23
1472.60
268.14
93.9952
0.06318
0.03510
0.48612
0.18473
0.33251
0.04259
0.95741
13.6462
0.69215
0.97032
4136.842
5439.314
427.852
4862.747
260.90
Initial value of T
Liquid density at T
Liquid latent heat of vap.
Average liquid density
Average latent heat of vap.
Average Mo
Volume of liquid
Cross-sectional area
Central angle
Arc length
Area in contact with liquid
m*q/Mo
1m*q/Mo
UA 1
To
UA1/mC1
(1-m*q/Mo)(UA1/mC1)
UATa
mlv (avg)
UA (Ta To)
Initial value of T
Liquid density at T
Liquid latent heat of vap.
Average liquid density
Average latent heat of vap.
Average Mo
Volume of liquid
Cross-sectional area
Central angle
Arc length
Area in contact with liquid
m*q/Mo
1m*q/Mo
UA 1
To
UA1/mC1
(1-m*q/Mo)(UA1/mC1)
UATa
mlv (avg)
UA (Ta To)
Tin,K
ri, kg/m3
lv, kJ/kg
ri, kg/m3
lv,kJ/kg
Mo, kg
V1,m3
A1 m2
a1 radian
S1 m
A1 m2
260.92
250.22
244.44
241.55
1502.99
1531.84
1546.36
1553.45
275.25
281.70
284.86
286.38
1502.99
1517.42
1524.68
1528.22
275.25
278.48
280.06
280.81
91.9936
89.9920
89.9920
89.9920
0.06121
0.05875
0.05847
0.05834
0.03400
0.03264
0.03248
0.03241
0.47097
0.45204
0.44991
0.44888
0.17897
0.17178
0.17097
0.17057
0.32214
0.30920
0.30774
0.30703
0.04352
0.04448
0.04448
0.04448
0.95648
0.95552
0.95552
0.95552
13.2207
12.6895
12.6296
12.6006
260.92
255.73
252.76
251.27
250.53
0.67056
0.64362
0.64058
0.63911
0.97061
0.97114
0.97127
0.97134
4007.851 3846.812 3828.667 3819.875
5509.428 5638.517 5670.126 5685.314
554.079
601.717
636.437
653.672
4809.693 4891.426 4889.079 4887.419
Calculated T
Tcal, K
250.22
244.28
241.31
239.83
Final temperature of liquid chlorine in container after 0.6 h (2160 s) = 238.40 K (34.75C)
240.11
1556.94
287.12
1529.97
281.18
89.9920
0.05827
0.03237
0.44837
0.17038
0.30669
0.04448
0.95552
12.5864
250.17
0.63839
0.97137
3815.554
5692.743
662.244
4886.470
239.09
239.39
1558.67
287.49
1530.83
281.37
89.9920
0.05824
0.03235
0.44812
0.17029
0.30651
0.04448
0.95552
12.5793
249.98
0.63803
0.97138
3813.416
5696.411
666.510
4885.968
238.72
239.03
1559.53
287.67
1531.26
281.46
89.9920
0.05822
0.03235
0.44799
0.17024
0.30643
0.04448
0.95552
12.5758
249.89
0.63786
0.97139
3812.355
5698.230
668.635
4885.711
238.54
238.85
1559.96
287.76
1531.48
281.50
89.9920
0.05821
0.03234
0.44793
0.17021
0.30639
0.04448
0.95552
12.5741
249.84
0.63777
0.97140
3811.826
5699.135
669.693
4885.581
238.45
238.76
1560.18
287.80
1531.58
281.53
89.9920
0.05821
0.03234
0.44790
0.17020
0.30636
0.04448
0.95552
12.5732
0.63772
0.97140
3811.563
5699.585
670.220
4885.516
238.40
xi
Benzene(1)
0.228
Toluene (2)
0.722
Ethyl
0.050
benzene (3)
Total
Temperature, K
T1 = 331.7 K
p si
49.606
17.497
6.932
1.000
T2 = 328.7 K
yi
0.531
0.582
0.016
p si
44.512
15.496
6.059
T3 = 328.3 K
yi
0.477
0.525
0.014
1.129
p si
43.826
15.233
5.946
1.016
0.999
yi
yi
0.469
0.516
0.014
Ans. (b i)
Temperature, K
T1 = 33.17 K
p si
xi
T2 = 336 K
p si
xi
T3 = 335 K
p si
xi
T4 = 334.7 K
p si
xi
0.084
0.738
0.126
0.088
0.781
0.135
Total
0.948
0.986
1.004
1.000
1.131
562.05 - 353.3
0.98
591.75 - 331.5
lv2 = 33 180
591.75 - 383.8
0.98
617.15 - 331.5
= 40 138 kJ/kmol of ethylebenzene
lv3 = 35 570
617.15 - 409.3
Since distillate product is leaving in saturated conditions,
its enthalpy = 0 kJ/kmol.
Heat load of condenser = 9.63 [0.228 31 902
+ 0.722 36 133 + 0.05 40 138] (1 + 6)
= 2384 196 kJ/h
= 662.277 kW
Ans.(c)
Enthalpy of bottom product:
Tower is considered to operate at near constant pressure
T1s = saturation temperature of styrene at 21.3 kPa
= 368.18 K or 95.03C
T1 = 336.7 0.005 359.6 0.475 + 368 0.52 = 364 K (90.85C)
Temperature, K
xi
T1 = 364.0 K
p si
yi
Toluene(2)
0.005
Ethyl
0.475
benzene(3)
Styrene(4)
0.520
Total
T2 = 363.0 K
p si
yi
T3 = 363.55 K
p si
yi
52.350
23.304
0.012
0.520
54.078
24.154
0.013
0.539
54.935
24.594
0.013
0.548
17.018
0.415
17.668
0.431
17.973
0.439
1.000
0.947
0.983
1.000
T BB = 363.55 K (90.4C)
Data on heat capacity constants:
Component
xi
ci xi 106
7.563
688.774
di xi 109
8.150
680.960
Toluene(2)
Ethyl
benzene(3)
Styrene(4)
0.005
0.475
ai xi
0.009
2.049
0.520
19.770
622.549
1441.738
1005.222
Total
1.000
17.712
1054.193
1838.075
1694.332
Temperature, K
xi
T1 = 360.7 K
p si
yi
T2 = 358.0 K
p si
yi
T3 = 357.75 K
p si
yi
Benzene(1)
Toluene(2)
Ethyl
benzene(3)
Styrene(4)
0.022
0.074
0.434
124.80
49.19
21.757
0.129
0.171
0.443
117.27
45.88
20.145
0.121
0.159
0.410
116.137
45.402
19.927
0.120
0.158
0.406
0.470
15.838
0.349
14.614
0.322
14.424
0.323
Total
1.000
1.092
1.012
1.007
xi
bi xi 103
ci xi 106
di xi 109
Benzene(1)
Toluene(2)
Ethyl
benzene(3)
Styrene (4)
0.022
0.074
0.434
0.160
0.134
1.872
16.952
60.105
390.676
36.26
111.93
629.322
41.755
120.621
622.182
0.470
17.869
562.689
1031.956
908.566
Total
1.000
16.023
1030.422
1809.476
1693.124
Ans. (d i)
Ans. (d ii)
EXERCISE 8.26
Basis: 40 000 Nm3/h offgas mixture at 0.25 bar g and 523.15 K (250C)
Offgas mixture flow rate =
40 000
= 1784.6 kmol/h
22.414
kmol
C, kmol
H2, kmol
O2, kmol
H2
N2
Ar
CH4
CO
CO2
C2H2
15.3
61.9
0.9
0.4
17.2
3.9
0.4
0.4
17.2
3.9
0.8
15.3
0.8
0.4
8.6
3.9
Total
100.0
22.3
16.5
12.5
kmol
Dry analysis, %
(Orsat)
Wet analysis
%
85.08
1.12
13.80
70.62
0.93
11.45
17.00
100.00
Total
kmol, ni
ni bi 103
H2
N2
Ar
CH4
CO
CO2
C2 H 2
H2O
15.3
61.9
0.9
0.4
17.2
3.9
0.4
15.0
437.741
1831.676
18.695
7.700
499.276
144.979
9.002
487.382
15.600
318.230
20.845
48.444
90.625
36.050
1.194
Total
115.0
3436.451
202.360
3
ni ci 106
ni di 109
2.258
816.022
4.789
200.272
28.777
25.494
198.161
11.628
307.519
4.527
80.948
3.203
7.146
68.211
1162.716
439.228
Heat Output:
Heat loss in flue gases at 448.15 K (175C):
Component
kmol, ni
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
1812.556
4.228
915.428
437.367
683.065
1.015
218.538
150.5511
N2
O2
CO2
H2O
137.493
1.805
22.300
33.107
4068.542
46.976
476.451
1075.716
706.852
21.218
1433.535
2.635
Total
194.705
5667.685
750.536
3
1330.267
2
616.093
2
kmol
33107
.
= 0.2047
161598
.
kmol dry gas
39 568.117 kW
From steam tables:
Enthalpy of superheated steam at 43 bar a and 698.15 K (425C)
= 3269 kJ/kg
Enthalpy of BFW at 303.15 K (30C) = 121.41 kJ/kg
Heat required for production of superheated steam
= 3269 121.41 = 3147.59 kJ/kg
97 005 216.7
Production of superheated steam =
3147.59
= 45 255.3 kg/h
Ans.
Case II:
Loss of offgas in CO2 processing plant = 1%
CO2 recovery in CO2 processing plant = 97%
CO2 recovery = 3.9 0.99 0.97
= 3.745 kmol/100 kmol dry offgas
mixture
CO2 in offgas mixture to boiler = 3.9 0.99 3.745
= 0.116 kmol
Pressure and temperature of offgas mixture at the outlet of CO2 absorber
= 0.1 bar g and 328 K
p = 0.1 bar g = 1.113 25 bar a
T = 328 K (55C),
pw2 = 15.741 kPa
kmol
15.741
Humidity of offgas =
= 0.1647
111325
.
- 15.741
kmol dry gas
Element Balance of Offgas Mixture
Component
H2
N2
Ar
CH4
CO
CO2
C2H2
kmol
15.147
61.281
0.891
0.396
17.028
0.116
0.396
C, kmol
0.396
17.028
0.116
0.792
H2, kmol
15.147
0.792
0.396
O2, kmol
8.514
0.116
Total
95.255 (dry)
18.332
16.335
Water, entering with gas mixture = 95.255 0.1647
= 15.688 kmol
16.335
Theoretical O2 requirement = 18.332 +
8.63
2
= 17.87 kmol
Actual O2 supply = 17.87 1.1 = 19.657 kmol
N2, entering with O2 = 79 19.657/21
= 73.948 kmol
Total dry air = 19.657 + 73.948 = 93.605 kmol
8.630
2699.568 kg
Moisture entering with air = 93.605 0.017
= 1.591 kmol
Boiler Flue Gas
Component
N2 + Ar
O2
CO2
H2O
kmol
61.281 + 0.891 + 73.948 =
19.657 17.87 =
0.116 + 18.332 =
15.688 + 16.335 + 1.591 =
Total
Dry analysis, %
(Orsat)
136.12
87.06
1.787
1.14
18.448
11.80
33.614
wet189.969
dry 156.355
100.00
Wet
analysis %
71.65
0.94
9.71
17.70
100.00
kmol, ni
C mp equation constants
ni ai
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
H2
N2
Ar
CH4
CO
CO2
C2H2
H2O
15.147
61.281
0.891
0.396
17.028
0.116
0.396
15.688
433.363
1813.360
18.508
7.623
494.284
2.478
8.912
509.736
15.441
315.046
20.637
47.959
7.457
35.689
1.249
2.236
807.861
4.741
198.270
4.762
25.239
207.249
11.648
304.444
4.482
80.139
1.137
7.074
71.340
Total
110.943
3288.264
282.532
1185.884
440.548
Heat output:
Unaccounted heat loss, H13 = 10 159 523 0.015
= 152 393 kJ
Heat loss in flue gases at 448.15 K (175C):
Component
kmol, ni
C mp
equation constants
ni ai
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
1794.456
4.186
757.301
444.064
676.244
1.005
180.789
152.856
1477.033
649.316
N2
O2
CO2
H2O
136.12
1.787
18.448
33.614
4027.913
46.508
394.151
1092.189
699.793
21.006
1185.913
2.676
Total
189.969
5560.761
509.802
3
Ts = 330.45 K (57.3C).
l v = 2365.2 kJ/kg
H8 = 16.335 18.0153 2365.2
= 696 019.3 kJ
Total heat loss = 887 744.8 + 696 019.3 + 152 393
= 1735 157 kJ
Heat utilised for steam generation = 10 159 523 1735 137
= 8423 366 kJ
Total heat available for steam production for 40 000 Nm2/h offgas mixture,
8423 366 1784.6
=
B14
115
= 130 715 991 kJ/h
36 310.0 kW
130 715 991
Steam generation =
= 41 528.9 kg/h
Ans. (i)
3147.59
1784.6
44.0098 0.95
CO2 production = 3.745
115
= 2429.79 kg/h
51 315 kg/d
51.315 t/d
Ans. (ii)
Case III:
Additional loss of gas in cryogenic separation plant = 1%
Pressure of gas at the outlet of cold box = 1 bar g
Temperature = 298.15 K (25C)
Moisture = Nil
Recovery of H2 in cryogenic plant = 90%
H2 recovery = 15.147 0.99 0.9 = 13.496 kmol
H2 in reject gas stream = 15.147 0.99 13.496
= 1.5 kmol
13.496
CO requirement for methanol production =
2
= 6.748 kmol
CO in reject gas stream = 17.028 0.99 6.748
= 10.11 kmol
Reject Gas to Boiler at 298.15 K (25C):
Element Balance of Reject Gas Stream:
Component
H2
N2
Ar
CH4
CO
CO2
C2H2
H2O
Total
kmol
1.5
60.668
0.882
0.392
10.110
0.115
0.392
Nil
C, kmol
0.392
10.110
0.115
0.784
H2, kmol
1.5
0.784
0.392
O2, kmol
5.055
0.115
74.059
11.401
2.676
5.170
2.676
5.17
2
7.569 kmol
7.569 1.1 = 8.326 kmol
8.326 7.569 = 0.757 kmol
79 8.326/21 = 31.322 kmol
8.326 + 31.322 = 39.648 kmol
1143.448 kg
39.648 0.017 = 0.674 kmol
Component
N2 + Ar
O2
CO2
H2O
kmol
Dry analysis, %
(Orsat)
60.668 + 0.882 + 31.322 = 92.872
88.42
0.757
0.72
11.401
10.86
2.676 + 0.674 = 3.350
Total
wet 108.380
dry 105.030
Wet analysis
%
85.69
0.70
10.52
3.09
100.00
100.00
kmol, ni
C mp
equation constants
ni ai
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
N2
O2
CO2
H2O
92.872
0.757
11.401
3.350
2748.166
19.701
243.588
108.848
477.455
8.899
732.903
0.267
1224.322
1.773
468.016
44.256
461.388
0.426
111.729
15.234
Total
105.030
3120.303
264.614
798.787
465.319
3.35
= 0.0329 kmol/kmol dry gas
(105.03 - 3.35)
= 0.0329
p - pw3
p w = 6.413 kPa
DP of flue gas = 37.4C or 310.55 K
lv of water at DP = 2413.14 kJ/kg
Heat loss due to evaporation = 2.676 18.0153 2413.15
= 116 335 kJ
Total heat loss = 66 499 + 116 335 + 495 488.1
= 674 322 kJ
Heat utilised for steam generation = 4166 586 674 322
= 3492 264 kJ
Total heat available for steam generation for 40 000 Nm3/h offgas mixture,
EXERCISE 8.27
kmol
30
8
3
59
2.5
Total
102.5
Molar mass
44
32
44
28
18
(Table 6.13)
kg
1320
256
132
1652
45
3405
3405
= 33.22
102.5
3405 - 45
= 33.60
100
3405 50
100
= 1702.5 kg/h
Reaction:
N2O =
N2
1
2
O2
DHf
82.05
0
0
kJ/mol at 298.15 K
Considering 100% conversion, following will be the composition of treated gas
mixture from the first bed.
Component
kmol/100 kmol
offgas (dry)
N2O
20.00
32
736
CO2
N2
H2O
Nil
0
30
8+
= 23
2
3
59 + 30 = 89
2.5
2.61
77.39
44
28
18
132
2492
45
Total
117.5
100.00
O2
mole %
(dry)
Molar
mass
44
kg
3405
In 117.5 kmol wet treated gas mixture, 115 kmol dry gas mixture is present.
Thus for 1 kmol dry offgas mixture, production of treated dry gas mixture will
be 1.15 kmol.
Compositions of recycle gas mixture and treated gas mixtures will be same
as 100% conversion.
Offgas mixture:
Component
kmol
ni
ni bi 103
ni ci 106
ni di 109
N2O
O2
CO2
N2
H2O
0.30
0.08
0.03
0.59
0.025
6.962
2.082
0.641
17.459
0.812
19.101
0.940
1.929
3.033
0.002
12.702
0.187
1.232
7.778
0.330
3.121
0.045
0.294
2.931
0.114
Total
1.025
27.956
18.939
6.013
0.325
kmol
O2
CO2
N2
H2O
ni
0.2000
0.0261
0.7739
0.0217
ni ai
5.205
0.558
22.900
0.705
Total
1.0217
29.368
ni bi 103
2.351
1.678
3.979
0.002
0.052
ni ci 106
0.469
1.071
10.202
0.287
8.949
ni di 109
0.112
0.256
3.845
0.099
3.602
(40)
(50)
(80)
(100)
(170)
(210)
(450)
(640)
(700)
Catalyst Bed I:
Let R kmol/h of dry treated gas mixture mixed (i.e. recycled) with 50 kmol/h of
dry offgas mixture at 373.15 K (100 C).
Total enthalpy of mixed gas at 723.15 K
= 15 308.3 50 + 13 302.6 R
= 765 415 + 13 302.6 R kJ/h
Heat of reaction at 298.15 K = 82.05 kJ/mol N2O (exothermic)
Heat generated in 1st bed = 50 0.3 82 050
= 1230 750 kJ/h
Enthalpy of total treated gas mixture = 1230 750 + 765 415 + 13 302.6 R
= 1996 165 + 13 302.6 R kJ/h at 973.15 K
Total flow of dry treated gas mixture from 1st bed
= 50 1.15 + R = 57.5 + R kmol/h
Since treated gas mixture leaves at 973.15 K from 1st bed,
21 715.3 (57.5 + R) = 1996 165 + 13 302.6 R
R = 88.86 kmol/h
T1
257.12
C mp
dT = 5791 951
298.15
T2
470.45
298.15
96.31 100
= 29.03%
331.81
185.50 100
= 55.91%
331.81
88.86
kmol
= 0.233
(470.45 - 88.86)
kmol gas emitted
T3
470.45
298.15
6493 335
(2742.6 - 126)
T4
470.45
298.15
308 363
= 14 730 kg/h
5 4.1868
14.7 m3/h
353.15
Cmp dT
341.15
= 32 327 kJ/h
8.98 kW
Enthalpy of emitted gas mixture to stack = 381.59 4223.71 32 327
= 1579 398 kJ/h 438.722 kW
If T5 is the gas mixture to stack,
T5
381.59
298.15
Ans.
EXERCISE 8.28
Basis: 1 kmol dry acid gas fed to the burner
Reactions taking place in burner:
(1)
H2S (g) + 3/2 O2 (g) = SO2 (g) + H2O (g)
(2)
H2 (g) + O2 (g) = H2O (g)
m
1
(0.477 75 + 1.0836 a)
21
= 0.022 75 + 0.0516 a kmol
Total dry air = 2.275 + 5.16 a kmol
Moisture entering with air = 0.02 (2.275 + 5.16 a)
= 0.0455 + 0.1032 a kmol
Acid gas enters saturated at 0.2 bar g and 50C (323.15 K).
pw at 50C = 12.335 kPa
p = 0.2 bar g = 1.21325 bar a = 121.325 kPa a
12.335
Moisture content of acid gas = (121.325 - 12.335)
= 0.1132 kmol/kmol dry gas
Total moisture in the burner exit gas mixture
= 0.3 + 0.01 + 0.1132 + 0.0455 + 0.1032 a
+ 2.064 a
= 0.4687 + 2.1672 a kmol
CO2 produced by NG burning = 1.098 kmol/kmol NG
Composition of Gas Exit of Burner
Ar entering with O2 =
Component
kmol
SO2
CO2
Ar
N2
O2
H2O
0.03
0.69 + 1.098 a
0.022 75 + 0.0516 a
1.7745 + 4.0248a + 0.02a = 1.7745 + 4.0448a
0.02275 + 0.0516a
0.4687 + 2.1672a
Total
Heat effect:
kmol
ai ni
bi ni 103
ci ni 106
di ni 109
H2S
CO2
H2
H2O
0.30
0.69
0.01
0.1132
10.357
14.472
0.286
3.678
5.294
44.356
0.010
0.009
20.300
28.325
0.001
1.495
15.974
6.762
0.008
0.515
Total
1.1132
29.063
39.081
6.531
9.719
39.081 10 -3
(323.152 298.152)
2
-6.531 10 -9
9.719 10 -9
(323.153 298.153)
(323.154 298.154)
3
4
= 726.6 + 303.5 15.8 7.3
= 1007.0 kJ/kmol dry acid gas
kmol
ni
ai ni
O2
N2
Ar
H2O
0.21
0.78
0.01
0.02
4.314
23.081
0.208
0.650
16.820
4.100
0.002
13.112
10.283
0.264
3.564
3.875
0.091
Total
1.02
28.253
12.722
2.565
0.402
T2 = 313.15 K
H2 = 28.253(313.15 298.15) +
12.722 10-3
2
(313.15 2 298.15 2 )
2.565 10-6
0.402 10-9
(313.153 298.153)
(313.154 298.154)
3
4
= 423.8 + 58.3 3.6 0.2
= 478.3 kJ/mol dry air
kmol
ni
ni ai
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
i-C4H10
n-C4H10
CO2
N2
0.894
0.050
0.019
0.004
0.006
0.007
0.020
17.209
0.271
0.080
0.036
0.017
0.150
0.592
46.589
8.904
5.819
1.678
2.743
0.450
0.103
10.704
3.369
3.014
0.935
0.147
0.287
0.264
10.118
0.436
0.611
0.204
0.286
0.069
0.099
Total
1.000
18.089
66.080
5.086
8.413
T3 = 308.15
H3 = 18.089 (308.15 298.15) +
66.080 10-3
(308.15 2 298.15 2 )
2
5.086 10-6
8.413 10-9
(308.153 298.153)
(308.154 298.154)
3
4
= 180.9 + 209.3 + 4.7 2.3
= 383.6 kJ/kmol NG
Total enthalpy of product gas mixture,
exit of burner:
H4 = 518.02 0.3 1000 + 241.82 0.01 1000 + 855.32 1000 a + 1007.0
+ 478.3 (2.275 + 5.16 a) + 383.6 a
= 155 406 + 2418 + 855 320 a + 1007.0 + 1088.1 + 2468.0 a + 383.6 a
= 159 919.1 + 858 171.6 a kJ
Burner exit gas mixture enter reaction furnace where 60% of H2S is converted
to elemental sulphur.
(4)
2 H2S(g) + SO2(g) = 3 S(g) + 2 H2O(g)
1
0.6
0.4
= 1.5 mol
1.5 0.3 = 0.45 kmol
0.45 0.6 = 0.27 kmol
0.27
= 0.135 kmol
2
3
0.27 = 0.405 kmol
2
1.5 0.01 = 0.015 kmol
0.015 + 0.27 = 0.285 kmol
1.5 0.1132 = 0.1698 kmol
kmol
H2S
SO2
CO2
Ar
N2
O2
S
H2O
Total
It is specified that gas mixture, leaving reaction furnace should have 1100C
(1373.15 K).
Heat effect:
D H ro4 = 2(241.82) + 3(278.81) [2(20.63) 296.83]
= +690.88 kJ/2 mol H2S (endothermic)
= +345.44 kJ/mol H2S
Enthalpy of product gas mixture, leaving reaction furnace,
H5 = 159 919.1 + 858 171.6 a 345.44 0.27 1000 + 241.82 0.015 1000
+ 1.5 1007.0
= 159 919.1 + 858 171.6 a 932 688 + 3627.3 + 1510.5
= 767 631.1 + 858 171.6 a kJ
Enthalpy, H5 is the enthalpy of product gas at 1100C (1373.15 K) over 25C
(298.15 K).
Enthalpy (H 5) of the gas mixture, exit of reaction furnace, can be calculated
using heat capacity equation constants of Table 5.2. H 5 and H5 should match for
a given value of a. Thus it can be a trial and error method in which iterations are
to be performed by varying value of a. Such calculations can be done with ease
on Excel worksheet, attached herewith.
Trial-1: Assume a = 0.1 kmol NG/kmol dry acid gas fed to burner
For the exit gas mixture (from reaction furnace),
H 5 =
298.15
o
Cmp
(1) dT
mix
H 5 =
298.15
0.165
0.18
1.725
0.02275
1.7745
0.01525
0.405
0.9235
5.2110
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0
0
0.1098
0.00516
0.40448
0.00516
0
0.21672
0.1650
0.1800
1.8348
0.0279
2.1790
0.0204
0.4050
1.1402
5.9523
24.7706
34.5234
21.3655
20.7723
29.5909
20.5451
27.4597
32.4921
4.0871
6.2142
39.2014
0.5798
64.4780
0.4193
11.1212
37.0481
163.1492
bi
b*n*E3
ci
ci;*ni*E6
1.6395
1.6395
1.6395
1.6395
1.6395
1.6395
1.6395
1.6395
0
0
1.800171
0.084598
6.63145
0.084598
0
3.553124
0.1650
0.1800
3.5252
0.1073
8.4059
0.0998
0.4050
4.4766
17.3649
24.7706
4.0871
34.5234
6.2142
21.3655 75.3170
20.7723
2.2299
29.5909 248.7396
20.5451
2.0514
27.4597 11.1212
32.4921 145.4549
495.2154
di
di*n*E9
0.165
0.18
1.725
0.02275
1.7745
0.01525
0.405
0.9235
5.2110
di*n*E9
di
SO2
CO2
Ar
N2
O2
H2O
0.3
2.49017
0.10735
8.40595
0.10735
4.02182
15.4326
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.5 173882.3 23886.68
30777 699348.5kJ/kmol acidI gas to burnerby integration
.2kJ/kmol acidgas to burner
Difference 7.308321
kJ
0.3
2.49017
0.10735
8.40595
0.10735
4.02182
15.43264
ai
24.7706
21.3655
20.7723
29.5909
20.5451
32.4921
< a* n,
7.43118
53.20373
2.229906
248.7396
2.205516
130.6774
444.4873
bi
b*n*E3
ci
ci;*ni*E6
di
di*n*E9
11.122
3.3366
9.7999 24.40342
0
4.968 41.76076
16.9722 1.821966
4.5474 18.28882
30.4876
0.165
0.18
1.725
0.02275
1.7745
0.01525
0.405
0.9235
5.2110
1.4106
1.4106
1.4106
1.4106
1.4106
1.4106
1.4106
1.4106
0
0
1.548839
0.072787
5.705595
0.072787
0
0.145574
0.1650
0.1800
3.2738
0.0955
7.4801
0.0880
0.4050
1.0691
12.7566
24.7706
4.0871
34.5234
6.2142
21.3655 69.9472
20.7723
1.9845
29.5909 221.3427
20.5451
1.8087
27.4597 11.1212
32.4921 34.7365
351.2422
Hence,
a = 1.6395 kmol NG/kmol dry acid gas fed to burner
Substitute a = 1.6395.
Gas Mixture, Exit of Gas Burner
Component
SO2
CO2
Ar
N2
O2
H2O
Total
Ans. (ai)
kmol
mole %
(wet)
mole %
(dry)
0.3
2.49017
0.10735
8.40595
0.10735
4.02182
1.94
16.14
0.70
54.46
0.70
2.63
21.82
0.94
73.67
0.94
100.00
100.00
15.43264 (wet)
11.41082 (dry)
298.15
H 5 =
298.15
EXERCISE 8.29
Basis: qr1 = 120 m3/h waste water feed to stripper
Benzene content = 200 mg/L
= 200 g/m3 waste water
.
Benzene entering in waste water, m1 = 120 200/100
= 24 kg/h
.
Molar flow rate of benzene, n1 = 24/78.1118
= 0.3073 kmol/h
Since waste water, leaving the stripper, has negligible benzene content, all benzene,
entering in feed, will be stripped.
Nitrogen flow rate,
qv2 = 3400 m3/h
Nitrogen enters stripper at 0.2 bar g and 50C (323.15 K).
0.08314 323.15
Specific volume of gas = (1.013 25 + 0.20)
= 22.144 m3/kmol
.
Molar flow rate of dry nitrogen, n 2 = 3400/22.144
= 153.54 kmol/h
Benzene in ingoing nitrogen = 20 106 3400
= 0.068 m3/h
0.0031 kmol/h
Benzene in outcoming nitrogen from stripper
= 0.0031 + 0.3073
= 0.3104 kmol/h
Specific benzene content of nitrogen stream, leaving stripper
0.3104
153.54
= 0.002 022 kmol/kmol
2022 ppm (v/v)
Nitrogen stream leaves stripper at 0.14 bar g, saturated with water at 50C
(323.15 K)
Nitrogen leaves heater at 0.12 bar g and 45C (318.15 K) and 40% RH.
Vapour pressure of water at 45C, pv1 = 9.582 kPa
Partial pressure of water, p1 = 9.582 0.4
= 3.8328 kPa
Moisture content of nitrogen at heater outlet,
3.8328
H2 = (113.325 - 3.8328)
12.335
H1 = (115.325 - 12.335)
= 0.1198 kmol/kmol dry nitrogen
Moisture, required to be condensed = H1 H2
= 0.1198 0.035
= 0.0848 kmol/kmol
Total moisture removal = 0.0848 153.54
= 13.02 kmol/h
234.56 kg/h
Since maximum moisture content of 0.035 kmol/kmol is desired of the nitrogen
stream from chiller, the stream should be cooled to a saturation level at a system
pressure of 0.13 bar g.
pv2
114.325 - p = 0.035
v2
172.2402
5134.126
-635.658
2167.288
-821.779
159.2204
4711.079
636.695
1995.284
762.572
f1 =
298.15
109 T3) dT
= 128 034 kJ/h
35.565
Enthalpy of gas mixture, leaving chiller
301.55
f2 =
298.15
109 T3) dT
= 15 909 kJ/h
4.419 kW
Heat load of chiller,
fc = f1 f2 + 2409.8 234.56
= 128 034 15 909 + 565 008
= 677 133 kJ/h
188.093 kW 53.52 TR
Heat load of heater,
318.15
fh =
301.55
109 T 3) dT
= 77.733 kJ/h
21.593 kW
Saturated steam at 2 bar a is used for heating
lv at 2 bar a = 2201.6 kJ/kg
77 733
2201.6
= 35.3 kJ/h
Regeneration of adsorber is carried out in 4 hours at an uniform rate after heating
the bed for 3 hours. Flow rate of vapours to condenser
24 8
4
= 748 kg/h
During regeneration, pressure of about 0.1 bar g is maintained in the adsorber.
ts/Ts = 102.32C/375.47 K
lv1 at 1.113 25 bar a = 2251.4 kJ/kg
= 700 +
0.38
562.05 - 375.47
lv2 of benzene at 375.47 K, lv2 = 30720
562.05 - 353.3
= 29 437 kJ/kmol 376.86 kJ/kg
= 0.3073
318.15
Ans.
EXERCISE 8.30
Reaction pressure,
p = 50 atm
= 50.6625 bar
Since the reaction take place at very high pressure, use of partial pressures may
lead to wrong answes. It is therefore necessary to consider gas-vapour mixture
to be non-ideal. Rewriting Eq. (8.1).
yAA =
and
yMe =
pv AA x AA g AA f sat
AA
f AA p
sat
pvMe xMe g Me fMe
fMe p
where gi = activity coefficient of i-th component in solution (assumed for similar
compoinds)
fi = fugacity coefficient of i-th component in pure state
sat
fi = fugacity coefficient of i-th component in pure state at saturated conditions
From Ref 13, and Eq. (8.2)
pri o
( Bi + w i Bi1 )
fi = exp
Tri
and
fi
sat
prisat o
1
= exp T ( Bi + w i Bi )
ri
where
and
pvi
prisat = p
ci
and
w i = acentric factor for ith component
Boi and Bi1 are Pitzer correlation coefficients and are functions of temperature
only
0.422
Boi = 0.083 T 1.6
ri
p cisat =
pvi
pci
0.172
Bi1 = 0.139 T 4.2
ri
and
Component
Tci, K
pci, bar
wi
pvi, bar
Tri
Acetic acid
Methanol
590.7
512.64
57.8
80.92
0467
0.564
5
27
Component
psat
ri
B 0i
B1i
fi
Acetic acid
Methanol
0.0864
0.3337
0.5655
0.431
03923
0.1497
0.4242
0.6942
0.7645
0.884
p ri
0.8756
0.626
fsat
i
0.9189
0.8232
5 0.15 0.9189
yAA = 50.6625 0.4242 = 0.032
27 0.85 0.8232
yMe = 50.6625 0.6842 = 0.5372
nCO + nH 2
nt
65 + 35
nt
100
100
=
= 232.126 kmol/h
0.4308 0.4308
.
nMe = 0.5372 232.126 = 124.7 kmol/h
.
nAA = 0.032 232.126 = 7.43 kmol/h
.
nt =
x AA pv AA
p
0.15 5
50 6625
= 0.0148
0.85 27
50.6625
= 0.453
+ yH2 = 1 0.0148 0.453
= 0.5322
yMe =
yCO2
100
= 187.899 kmol/h
0.5322
.
nMe = 0.453 187.899 = 85.12 kmol/h
.
nAA = 0.0148 187.899 = 2.78 kmol/h
Molar flow rates of acetic acid and methanol are significantly high with nonideality.
Ans.
.
nt =
Stoichiometry and
Digital Computation
EXERCISE 9.1
a. by spreadsheet
Component
H2
C2H6
C2H4
C3H8
C3H6
N2
NH3
0.81
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.02
Mm
2.0159
30.0696
28.0538
44.0965
42.0806
28.0135
17.0306
y.Mm
Tc, K
1.6329
0.6014
1.1222
0.441
0.8416
2.2411
0.3406
32.200
305.420
282.340
369.820
364.850
126.090
405.500
7.2207
p
T
pc
Tc
R
Mm
e
dV
a
B
2.00E+06
333.15
1.98E+06
72.68
8314
7.2207
0.00100
0.10
77682.8
0.038093
y.Tc, K
26.082
6.108
11.294
3.698
7.297
10.087
8.110
pc, Pa
1.297E+06
4.880E+06
5.039E+06
4.247E+06
4.601E+06
3.394E+06
1.135E+07
72.676
y.pc, Pa
1.051E+06
9.760E+04
2.016E+05
4.247E+04
9.202E+04
2.715E+05
2.270E+05
1.983E+06
Pa
K
Pa
K
kJ/(kmol K)
Trial
F(V)
dV
new dV
Test
sp. vol.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.1
0.20000
0.30000
0.40000
0.50000
0.60000
0.70000
0.22164
0.54072
0.70550
0.75247
0.73677
0.68813
0.62128
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0.80000
0.90000
1.00000
1.10000
1.20000
1.30000
1.35000
1.37500
1.38750
1.39375
1.39688
0.54376
0.45963
0.37122
0.27992
0.18662
0.09188
0.04410
0.02012
0.00811
0.00210
0.00091
b. by Mathcad
FG
H
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.05000
0.02500
0.01250
0.00625
0.00313
Tc2
64 pc
Tc
8 pc
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.05000
0.02500
0.01250
0.00625
0.00313
0.00156
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
# N/A
0.19345
IJ
K
LMF p + a( R, T , p ) I (V - b( R, T , p ))OP (R T)
K
V
NH
Q
c
2
Guess value of v
V := 1.358
V := root ( f (V, 2 106, 8314, 333.15, 72.676, 1.983 106),V)
V = 1.39593 m3/kmol
V
7.2207
spvol = 0.19332 m3/kg
spvol :=
EXERCISE 9.2
F aI
H vK
b
B(b0, b, v) := b0 F1 - I
H vK
A(a0, a, v) := a0 1 -
e(c, T, v) :=
c
vT 3
f(a0, b0, a, b, c, T, R, p, v) := p
A( a0, a, v )
v2
EXERCISE 9.3
(a) Exercise 4.36 Case (a).
F := 100
x := 0.24
y := 0.1
z := 0.65
yf := 0.01
af := 24.75
M := 10
P := 8
a := 2
For equations refer the solution of Exercise 4.36.
Given
y M P = yf F (M 2 x a (1 + z) M z (1 y) + 4 a z)
100 + (M 2 x a (1 + z) M z (1 y) + 4 a z) P = M
(1 x) a
LM
OP + a = a
P
2
(
1
)
(
1
)
4
M
x
a
z
M
z
y
a
z
N
Q
f
LM455.293 OP
vec =
MMN 967..9789
P
4188PQ
M := vec0
M = 455.293
R := M F
P := vec1
P = 7.9789
R = 355.293
a := vec2
a = 96.4188
R
rr = 3.5539
F
nh3 := (2 x a + M (1 y) 4 a) z
nh3 = 45.7401
(b) Exercise 4.36 Case (b).
F := 100
x := 0.25
y := 0.1
z := 0.7
yf := 0.01
af := 24.75
M := 10
P := 8
a := 2
Given
y M P = yf F (M 2 x a (1 + z) M z (1 y) + 4 a z)
100 + (M 2 x a (1 + z) M z (1 y) + 4 a z) P = M
rr :=
LM
N
(1 x) a 1 -
OP
Q
P
+ af = a
M - 2 x a (1 + z ) - M z (1 - y ) + 4 a z
LM432.801 OP
vec :=
MMN 927..8713
P
5826 PQ
M := vec0
M = 432.801
R := M F
P := vec1
P = 7.8713
R = 332.801
a := vec2
a = 92.5826
R
rr = 3.328
F
nh3 := (2 x a + M (1 y) 4 a) z
rr :=
nh3 = 45.8374
EXERCISE 9.4
HP steam enthalpy =
MP superheated steam enthalpy =
LP superheated steam enthalpy =
LP saturated steam enthalpy =
15 bar saturated steam enthalpy =
Surface condenser steam enthalpy =
BFW enthalpy =
Surface condenser condensate enthalpy =
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
3
t MP steam required/h
1 + x1 ( H2 , H5 , H7 )
(b + c + d + g + Q1 ( H2 , H5 , H7 ))
e
6832
+
=
S3 ( H1 , H6 ) 1000
S1 ( H1 , H2 )
2.47 (b + c + d + e + g + Q1(H2, H5, H7)) S2(H2, H3) = 1000d
5.493 (a + e + 16.5) S2(H2, H3) = 1000c
0.2315 [(Qcw(H6, H8) e) + (600)] S2(H2, H3) = 1000b
vec(H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8) := find(a, b, c, d, e, g)
Case I
vec(3190.7, 3020.4, 2793.3, 2741.9, 2800.8, 2472.0, 440.17, 209.2)
a
b
c
d
e
g
Z
LM 5.1556 OP
4795
MM 48..6702
PP
=
MM 2.0625PP
MM302..3692
PP
7687
N
Q
By substituting appropriate values of variables in vec(H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6,
H7,H8) for Cases II to V, values of a, b, c, d, e and g can be obtained. These are
tabulated in Table 9.7 in the text.
EXERCISE 9.5
E1 is Ethylene required for EO production:
28.0538
E
E 1(E) :=
44.0532
Ethylene reacted:
E ( E)
E2(E, yE) := 1
yE
Ethylene converted to CO2 and H2O:
Eb(E, yE) := E2(E, yE) E1(E)
Total ethylene mixed feed:
E3(E, yE, xE) :=
Total mixed feed in the reactor:
E4(E, yE, xE, yI1) :=
E2 ( E, yE )
x E 28.0538
E3 ( E, yE , x E )
0.1
E3 ( E, yE , x E ) x E yE
2
Eb ( E, yE ) 3
28.0538
O23 ( E, yE , x E ) yI 2
(1 - yI 2 )
O22 ( E, yE , x E ) 4
3
LM
N
Recycle stream 1 contains:
P
R1 ( E, yE , xE , yI1 , x )
OP
Q
R1(E, yE , xE, yI1, x) := E3(E, yE, xE) (1 xE) + Imf (E, yE, xE, yI1) + x
Recycle stream 2 contains:
R1(E, yE , xE, yI1, x, P) := R1(E, yE , xE , yI1, x) P
Given
x R2 ( E, y E , x E , yI1 , x, P)
= E5(E, yE, xE, yI1)
R1 ( E, y E , x E , yI1 , x )
Imf ( E, yE , x E , yI1 ) P
R1 ( E, yE , x E , yI1, x )
yI 2 O23 ( E, yE , x E )
(1 - yI 2 )
P := 44
LM 1.707 10 OP
N39.58 Q
3
E := 3500
P = 39.58 kmol/h
yE := 0.7
xE := 0.5
yI1 := 0.1
yI2 := 0.03
LM
N
E3 ( E, yE , xE ) (1 - xE ) - E3 ( E, yE , xE )
FE = 115.693
(1 - x E ) P
R1 ( E, yE , xE , yI1 , x )
OP
Q
Recycle ratio:
R2 ( E, yE , x E , yI1 , x, P)
FF
ratio := 7.666 kmol/kmol fresh feed
By substituting appropriate values of yI1, various parameters can be calculated.
Please refer Table 9.8 in the text for the answers.
ratio :=
EXERCISE 9.6
Double recycle system of ammonia synthesis loop
By varying values of inerts in mixed feed (i), ratio of H2 to carbon oxides (r) and
K, Tables 9.10, 9.11 and 9.12 are prepared.