1

1.1
1.2

F5

1.

F4

B F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 .

F2

F1

F3

2. (i) :

BA .

, .
(ii) :

| || |

| A|| B |

(A) ( B )

, .
(iii) (i) (ii)
, .

8

3. (i) x

(ii) x

(iii) x .

4. :

AB A A AE
AB A AE A

B E
, .
5. :

AB (OB OA) (O O )

OB OA O O

OB (OA O ) O

OB O .

6. .

.
( AB) ( B ) ( ) (OA) (OB ) (O ) (O )

.

O O B AB .

7. :

P1 P3 P2 P4 P3 P5 P4 P6 P5 P1 P6 P2

OP3 OP1 OP4 OP2 OP5 OP3 OP6 OP4 OP1 OP5 OP2 OP6 0 .

1.3

1
0 ,
| |

1 1
| 0 | | |1 .
| |
| |

2. (i) :

1 1
(x ) (x )
2
3


3( x ) 2( x )

3 x 3 2 x 2

x 2 3

(ii) :

x 3( ) 4( ) 3 x

x 3 3 4 4 3x

x 3 x 4 4 3 3

4x 7
1 7
x
4
4

3. :

BM 2 M

AM AB 2( A AM )


x 2( x )

x 2 2 x

3 x 2
1
x ( 2 )
3

10

4. (i) B .

E EB B
2 EB EB B
3 EB B
1
EB B .
3
1
, EB ( )
3

B B 2

E 2 EB

AE A 2( AB AE )

AE A 2 AB 2 AE

3 AE 2 AB A

3 AE 2
1

AE (2 )
3

E 2 EB

E 2(B E )

E 2 B 2 E

3 E 2 B

3 E 2 2( )

3 E 2 4

1
E (2 4 )
3

1 2
E (4 2 ) (2 ) .
3
3

11

2
(ii) E (2 ) AE (2 ) , E 2 AE
3
3
, .

5. A E 3 3 3( ) . E 3 A
, .

6. , , , ,
:

KA 3 KB 2( KA KB ) ( K KB ) 3( KM KA)

KA 3 KB 2 KA 2 KB K KB 3 KM 3 KA

K 3 KM .
, , .

7.

8.

1 1
A BE Z ( AB A ) ( B BA) (A B )
2
2
2

1
( AB BA A A B B)
2
1
0 0 .
2

1
OK O OM (OB O O OA OA OB)
2

1
(2 OA 2 OB 2 O )
2

OA OB O .

9.

AB A B ( AB A ) (B )

2 AN 2 N

2( AN N )

2( NA N )

12

2 2 NM 4 MN

AB B A

10.

AB AB

( ) AB

AB ( ) AB 1 .

E AE A

11.

( AB A ) ( AB A )

( ) AB ( ) A

( )( AB A )

( ) B

( ) B .

E// B .

1. (i)

x y 0 x y

y
x 0 , , // ,
x

. x 0 , y 0 y 0 .
(ii)

x1 y1 x 2 y 2 ( x1 x 2 ) ( y1 y 2 ) 0 .

, ,
y1 y 2 0 , x1 x 2 y1 y 2 .

x1 x 2 0

13

(iii) u v , u v ,

( x 1) (2 3 x) 2 , , ( x 1 2 3x) (2 1) 0 .
, , (i) , ,
x 1 2 3x 0 2 1 0 , 1/ 2 x 0 .

EZ AZ AE AB A

2.

E A AE AB A A AB (1 ) A .

1 1
1 ,

AB A E AB ( 1) A .
1

1
EZ . E // EZ , , ,
E

EZ

3. x KA y KB z K 0 x y z 0 .

x(A K ) y (B K ) z ( K ) 0

( x y z ) K x A y B z 0

x A y B z 0

: x A y B z 0 x y z 0 ,

x KA y KB z K 0 .

x KA y KB z K 0 x A y B z 0 .

( x KA y KB z K ) ( x A y B z ) 0

x( KA A) y ( KB B ) z ( K ) 0

x K y K z K 0

( x y z ) K 0

, K 0 , x y z 0 .

14

MA MB

OA OM (OB OM )

4.

OA OM OB OM

OA OB ( ) OM

OM


.
r

OA OB

MA MB r
.

5. G// G . ,
:

1
G OG O (OA OB O ) O
(1)
3

1
G OG O (O OE OZ ) O
3

1
(2 OK O 2 O O 2 OM O ) O
3

2
(OK O OM ) 2 O
3
1

2 (OK O OM ) O 2(OG O ) 2 G .
3

M
G

B
G

G // G , G G .

15
6. ,
, :

4 MN A B

4( AN AM ) A ( A AB )

1 1
4 ( AB A ) A A A AB
2
2

2 AB 2 A 2 A A A AB

AB A A

AB A AB B
A B .

, .
7. , :

AA BB OA OA OB OB O O

(OA OB O ) (OA OB O )

3OG 3OG

3(OG OG ) 3GG

8. :

3 MA 5 MB 2 M 3 AM 5( AB AM ) 2( A AM )

3 AM 5 AM 2 AM 5 AB 2 A

2 A 5 AB .

9.

r OB BE y AB y ( )

r O E 5 x 5 x(3 5 ) .

y ( ) 5 x(3 5 )

(1 y 3 x) ( y 5 5 x) .

16

,
1 y 3x 0 y 5 5 x 0 .
y 3x 1
x 2 y 5 .

y 5x 5

r 5( ) , r 5 6 .

1.4

1. (i) | x | 2 x 2 x 2

-2

(ii) | x | 2 2 x 2

-2

y
2

(i) | y | 2 y 2 y 2

x
-2

y
y=-x

(i) | x || y | x y x y

y=x

17
2. K ( , ) x x y y | |
| | . :
y
: 2 1

K(,)

: 4 3

||

: 6 5
|v|
: | 2| | 1|

: | y | | x | .

3. (i) 0 2 4 0 2 3 2 0 , 2 .

(ii) 0 // x x 2 4 0 2 3 2 0 ,
1 .

4.

2 3 2 2 5 6

2 4
2 2 3 2 32 7 2 . 2
,
5 10 0
2 .

x 1
5. //
0 x 2 4 0 x 2 x 2 .
4 x

x 2 (2,1) (4,2) 2(2,1) 2 , .

x 2 (2,1) (4,2) 2(2,1) 2 , .

x x 2 .

6. u u

| u | 2|u | . | ||u | 2|u | . | | 2

2 . , (6,8) (-6,-8).

1
O i ,
2

OH 2i j .

7. ()

O i j ,

1 1
OE i j ,
2
2

OZ 2 j ,

1
OK 2i j ,
2

18

1
KA i j ,
2


3
ZA i 2 j , KZ 2i j .
2

()

1
2

i j ,

H i ,

1
K i j ,
2

1
H i ,
2

8. (i) M (x,0) x x
. :

( MA) ( MB) | MA|| MB || MA| 2 | MB | 2 MA 2 MB 2

( x 1) 2 6 2 ( x 9) 2 2 2 16 x 48 x 3 .

M (3,0) .
(ii) N (0, y ) y y .
(i) y 3
N (0,3) .

1. A( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x 2 , y 2 ) , ( x 3 , y 3 ) , ( x 4 , y 4 ) E ( x 5 , y 5 )
, .
x1 x 2 3
y1 y 2 5

x
x
2 3
y 2 y3 7

1 : x3 x 4 8
2 : y3 y 4 5
x x 6
y y 2
5
4 5
4
x 5 x1 3
y 5 y1 1

1
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 13 .

x 2 x 3 6 x 4 x 5 6 , x1 12 13 , x1 1
x 2 2 , x 3 4 , x 4 4 , x 5 1 .
2 y1 1 ,
y 2 4 , y3 3 , y 4 2 , y5 0 .
A(1,1) , B (2,4) ,
(4,3) , (4,2) E (1,0) .

19
2. A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x 2 , y 2 ) , x1 x 2
x 2 ( 2 4 3) x 17 0 .

x1 x 2 2 4 3

2
2

2 4 3
4 2 4 5 0 5 1 .
2

3.

M1,M 2 ,M 3

M4

, , M 1 M 2 M 4 M 3 .
.

M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4
,
M 1 M 2 M 3 M 4 ,

B
M1

M4

M 1 M 2 M 4 M 3 .

M2

, M 1 M 2 M 4 M 3 ,
M3
M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4

.
.
M 1 M 2 ,
M 1 , M 2
M 3 . M 4
, .
M 4 . , ,

M 1 M 2 M 4 M 3 , M 4 M 3 M 4 M 3 M 4 M 4
.

M 1 M 2 M 4 M 3 ( 2 1 , 2 1 ) ( 3 4 , 3 4 )
1 3 2 4

1 3 2 4 .

, :
1 3 2 4

1 3 2 4 .

4. A(1 , 1 ) , B ( 2 , 2 ) ( x, y ) .
:

20
(A) (B) ( AB)
( x 1 ) 2 ( y 1 ) 2 ( x 2 ) 2 ( y 2 ) 2 ( 2 1 ) 2 ( 2 1 ) 2 .

5. , r

OA , OB OP r .

OA OB
.

O

O x OA x O y OB y ,
x, yR .

OP O O , r x y , .
x y .

r x y . :

x y x y

( x x ) ( y y ) .
y y

//
x x 0 , x x ,
x x

. x x , y y . r

1.5

1. (i)

(1) 2 35 2 15 13

(2 ) (3 ) 6 6 13 78

( ) (3 ) 3 2 3 2

3(12 3 2 ) 2 13 (2 2 5 2 )
30 26 29
25

21

u 0 ( , )(2,5) 0 2 5 0 .

u .

(ii)

2.


u (7v w) 7u v u w 7(4 4) (6 0) 56 6 62

|u | (v w) 5 24 24 5

| (u v ) w||8w| 8| w| 8 6 48

(|u | v ) w |u | (v w) 5 24 24 5

3. (i) ( ) 0 .
1 0 1 .

( ) 2 1 1 1 .

1
(ii) ( ) 0 2 0 1 2 0 .
2

4. v ( x, y ) . :

u v 0 3x 2 y 0
2
.

x y 2 1
| v |1

2
2
3
3
( x, y )
.
( x, y )
,
,

13
13 13
13

5.

u v u v 0

(3 ) ( 2 ) 0 3 2 6 2 2 0

1
1
3 4 6 2 3 2 3 2 9 0 0
2
2

6. (i)

3
0 4 3 0
4

(ii)

22

2

| || | 4 3 2 1 4 2 3 2
4 3
4
2
5 2

2 1 4 3
2

2 1 5 2 8 6 .

7 2 48 7 0 1/ 7 7 .
1/ 7 . 1/ 7 .
1
4
(iii) //
0 3 4 0 .
4 3
3

u v
7. u v , .
|u || v |

u v (2 4 ) ( ) 2| | 2 2 4 4| | 2

1
2| | 2 2 4| | 2 2 2 11 4 3 .
2

1
|u | 2 (2 4 ) 2 4 2 16 16 2 4 16 16 12 ,
2

|u | 2 3 .

1
| v | 2 ( ) 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 ,
2

| v | 3 .

8.

9.

1
,
2
2 3 3

2
.
3

( ) ( ) 0 2 0

| |
| | 2 | || | ( , ) ( , ) .
| |

u v (| | | | )(| | | | )




| | 2 2 | | 2 2 | | 2 | | 2 | | 2 | | 2 0 .

23
10.

v ( 2 ( ) ) | | 2 ( ) ( ) | | 2 0 .

11. (i)

AB (6 3,4 2) (3,2) (11,2 5) (2,3) .

AB (3,2) (2,3) 6 6 0 .

(ii) AB 0 , AB .


12. p , p .


2 p

| | 2
2(8) (4) 5 20
36 20
36
9

20
5
9

p
5

9
9
22 11
p (8,5) (2,4) ,
5
5
5
5
9 22 11

, .
5 5
5

13.

| (5 2 ) ( 3 ) | | (5 2 ) ( 3 ) | .



| (5 2 ) ( 3 ) || 6 | ,


| 6 | 2 (6 ) 2

36 2 12 2

36 | | 2 12 45 0 | | 2
36 8 12 2 2 3
288 72 9
225 ,

2
9
2

| 6 |15 .

| (5 2 ) ( 3 ) || 4 5 | 593 .

24

AB A AB AB ( A ) AB A

14.

AB 53(1) 15

15. (i)

AB A AB AB A (3,4) (5,0) 15 .

| || | | || | 2 (| | | |) 2


( ) 2 (| | | |) 2

2 2 2 | | 2 2 | || | | | 2

| | 2 2 | | 2 | | 2 2| | | | | | 2

| || |


| || | ( , ) | || |

( , ) 1

(ii)

| | | | | | (| | | |) 2 ( ) 2

| | 2 | | 2 2| | | | 2 2 2


| | | |



| || | ( , ) | || |

( , ) 1

2 2 2 ( ) 2 2 0 ( ) 2 0 , .

"" , 0 , , .


0 ,
, // , .

1.

25

0 , 0 0 .
"" , 0 .

2. (i)

| u v | 2 | u v | 2 (u v ) 2 (u v ) 2

u 2 2u v v 2 u 2 2u v v 2

2u 2 2v 2 2|u | 2 2| v | 2

(ii)

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
|u v | |u v | (u v ) (u v )
4
4
4
4
2 1 2

1 2
(u 2u v v ) (u 2u v v 2 )
4
4
1 1
u v u v u v .
2
2

3. (i) u 1

2 , :

u | | | |


u | || | 2 | |( )

| ||u | 1 | || | 2 | | 2 | |

|u |1 | || | (1 )

| || |
1 (1 ) .
(1)
|u |

u | | | |
:

u | |( ) | | 2



| ||u | 2 | || || | | || | 2

|u | 2 | || | (1 )

| || |
2 (1 ) .
(2)
|u |

(1) (2) 1 2 , 1 2 .
(ii)

u v (| | | | )(| | | | )

26


| | 2 2 | | 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 .

uv u

, v

4. :

2 0

2

4 2 4 2 2

4 4 4 1 9

(1)

, :


3 6 .

(2)

, (1) (2),

2 3 6 5 .
5. :

(1)

2 2 1

(2)

2 2 1 .

(3)

:
( 2 2 )( 2 2 ) ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ,

, (1), (2) (3),

11 0 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 1 .

( ) 2 [( , ) (, )] 2 2 2 2 2 11 2 ,

( , ) (, ) .

27

( , )

( , )

( ) 0 . , 2 1

( ) 2 1 .

6. (, ) (, ) .

| || | ( , ) 2 2 2 2 ( , )

( , )
-1 ( , ) 1
2 2 2 2
1

2 2 2

1 .

7. (i)

MA OA OM .

(ii) ( )( ) 2 2 | | 2 | | 2 0 .

0 , .
.
8. (i)

AB HB HA , .

(ii) ( ) 0 0 ,
.



( ) 0 0 ,
.

(iii) :

0

( ) 0

( ) 0

28
. :
. (
).

9. 2 1 2 1 .

( 2 1 ) ( 2 1 ) 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1

2 2 1 1 | 2 | | 2 | ZA | 1 | 1 |

( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( ) 0 .

10. ,
B , , .
,

AB

( )

11. ,

90 0

.
B

29

MA MB MB MA MB MB (OB OM ) (OB OM )

(OB OM ) ( OB OM )

(OB OM ) (OM OB)

OM 2 OB 2

OM 2 2 ,

1. , ,

AB A .
| | | | | | 0 , ,
, , .
:

A ( ) ( ) 0

( ) 0

, .
.
, ,

, .

( )

30

( 1) 1 ( ) 0 .

1 , 1 ,

11 0
, , 1 0 .

1
2. ( ) .
2

( ) ( ) .

( ) ( )

, ,

(1 ) ( ) .

,
1 0 0 ,

1
.
2

1 1 1
( )
2
2
2
.

3. :

( 2 ) 7

( )( 2 ) 7

( )( ) 7

2 2 7

| | 2 | | 2 7

31

| | 2 9 7

| | 4 .

4.
4 .
4. :

| | , | || | ,

. ,
,

| || | | || | 1 .

:

| |1

| | 2 1

( ) 2 1

2 2 ( ) 2 1

| | 2 2 (2 ) (| | 2 1) 0

2 ,
, . ,
. ,

0 4( ) 2 4| | 2 (| | 2 1) 0

| | 2 | | 2 2 | | 2 (| | 2 1) 0

| | 2 2 | | 2 1 0

| | 2 2 1 0

| | 2 2 1

| | 1

( 0 ).

32

( ) ( ) ( ) .

( ) ( ) | |1 .

( ) ( ) | | .

(1)

( ) | |

,
(1),

5. (i)

0 ,

0 .

( )( )

( )( )

( )( )

| | 2 | | 2

| | 2 | | 2 0

0 0 .

(ii) G GA GB G 0 .

OA OG OB OG O OG 0

3OG OA OB O

1
OG ( ) .
3

1

(iii) G ( ) .
3

2
O, G G
1/2.

3G OH OG 2 OG GH 2 OG OG GH

33

6. (i) ( x ) x

( x) ( x)

( x )( ) x

( x )( ) x


( x )( 1)

(1)

(ii) 1 0 , (1)


x . ,
1


x .
1

7. (i)

1


x ,
1

1 1
EK ( EB E ) ( )
2
2
1

1
E ( EA E ) ( ) .
2
2

Z // A ( )

1 1 1
EM EZ ( E Z ) x( ) ,
2
2
2

1 1 1
EM EZ ( EB BZ ) y ( ) , BZ // B .
2
2
2

,
x ( ) y ( )

(1 x y ) ( x y ) .

,
1 x y 0 x y 0 .

( 1)
1
y
.

1 1
EM
( ) .
2

(ii)

34

1 1
K E EK ( ) ( )
2
2

1
(1 ) ( 1)
2

1 1
KM EM EK
( )
2

KM

KM

1
(1 ) ( 1) .
2

K , ,

.

8. 4 28, , ,

, AB

, , ,

, :

G AB

1
OG ( ) .
3

G


1
OG

1 ( )( ) 1

( ) .

3
3

OG OG , G G .

2.1

1. (i) :

64 2
1
1 (1) 2

(ii) :

20
2
2
0 (1) 1

(iii)
1
-1. .
2
2. x x .
(i)

64 2
1 . ,
1 (1) 2

1 45 0 .
(ii)

43 1
1 .
0 (1) 1

45 0 .
(iii) , ,
90 0 .
(iv) , ,
0 0 .

36

2
3. (i) (3,2) ,
3

,
. , , A(1,1) ,
:

2
y (1) ( x 1) , ,
3

2 1
y x .
3
3

(ii) (0,1) ,
. ,
A(1,1) , x 1 .

(iii) ,

1 . , : y 11( x 1) , ,
4
y x2 .
42
2
1

, ,
33 6
3
, A 3 . , , A(1,0)
, y 0 3( x (1)) ,
y 3x 3 .

4. (i) B

1
1
y x y 2 x 2 .
2
2

(ii)
3 . , , ,
3 (3) 2 4
:
,
(0, 3) ,
2
2
y 3 3( x 0) y 3x 3 . (
, ;)

, , :
1
y x 3
2

y 2 x 3 .

1
1
B , A // B . AB 2
2
2
2 , AB // . ,

5. A

37
. A 1
B 1 , A B 1 .
.
1 A(3,1) .
, y 1 1( x 3) , y x 4 .
1 B(5,5) .
, : y 5 1( x 5) , y x .
0 (1)
3 (1)
1 A
1 . , AB A ,
2 1
11

. , , , .

6. AB

, Z ,
4
( )

. ,

( )

7. 0

( x ) ,

:
y

2 2

x

x
.

2
, Z ,
,
2
4

0 ,

2
2

2
.
2

0 , , ,
.

38
8. ( x, y ) G ,
:

2 43 1

3
3

3 5 4 4
.
3
3

1 4
, A(2,3) G ,
3 3
4 5
3
3 3 1
1 5
2
3 3
y 3 1( x 2) , y x 1 .

1. ,
A(1, 2) , y 2 ( x 1) , 0 , 2 ,
:
y x 2 , 0 , 2 .

x x ,
2
,
, 0 ,

y y , , 0, 2 . , (OB)

(O ) | 2| , , :

| 2|
1
2
| 2|
| 2| 1| |1 1 1 ,
2
| |
| |

,
:
y x 3

y x 1 .

2. ,
. ,
1
3
. y x y x 2
2
2

39
. , A BE AB Z , : A BE 1
AB Z 1 , A 2 A 1 .
, ,
y 4 2( x 1)

y 2 x 6

y 4 1( x 1) ,
y x3

,
A : y 2 x 6

Z : y x 2

(4,2)

AB : y x 3

1
3
BE : y 2 x 2

,
y 0

(3,0)

2 0 2
,

4 (3) 7

2
6
2
( x 3) , y x .
7
7
7

3. (2,1)
x 2 y 1 ( x 2), R .
x 2 y x 1 (2,3) y x 1
(2, 1) .
2 2 3 (1)
,

(2,1), .
2
2
, x 2 .

y 1 ( x 2) , R , y x 1 y x 1
,
:
y x 1

y 1 ( x 2)

y x 1

y 1 ( x 2)

40
, y ,
:
x 11 x 2 ( 1) x 2 .

, 1 , x

2
3 1
2
, y x 1
1
.
1
1
1

2 3 1
,
,
.
1 1

, :
x 1 1 x 2 ( 1) x 2 .

, 1 , x

2
1

, y x 1

1
2
1
.
1
1

2 1
,
,
.
1 1
(2,1) ,
4 2
1 2
2
2 2 1

2
2 4

2 1 1
1

2
2
1 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 1

2
2
2 2 4 2 2 2
2 1 1

2 1

,
R .
, x 2 .
1
4. (i) ,

1
Q , , , 0 ,

1 1

1
1
1 .
y ( x ) ,

(1)

41

, y 0 , x .

PQ y y x x ,
:

(ii) (1), x 0 , y

B 0,

A( , 0) .

:
2

1
1
( AP) ( ) 2 0 2 2

1
1
2
( BQ) ( 0) 2
2 .

AP BQ .

5. A(,0) B (0, )

, :
0

y 0

x y
( x ) y x y x 1

( 0 ).
6.
2
y x , 0 . , y 0 ,
3
3
x , x 0 , y . ,
2
3

, 0 (0, ) ,
2

3
x A y B 15 15 5 30 6 .
2
2
,
y x6 .
3

42

2.2

1. 1 x y
, R
. . :
// x x 1 0 1

// y y 0 .

, (0,0),
, , :
( 1)0 0 2 0 2 0 0 .
2
.
3
3
, , ,
2
3
(-2,3), y 3 ( x 2) ,
2
3
y x .
2

2. 2 x 3 y 6 0

12 18
y x

, , .
2
13 13
2 x 3 y 6 0
3.
2 x 5 y 3 0

, (44, 17) .
x 3 y 7 0

4 x y 1 4 . ,

1
4

1
1
A(44, 17) , y 17 ( x 44) , y x 6 .
4
4

43
1
4. (i) // , B .
3
1 14
1
y 6 ( x 4) , y x . ,
3
3
3
1 14

A : y x

3
3 ,
: x y 2 0

(2, 4) .
(ii)

6 1 5
,

4 1 3

1 ( 3, 5) .

, .
5 7
, , .
2 2
,

7
4
1
2
,
5
9
2
2

2 (9, 1) .

,

1 , 2 :

1 2
39 51
11
11 697

0,416 .
697
| 1 | | 2 |
17 41
3 2 (5) 2 9 2 12

, 65 0 .
5. ( 1) x y 8 0

1 ( , 1 ) , x 3 y 1 2 0

2 (3, ) . , ,

1 2 . :

44


1 2 1 2 0 3 (1 ) 0
2 2 0 ( 2) 0

0 2 .
6. 3 x 4 y 6 0
6 x 5 y 9 0

3x 4 y 6 0
,

6 x 5 y 9 0

22
, 7 .

22

3x 3 y 0 , 7 ,
3

22
3 3(7) , , 1 .
3
, 1 .

1. (i)
x 2 y 2 4 y 4 0 x 2 ( y 2) 2 0 ( x y 2)( x y 2) 0

x y 2 0

x y 2 0 .
y

2
-2

2
O

(ii)
x 2 y 2 4 x 2 y 3 0 ( x 2 4 x 4) ( y 2 2 y 1) 0
( x 2) 2 ( y 1) 2 0 ( x 2 y 1)( x 2 y 1) 0 .

( x y 1) ( x y 3) 0 x y 1 x y 3 0 .

45
2.
(2 2 3) x ( 2 1) y (3 1) 0

(1)

, ,
x y . ,
y .
( 0 1 )
:
3 x y 1 0
.

6 x y 4 0

( x, y ) (1, 2) .
A(1, 2) . (1)
,
(2 2 3) (1) ( 2 1) 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 1 0 .

, (1) (1, 2) .
3. x 4 y 5 3x 2 y 1

x 4 y 5
,

3x 2 y 1

( x, y ) (1, 1) .
7 x 8 y 1 0 x 1 , y 1
7 1 8 11 0

, (1, 1) .
4. x y 0 (1 ) x ( 1) y 0 ,

: 1 (1, ) 2 (1 , 1 ) .
:

1 2
1(1 ) (1 )
1 2
1
2

.
| 1 | | 2 | 12 2 (1 ) 2 (1 ) 2
2 2
1 2 2(1 2 )

46

, .
4
4

x y
5. 1 : 1

x y
2 : 1

x y
1 x y

x y 1 x y

2 2 0 , , ,

. , , 0 ,
( x, y )
,

y x . 1 2 .

, , ,
.

6. 3x y 3 3 . ,
1
(1, 2) y 2 ( x 1) . ,
3
3x y 3 ,

3x y 3
2 9

, , .
1

(
x

1
)
5 5

x y
7. y 0 , : 1 , x . ,

x x ( , 0).

47

. ,

( , 0) y 0

( x ) , ,

x y 2 0 .

2.3

1. ( 2, 3 ) , :

(i)

| 2 3 1|
1 1
2

(ii)

(iii)

| 2(2) 3 3| 10

2 5
5
2 2 (1) 2
2 3
1
2 3
2

1 1

2 3

(iv)

13
36

13
6

6 13
13

|5(2) 33 1| | 10 10|

0 .
34
5 2 32

2. (i) 1

5
5
2 . 1 // 2 .
8
8

(ii) (0, 0) 1
|5 0 8 0 51| 51 89

,
89
5 2 (8) 2

O(0, 0) 2
|5 0 8 0 68| 68 89

.
89
5 2 (8) 2

48
(iii) (0, 0) 1 2 ,
,
:.
68 89 51 89 119 89

89
89

3. (i) 1

4
2 . 1 // 2 .
3
3

(ii) x 0 , 1 , y 3 . A(0, 3)
1 , 1 2
2 , :
| 4 0 3(3) 24| 15
3 .
5
4 2 (3) 2

4.
2 x 3 y 30 .
y 6 (1)( x 4) , , y x 10 . ,

2 x 3 y 30
,

y x 10

( x, y ) (12, 2) .

5. y 3x ,
3x y 0 . , :
| 3 0 0 |
3 2 12

5 | | 5 10 5 10 .

.
:
3 x y 5 10 0 3 x y 5 10 0

6. : 1 , 2 , ,
3 x 2 y 0 .
, , 1 2
8 ,
4 .

49
1
A 0, . ,
2
1
3 0 2
| 1|
2
4
4 | 1| 4 13 1 4 13 .
2
2
13
3 (2)

49
, :
1 : 3x 2 y 1 4 13 0 2 : 3 x 2 y 1 4 13 0 .

: M ( x, y ) 1 2 ,
4, ,

|3x 2 y 1|
3 2 (2) 2

4 |3 x 2 y 1| 4 13
3x 2 y 1 4 13

3x 2 y 1 4 13

3x 2 y (1 4 13 ) 0 3x 2 y (1 4 13 ) 0

(1)

(1) 1 2 .

7. (i) AB (6, 0) A (4, 3) .

1 6 0 1
1
| |18| 9 .
( AB ) | det( AB, A ) | |
2 4 3 2
2

(ii) AB (4, 10) A (7, 0) .

1 4 10 1
( AB ) |
| | 70| 35 .
2 7 0
2

(iii) AB (2, 2) A (6, 6) .

2 1
1 2
( AB ) |
| | 0| 0 .
2 6 6 2

, A(1, 2) , B(3, 4)
(5, 4) .
8. x x

( x, 0) , AM ( x 5, 1) AB (4, 2) .

50
1 x 5 1
( MAB) 7 |
| 7 | 2 x 14|14
2 4 2
2 x 14 14 2 x 14 14

x 14

x0 .

, (14, 0) (0, 0).

9. M ( x, y ) , :

MA MB (3 x) 2 (4 y ) 2 (5 x) 2 (2 y ) 2
9 6 x x 2 16 8 y y 2 25 10 x x 2 4 y 2 4 y

4 x 12 y 4
x 3 y 1

4 y
1 3 x
( MAB) 10 |
|10

5
(
2 y)
x
2
| 6 x 2 y 26| 20
6 x 2 y 26 20

6 x 2 y 26 20

3x y 23

3x y 3

:
x 3 y 1
MA MB

( MAB) 10 3x y 23

x 3 y 1
.

3x y 3

M 1 (7, 2)
M 2 (1, 0) .
10. A(3,1) , B (2, 3) , (4, 5)

, AB (1, 2) A (7, 6) .
( AB ) 2 ( AB ) |

7 6

|| 6 14| 20 .

51

1. (0,0)
y y , x 0 y x . ,
, B(0, 2) y y ,
. y x ,
A(2, 0) B(0, 2) . ,
:
| (2) 1 0|
(1)
2

| 0 1 2|

2 (1) 2

| 2 || 2|| |1 1 .

, y x y x
.
2. M (, 0) x x (0, 0)
5 x 12 y 60 0 :
| |

|5 12 0 60|
5 12
2

| |

|5 60|
13| ||5 60|
13

5 60 13 5 60 13

15
2

10
.
3

15
10
x x , M 1
, 0 M 2 , 0
2

3
.
3. (
). , M (1, 2) ,

y 2 ( x 1) , R * .

(1)

2
, x 0 , y 2 . ,

2
, 0 B (0, 2 ) , :
(1) A

(1), y 0 , x

52
( 2) 2
1
1 2
.
( AOB) (OA) (OB)
| 2 |
2
2
| 2 |

:
( AOB) 4

( 2) 2
4 ( 2) 2 8| | .
|2 |

:
0 ,
( 2) 2 8 2 4 4 8 0 2 12 4 0 6 4 2

0 ,
( 2) 2 8 2 4 4 8 0 2 4 4 0 2 .

,
y 2 (6 4 2 )( x 1) ,

y 2 (6 4 2 )( x 1)

y 2 2( x 1)

.
4. A(1, 3) y y
| 1|1 , y y ,
x 0 .
y x
O(0, 0) A(1, 3) 1
:

| (1) 3|
2 (1) 2

1| 3| 2 1 2 6 9 2 1

4
.
3

4
y x .
3

5. x y 2 0 y x 2 . ,
, ( x, x 2) . ,
12 x 5 y 60 0 1,
:

53
|12 x 5( x 2) 60|
12 2 (5) 2

| 7 x 50|
1
13

7 x 50 13 7 x 50 13
37
7

x 9 .

37 23
, M 1
,
M 2 (9, 7)
7
7
x y 2 0 1.

6. AB ( , ) A (, ) . , ,

, AB A . :

AB// A det( AB, A ) 0

0
0 .

. ,

, , ,

2 2
:

7. :

x ,
2 2

, y 0 , x
y

2 2

.
x

2 2
, x 0 ,
2

2 2
. , x x
2

P ( p, 0) , p

2 2
, y y Q(0, q)
2

54
2 2
. p, q ,
2
:
q

q p

(i)

(ii)

p q

( 2 2 ) ( 2 2 )

2
2

2 ( 2 2 ) 2 ( 2 2 )
2

( 2 2 )( 2 2 )
2 pq .
2

( 2 2 ) ( 2 2 ) 2 2 2 2

0
2
2
2

PQ AB

M , P, Q . , PQ AB 0 det( MP, MQ) 0

8. M ( x, y )
3x 4 y 1 0 5 x 12 y 4 0 ,
, ,
|3 x 4 y 1|
3 2 (4) 2

| 5 x 12 y 4|
5 2 12 2

|3x 4 y 1| |5 x 12 y 4|

5
13

13(3x 4 y 1) 5(5 x 12 y 4)

13(3x 4 y 1) 5(5 x 12 y 4)

39 x 52 y 13) 25 x 60 y 20

39 x 52 y 13 25 x 60 y 20

2 x 16 y 1 0 64 x 8 y 33 0 .

, : 2 x 16 y 1 0 64 x 8 y 33 0 .

55
9.
2 x 3 y 5 0

x y 1 0

x y 1 0
,

2 x 3 y 5 0

( x, y ) (2, 3) .
, M (2,3) .
x 2 A(3, 2) 1.
.
M (2, 3) y 3 ( x 2) , R ,

x y (3 2 ) 0 , R .

A(3, 2)

7
. , :
5
|3 2 3 2 | 7
| 1| 7

2
2
5
(1)
2 1 5

( 1) 2
1
2

49
25

25 2 50 25 49 2 49

12 2 25 12 0

, :

3
4
.
4
3

4
1
3
3
x y 0 x y 0 .
3
3
4
2

10. M ( x, y ) ,
( MAB) 8 . :

1
1 1 x 2 y 1
( MAB) | det( MA, MB) | |
| | 3 x 4 y 5|
1 y
2
2 3 x
2

:
( MAB) 8 | 3x 4 y 5|16
3 x 4 y 5 16 3 x 4 y 5 16
3 x 4 y 11 0

3 x 4 y 21 0 .

, 3x 4 y 11 0
3 x 4 y 21 0 .

56

1. M (1,0) , x 1 ,
y x 2 A(1,3) y x B (1,1) .
( AB) 3 1 2 . x 1 .
, ,
M (1, 0) . y ( x 1) , R ,
y x
y x , R .
y x2
y x
,

y x
. 1 .


2 3


,
,

. , :
1 1
1 1
( ) 2 ( ) 2 4
2

(2) 2 (2 ) 2
2
3

4

4
( 1) 2
1 1 1 1

4( 2 1)
( 1)

4 2 1 2 2 1 0

, y 0 .
2.
x ( 1) y 2
,

( 1) x y 2 1
D

2 2 11 0 R .

, R ,
. :
Dx

1
2
2 2 2 2 2 1 1
2 1

57
Dy

2
2 2 2 2 2 .
1 2 1

D D y 1

( x, y ) x ,
,
( 1, ) .

1
D D 1

, :
x 1
x 1
, R
, R x y 1 y x 1

y
y

y x 1 .
3. K ( x 0 , y 0 ) , M 1 , M 2 , M 3
(1 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) ( 3 , 3 ) ,
( x 0 , y 0 ) (0, 0) , , :
1 x 0 1 y 0 1

2 x 0 2 y 0 1 ,
x y 1
3 0
3 0

1 x 0 1 y 0 1

( 2 1 ) x 0 ( 2 1 ) y 0 0 .
( ) x ( ) y 0
3
1
0
3 1 0

, ( x 0 , y 0 )
( 2 1 ) x ( 2 1 ) y 0
.

( 3 1 ) x ( 3 1 ) y 0

( x 0 , y 0 ) (0, 0) , , , (0, 0)
( x 0 , y 0 ) . , ,
:
2 1
3 1

2 1
0 M 1 M 2 // M 1 M 3 M 1 , M 2 , M 3 .
3 1

4.

x y
1 x y

x y 1 x y

58


.
, , , ( x, y )
,

,
,
,

2 2

2

2

2
2

( x ) , 2 x 2 y ( ) 0 .

5. 1 :

x y
1
A B

x y
2 : 1 . 1 y y M (0, B )

2
B
1

1
2

| B |

2 2

1 , 2 . ,
,

, , A B ,

:
d

| A |

2

| ( A )|

2

( A )
2 2

( 0 A 0 ).
6. (i)
x 2 4 xy y 2 0 x 2 4 xy 4 y 2 3 y 2 0

( x 2 y) 2 ( 3 y) 2 0
( x 2 y 3 y) ( x 2 y 3 y) 0

59
x (2 3 ) y 0 x (2 3 ) y 0
y

1
2 3

y (2 3 ) x

x 2 4 xy y 2 0

y (2 3 ) x .

2 3

y (2 3 ) x

y (2 3 ) x .

(ii) 1 (1, 2 3 ), 2 (1, 2 3 )

(1, 1)

y x . 1 , 1 2

, 2 , :

1
3 ( 3 1)
1 2 3
3 3
3

1
2
2
2
2
2
2
| | | 1 | 1 1 1 (2 3 )
2 4 2 3 2 ( 3 1)

1 30 0 . 2

3
, 2 30 0
2

7. (i) x y 0 ,
y
, , 0 .

A , 0 B 0, .

, ,

(OA) (OB)

|| ||

| || | .
| | | |

,
, | || | 0 0 .
(ii) 1 2 0 , y y ,
x x .

60
1 , 2
, x x
.

y
1

1 , 2 0 , 1 , 2
1

1
1

2
,
2
y
,
x x :

2 1

x
2

1 2

1 2 1 2 0
1 2

y
8. (i) x y 0
( )

, , 0 . , y 0 , x .
a

x
,

x x A , 0

Ox ,

0 , 0 .

, x 0 , y y

B 0, Oy ,

0 , 0 .

(ii)

0 ,

(),

0 ,

0 , 0

61

0 ,

(),
y

0 ,

0 ,

0 0 .

, 0

x x y y A , 0

B 0, ,

1 ,

0 0 ,

0 0 , 0 .

62

3.1

1. (i) 12 ( 3 ) 2 2
: x 2 y 2 2 2
(ii) ( ) 2 ( ) 2 2( 2 2 )
: x 2 y 2 2( 2 2 ) .
(iii) O(0,0)
x y 2 0 .

| 2|
1 2 1 2

: x 2 y 2 2 .
(iv) O(0,0)
x y ( 2 2 ) 0 . ,

| 2 2 |
2 2

2 2 : x 2 y 2 2 2 .

2. (i) A( x1 , y1 ) ,
xx1 yy1 5
y 2 x 3

x1
2 . x1 2 y1 .
y1

A( x1 , y1 ) x12 y12 5 . ,

A( x1 , y1 )

64
x1 2 y1
2
x1 y12 5

(1)
( 2)

(2) (1)
(2 y1 ) 2 y12 5 y1 1

y1 1 ,

, (2,1)
(2,1)

2 x y 5 2 x y 5 .

(ii) A( x1 , y1 ) ,

xx1 yy1 5 ,

1
y x ,
2

x1
2 .
y1

x1 2 y1 . A( x1 , y1 ) ,
x12 y12 5 .

x1 2 y1
2
x1 y12 5

(1)
( 2)

(2) (1)
4 x12 y12 5 y1 1

y1 1 ,

, (2,1) (2,1)

2 x y 5 2 x y 5 .

(iii) M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
xx1 yy1 5 A(5,0)
5 x1 0 y1 5 . x1 1 . M 1 ( x1 , y1 )
x12 y12 5 . M 1

x1 1
2
x1 y12 5

(1)
( 2)

65
(2) (1)
1 y12 5 y1 2

y1 2 ,

, M 1 (1,2) M 2 (1,2)

x 2 y 5 x 2 y 5 .

3.

2
2
x y 2 A, B,
:
1 : x y 2 ,

2 : x y 2

3 : x y 2

4 : x y 2 .

E (0,2) , Z (2,0) , H (0,2)
(2,0) .

(1,1)

(-1,1)

(-1,-1)

(1,-1)

4. ,
.

1
1
1

1. ,

y 11( x 1) , ,

y x2 .

5. (i) ( 3 ) 2 12 2

x 2 ( y 1) 2 2 2 .
(ii)
28
1 7
3
5 ,

2
2
K (3,5) .

66
1
1
1
(7 1) 2 (8 2) 2 100 5 . ,
AB
2
2
2
( x 3) 2 ( y 5) 2 5 2 .

(iii) K ( x 0 , y 0 )
KA KB 5 .
( x 0 1) 2 ( y 0 0) 2 25

(1)

( x 0 7) 2 ( y 0 0) 2 25

(2)

( x 0 1) 2 y 02 ( x 0 7) 2 y 02 x 0 4 .

x 0 (1)
3 2 y 02 25 y 0 4 y 0 4 .

( x 0 , y 0 ) (4, 4) ( x 0 , y 0 ) (4, 4) . ,

( x 4) 2 ( y 4) 2 5 2 ( x 4) 2 ( y 4) 2 5 2 .

(iv) K ( x 0 , y 0 ) , :
y 0 x 0

( x 0 4) 2 ( y 0 0) 2 ( x 0 8) 2 ( y 0 0) 2 .

:
x 0 y 0
x0 6

2
2
( x 0 4) ( x 0 8)
y0 6

K (6,6)

KA (6 4) 2 (6 0) 2 2 2 6 2 2 10 .

, : ( x 6) 2 ( y 6) 2 40 .

67
8 4
6
2
2
2
, K 6,
.
2
2

(v)

2
2
2
KA K (6 4) 2
( 6 0) 2
2

2
2
4
36
4 2( 2)
2

2
16 .

K (6,9)

KA (6 4) 2 (9) 2 4 81 85 . ,
( x 6) 2 ( y 9) 2 85 .

(vi) K ( x 0 , y 0 )
x x
.
3 1 0 2

,
(2,1)
2
2
20 2

1 . ,

1 3 2
y 11( x 2) , , y x 1 .

x x x 3 . ,

y x 1
, ( x, y ) (3,2) .

x 3

,
KA (3 3) 2 2 2 2 .

( x 3) 2 ( y 2) 2 2 2 .

K (3,2)

68
(vii) K ( x 0 , y 0 )
A(0,3) .
3

2
4
4
y 3 ( x 0) , , y x 3 . ,
3
3

3
y 2
9 3
, ( x, y ) , .

4
8 2
y x3
3

9 3 15
OK . ,
8
8 2

2

3 15
9
x y .
8
2 8

6. (i) :
x 2 y 2 4x 6 y 3 0
( x 2 2 2 x 2 2 ) ( y 2 2 3 y 3 2 ) 3 2 2 3 2

( x 2) 2 ( y 3) 2 4 2 .

, K (2,3) 4 .
(ii) :
x 2 y 2 10 x 12 y 20 0

( x 2 2 5 x 5 2 ) ( y 2 2 6 y 6 2 ) 20 5 2 6 2
( x 5) 2 ( y 6) 2 9 2

, K (5,6) 9 .
(iii) :
3 x 2 3 y 2 6 x 9 y 1 0

1
x 2 y 2 2x 3y 0
3

69
2
2

3 3
3 1
( x 2 2 1 x 12 ) y 2 2 y 12

2 2
2 3

2
3 35

.
( x 1) y
2 12

35
3

, K 1,
.
12
2

(iv) :
x 2 y 2 4x 10 y 4 2 16 2 0
[ x 2 2 2 x (2 ) 2 ] [ y 2 2 5 y (5 ) 2 ] (5 ) 2 16 2

( x 2 ) 2 ( y 5 ) 2 (3 ) 2 .

, K (2,5 ) 3| | .
7. (i) :
x 2 y 2 2x 4 y 4 0
( x 2 2 1 x 12 ) ( y 2 2 2 x 2 2 ) 12
( x 1) 2 ( y 2) 2 12 .

, K (1,2) 1 .
A(1,1) .
. ,
y 1 ,
A(1,1) .
(ii) :
x 2 y 2 2x 2 y 2 3 2 0
( x 2 2 x 2 ) ( y 2 2 y 2 ) 2 3 2

( x ) 2 ( y ) 2 (2 ) 2 .

, K (, ) 2| | .
A(, ) .
,
y .

70
y

8. C1 K 1 (0,0)
1 1 , C 2
K 2 (1,0) 2 2 .
K 1 K 2 2 1 1 , C1
C 2
A(1,0) .

B
1.
( x )( x ) ( y )( y ) 0

A, B, .
x 2 y 2 ( ) x ( ) y ( ) 0 ,

x y Ax By 0 . ,
.
2

AB B ( ,0)(0, ) ( ) 0 0( ) 0

AB 90 0 , .
.
2. ( x 2) 2 ( y 4) 2 4 2 ,
K (2,4) 4 .
x y 4 2 4 0

| 2 4 4 2 4|
2 2

| 4| 4 .

, .
3. 1 ( x1 , y1 ) M 2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) .

M 1 xx1 yy1 2 .
M 0 ( x 0 , y 0 ) , M 0
xx1 yy1 2 x1 x 0 y1 y 0 2 ,

71
xx 0 yy 0 2 M 1 .

M 2 .
xx 0 yy 0 2 1
M 1 M 2 ,
M 1 M 2 .
4. C x 2 y 2 (3 ) 2 . M ( x, y )
G (u , v) .
00 y y
0 3 x 3 x
v

3
3
3
3
x 3u 3 y 3v . M ( x, y ) .

G u

x 2 y 2 9 2 x y :
(3u 3 ) 2 (3v) 2 9 2
9(u ) 2 9v 2 9 2
(u ) 2 v 2 2 ,

G K (,0)
| | , ( x ) 2 y 2 2 .

5. M ( x, y )
,
x 2 y 2 2
. ,

, ,
OM 2 2 2

A
(u,v)

x2 y2 2 2
x 2 y 2 ( ( 2 ) 2 ,

x 2 y 2 ( 2)2 .

6. M ( x, y ) ,

MA
2 ,
MB

72
MA 2 MB
MA 2 4MB 2
2
( x 3) y 2 4[( x 3) 2 y 2 ]

x 2 6 x 9 y 2 4 x 2 24 x 36 4 y 2
3x 2 3 y 2 30 x 27
x 2 y 2 10 x 9

( x 2 2 5 x 5 2 ) y 2 9 5 2
( x 5) 2 y 2 4 2 .
,
K (5,0) 4 .

7. x 1 . M ( x, y ) ,
d ( M , O) 4d ( M , ) .
d ( M , O) 4d ( M , ) x 2 y 2 4| x 1|
x 2 y 2 4( x 1), x 1

2
2
x y 4( x 1), x 1

(1)
( 2)

( x 2) 2 y 2 0
x 2 4 x y 2 4
(1)

x 1
x 1

( x 2) 2 y 2 (2 2 ) 2
x 2 4 x y 2 4
(2)

( x 2) 2 y 2 8 .
x 1
x 1

x 2

y 0

A(2,0)
( x 2) y 8 .
2

x=1

K(-2,0)

A(2,0)

73

8. M ( x, y ) ,
MA 2 MB 2 M 2 107 , :

( x 3) 2 ( y 5) 2 ( x 2) 2 ( y 4) 2 ( x 5) 2 ( y 1) 2 107
3 x 2 3 y 2 27

x 2 y 2 32
,
O(0,0) 3 .

3 2 5
5 4 1
0
0 .
3
3

9.

x y
.

x y

Dx

Dy

x
y

2 2 1

Dx

D
Dy
D

x 2 y 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 ( 2 2 ) 2 ( 2 2 )

74
2 2 .

x 2 y 2 ( 2 2 ) 2 , O (0,0) 2 2 .

10. M ( x, y ) ,
A(2,4) . ,

OMA 90 0 , ,

.

0 2 0 4
K
,
,
2
2
K (1,2) ,
(2 1) 2 (4 2) 2 1 4 5 .

B
A(2,4)

M(x,y)

K(1,2)

3.2

1. (i)

p
1 , p 2
2

y 2 4 x .

(ii)

p 1
, p 1
2 2

y 2 2 x .

(iii) y 2 2 px .
A(1,2) , 2 2 2 p 1 p 2 ,
y 2 4 x .

75
2. (i)
y 2 2 4 x . , E (2,0)

: x 2

(ii) y 2 2(4) x . , E (2,0)

: x 2
(iii) x 2 4 y 2 2 y . , E (0,1)
: y 1
(iv) x 2 4 y 2(2) y . , E (0,1)
: y 1
(v) y 2 2 2 x . , E (,0)
: x
(vi) x 2 2 2 y . , E (0, )
: y

3.

p

2

M ( x, y ) x
x

p
.
2

p p
.
2 2

p p
p
p2
p2 p2
y2

x
x 2 px

x 2 px 0 x 2
0 ,
2 2
2
4
4
4
2

4. A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x 2 , y 2 )

1
y1 x12
4

1
y 2 x 22
4

y1 y 2 .

1 2 1 2
x1 x 2 , x 2 x1 . , A( x1 , y1 )
4
4
B ( x1 , y1 ) :

76

AOB 90 0 OAOB 0 ( x1 , y1 )( x1 , y1 ) 0 x12 y12 0

4 y1 y12 0 y1 ( y1 4) 0 y1 4
1
1
y1 x12 , y1 4 , 4 x12 x1 4 x1 4 .
4
4

, A(4,4) B (4,4) .
5. x 2 2 2 y
M 1 ( x1 , y1 )
xx1 2( y y1 ) , y

x1
x y1 .
2

x1
1 ,
2
x1 2 . x12 4 y1 . y1 1
y x 1 .

(i) y x 1 ,

(ii) y 2 x ,
x1 1 . x12 4 y1 . y1

x1
(2) 1 ,
2

1

4

1
1
y x .
2
4

(iii) A(0,1) ,
1 y1 , y1 1 . x12 4 y1 . x12 4 , x1 2
x1 2 . , M 1 (2,1) M 2 (2,1) ,
y x 1 y x 1
.

6. x 2 2 2 y
1
A(4,4) B 1, 4 x 2( y 4)
4

x 2 y . y 2 x 4
4

77
1
1
1
y x
, 2 1 ,
2
4
2
.

B
1.
. :
( x 3) 2 y 2 8 ( x 3) 2 4 x 8 x 1
x 1
x 1

.
2
2
y 4 x y 2
y 4 x
y 4 x
y 2

, , A(1,2) B (1,2) .
y 2 2( x 1) ,
,
x y 1 0 .

,
(3,0) 8 .
d

|3 0 1|
1 2 1 2

x x
(1,-2) (1,2) x x ,
.
x y 1 0 .

78
2. y 2 2 6 x

A(1,2 3 ) 2 3 y 6( x 1) ,
, y 3 x 3 .
x x (-1,0).
y 2 2 6 x
(3,0). , :
( AE ) 2 2 2 (2 3 ) 2

B
O

16,

( AB) 2 2 2 (2 3 ) 2 16 ,

(BE ) 2 4 2 0 2

16 ,

, ( AE ) ( AB) ( BE ) 4 , .

3. y 2 2 2 x
(1,0) x 1 .

A(3,2 3 )

78
2 3 y 2( x 3) , ,
y

3
x 3 .
3

K (1,

2 3
.
B 1,

4 3
,
K 1,
3

B( 1,

A(3,2 3 )

4 3
)
3

2 3
)
3

E(1,0)

x=-1

2 3
4 4 4 4 3 .
2
3
3
3
3

p 2 , (1,0).
KE

4 3

KEx x

x x .

y
4.

p
, ME x1 .
2

p
1
x1 .
2
2

x1 p y1
2 4 , 2

y y

x
p 1
p
KH 1 x1 ,
2 4 2
2

M(x1,y1)

K(

x1 p y1
, )
2 4 2

p
E ( , 0)
2

y y .

79
5.
y1
y
x

x1

p y1 p
.
B ,
2 x1 2

yy1 p ( x x1 ) ,
p
.
y1

BE

p
2

A(x1,y1)

2
p y p
B ( , 1 )
2 x1 2

O
p
E ( ,0)
2

y1 p
x1 2 y1
y
y p p

1 2 12
p
y1
2 x1
y
y1
2 1
2p

BE // .
6.

A( x1 , y1 )

yy1 p ( x x1 )

, A O ,

y y

px
K 0, 1
y1
p px1 p 2
.
B ,

2 y
2
y
1
1

(i)

A
K

AEB 90 0 ,

EAEB 0 .

px1 p 2
p

0
EA EB 0 x1 , y1 p,

2
y1 2 y1

80
p2
p2
px1
0 ,
.
2
2

p px1
px
x1 , y1 1 0
EK KA 0 ,
y1
2 y1
px1

(ii)

px1
p2x2
px1 2 1 0
2
y1

px1 p 2 x12

0
2
2 px1

px1 px1

0 ,
2
2

EKAB .
(iii)
( EK ) 2 ( KB ) ( KA) .

7.
y 2 2 px A( x1 , y1 )
yy1 p ( x x1 )
x x
B ( x1 ,0) ,
x x

, y1 . ,
2

y1
0,
2

EKAB ,

p
,y )
2 1

A(x1,y1)

B(-x1,0)

p
E ( ,0)
2

y
0, 1 . , .
2

E AB ( p, y1 )(2 x1 , y1 ) 2 px1 y12 2 px1 2 px1 0 ,

81

E AB . , ,
y
, K 0, 1
2
y y .
8. (i) C1 C2
1
y
C 2
A(2p,2p)

y 2 2 px
2
x 2 py

(1)
( 2)

(2)

x4
4p2

p
B ( p, )
2

x2
.
2p
(1)

x
p
( , p )
2

C1

2 px x 4 8 p 3 x 0 x( x 3 8 p 3 ) 0 x 0 x 2 p ,

y y 0 , y 2 p . ,
(0,0) (2p,2p).
(ii) 1 C1 (2p,2p)
1
y 2 p p( x 2 p) y x p
2

(1)

C 2 B p, .
2

2 C 2 (2p,2p)
x 2 p p( y 2 p) y 2 x 2 p
p

C1 , p .
2

, C1 , p
2

p
p

y ( p ) p x y x ,
2
2

(2)

82
p

C 2 B p,
2

p
p

x ( p ) p y y x .
2
2

, , C 2

C1 . C1 , C 2 .

3.3

1. (i) 2 8 2 10 , 4 5 . 2 5 2 4 2 9
x x , :
x2 y2

1 .
25 9

(ii)

2 E E 10

2 26 ,

13 .

2 13 2 5 2 144 y y ,

x2 y2

1 .
144 169

12
(iii) 12 , , 13 . 2 13 2 12 2 25 ,
13
:
x2 y2

1 .
169 25

(iv) 4 , 2 2 2 2 16 , 2 16 .
:

83
x2
2

y2
2 16

1 .

9
, , M 4, ,
5
. :
2

9

16
81
42 5
2
1 2
1
2

25( 2 16)

16
400( 2 16) 81 2 25 2 ( 2 16)
25 4 881 2 6400 0
2

881 369 25

10,24 16 ()
50

x2 y2

1 .
25 9

(v) y y :
x2
2

y2
2

( 2 2 ) .

1
, M 1 (1,1) M 2 2, ,
2
. , :
1
1
2 2 1

4
2 42 1

1
2

1
1
1

1
4 4 1 4(1 ) 4 1 16 16 4

84
4

1 5

4
5

15 12

, 2

1
5

.
4
5

5
2 5 , :
4
1 2 4 2
x y 1 .
5
5

2. (i) x 2 4 y 2 4

x2
22

y2
12

1 ,

2 1 . 2 2 2 12 3 , 3

3

. , E ( 3 ,0) E ( 3 ,0) .
2

(ii) 169 x 2 144 y 2 24336

x2 y2

1
144 169

x2
12 2

y2
13 2

13 ,

1 ,
12 ,

169 144 25 5

5
. y y
13
E (0,5) E (0,5) .

3. . ( x1 , y1 )
, , ( x1 , y1 ) ,
( x1 , y1 ) ( x1 , y1 ) . AB A 2 x1 2 y1

85

y1 x1

(1)

, ( x1 , x1 )
,
,
4 x12 x12 4 5 x12 4 x1

2 5
( x1 0 ).
5

:
2 5 2 5

, B 2 5 , 2 5 , 2 5 , 2 5 , 2 5 , 2 5 .
,
A
5

5
5
5
5

5
5
5

x2 2y2 4

4.

y
B

x2

22

y2

2 , 2

2 . ,
B

B (0, 2 )

(0, 2 ) , E
( 2 ,0) ( 2 ,0) . , EBE B
, , .
x2

y2

1 ,
2 2
M ( x1 , y1 ) ,

5. M ( x1 , y1 )

O(0,0) . ,
M ( x1 , y1 )

x1 x

y1 y
2

1 ,

M ( x1 , y1 )

x1 x y1 y
2 1 . ,
2

, y1 0 , .

86
y1 0 , M , M A ,
,
x x .

6. 3 x 2 y 2 4 M ( x1 , y1 )

3xx1 yy1 4

3x1
.
y1

:
(i) y 3 x 1 ,

3 x1
3 , ,
y1

y1 x1 .

M ( x1 , y1 ) . , : 3x12 y12 4
, y1 x1 ,
3x12 x12 4 4 x12 4 x12 1 x1 1 .

,
( x1 , y1 ) (1,1) ( x1 , y1 ) (1, 1) .

, ,
y 3 x 1 . 3 x y 4
3 x y 4 .
1
(ii) y x ,
2
3 x1 1
3 x1
1 , , y1
. ,
y1 2
2

3x
x1 , 1 , , :
2

9x 2
4
3x
.
3x12 1 4 3 x12 1 4 21x12 16 x1
2
4
21

4
4
6
6
( x1 , y1 )
.
( x1 , y1 )
,
,
21
21
21 21

, :

87
3 4

21

6
21

y 4

3 4
21

y4 ,

21

6 x 3 y 2 21 0 6 x 3 y 2 21 0 .

(iii) M (0,4) ,
. ,
3x1 0 y1 4 4 , , y1 1 . M ( x1 , y1 )
, :
3x12 y12 4 3x12 1 4 x12 1 x1 1 .

( x1 , y1 ) (1,1) ( x1 , y1 ) (1,1)

,
M (0,4) , 3x y 4 3x y 4 .
7. x 2 4 y 2 100 M 1 , M 2 , M 3
M 4 , , :
4 5 x 4 5 y 100 y x 5 5
4 5 x 4 5 y 100 y x 5 5
4 5 x 4 5 y 100 y x 5 5

4 5 x 4 5 y 100 y x 5 5

(-) (-)
(-), () y y .
.
.

1.
. :

88
2 (1 t 2 ) 2
2 (1 t 2 ) 2

4 2t 2
2 (1 t 2 ) 2

(1 t 2 ) 2 4t 2
(1 t 2 ) 2

(1 t 2 ) 2
(1 t 2 ) 2

2. M ( x1 , y1 ) 1 2 ,
y1 ( x1 ) y1 ( x1 )

, ,
2 y12 2 ( 2 x12 )
( 0 )

2 y12 2 2 2 x12

x12

x12
2

y12
y12
2

1 .

, M ( x1 , y1 )

x2
2

y2
2

1 .

3. r (ME ) r ( ME ) , ,
,
r r 2

(1)

,
r ( x ) 2 y 2

r ( x ) 2 y 2

,
r 2 r 2 4x

, ,
(r r )(r r ) 4x .

, (1),

r r 2 x 2x .

(1) (2)
r x r x
4.

(2)

89
x

y , [0,2 )

( x1 , y1 ) M 1
x1 1

xx1
2

yy1

2
M 1 :

y1 1 , 1 [0,2 )

(1)

x1 y1

( 1 ) x (1 ) y 0

(2)

,
d d ( , )

d d ( , )

| 1 |
2 2 1 2 2 1
| 1 |
2 2 1 2 2 1

| 1 |

2 2 1 2 2 1
| 1 |

2 2 1 2 2 1

d 2 d 2

2 (1 ) 2 2 (1 ) 2
2 2 1 2 2 1

2 2 ( 2 2 ) 2 1 2
2 2 1 2 2 1

2 2 ( 2 2 1 2 )
2 2 1 2 2 1

( 2 2 1 2 2 1 )

2 2 1 2 2 1

2 2 .

5.
( M 1 N 2 ) 2 ( x1 x 2 ) 2 y12 x12 2 x 22 2x1 x 2 y12
( M 2 N 1 ) 2 ( x 2 x1 ) 2 y 22 x 22 2 x12 2x1 x 2 y 22

, ( M 1 N 2 ) ( M 2 N 1 )
x12 2 x 22 2x1 x 2 y12 x 22 2 x12 2x1 x 2 y 22

x12

x 22 y12 x 22

x12 y 22

90

2 x12 2 x 22 2 y12 2 x 22 2 x12 2 y 22

( 2 2 ) x12 2 y12 ( 2 2 ) x 22 2 y 22

2 x12 2 y12 2 x 22 2 y 22

x12

y12

x 22

y 22

2 2 2 2
, M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) M 2 ( x 2 , y 2 )
.

6. : P

.

,

P

.
,

( M ) (ON )

( , )

B
P

( , )

( M ) (OP)

: ON
x x , (, ) ,
(, ) . ,

y ( x , )

x x y y

( ), 0 0, ( ) .

( ) 2 2 2 2 2 ( 2 2 )
( ) 2 2 2 2 2 ( 2 2 ) .

(1)

91

xx1

yy1

1 ,
2 2
x
x . ,


x
x

xx1 yy1 1 xx1 yy1 1

2 2
2 2

7.

M1

x
B

: x=-a

: x=a

.
2
2 ( x1 )

, ( x1 ) .
,

y1
y1

:
(i)

( A )

2 ( x1 )
| y1 |

( A )( A )

( A )

4 ( 2 x12 )

y12

2 ( x1 )
| y1 |

2 2 2 x12

y12

2 y12

y12

(ii) E E , , E E 0 .
:

2 ( x1 )
2 ( x1 )
E ( ),
E ,

y1
y1

E E ( 2 2 )

4 ( 2 x12 )
2 y12

2 2 2
2 2

2 2 2 x12

2 y12
2 y12

2 y12

92
2 2 0 .

E E .
xx1

8.

yy1
2

1 . , x x

y y
2

, 0 0,

x1
y1

. p
2
p2

2
q2

2
4
x12

2
2
q
,
x1
y1

2
4

x12
2

y12
2

1 ,

y12

M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) .

3.4

A
1. (i) 13 5 , 2 2 169 25 12 . ,

x2 y2

1 ,
25 144

x x .
(ii) 10

3
5
. , 6 , 2 2
3
5

100 36 8 . ,

93
y2 x2

1 ,
36 64

y y .
(iii) 5 , 2 2 2 5 2 .

x2
2

y2
5 2

1 .

93
M (2 2 ,1) ,
,
8

1
5 2

1 8(5 2 ) 2 2 (5 2 )

4 14 2 40 0
2

14 6
2

2 10

2 4

2 4,

2 2 5 .

,
x2 y2

1 .
4
1

(iv) :
) x x .
x2
2

y2
2

(1)

4
4
, , y x y x ,
3
3
4
4
, . , (1)
3
3
x2
2

y2
x2 9y2
1 2
1
16 2
16 2

, , M (3 2 ,4) ,
(3 2 ) 2

9 4 2
16

18

9
2

2 9

1
3

, (2), :
x2 y2

1 .
9 16

(2)

94
) y y .
y2
2

x2
2

1 .

,
4
4
y x , y x
3
3
M (3 2 ,4) .

M (3 2 ,4)
Ox . ,
x x .
2. (i) :
9 x 2 16 y 2 144

9 x 2 16 y 2
x2 y2

1 2 2 1
144 144
4
3

, 4 3 , 2 2 5 . ,
E (5,0) , E (5,0) ,

5

4

3
3
y x , y x .
4
4

(ii)
x 2 y 2 4

x2
22

y2
22

1 .

, 2 2 , 2 2 2 2 . ,
E (2 2 ,0) , E (2 2 ,0) , 2
y x , y x .

(iii)
144 x 2 25 y 2 3600

144 x 2 25 y 2
x2 y2

1 2 2 1 .
3600 3600
5 12

, 5 12 , 2 2 13 . ,

95
E (13,0) , E (13,0) ,
y

13

5

12
12
x , y x .
5
5

3.

3
30 0

1
3

4
3

1
1

1
3
3

2 3
3

4.
(,0)
x . ,

x=a
(,)

y x
,
x

(,0) (,0)

, , ( x, y ) (, ) . ,
(O ) 2 2 2 (OE ) .

5. C M 1 ( x1 , y1 )
xx1

2 x1
2 y1

M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) , .

yy1
2

(1)

. ,

2 y1
2 x1

, ,

96
y y1

2 y1
2 x1

( x x1 )

(2)

, M 2 (0, ) M 3 (2 2 ,0) .
, (1) (2),
y1
2 1
y1

2
2
y y1 (2 2 x ) x1 (2 2 x1 )
1
1
2 x1

y1
2
( 2 ) x1 2 3 2

y1

2 3 2
x

1
2

x12
2

y12
2

(3)

M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) C,

1 , , (3),
8 6
4 2

2
2

8 4
4

2 4 4 4
4

4 4 4

4 4 2 .

6.

: y x

C :

x2

y2

1 .

x ,

0 .

97
C,


y x

2
2
x y 1
2 2

(1)
(2)

:
2

(1)

(2) 2 x 2 2 y 2 2 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 2

2

2 x 2 2 2 x 2 2 2 x 2 2

2 x 2 2 x 2 2 2 2x 2 2
2x 2 ( 2 2 )
x

( 2 2 )
.
2

, (1),
( 2 2 )
2 2
2 2
y

2
2
2

, C ,
( 2 2 ) 2 2
.

,
2
2

: y - x ,

C .
4 x 2 y 2 1
y 2 x

y 2 x .

, 2 x y 1 , y 2 x 1 ,
y 2 x , ,

98
1
1
4 x 2 y 2 1 M ,1 , ,
2
2

1 1 .

7. x 2 4 y 2 12
M 1 ( x1 , y1 )
xx1 4 yy1 12

(1)

x1
4 y1

(2)

:
(i) H : y x 1 ,

x1
1 , ,
4 y1
x1 4 y1

(3)

, M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) . ,
,
x12 4 y12 12

(4)

(3) (4)
( x1 , y1 ) (4,1) ( x1 , y1 ) (4,1) .

,
y x 1 . , (1),
4 x 4 y 12 4 x 4 y 12 ,

y x 3

y x 3

.
(ii) : y

x ,

3
1 ,

x1 4

1 , ,

4 y1
3

99
x1 3 y1 .

(5)

, M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) . ,
x12 4 y12 12 .

(6)

(6), (5), 3 y12 4 y12 12 , , y12 12 ,

. ,
4
: y
x.
3
(iii) M (3,0) ,
(1), , 3x1 12 ,
,
x1 4
(7)
, ,
x12 4 y12 12 .

(8)

(7) (8),
( x1 , y1 ) (4,1) ( x1 , y1 ) (4,1) .

,
M (3,0) . , (1),
4 x 4 y 12 4 x 4 y 12 ,

y x 3

y x 3

1.
. ()= ()=
(OK ) 2 2 2 2

(OK ) (OE ) .
E1OE ,

.
(OE1 ) (OA) ( EE1 ) ( AK ) .

B
1

100
2.
. M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,

xx1

yy1

(1)

,
x

xx1 yy1 1
2 2

xx1 yy1
2 2 1

1(x1,y1)

o.

2 ( x1 )
,
,

y1

2 ( x1 )
,
.

y1

,
( A )

2 | x1 |
| y1 |

( A )

2 | x1 |
| y1 |

(2)

(i)

( A )( A )

2 2 | x12 2 |
2 y12

| 2 x12 2 2 |

2 y12

2 y12
2 y12

x12

y12

2 .

(ii) E E .

101

2 ( x1 )
2 ( x1 )
,
E E ,

y1
y1

( 2 2 ) 2
2 2

2 ( x12 2 )
2 y12

2 x12 2 2
2 y12

2 2 1 0 ,

x12

y12

1 .

E E .
3. M 1 M 2 M 3 M 4 ,
,
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4

2
2

y1 y 2 y 3 y 4

2
2

M 1 M 2
, x x

, .

(1)

(2)

, M 1 , M 2

y x
2
(3)
y2
x
2 2 1

M3(x3,y3)
M1(x1,y1)

M 1 M 2
,
y x

M2(x2,y2)
M4(x4,y4)
y

y x ,
2 x 2 2 ( x ) 2 2 2

2 x 2 2 2 x 2 2 2 x 2 2 2 2 0

( 2 2 2 ) x 2 2 2 x 2 ( 2 2 ) 0 .

102

x1 x2
2
2 2 2
2

(4)

M 3 M 4
y x
y x

x
y

y x

.
x3

x4

x3 x 4

2 2 2
2
2( ) 2( )

, (4) (5),

(5)

x1 x 2 x 3 x 4

.
2
2

y1 x1 ,

y 2 x 2 ,

y 3 x3

y 4 x 4 .

x x
y y
y1 y 2
x x
1 2 3 4 3 4 .
2
2
2
2

4. 1 1 : y

y y1

( x x1 ) ,

(1)

M3

M 1 ( x1 , y1 )

x M 1 ( x1 , y1 )

2 : y

y y1 ( x x1 ) .

(2)

M1(x1,y1)

x
M2

103
M 2 1 2 M 3
2 1 .

(OM 2 M 1 M 3 ) 2(OM 1 M 2 ) | det(OM 1 ,OM 2 ) |

(3)

M 2
2 : y

x 1 : y y1 ( x x1 )

, ,

x y1 x x1 x y1 x x1

2 x x1 y1
x

x1 y1
.
2

, y

x1 y1
. ,
2

M 2
x2

x1 y1
2

y2

y1 x1
.
2

, (3), :
(OM 2 M 1 M 3 ) |

x1
x2

x1
|| x1 y1
y2
2
y1

y1
y1 x1 |
2

x1 y1 x12 x1 y1 y12

2
2

x1 y1 2 x12 x1 y1 2 y12
2

2 y12 2 x12
2

2 2
,
2

x12

y12

1
.
2

, OM 2 M 1 M 3 .

104
5. :
,
(OA)

(OK ) .

y
N

(OA) 1


(OK )

(1)

, AOK ,

KO 2
2 2 1
2

2 2

1
2

1
2

1 : y x 2 : y x

1 ( , ) 2 ( , ) . ,


1 , 2 ,

1 2
2 2
2 2
2

2
| 1 | | 2 |
2 2 2 2

2
2
2 ( 2 2 ) 2 2 2
2 .

2
2
2
2

6.

y
2

1(,0) 2(,0)

C1
C2

A1 A2 ( ,0) ( ,0)

105

A2 C1 ,
C1 A2 .
M 1 ( x1 , y1 ) C1 , C1 M 1

xx1

yy1
2

(1)

(1) A2 ( ,0) ,

x1 0 y1
2 1 , , x1 .
2

, | x1 | , | x1 | x1 . ,
A2 C1 .

A1 C 2 ,
M 2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) C 2 C 2
A1 . C 2 M 2 ( x 2 , y 2 )
xx 2

yy 2
2

(2)

(2) A1 ( ,0) ,
x 2

x 22

y 22

0 y2

2 , , x 2 2 .

(3)

2 . , (3),
4 2
2

y 22
2

2 4 2 y 22 2 2
y 22 2 2 ( 2 1)
y 2 2 1 .

( x 2 , y 2 ) ( 2 , 2 1) ( x 2 , y 2 ) ( 2 , 2 1)

(4)

106
A(a,0) C 2

x 2

y 2 1

x 2

y 2 1

, :
2 x 2 1 y 2

2 x 2 1 y 2 .

3.5 Ax 2 By 2 x y E 0

1. (i) :
y 2 8 x 8 0 y 2 8( x 1) y 2 2 4( x 1)

, X x 1 Y y ,
Y 2 2 4 X .

, O (1,0) .
O XY
( X ,Y ) (2,0) , Oxy
( x, y ) (3,0) .
(ii) :
x 2 4 x 16 y 4 0 x 2 4 x 4 16 y ( x 2) 2 2 8 y

, X x 2 Y y ,
X 2 2 8Y .

, O (2,0)
E (2,4) .

107

107

(iii) :
y 2 4 y 8 x 28 0 y 2 4 y 4 8 x 32 ( y 2) 2 2 4( x 4)

, X x 4 Y y 2 ,
Y 2 2 (4) X .

, O (4,2)
E (2,2) .
(iv)
x 2 8 x 6 y 8 0 x 2 8 x 16 6 y 24 ( x 4) 2 2(3)( y 4)

, X x 4 Y y 4 ,
X 2 2 (3)Y .

, O (4,4)
5
E 4, .
2

2. (i)
9 x 2 25 y 2 36 x 189 0

9( x 2 4 x) 25 y 2 189
9( x 2 4 x 4) 25 y 2 225

9( x 2) 2 25 y 2 225
( x 2) 2 y 2

1
25
9

, X x 2 Y y ,
X2
52

Y2
32

1 .

, O (2,0)
x 2 y 0 . O XY

108
A, A ( X ,Y ) (5,0) ( X ,Y ) (5,0)
, E , E ( X ,Y ) (4,0)
( X ,Y ) (4,0) . , Oxy
A, A (3,0) (7,0) ,
E , E (2,0) (6,0) .
(ii)
x 2 4 x 16 y 2 0
( x 2 4 x 4) 16 y 2 4

( x 2) 2 16 y 2 4
( x 2) 2 y 2

1
1
4
4

, X x 2 Y y ,
X2
2

Y2
1

2

1 .

, O (2,0) ,

15
A(4,0) A(0,0) E 2
,0

15
E 2
,0 .

(iii)
4 x 2 9 y 2 32 x 36 y 64 0

4( x 2 8 x) 9( y 2 4 y ) 64
4( x 2 2 4 x 16) 9( y 2 2 2 y 4) 64 64 36
4( x 4) 2 9( y 2) 2 36

( x 4) 2 ( y 2) 2

1
9
4

109
, X x 4 Y y 2 ,

X2
32

Y2
22

1 .

, O (4,2) ,
A(1,2) , A(7,2) E (4 5 ,2) , E (4 5 ,2) .
(iv)
9 x 2 16 y 2 54 x 32 y 47 0

9( x 2 6 x) 16( y 2 2 y ) 47
9( x 2 2 3 x 9) 16( y 2 2 y 1) 47 8116

9( x 3) 2 16( y 1) 2 144
( x 3) 2 ( y 1) 2

1
16
9

, X x 3 Y y 1 ,
X2
42

Y2
32

1 .

, O (3,1) ,

A(7,1) ,

A(1,1)

E (3 7 ,1) .

3. (i) :
21x 2 4 y 2 84 x 32 y 64 0
21( x 2 4 x) 4( y 2 8 y ) 64

21( x 2 2 2 x 4) 4( y 2 2 4 y 16) 64 84 64
21( x 2) 2 4( y 4) 2 84

( x 2) 2 ( y 4) 2

1
4
21

E (3 7 ,1) ,

110
, X x 2 Y y 4 ,
X2
22

Y2
( 21) 2

1 .

, O (2,4) .
O XY A ,
( X ,Y ) (0,4) ( X ,Y ) (4,4) , E , E
( X ,Y ) (5,0) ( X ,Y ) (5,0) . ,
Oxy (3,4) (7,4)
.
(ii)
2 y 2 3 x 2 8 y 6 x 1 0

2( y 2 4 y ) 3( x 2 2 x) 1
2( y 2 2 2 y 4) 3( x 2 2 x 1) 1 8 3

2( y 2) 2 3( x 1) 2 6
( y 2) 2 ( x 1) 2

1
3
2

, X x 1 Y y 2 ,
Y2
( 3) 2

X2
( 2)2

1 .

, O (1,2) ,
A(1, 2 3 ) , A(1, 2 3 ) E (1, 2 5 )
E (1, 2 5 ) .

4. y x 2 y x 2 x 2 ,
y x 2
. :

y x 2 x 2

111
y x 2
y x 2
y x 2
2
2

2
y x x 2 x x 2 x 2 x ( 1) x 4 0

(1)
( 2)

, , (2)
, =0.

0 ( 1) 2 4 2 0 1 4 1 4
3

5 .

5. y 2 4 x
1
.
2
, , , ,

y y

y y . , ,

x 2 y 2

: y x

(1)

1
,
2
O(0,0) , ,

x 2 y 2

||
1
2

, , 2 2 2 1 .

(2)

y 2 4 x ,
y x
. :
2
y 4 x
y x y x
y x

2 2
2
2
y 4 x
( x ) 4 x x 2( 2) x 2 0

(3)

, , (3)
,
0 0

0 0
0
1

2
2 2

4( 2) 4 0

, (2) (4),

(4)

112
2
2 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 0

1
1

1

2 1

1
.

, ,
:
y x 1

y x 1 .

1. (i) (1) :
( x 2 2x) y 2 1

( x 2 2x 2 ) y 2 2 1

y
A(0,1)
K(,0)

( x ) 2 y 2 ( 2 1 ) 2

(1)

K ( , 0)

x
B(0,-1)

2 1 .
(ii)

(1) . =0, =1
:
C 0 : x 2 y 2 1 0 C1 : x 2 y 2 2 x 1 0

(2)

.
(2). :
x 2 y 2 1 0
x 2 y 2 1 y 2 1 x 0

x 0
x y 2 2 x 1 0 2 x 0
y 1

x 0

y 1

113
, C 0 C1 A(0,1) B (0,1) .
(1),
(1) R .

0 2 12 2 0 1 0 0 2 (1) 2 2 0 1 0 .

x 0 .

2. (i) C1 : x 2 y 2 1 K 1 (0,0) 1 1 ,
C 2 : ( x 2) 2 y 2 2 2 K 2 (2,0) 2 2 .
, y x ,
d (K1 , )

| 0 0 |

2 1

| |

2 1

(1)
| 2 0 | | 2 |
d (K 2 , )

2 1
2 1

(ii)
d ( K 1 , ) 1 d ( K 2 , ) 2

:
| |
1

d ( K1 , ) 1 (1) 2 1

d ( K 2 , ) 2 | 2 | 2
2 1

| | 2 1

| 2 | 2 2 1

| | 2 1
2 2 1

| 2 || 2 | 2 2 2 2
2 2 1

2 1

3
2

2
3

4 2 2
1 ()

114

2 3

3
.

2 3

, C1 C 2 :

1 : y

3
2 3
x
3
3

2 : y

3
2 3
x
.
3
3

(iii) 1 , 2 xx .
xx , 1 xx
30 0 ( 1

3
30 0 ), 1 , 2
3

60 0 .

3. (i) ( x1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 )
y x
. ,
2
y 4 x
,
( x ) 2 4 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 4 x

2 x 2 2( 2) x 2 0

(1)

, 0 ,
,
1

(2)

x1 x 2 2

2
2

(3)

y1 y 2
x x
2
2
1 2

2
2

(4)

(ii) ) =1, (2), (3) (4),

x 2 ,

y 2

115
, ,
M 0 t : y 2,

x 1,

M 0 (1,2) (. ).
) =0, (3) (4), :
2

x 2
,

y 2

R * ,

x 2

2 , y 0
y

y 2 2 x
.

y 0

, ,
y 2 2 x (0,0) (. ).

y 2 =4x
y 2 =2x

y=2, x1

M0(1,2)

t
O

y 2 =4x
()

()

4. , (0,2 )
,
y

(0,2)
y x 2 .

B(0,)

M ,M

A(a,0)

A(-a,0)

(, 2 ) (, 2 ) ,

: y=x+2

x
B(0,-)

: x=-

: x=

116

y x 2

y x 2

x

.
(i) MM (0,2 )
( ) 2 ( ) 2 2 1 . :
x 2 ( y 2 ) 2 2 ( 2 1)

(1)

(ii)
. , ,
2 (0 2 ) 2 2 ( 2 1)

(2)

(2) 2 4 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 4 2
2 2 2 4 2
2 2 3 2

,
x2

y2

1 =5 =4. =3,
52 42
E (3,0) E (3,0) . ,

5.

x2

y2

3.

1 ,
2 2 32 9 .

y x 1
y x 1
2
y2
x

1
2
2

(1)

117
. , ,

x2

( x 1) 2

2 x 2 2 ( x 1) 2 2 2
( 2 2 ) x 2 2 2 x 2 ( 2 1) 0

(2)

, (2) =0,

2 2 0 4 4 4 2 ( 2 1)( 2 2 ) 0

, ,
(2) 2 ( 2 1)( 2 2 ) 0 (3)

2 ( 2 1)( 2 2 ) 0 2 4 2 2 2 2 0
2 1 2 0

2 2 1

,
2 2 9
2
2
1 ,

2 5
2
4

,
x2 y2

1
5
4

6. .
, t

A(4t,4t)

1 ,

t , B1 ,
t . ,
t

B (1,0)
1

A1(4,0)

B((-t),(-t))

118

OA (4,4) (4t ,4t ) ,

OB1 ,

OB ((-), (-)) (t ,t ) .

, OM OA OB

OM OA OB (4t ,4t ) (t , t )
(5t ,3t ) .

x2
52

y2
32

1 .

7. (i) (,2 ) ( ,2 ) , , 0 ,
M 1 M 2
( x, y ) ,

y=2x
M1(a,2a)
M(x,y)

2 x y ,
O

2x y
2

2x y
2

M2(,-2)

(1)
y=-2x

(ii) OM 1 M 2

1
(OM 1 M 2 ) | det(OM 1 , OM 2 ) |
2

1
|
2

2
| 2 .
2

(OM 1 M 2 ) 2 1

2x y 2x y
x2 y2

1 4 x 2 y 2 4 2 2 1 , (2)
2
2
1
2

. , 0 , x 0 .
M ( x, y ) (2).

119
8. 1
2 C1 C 2
1 2 :

1 :

xx1

yy1

y=()x
1

C2

(1)

x
C1

2 : 2 xx 2 2 yy 2 1

(2)

1 2 1 2
1

2 x1

2 y1

2 x2
2 y2

1 2

x1 x 2
x1 x 2
1

y1 y 2 ( ) x1 ( ) x 2 2

y1 ( ) x1 y 2 ( ) x 2 .
9. (i) y x , x 0
y

xOy

M 1 ( x1 , x1 )

x1

2 2

y=x
M1(x1,x1)

y=x

M(t,t)
O

, 1
M 1 ( x1 , x1 )

xx1

yx1
2

1
. 1 ,
2

1
2
1
1 2
2
2

2 2 2

120
2 2( 2 2 ) 2 2 2
2

1

2

2
2

2
2

(ii) (t , t ) ,

xt

yt
2

2 2 2 .

2 2
2

2
2

1
1
1
1 2

,
1 ( 2 1)
1

2
2

1
.
2

10. (i) r

C. :
d (M , K ) R r

(1)

M3
M1

r
R

d (M , ) r .

C
M
r

M2
R

C1

d (M , K ) d (M , ) R .

, , ,
,
R ,
(1)

d (M , ) R r d (M , K ) .

, C
.

121
(ii) r
C.
:

M1
r M
r

d ( M , K 1 ) R1 r

M2

K1

C1

K2

d (M , K 2 ) R2 r .

,
d ( M , K 1 ) d ( M , K 2 ) R1 R 2 ().

, C
K 1 K 2 2 R1 R 2 .
(iii) R1 R 2 .
r C. :
d ( M , K1 ) R1 r

d ( M , K 2 ) R2 r

d ( M , K 1 ) d ( M , K 2 ) R1 R2 0
().

M
r

M1
R1

, C

E K 1 E K 2
2 R1 R 2 0 .

M2
R2
K2

K1

11. (i)

x2

y2

( x1 , y1 ) (, )
x y

1 ( ) x () y 0
2
2

(ii) (1) :
d ( E , ) d ( E , )

| |

2

| |
2 2 2 2

(1)

122

| 2 2 2 2 2 |
2 2 2 2
2 | 2 2 2 |
( 2 2 ) 2 2 2

2
2

| 2 2 2 |
2 ( 2 2 ) 2 2
| 2 2 2 |
2 2 2

2 .

(iii) (1) x x y y

, 0 0 ,
A
,0 0,

A, A, B, B
.

1
1
(OAB ) (OA)(OB)

.
2
2 | 2|

, , | 2|1

, 2 2 , Z , , ,
2

, Z .
4

4.1

1. (i) P () .

1 2 3
, .
6
, P () , P ( 1)
, :
( 1)(2 1)
12 2 2 ... 2
(1),
6
( 1)( 2)(2 3)
12 2 2 ... 2 ( 1) 2
.
6
, :

P () 1 , 12

(1)

12 2 2 ... 2 ( 1) 2

( 1)(2 1)
( 1) 2
6

( 1)[(2 1) 6( 1)]
6

( 1)(2 2 7 6)
6

( 1)( 2)(2 3)
.
6

, P () .
(ii) P () .
2

1 2
P () 1 , 13
, .
2

, P () , P ( 1)
, :

124
( 1)
13 2 3 ... 3

(1),
2

( 1)( 2)
13 2 3 ... 3 ( 1) 3
.
2

, :
(1)

13 2 3 ... 3 ( 1) 3

2 ( 1) 2
( 1) 3
4

( 1) 2 ( 2 4( 1))
4

( 1) 2 ( 2 4 4)
4

( 1) 2 ( 2) 2
4
2

( 1)( 2)

.
2

, P () .
(iii) P ()

P () 1 , 1 2

1 2 3
, .
3

, P () , P ( 1)
, :
( 1)( 2)
1 2 2 3 ... ( 1)
(1),
3
1 2 2 3 ... ( 1) ( 1)( 2)

( 1)( 2)( 3)
.
3

, :
(1)

1 2 2 3 ... ( 1) ( 1)( 2)

( 1)( 2)
( 1)( 2)
3
( 1)( 2)( 3)
.
3

, P () .

125
(iv) P ()
1
1

, .
1 2 11
, P () , P ( 1)
, :
1
1

...

(1),

1 2 2 3
( 1) 1

P () 1 ,

1
1
1
1
1

...

.
( 1) ( 1)( 2) 2
1 2 2 3

, :
(1)
1
1
1
1

...

1 2 2 3
( 1) ( 1)( 2) 1 ( 1)( 2)

( 2) 1
( 1)( 2)

( 1) 2
( 1)( 2)

1
.
2

, P () .

2. P ()
x 1
, .
x 1
, P () , P ( 1)
, :
x 1
x 1 1
(1), 1 x x 2 ... x 1 x
.
1 x x 2 ... x 1
x 1
x 1
, :

P () 1 , 1

(1)

1 x x 2 ... x 1 x

x 1
x
x 1

x 1 x 1 x
x 1

x 1 1
.
x 1

126
, P () .

P () ,

x 1 x 2 ... x 1
x 1 x 1 .

3. (i) P ()

P () 3 , 3 2 2 3 1 .

, P () , P ( 1)
, :
2 2 1 (1), ( 1) 2 2( 1) 1 .
, :
(1)

( 1) 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 2

, 4 2 2( 1) 1 . :
1
4 2 2( 1) 1 4 2 2 3 2 1 ,
2

.
, P () 3 .
(ii) P ()
7

4
P () 7 , 7 , .
3

, P () , P ( 1)
, :

4
4
(1),
3
3

( 1) .

, :
4

3

4 4 (1) 4
.
3
3 3

4
1 . :
3

127
4
1 4 3 3 3 ,
3
7 .
, P () 7 .
(iii) P ()

P () 1 , 51 5 1 , .

, P () , P ( 1)
, :
5 5 1 (1), 5 1 5( 1) 1 .
, :
(1)

5 1 55 5(5 1) 25 5 .

, 25 5 5( 1) 1 . :
25 5 5( 1) 1 25 5 5 4

9
,
20

..
, P () .

1. P ()

P () 4 , 4! 2 4 , ,
2416 , .

, P () , P ( 1)

, , ! 2 ( 1)! 2 1 .
:
! 2
( 1) ! ( 1)2
( 1)! ( 1) 2

128
( 1)! 2 2 ,

1 2 4

( 1)! 2 1 .

, 4 .
2. P ()

P () 1 ,

1
2 , .
1
1
1

, P () , P ( 1)
, :

1
1

1
2

...

(1),
1
12

1
22

...

1
2

, (1)
1
1

1
2

...

1
( 1) 2

1
( 1) 2

1
1
.
2
( 1) 2
( 1)
2

,
1
1
1
2
2
,
2
( 1)
1
. :
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2

2
2
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1)
( 1) 2 ( 1)
0 ( 1) ( 1) 2

0 2 2 2 1

..

, P() .

1
.
1

01 ,

129

1
3.
3 , ,

1
1

3 .

P()
3

4
P() 3 , 3 ,
3
, 64 81 , .

, P() , P( 1)
, :

1
1

1 (1), 1

, 1< 1

1 .

1
1
1
1

1
1

1 1
1 1

1
1

1 .

, P() 3 .

4.2

1. (i) :
83 7 11 6
7 6.
83 (7)11 6 (8)11 5
(ii) :
8 5.

( (1))

130
(iii) :

83 (7)(11) 6

7 6.
(iv) :

83 7 (11) 6 8(11) 5

8 5.
2. (i) , ,

3 3 1 3 2 , Z .
3 ,
2 9 2 332 3 , 32 Z .

3 1 ,
2 9 2 6 1 3(3 2 2 ) 1 3 1 , 32 2 Z .

3 2 ,
2 9 2 12 4 9 2 12 3 1 3(3 2 4 1) 1 3 1 ,

3 2 4 1Z .
(ii) 6 5 6 3 2 3(2 1) 2 3 2 , 2 1 .
, 3 2 , 2
6 2 6 5 . ,
8, 3 2 2 ,
6 5 , 8 6 2 1 .
3. 2 1 , Z .
:
2 ( 2) 2 ( 4) 2 1 (2 1) 2 (2 3) 2 (2 5) 2 1 12 2 36 36

12
12
12
2 3 3Z .

4. ,
. , 1,3
5 . ,
1 3 5,
25.

131

1. 660 ,
660 17 , 0 ,

66017 0

(1)

0 660 17
0 660 17
660 17
17 660

660 18

660
660

18
17

36

12
14
38
18
17

37 38 .

37 , (1) 31 ,
38 , (1) 14 .
2. , x .

2 0

(1)

, 2 , 2
. , 2 , .
, (1).
, 2 , , ,
, 2 . 2
, 2 , . ,
, (1).
3. 2, 2 2

132
2 8 1 , Z

2 8 1 , N

(1)

(i)

2 2 (8 1) (8 1) 8 8

( )Z
8
8
8

(ii)

4 4 2 (8 1) 2 (8 1) 2 2

16
16

64 2 64 2 16 16
(4 2 4 2 )Z .
16

4. 5 , 0,1,2,3,4
5,
3 4 3(5 ) 4 15 3 4
3 4
.

3
5
5
5
5
3 4
3 4
,
.
5
5
, , :

0 ,

3 4 4
Z
5
5

1 ,

3 4 7
Z
5
5

2 ,

3 4
2Z
5

3 ,

3 4 13
Z
5
5

4 ,

3 4 16
Z .
5
5

3 4
, 2 , ,
5
5 2 , Z .

133
5. (i) , 2 , Z ,
2 (2 ) 2 4 2 4 , 2 Z .
, 2 1 , Z ,
2 (2 1) 2 4 2 4 1 4( 2 ) 1 4 1 , ( 2 )Z .
(ii) , ,

2 4 1 , Z

2 4 1 , Z .

, 2 2 4( ) 2 , 2 2

2 2 4 2 , Z

(1)

x 2 2 2 ,
2 2 2 . , (1),
2 4 2 , , (i).
(iii)

4 2 , Z
, (i), .

4.3

1. (i) 1000 5,
200.
(ii) 1000 25,
40.
(iii) 1000 125,
8.
(iv) 1000 625,
1.

134
2. | | , ,
. ()( ) , | .
3. 11| ( 2) 11| (35 ) , ,
2 11

35 11 .

11 2 35 11 ,
11 11 33 11( 3)

11| ( ) .
4. , 2 , Z ().
2 ,
2 2 ( 2 ) 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4( 2 ) 4 .

5. m | ( 1) . m | , m |[( 1) ] ,
m |1 . , , , m 1 .

6. :
() ,,, , , ,
. ,
( )( )( ) 2.
() ,, , , ,
. ,
( )( )( ) 2.

1. (i) 2 1 , Z . ,

2 (2 1) 2 4 2 4 1 4( 2 ) 1 4 1 , ( 2 )Z

(ii) , (i),

135
( 2 3)( 2 7) (4 4)(4 8) 16( 1)( 2) 32 32 ,

( 1)( 2) ,
.
2. :
2 , Z .
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 , 2
2 1 , Z .
2 2 (2 1) 2 2 4 2 4 1 2 4( 2 ) 3 4 3 4 .

3. 1
.
2 ( 1) 2 , , * .

, 1 2 1 :
2 1 2 2 2 1
( )( ) 1

1 1
1 0 , .

4. | , , ,
,
2 1 2 1 (2 ) 1 (2 1)[(2 ) 1 (2 ) 2 ... (2 ) 1] (2 1) .

5. (i) 1 , , 1 .
6| ( 1) ( 1) , ,
6| 3 .

(1)

6 , 0,1,2,3,4,5
6,

136
3 ( 6 ) 3 (6 )
(6 ) 3 3(6 ) 2 3(6 ) 2 3 6

6(36 3 18 2 3 2 ) 3

6 ( 3 )

6
6
6+6
6+24
6+60
6+120

=6
=6
=6
=6
=6
=6

, =0
, =1
, =2
, =3
, =4
, =5

, 3 6 .
(ii) :
( 1)(2 1) ( 1)[( 1) ( 2)]
( 1) ( 1) ( 1)( 2)
(i )

6 6

, , Z

6( ) 6 .

(iii) :
3 3 2 4 ( 2 3 4) ( 4)( 1)
( 1) ( 4) ( 1)[( 1) 3]

( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

(i )

6 3 2

, , Z

6( ) 6 .

6. (i) P () .
0 , 3|0 ,
P () , P ( 1)
. :
3|( 3 2)
.

(1), 3|[( 1) 3 2( 1)] .

137
( 1) 3 2( 1) 3 3 2 3 1 2 2
( 3 2 ) 3( 2 1)
(1)

3 3( 2 1)

3( 2 1) 3 .

, P () N .
(ii) P () .
0 , 64| 0 ,
, P () , P ( 1)
. :
64| (9 1 8 9) (2), 64| (9 2 8( 1) 9) .
, (2), Z ,
9 1 8 9 64 , 9 1 64 8 9

(3)

,
9 2 8( 1) 9 99 1 8 17
(3)

9(64 8 9) 8 17

649 64 64
64(9 1) 64 .

, P () N .
(iii) P () .
0 , 5 | 5 ,
, P () , P ( 1)
. :
5|(3 27 2 2 ) (4), 5|(3 27 1 2 2 1 ) .
, (4), Z ,
3 27 2 2 5 , 3 27 5 2 2

(5)

138
3 27 1 2 2 1 3 27 27 2 2 2
( 5)

(5 2 2 )27 4 2

5 27 54 2 4 2
5(27 10 2 ) 5 .

, P () N .
(iv) P () .
0 , 14|14 ,
, P () , P ( 1)
, :
14|(3 4 2 5 2 1 ) (6), 14| (3 4 6 5 2 3 )
, (6), Z ,
342 5 21 14 , 342 14 5 21

(7)

,
3 4 6 5 2 3 3 4 3 4 2 5 2 5 2 1
(7 )

3 4 (14 5 2 1 ) 5 2 5 2 1
1481 815 2 1 255 2 1
1481 565 2 1
14(81 45 2 1 ) 14 .

, P () N .

7. ( )| ( ) , ( )| ( ) ,
( )|[( ) ( )] . :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) .

139

4.4 -

1. (i) :
135 256 23 ,

23 135 256

56 2 23 10 ,

10 56 2 23

23 2 10 3 ,

3 23 210

10 33 1 ,

110 33

3 31 0

, (135,56)=1
110 33 10 3(23 2 10)

7 10 3 23

7 (56 2 23) 3 23 7 56 17 23
7 56 17(135 2 56) 17 135 4156

1 (17) 135 4156

(ii) :
180 284 12 ,

12 180 284

84 7 12 0

(180,84) 12 12 1180 (2) 84

(iii) ( 180,84) (180,84) 12 ,

12 (1)(180) (2)84 .
(iv) ( 180,84) (180,84) 12 ,
12 (1)(180) 2(84)

2. (i)

(2 2,2 ) (2 2 2 ,2 ) (2,2 ) 2

(ii),

(ii),

140
(ii) (2 1,2 1) (2 1, 2 1 2 1) (2 1,2) 1 ,
2 1
(iii) (ii) : [2 1,2 1] (2 1)(2 1) ( . 158)
(iv) ( 2,2) ( 2 2,2) (,2) (,2)| 2 ( 2,2)| 2
(v) (ii) [, 1] ( 1) ( . 158)

3. (, ) .
|( )
|
|( , ) . ( , ) ,
,

|( )
|
(, ) ( , ) .

4. ( , x y ) .
|( )
,

|( x y )

| (x x)
. | (x x x y ) ,

| ( x y )

| (x y ) . x y 1 . |1 , 1 .

5. (i) (2 3 ,4 5 ) .
| (2 3 )
| (4 6 )
,
. | (4 5 4 6 ) , | .

| (4 5 )
| (4 5 )

(ii) (2 3,4 5) .
| (2 3)
,

| (4 5)

| (4 6)
.

| (4 5)

| (4 6 4 5) , |1 ,

1 .
(iii) |(5 2,7 3) .
| (5 2)
,

| (7 3)

|1 , 1 .

|(35 14)
. | (35 15 35 14) ,

|(35 15)

141
( 1)

6. (i) 2 1,
.
2

|(2 1)
| 4 2 2

. | (4 2 4 4 2 2 ) , | 2 .
( 1) ,
2

|
4

|(2 1) . |(2 1 2 ) , | 1 1 .
(ii) 1 . 155,

(4 2 3 5,2 2 2) (4 2 3 5) 2(2 2 2), 2 2 2

( 1, 2 2 2)

1, (2 2 2) 2 ( 1)

( 1, 3 2)

1, (3 2) 3( 1)
( 1, 1) 1

7. :
(, , ) , ( , )
, ( , ) ,

( , ) ( , ) ( , )

( , , ) ( , )

8. (i) (, ) (, ) (, ) .
(, ) 1 ,

N * .

1 ,
(, ) 1 1 .
(ii) (, ) (, ) (, ) .
(, ) 1 ,

N * .

, , 1 .

9. 1 (, ) . 1 | 1 | | ( ) ,

142
1 | ( ) . 1 | 1 |( ) , 1 | . 1 | 1 | ,

1 | (, ) , 1 |1 , 1 1 .
2 ( , ) . , , 2 1 .

1. (i) ( , ) .
() | 2
|( )
,
| (2,2 ) .

() | 2
|( )
(2,2 ) 2(, ) 21 2 . | 2 , 1 2 .
(ii) (2 , 2 ) .
|(2 )
|[2(2 ) ( 2 )]
|3
,
, ,

|
(

|
[
2
(

(
2

)]

|3
| (3,3 ) . (3,3 ) 3(, ) 31 3 . |3 , 1

3 .

2. (,4) 2 , 2, 4.
, 4 2,
:
4 2,

Z .

( ,4) 2 , 2, 4.
:
4 2,

Z .

,
( , 4) (4( 1), 4) 4( 1, 1) 4 .

2 3
,
5 7
. (2 3,5 7) .

3.

143

| 2 3
, |[5(2 3) 2(5 7)] . |1 , 1 . ,

|5 7

2 3
N * .
5 7

4. (, ) [, ] x . x (, )
x| x|

(1)

| x

(2)

x [, ] ,
| x

, (1) (2), x x , .
, , (, ) (, ) [, ] [, ] ,
( , ) [ , ] .
5.
( , ) 3 2 ,

( , ) 2 3 5

( , ) 2 2 3 .

, 2| ,
2| . , 2|(, ) , 2|3 2 , .

6.

1 , Z Z .

, 1, , .
7. (i) (, ) (, ) .
|
|
,
. | (, ) ,

|
|

(1).

(, ) 1 , x, yZ , x y 1 ,
x y .

(2)

144
|
|
, |( x y ) , (2), | .
,

|
|
|(, ) ,
| .
(3)

(1) (3) , (, ) (, ) .
(ii) :
[, ]

(1)

[ , ] .
(, )
( , )

8. :
[, , , ] [, ],[ , ]
[, ],[, ] [, ][, ] .

4.5

1. 10 101 11 . , 101
11.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 101
. ,
103, 107 113 , 111 121 .
2.
(i) 8 8, 9, 10
.
(ii) 24 , 24, 25, 26, 27
.
3. (i)
1 2 4 2
.

( )( ) 3
3 2 2 1

145
(ii) 2 4 ( 2)( 2) 2 2
2 1
3
2 4 p ( 2)( 2) p
.

2 p p 5

(iii) a 2 1 (a 1)(a 1) a 1 a 1 p 3 ,
11
2

( 2 1) p 15 ( 1)( 1) p 135 1 3
.
p 5
p 5

4.
3 p 1 2 3 p 2 1
3 p ( 1)( 1)

1 3
1 p

1 p
1 3
4
3

p 5
p 1
4

.
p 5

5.
3 1 p ( 1)( 2 1) 1 p
11
,
2
1 p
2

p 7

2 11

3 1 p ( 1)( 2 1) 1 p
1 p
2
,
11
1 p
2
0
p2
.

11

146
6. ,
2 1

, N * .

2 1 ,

2 2 (2 1) 2 (2 1) 2 4 2 4 1 4 2 4 1 4 2 4 2 4 4 2
2(2 2 2 2 2 2 1) ,

2
2
2 2 2 2 11 .

2 ,

7. p| , p| , p , Z . p ,
p | .

( , ) 1 .

8. :

p ( , ) .
p |
p |
,
. p | (, ) , p |1 p 1 ,

p |
p|

.
(, ) 1 ,

.
, ( , ) 1 .
9. :

490

1125

2728

245

375

1364

49

125

682

25

341

11

31

31

,
490 257 2 ,

1125 3 2 5 3 ,

2728 2 3 1131 .

147
, 167,
(490,1125,2728) 1

[490,1125,2728] 2 3 5 3 7 2 1131 .

10. ,
1 2 1 , 2 2 2 , ..., 2 ,

1 , 2 ,..., N *

a p12 1 p 22 2 ... p 2 p11 p 22 ... p

p11 p 22 ... p .

, 2 , N * .
. ,

p11 p 22 ... p .

p11 p 22 ... p p11 p 22 ... p

p
2

2 1
1

p 22 2 ... p 2

1 21 , 2 2 2 , , 2 .
.

1. (i) ( , ) 1 . ( , ) ,
, , p. ,
p | ( )
p | ( )
p | ( )
,

p |
p |
p|
p| p| , p | (, ) ,
p |1 , .
(ii) ( 2 2 , ) 1 . ( 2 2 , ) ,
, , p. ,
p | ( 2 2 )
p | ( 2 2 )
p | ( 2 2 )
,

.

p |
p |
p |

p | 2

p |

p | 2

p |

p|

p|

p |
.

p|

148
, p | (, ) , p |1 ,
.
2. (, ) 1 (, ) 1 (, ) 1 .
(, ) 1 . (, ) , ,
, p. ,
p |
p |
,
. p | (, ) , p |1 , .

|
p

p |
(, ) 1 .
(, ) (, ) 1 (, ) 1 .
(, ) 1 . (, ) , , ,
p. ,
p |
p |
p |
,

. p |(, ) p | (, ) , p |1 ,

p |
p|
p|
.

3. (, p 2 ) p ( , p 3 ) p 2 , :
pA

p | A

p2B

p | B

,
(1)

( , p 4 ) ( p 3 AB, p 4 ) p 3 ( AB, p ) p 3 1 p 3 , p | AB
( , p 4 ) ( pA p 2 B, p 4 ) p ( A pB, p 3 ) p 1 p , p | ( A pB )

4.
4 4 ( 4 4 2 4) 4 2 ( 2 2) 2 (2) 2 ( 2 2 2)( 2 2 2)
[( 1) 2 1][( 1) 2 1]

4 4 , ( 1) 2 11 ( 1) 2 11 .
8 1 (2 3 ) 1 (2 ) 3 1 (2 1)(2 2 2 1)

8 1 (2 1)(2 2 2 1) .
1 2 1 8 1 . 8 1 .

(1)

149
5.

43
, 34 43
34

(1).

, 34| 43 (34,43) 1 , 34| . ,

N * , 34 , , (1), 43 .

43

34 ,

N * ,

43 34 77 7 11 .

, .
6. p . p :
p 3

p 3 1

p 3 2 , N * .

p 3 , N * , p , 1 ,
p 3 , p 2 5 p 4 7 . , ,
p, p 2, p 4 .
p 3 1 , N * , p 2 3 3 3( 1) ,
p 2 . , p, p 2 p 4
.
p 3 2 , N * , p 4 3 6 3( 2) ,
p 4 . , p, p 2 p 4
. , p,
p, p 2 p 4 , p 3 .

7. (i) : x 3 x 2 x 3 0 x( x 2 x 1) 3
x 1 x 2 x 1 3 , x 2 x 1 x
x 1

:
3, 1 3.
x 1 .
(ii)

x 2 x p 112 p 112 x( x 1) .

150
,
,

x( x 1)

. , p

p 2 .
x 2 x 2 112 x 2 x 110 0
x 10 x 11

, x 10 .
8. p1 , p 2 ,..., p
,
p11 p 22 ... p

p11 p 22 ... p

(1)

1 , 2 ,..., , 1 , 2 ,..., . ,
2 p121 p 222 ... p 2

2 p12 1 p 22 2 ... p 2

(2)

2 | 2 , (2),
2 1 21 , 2 2 2 2 , , 2 2

,
1 1 , 2 2 , , .

, (1), | .

4.6

1. (i) (4,6)=2, (4,6) | 5 . 4 x 6 y 5
.
(ii) (4,6) 2 , (4,6)| 2 . 4 x 6 y 2
.
(iii) (3,5) 1 , (3,5)| . 3 x 5 y
.

151
(iv) ( , 1) 1 , ( , 1)| . x ( 1) y
.
(v) x, y
, .
2x 4 y 2 1 .
2. (i) ( x 0 , y 0 ) (1,1) . ,
, ( x, y ) ,
x 1 3t

y 1 2t , tZ .

(ii) 6 x 4 y 8
3x 2 y 4

( x 0 , y 0 ) (2,1) . ,
( x, y ) ,
x 2 2t

y 1 3t , tZ .

(iii) ( x 0 , y 0 ) (2,1) . ,
, ( x, y ) ,
x 2 5t

y 1 7t , tZ .

(iv) ( x 0 , y 0 ) (2,1) . ,
, ( x, y ) ,
x 2 3t

y 1 5t , tZ .

3. (i)
111x 78 y 300 3(37 x 26 y ) 3100
37 x 26 y 100

(1)

( x 0 , y 0 ) (2,1) . ,
, ( x, y ) , (1)
x 2 26t

y 1 37t , tZ .

152
x 0 2 26t 0
1
1
t t 0 .

0
1
37
0

t
13
37

, ( x, y ) (2,1) .
(ii) 47 x 31 y 78
( x 0 , y 0 ) (1,1) . , ( x, y ) (1)

x 1 31t

y 1 47t , tZ .

,
1

t
x 0 1 31t 0

31
t N * .

y 0 1 47t 0 t 1
47

, ( x, y ) .

x 1 31t

y 1 47t , tN * .

4. (i) 3 x 5 y 15 ,
x, y
, .
(ii) 111x 78 y 50 ,
x, y :
111x 78 y 1111 781189 50 .

(iii) 5 x 7 y 5 ,
x, y :
5 x 7 y 51 7 112 5 .

5. 10.000 . x y
. 1000 x 500 y 10000 , ,
2 x y 20

(1) ,

x 0, y 0 .

153
, , (1).
(1) ( x 0 , y 0 ) (0,20) . , ,
( x, y ) , (1)
x 0 t

y 20 2t , tZ .

153

x 0 t 0

0 t 10 t 0,1,2,...,10 .

y 0 20 2t 0

, (1) :
(0,20) , (1,18) , (2,16) , (3,14) , (4,12) , (5,10)
(6,8) , (7,6) , (8,4) , (9,2) , (10,0) .

1. x
y ,
19 x 3 y 224 x y 0

(1)

, , (1).
(19,3) 1 , (1) .
(1) :
(19,3) 1 19 3:
19 1 3(6) 1

(2)

(2) 224:
19 224 3(1344) 224

(1) ( x 0 , y 0 ) (224,1344) .
(1)
x 224 3t

y 134419t ,

tZ

(3)

x 0 y 0 .

224

t 3
x 0 224 3t 0

74,6 t 70,73

y 0 1344 19t 0 t 1344

19

t 71 t 72

t 73 t 74 .

, x y

154
x

11

24

43

62

x y , ( x, y ) (11,5) .
2. x y
7 x 11 y 100

(1)

(7,11) 1 , (1) .
(1) :
(7,11) 1 7 11:
7(3) 11 2 1

(2)

(2) 100:
7(300) 11 200 100

(1) ( x 0 , y 0 ) (300,200) .
(1) :
x 30011t

y 200 7t , tZ

(3)

(1).
x 0 300 11t 0 300
200

t
t 28 .

y
t
0
200
7
0
11
7

, ( x, y ) (8,4) .
100 7 8 11 4 56 44 .

3. (, ) . | . ( x 0 , y 0 )
, , ( x, y ) ,

x x0 t

y y 0 t , tZ .

( x1 , y1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ) .

155

x1 x 0 t1

y y t
1 0 1

x 2 x 0 t 2
(1)
y y t
0
2
2

t1 , t 2 Z

(2),

, A( x1 , y1 ) B ( x 2 , y 2 )
( AB) ( x 2 x1 ) 2 ( y 2 y1 ) 2

2
2

(t 2 t1 ) 2

|t 2 t1 |

2
2

2 2

(t 2 t1 ) 2

, () ,
|t 2 t1 | . |t 2 t1 |1 ,
x y

2 2

4. (i) x y , (, ) 1 .
( x 0 , y 0 ) ( ,0) . , , ( x, y ) ,

x t

y t , tZ .

,
x 0 t 0 t 1
1 t 0 ,

t 0
y 0 t 0

, tZ . ,
.
(ii) x y 2 , (, ) 1 .
( x 0 , y 0 ) ( , ) . , ,
( x, y ) , :
x t

y t , tZ .

.
x 0 t 0 t 1
1 t 1 t 0 .

y 0 t 0 t 1

, ( , ) .

156
5. x, yN * .
x y 33
, , , 13 x 7 y 33 .
7 13 91

(1)

, , (1).
(13,7) 1 , (1) . (33,66) .
, , ( x, y ) , (1)
x 33 7t

y 6613t , tZ .

x 0 33 7t 0 33
66
t t 5 .

0
66
13
0

t
7
13

x 2 y 1

33 2 1
.
91 7 13

4.7

1. :
33 4 7 5 ,
17 (3)7 4 ,
23 3 7 2 ,
35 5 7 0 ,
41 5 7 6 ,
20 (3)7 1 ,

33 5(mod 7)
17 4(mod 7)
23 2(mod 7)
35 0(mod 7)
41 6(mod 7)
201(mod 7)

2. (i) Z , (15 1) 115 3

(ii) Z , (15 1) 4 15 5 5
(iii) Z , ( 2 5) 1 2 4
4 .

157
(iv)

mN * . m 11(mod m)

(m 1) 1 1(mod m) .
3

3.
6(mod11) 11 6,

10 100
10 100

(1)
( 2)

(2), (1)
10 11 6 100 4 11 94
4
94

11
11
1,2,...,8 ,
, (1)
17, 28, 39, 50, 61, 72, 83, 94 .

4. (i) .
2(mod 3) 1(mod 4)

(1)

x, yZ
3x 2 4 y 1

(2)

3x 2 4 y 1
3x 4 y 1

(3)

(3) ( x 0 , y 0 ) (1,1) . ,
, ( x, y ) ,
x 1 4t

y 1 3t , t Z .

, (2),
12t 5 , t Z .

.
10 100 10 12t 5 100
5 12t 95
5
95
t
12
12
t 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

158
,
17, 29, 41, 53, 65, 77, 89 .

, (2).
(ii) 3(mod 4) 4(mod 6) ,
4 x 3 6 y 4 , x, yZ

4 x 3 6 y 4 , ,
4 x 6 y 1

, , (4,6) 2 2 | 1 . ,
.
5. (i) 2 3 8 1(mod 7) 100 333 1 ,
2100 2 3331 (2 3 ) 33 2 133 2 2(mod 7)

2.
(ii) 91(mod 8) , 9100 1100 1(mod 8) .
1.
(iii) 3 3 27 1(mod 7) 1998 3 666 ,
31998 (3 3 ) 666 (1) 666 1(mod 7)

1.
(iv) 5 2 25 1(mod 26) 2004 2 1002 ,
5 2004 (5 2 )1002 (1)1002 1(mod 26)

1.
6. (i) 5 2 25 1(mod 8) ,
5 2 7 (5 2 ) 7 1 7 1 7 8 0(mod 8) .

8| (5 2 7) .

159
(ii)
2 1 3 3 1 2 2 3 27
2 2 3 2 (mod 5) , 27 2(mod 5)
5 2 (mod 5)
0(mod 5) .

5| (2 1 3 3 1 ) .
(iii) 2 4 16 1(mod15) . 2 4 1 (2 4 ) 11 1 0(mod15) .
(iv)
2 2 4 5 2 1 16 4 5 25
16 5(mod 21)
(5) 4 5 4 (mod 21) ,
25 4(mod 21)
0 4 (mod 21)
0(mod 21) .

21| (2 2 4 5 2 1 ) .
7. (i) 31998 10.
3 2 9 1(mod10) 1998 2 999 .
31998 (3 2 ) 999 (1) 999 1 9(mod10) .

31998 9.
(ii) 7 2003 100.
7 4 22011(mod100) 2003 4 500 3 .
7 2003 7 4500 3 7 3 (7 4 ) 500

431500 (mod100) , 7 3 343 43(mod100)

43(mod100)

, 7 2003 43.

160

1. Z 3 1 2 .
2 1(mod 3) ,

2 2(mod 3)

(1)

, 0,1,2(mod 3) , 2 0,1(mod 3) , (1).

2. p p 10 , 0,1,..., 9 . , ,
5, p 10 1 p 10 3
p 10 7 p 10 9 , N . , p 1, 3, 7, 9(mod10)

p 2 1, 9(mod10)

, ,

p 2 1, 1(mod10) ,

p 2 1 0(mod10)

10| ( p 2 1)

3. :

p 2 1 0(mod10)

10| ( p 2 1) .

2 6 ( 3)( 2) .

5| ( 2 6) 5| ( 3)( 2)
5| ( 3) 5| ( 2)
3 5 , Z 2 5 , Z
5 3 , Z 5 2 , Z
5 2 , Z ,

5 3 , Z 5( 1) 2 5 2 , 1 .

:
5 (mod 5) ,
2 6 2 6(mod 5) .

0 , 2 6 6 4(mod 5) , 5 | ( 2 6)

1 , 2 6 4 1(mod 5) , 5 | ( 2 6)

161

2 , 2 6 0(mod 5) ,

5| ( 2 6)

3 , 2 6 6 1(mod 5) ,

5 | ( 2 6)

4 , 2 6 14 4(mod 5) , 5 | ( 2 6)

, 5| ( 2 6) 2(mod 5) , ,
5 2, Z .

4. :

x 1(mod 2) x 2(mod 3) ,
x 1 2 0(mod 2) x 1 0(mod 3) .

, 2| ( x 1) 3| ( x 1) , 2 3| ( x 1) , (2,3) 1 .
6| ( x 1) , x 1 6 , Z x 6 1 , Z .

( 4(i) ).

5. (i) : 3 0(mod 6) . ,
(mod 6) , 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,
3 3 (mod 6)

:
0 , 3 a 0(mod 6)
1 , 3 a 0(mod 6)
2 , 3 a 6 0(mod 6)
3 , 3 a 24 0(mod 6)
4 , 3 a 60 0(mod 6)
5 , 3 a 120 0(mod 6)

3 0(mod 6) .

6 | ( 3 ) . 6 2 3 (2,3) 1 ,

2| ( 3 ) 3| ( 3 ) , .
(ii) 10| ( 5 ) . 10 2 5 (2,5) 1 ,
2| ( 5 ) 5| ( 5 ) .

162
(mod 2) , 0,1 , 5 5 0(mod 2) .
2| ( 5 ) ,

0 , 5 a 0(mod 2)
1 , 5 a 0(mod 2)
(mod 5) , 0,1, 2, 3, 4 , 5 5 0(mod 5)

:
0 , 5 a 0(mod 5)
1 , 5 a 0(mod 5)
2 , 5 a 30 0(mod 5)
3 , 5 a 240 0(mod 5)
4 , 4 a 1020 0(mod 5)

5 a 0(mod 5) , 5| ( 5 ) .

6. (i)
(mod m)
m | ( )
,
.

n | m
n | m

n | ( ) , (modn) .
(ii)
n n (mod m)
m | n ( )
,
.

(m, n) 1
(m, n) 1

m | ( ) , (modm) .

7. (modm) ,
m , Z .

(, m) ( m , m) ( m m, m) ( , m) .

163

8. (i) 39 313 (3,13) 1 ,

3| (53103 103 53 ) 13| (53103 103 53 ) .

53 318 1 103 334 1 ,

53 1(mod 3) 1031(mod 3)

53103 103 53 (1)103 153 0(mod 3) . 3| (53103 103 53 ) .

53 13 4 1 103 138 1 ,
531(mod13) 103 1(mod13)

53103 103 53 1103 (1) 53 0(mod13) . 13| (53103 103 53 ) .

(ii) 111 7 16 1 333 7 47 4 ,
111 1(mod 7)

333 4(mod 7)

111333 333111 (1) 333 4111 (mod 7)

1 (4 3 ) 37 (mod 7)
1 64 37 (mod 7)

1137 (mod 7) , 641(mod 7)

11(mod 7)
0(mod 7) .

7 | (111333 333111 ) .

9. (mod 5) , 0,1, 2, 3, 4 , 2 2 (mod 5) ,

2 0, 1, 4(mod 5)

5 2 Q ,
5 2 2 , N *

2 2(mod 5) , , (1).

(1)

164

5 3 Q ,
5 3 2 , N *

2 3(mod 5) , , (1).

10. p 3,
:
p 3 1 , N *

p 3 2 , N * ,

p 1(mod 3)

p 2(mod 3) .

,
p 2 12 1(mod 3)

p 2 2 2 1(mod 3) .

p 2 1(mod 3) . :
p 2 2 1 2 0(mod 3) , p 2 2 3 . p 2 2
, 3 3.
p12 p 22 p 32 111 0(mod 3) , p12 p 22 p 33 3 .

p12 p 22 p 32 , 3
3.

11. 24 38 (3,8) 1 , 8| ( p 2 q 2 )
3| ( p 2 q 2 ) .

2 1.2, p, q

p 2 8 1 , N * q 2 8 1 , N * .

, p 2 1(mod 8) q 2 1(mod 8) ,
p 2 q 2 0(mod 8) 8| ( p 2 q 2 ) .

, p, q

3, p 2 1(mod 3) q 2 1(mod 3) ,

165
p 2 q 2 0(mod 3) 3| ( p 2 q 2 ) .

12. 77 7(mod10) ,
77 77 7 77 (mod10) .

7 2 49 1(mod10) 77 2 38 1 .
7 77 7(7 2 ) 38 7(1) 38 7(mod10)

77 77 7(mod10) .

, 77 77 7.
333 3(mod10) ,
333 333 3 333 (mod10) .

3 2 9 1(mod10) 333 2 166 1 .

3 333 3(3 2 )166 3(1)166 3(mod10)

333 333 3(mod10) .

, 333 333 3.

13. 2 1(mod 3) ,
21999 21997 1 (1)1999 (1)1997 1(mod 3)
111(mod 3)
3 0(mod 3)

21999 21997 1 3
21999 21997 1 .

21999 21997 1 3 ,

1. , 1, 2, ..., ( 1) , - .
. , 0
.

166
0 , ,
0 , ( ) ,
( ) ( 1) .

, ,
, 1, 2, ..., ( 1) .
.
,

, 0 1 .

| ( ) v | ( ) , |[( ) ( )] , | ( ) ,
, 0 .

2.

2 3

, 6( 2) 8( 3) , 3( 2) 4( 3)
8
6

(1)

3| 4( 3) , 3| ( 3) 3| . , 3 , N * ,
(1) 4 2 , N * .
4 2

3 , N *

(1)

1 10

2 4
( 1)( 4) 20 .

(2)

1 1 1 2 4 5 , (2),
:
1 4
1 2
.

4 5
4 10

1
3

6
1

, (1),
(, , ) (6,3,6)

(, , ) (14,9,1) .

3. - :
, 2, 4, ..., 2( 1) ,

167
, S
S ( 2) ( 4) ... ( 2( 1))

[ ( 2( 1))]
2

( ( 1))

1 11 ( 1 2 ), S ( 1)
.
4. (i) ( 2 2 , ) 1 . ( 2 2 , )
p,
p | ( 2 2 )

p |

p | ( 2 2 )

.
p | p |

p| , p | ( 2 2 ) , p | 2 , p| . p|
p| , p | (, ) , p |1 , .
p| , .
( 2 2 , ) 1 .
(ii)

vN * ,

2 2 v

(1)

(, ) 1 , (i),
(1)

1 ( 2 2 , ) (v , ) (v,1) .

1 , , N * , 1 , , .
5. (i) ( , ) 1 . ( , )
p,
p | ( )

p |

p | ( )

.
p| p|
p|
, p | (, ) , p |1 ,
,
p|
.

168

(, ) . , 1 , , A B ,

[, ]

, (, ) 1 .

(1)

(1)

( ,[, ]) ( , ) ( , ) 1 (, ) .

(ii) (i)
(, ) ( ,[, ]) (114,360) 6

(, )[, ] 6 360 2160 .

114

2160 .

( 90 24 ) ( 24 90 ).
6. , , , N *
p q p q , 1 , q

1 , p .

( ) p ( )q

(1)

0 p
,
p | ( )q ( p, q ) 1 , p | ( ) .
0 p
0 p

. p p , 0 .
p 0
, (1), .

7. (i) P () .

3 , 2 3 2 3 .
, P () ,
P ( 1) , :

169
2 2

(1),

2 1 2( 1) .

, (1),
2 2 2 2
2 1 4

, 4 2( 1) 3 .

4 2( 1) 4 2 2
2 2
1

, 3 .

, P () 3 .
(ii) x ,
2 2

(1)

, 2,
2 , N * . (1)

2 2 (2 ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 .

, (1), 3 . ,
1 2 .

1 , 2 ,
2 , 4 , .
, 2 x x 2 2
4.
8. (i)
1 ( 1)( 1 2 ... 1) .

1 1 2 ... 11 ( 2 ),
11 , 2 . 1 2 1 .
, , ,

, , 1.
,

170
1 2 1 (2 ) 1
1 ,

2 2

( 1)( 1 2 ... 1) .

1 ... 1 0 , ( 1 )

1 2 11

1 ( 1)( 1 ... 1) 1 ,
.

(ii) 2 .
2 , , N 1.

1 ( 2 ) 1
1 ,

( 1)( 1 2 ... 1) , .

1 1 2 1 ,

1 2 1 1 , 2 2

1 .

, 1 , .
9. (i) 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7(mod 8) .

2 0 2 ,12 , 2 2 , 3 2 , 4 2 , 5 2 , 6 2 , 7 2 (mod 8) , 2 0,1, 4(mod 8) .

(ii) (, ) ,

2 2 1998

, (i),
2 0,1, 4(mod 8)

2 0,1, 4(mod 8) .

,
2 2 0,1, 2, 4, 5(mod 8)

, (1)

(1)

171
1998 0,1, 2, 4, 5(mod 8)

(2)

1998 8 6,
1998 6(mod 8) , (2). x 2 y 2 1998
.
10. (i) 9 4 2 1 , 9 1(mod 4) , 910 14 1(mod 4)
4| (910 1)

(1)

91 9(mod 25) ,

9 2 81 6(mod 25) ,

9 4 4 9 11(mod 25) ,

9 3 6 9 4(mod 25)

9 5 99 1(mod 25) .

910 (9 5 ) 2 (1) 2 1(mod 25) ,

25| (910 1)

(2)

(4,25) 1 , (1) (2),

4 25| (910 1) 100 | (910 1) 910 1(mod100)

(ii) 2002 10 200 2 ,

9 2002 9 2 (910 ) 200 81(910 ) 200

811200 (mod100) , 910 1(mod100)

81(mod100) .

, 9 2002 81.

11. (i)

2
. :
2

2 2( 2) 4
4

2
.
2
2
2
4
, ,
2
( 2) | 4 , , 2 1 2 2 2 4 , ,

3 4 6 .

y
x

172
(ii) x, y
,
xy 2 x 2 y xy 2 x 2 y x( y 2) 2 y

(1)

( y 2)| 2 y , , (i) , y 3 y 4 y 6 .
, (1), :
(6, 3) ,

(4, 4)

(3, 6) .

2
180 0 ,

-,

(iii) -

2
2

180 0 360 0
2

2v
, , (1), 3
v2
4 6 . , 3
4 6 .
,

12. x y
.
x 2 y 2 2412

( x y )( x y ) 24

(1)

0 x y x y . ,
x y 4
x y 3
x y 2
x y 1

8
x

12
x

24
x y 6

x 7
x, y y 1 ,
.
y 5

7, 49,
25 24 1
5.
13. x1 y1 , x 2 y 2 , ..., x y z1 , z 2 , ..., z
. :
x1 y1 x 2 y 2 ... x y z1 z 2 ... z 100

173

(10 x1 y1 ) (10 x 2 y 2 ) ... (10 x y ) ( z1 z 2 ... z ) 100 .

10( x1 x 2 ... x ) ( y1 y 2 ... y z1 z 2 ... z ) 100

(1)

x1 , x 2 ,..., x , y1 , y 2 ,..., y , z1 , z 2 ,..., z

0, 1, 2, ..., 9 , ,
0 1 2 ... 9 45 . ,
S,
45 S . , (1) 10S 45 S 100 , 9S 100
100
Z . , .
S
9

14. (i) (, ) 2 , , 1 , ,

2
2 2

,
2
2

2 , (, ) 1 0

(1)

, 10 :
(1) 4
3
2 2 10 5

.
1
2

6
8
.

2
4

(ii)

( , ) 4 ,

, 1 , ,
4
4
4

,
4
a 4 A

4 B , ( A, B ) 1 A B 0

, 96
( 2 ) 6
4 4 96 6
1

3

.
2

(2)

174

12
24
.

8
4

(iii) (, )[, ] , , (, ) 24 96 ,
(, ) 4 . 96 (, ) 4 , (ii)
.
(iv) (, )[, ] , 424 .
96 (, ) 4 , (ii) .
(v) (, ) . 7 ,

7 , 1 .

Z Z ,

(3)

(, ) 1, 0

(4)

5
4
6


.

2
3
1
6 1 , 6 , [, ] 60
:
[6 , ] 60 [6,1] 60 6 60 10

60 10 .
5 2 , 5 2 , [, ] 60
:
[5 ,2 ] 60 [5,2] 60 10 60 6

30 12 .
4 3 , 4 3 , [, ] 60
:
[4 ,3 ] 60 [4,3] 60 12 60 5

20 15 .
15. p1 , p 2 ,..., p
,

175
p11 p 22 ... p

p11 p 22 ... p

1 , 2 ,..., , 1 , 2 ,..., .
2 p121 p 222 ... p 2

2 p12 1 p 22 2 ... p 2 .

,
(, ) p11 p 22 ... p , i min{ i , i } , i 1,2,...,

( 2 , 2 ) p1d1 p 2d 2 ... p d , d i min{2 i ,2 i } , i 1,2,..., .

, d i min{2 i ,2 i } 2 min{ i , i } 2i , i 1,2,..., . , :

( 2 , 2 ) p121 p 222 ... p 2 p11 p 22 ... p

( , )
2

16. (, ) 1 ,
. ,
p11 p 22 ... p

q11 q 22 ...q

(1)

p1 , p 2 ,..., p , q1 , q 2 ,..., q , ,
1 , 2 ,..., , 1 , 2 ,..., .
,

p11 p 22 ... p q11 q 22 ...q

(2)

,
1 , 2 ,..., , 1 , 2 ,..., ,
a i 2 i

j 2 j , 1 , 2 ,..., , 1 , 2 ,..., N * .

, (1),

p12 1 p 22 2 ... p 2 p11 p 22 ... p

q121 q 222 ...q 2 q11 q 22 ...q

N *

N * .

176

5.1
5.2 C

1. z (2 3) (6 )i , :
) 6 0 , 6
) 2 3 0 ,

2.

3
.
2

) :
x y 3
( x y ) ( x y )i 3 i
( x, y ) (1,2)
x y 1

) :
3x 2 x 6 2
3x 2 x 6 ( x 2 3)i 2 i
x 2 3 1

(1)

:
x 2 3 1 x 2 4 x 2 x 2 .

x 2 , x 2
(1).
) :
9 54
3x 2 y 9 x
9 27i (3x 2 y ) yi

3
27 y
y 27

45
x
( x, y ) (15,27)

3
y 27

178

3.
y
5
4

3+4i

x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

-2i

2
1

1+i

0
-1
-2

2 3

-3

4.

-4
-5

3-4i

) z 0 yi . , z M (0, y ) ,
y y .
) z x 0i . , z M (x,0) ,
x x .
) z x xi . , z M ( x, x) ,
y x , 1 3
.

5.

) ( 4 6i ) (7 2i) ( 4 7) (6 2)i 3 4i
) (3 2i ) (6 4i ) (3 6) (2 4)i 3 6i
) (3 4i) (8 7i) (5 3i) (3 8 5) (4 7 3)i 0 0i 0
) (3 2i)(4 5i) 3 4 3 5i 4 2i 2 5i 2 12 10 15i 8i 2 23i
) 3i (6 i) 3 6i 3i 2 3 18i
) (4 3i)(4 3i ) 4 2 (3i ) 2 16 9 i 2 16 9(1) 16 9 25
) i(3 i )(2 i) i(6 3i 2i i 2 ) i(6 1 i) 7i i 2 1 7i .

6. )

1(1 i )
1
1 i 1 i 1 1

i
1 i (1 i)(1 i) 1 i 2 1 1 2 2

i 6 i 4 i 2 1(1) 1 1 0i

i 2 2i 1 1 2i 1 0 2i

179

)
)

(1 i 3 ) 2 1 2i 3 i 2 3 1 3 2 3i 2 2 3i

3 i (3 i) (2 i) 6 i 2 5i 5 5i 5(1 i )

2 2

1 i
2 i (2 i)(2 i )
4 1
5
2 i
6 i 2
1 i 2

(6 i 2 ) (1 i 2 )

(1 i 2 ) (1 i 2 )

6 2i 2 7 2i
1 2i

6 2 7 2i 4 7

2i .
1 2
3 3

7. ) :
(3 2i ) 2 ( x iy ) x yi 9 12i 4i 2 x yi x yi
9 4 x 12i x (5 2 x) 12i 0

, 12 0 .
2

1 1 2i
1 i
) :
1 . :

i
1
1 1 2i

1
1
1 i
2i
x iy
x iy
x yi

1
2i

x yi

2i
5

2
5

1
.
5

) :
(3 2i )(2 x iy ) 2(2 x iy ) 2i 1 (3 2i)(2 x iy ) 2(2 x iy ) 1 2i

(1 2i)(2 x iy ) (1 2i )
2 x iy 1

8.

)
)

1
2

y 0.

i 6 i16 i 26 i 36 i 46 i 56 i 2 i 0 i 2 i 0 i 2 i 0 0 .

1
i

11

1
i

41

1
i

75

1
i

1023

1
i

1
i

1
i

1
i

1 1 2
2i .
i i i

180

9.

) z 5 7i z 5 7i
) z 4 9i z 4 9i
) z 4i

z 4i

) z 11

z 11

) z i

z i

) z 0

z 0 .

10. M ( x, y ) z x yi ,
z x yi M 1 ( x, y ) , z x yi
M 2 ( x, y ) , ,
z x yi
y
M 3 ( x, y ) . ,
M(x,y)
M3(-x,y)
z
z
:
z z
x
x
x x .
z
z
z z
M1(x,-y)
M2(-x,-y)
O(0,0) :
y
z z
y y .
5 9i 5 9i 5 9i 5 9i

7 4i 7 4i 7 4i 7 4i
.
z1 z 2
.

11. :

z1 z 2

12. z x yi :
) z z 6i x yi x yi 6i 2 yi 6i yi 3i y 3 .
,
y 3 .
)

z 2 z 2 ( x yi) 2 ( x yi) 2 ( x yi) 2 ( x yi) 2 0

( x yi x yi)( x yi x yi) 0
2 x 2 yi 0

x 0

y 0 .

181

, y y
x x .
)

z 2 z 2 ( x yi ) 2 ( x yi ) 2

x 2 ( yi ) 2 2 xyi ( x 2 y 2 i 2 2 xyi)
x 2 y 2 2 xyi x 2 y 2 2 xyi

2( x 2 y 2 ) 0
y x .

,
.
)

z 2 z x yi 2 ( x yi)
x yi (2 x) yi
x 2 x

y y
x 1, y R

z 1 yi .

,
x 1.

13. )

x 2 3x 2 0 x

3 9 8 3 1

x 2 x 1.
2
2

x 2 2x 3 0 x

2 i 8 2(1 2 )

1 i 2
2
2

1
1 i 3
x 1 x 2 1 x x 2 x 1 0 x
.
x
2

14. 2 x 2 x 0
3 2i , 3 2i ,
:

x1 x 2 2 6 2 12

26
x x
13
1 2 2

182

1.

i ( i )( i ) ( ) ( )i

. :
i ( i)( i )
2 2

zR 0 0

2.

z 2

3.

1
z z
2

5.

0 .

10

(2i )10 210 i 10 210 i 2 210 .

(1 i) 20 (1 i) 20 (1 i ) 20 210 .

(1 i ) 20 (1 i ) 20 0 .

1
2 .
1
2

(1 i ) 20 (1 i ) 2

4.

2 i 3 1 i 3 2 i 3 1 i 3 1

.
2
2
2
2

(1 i ) 2 11 2i 2i ,

1 3 2 3i 2 i 3

, :
4
2
z2 z

A i i i

1
i

. :

4 ,

i 1 ,

A 11 2

4 1 , i i ,

1
Ai i i 0
i

4 2 , i 1 ,

A 11 2

4 3 , i i ,

A i

1
i i 0 .
i

) z x yi :
z z 2 x yi ( x yi ) 2

x yi x 2 y 2 2 xyi

x yi x 2 ( yi) 2 2 xyi

( x 2 y 2 x) (2 x 1) yi 0

183

(2 x 1) y 0
2
x y 2 x 0

2 x 1 0 y 0
2
x y 2 x 0

2 x 1 0 , x

(1)
(2)

1
, (2) :
2

1
1
3
3
y2 0 y2 y
.
4
2
4
2

1
3
1
3

i z
i.
2
2
2
2

y 0 , (2) :
x 2 x 0 x( x 1) 0 x 0 x 1 .

z0

z 1 .

) z x yi , :
z z 3 x yi ( x yi ) 3 x yi x 3 3x 2 yi 3 x( yi) 2 ( yi ) 3
x yi x 3 3x 2 yi 3 xy 2 y 3 i
x yi ( x 3 3 xy 2 ) (3 x 2 y 2 ) yi

x 3 3xy 2 x
x( x 2 3 y 2 1) 0

(3x 2 y 2 ) y y
y (3x 2 y 2 1) 0
x 0 x 2 3 y 2 1 0

y (3 x 2 y 2 1) 0

x 0 , (2) :
y (1 y 2 ) 0 y 0 y 1 .

z 0 z i z i .

x 2 3 y 2 1 , (2) :
y[3(3 y 2 1) y 2 1] y (8 y 2 4) 0 y 0 .

x 2 1 , x 1 x 1 z 1 z 1 .

(1)
(2)

184

6.

z x yi , :
z z x yi x yi ( x yi) 2 ( x yi) 2

z z x yi x yi
x 2 ( yi) 2

x 2 ( yi) 2 2 xyi x 2 ( yi) 2 2 xyi 2( x 2 y 2 )

.
2
x2 y2
x y2

, 2

2( x 2 y 2 )
x2 y2

2( x 2 y 2 )
x2 y2

2 1

2 . :

x2 y2
x2 y2

( x 2 y 2 ) x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2

x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 0 2 x 2

2
0 2 y 2
x y 2 x 2 y 2

. .

7.

:
( i ) 2 2 2 2i z ( i ) 2 2 2 2i z .

( i )10 ( i )10 ( i ) 2

( i) z
5

2 5

( z ) 5 z 5 z 5 0 .

:
i i ( i ) . :
( i )10 ( i ) 10 ( i ) 10 i 10 ( i )10 ( i )10 ( i )10 0 .

8.

) : z z x yi x yi 2 yi 0 y 0 z R
z z x yi x yi 2 x 0 x 0 z
) u u v v .
:

z1

z1

z2

1
z2

185

z 2 z1
1 1

z z
z z2
z z
z z
u 1 2 1
1 2 1 2 u .

1
1
1
z
z
1 z 1 z 2
1 z1 z 2
1 2
1
z1 z 2
z1 z 2
z 2 z1
1 1

z1 z 2
z1 z 2
z z
( z1 z 2 )
v

1 2
v .
1 1 z 1 z 2 1 1 z 1 z 2
1 z1 z 2
1
z1 z 2
z1 z 2

9.

) z x yi .

y
x
1
i . :

z x2 y2 x2 y2

x
1
Re z 5 Re( z ) x 2
5x
x y2
z
1

x 2
40 x 0
x y2

1
x2 y2

x 0

1
x 2 y 2 .
2

, y y O(0,0)
1
O(0,0) .
2
) :
y
1
Im z 3Im( z ) y 2 2 3 y
z
x y

4y

y
x y2
2

1
y 4 2
x y2

y 0

1
x y2
2

4
2

1
y 0 x 2 y 2 .
2

186

, x x O(0,0)
1
O(0,0) .
2

5.3

1. :
|1 i | 12 12 2 |1 i | , | z || z |
|3 4i | 3 2 4 2 25 5 |3 4i |
| 5i | 0 2 (5) 2 25 5
1 i |1 i |

1 , |1 i ||1 i |
1 i |1 i |

| 4| 4 ,

| (1 i) 2 (1 i) 4 ||1 i | 2 |1 i | 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 8
2

| (2 i ) (1 2i ) | 2 i ||1 2i | 2 2 (1) 2 12 2 2 5 5 5 5

3 i
|3 i |
3 2 12
10
10

.
2
2
4 3i | 4 3i |
5
25
4 (3)

2.
2

| (1 i ) 2 ||1 i | 2 2 2
2

|1 i |
1 i
1 i
12 1

i
1
1
|
1
|

|1 i |
1 i
1 i
12 1

i
1
|
1
|
1
i

i
| i |
i

12 1

|
|

187

3. )
| z 2 | z 2 | z | 2 z 2 zz z 2 z ( z z ) 0

z 0 z z

z R

) : | z 1| z , z ,
| z 1| . z x , x 0 ,
:
| z 1| z | x 1| x

x 1 x

x 1 x

1
x .
2

1
z .
2

z x yi , :

| z 1| z | ( x 1) yi | x yi ( x 1) 2 y 2 x yi
1
( x 1) 2 y 2 x
| x 1| x x

2 .
y 0
y 0
y 0

1
z .
2

) : | z i | 2 z , 2 z .
z x , x 0 , :
| z i | 2 z | x i | 2 x x 2 1 2 x x 2 1 4 x 2
3 x 2 1 x 2

1
3

3
,
3

x0

3
.
3

3).

4. ) | z |1 , z O(0,0) 1. , z
=1,
x 2 y 2 1 .

188

) | z i |1 , z i (
(0,1)) 1. , z
(0,1) 1 , : x 2 ( y 1) 2 1 .
) , | z 1 2i | 3 , | z (1 2i )| 3 , z
1 2i 3. , z
K (1, 2) 3 ,
( x 1) 2 ( y 2) 2 9 .

) 1| z | 2 , z
O(0,0) 1 1 2 2 .
) | z | 2 , z
O(0,0) =2 .

5. )
| z 1|| z 2i || z (1) || z 2i | .

, z 1 0i 0 2i ,
A(1,0) B (0,2) . z
.
)
| z i || z 1|| z i || z (1)| .

, z i,
1 0i . z
,
(0, 1) (1, 0) .

1 xi |1 xi | 1 x 2
1 xi
, | z |

1 . | z |1 ,

x i
x i | x i|
x 2 1
z .

6.

7. | z 4i | 2 M (z )
K (0,4) 2.
K (0,4) 2 .

189

2 (. 199),
z1 2i

z 2 6i .

(0,6)
(0,4)
(0,2)
O

8. :
| w 1|| 2 z || w 1| 2| z || w 1| 2 .

, w (1,0)
=2.

9. :
z1 x1 y1i z 2 x 2 y 2 i . :
z1 z 2 ( x1 x 2 ) ( y1 y 2 )i

z1 z 2 ( x1 x 2 ) ( y y 2 )i .

:
| z1 z 2 | 2 | z1 z 2 | 2 ( x1 x 2 ) 2 ( y1 y 2 ) 2 ( x1 x 2 ) 2 ( y1 y 2 ) 2
2( x12 y12 ) 2( x 22 y 22 ) 2| z1 | 2 2| z 2 | 2 .

:
:
| z1 z 2 | 2 | z1 z 2 | 2 ( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 ) ( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 )
z1 z1 z1 z 2 z 2 z1 z 2 z 2 z1 z1 z1 z 2 z 2 z1 z 2 z 2
2 z1 z1 2 z 2 z 2
2| z1 | 2 2| z 2 | 2 .

1. z x yi , :
2 | z | 2 x 2 y 2 2( x 2 y 2 ) | Re( z )| | Im( z )|| x | | y | .

190
2 | z || Re( z )| | Im( z ) 2( x 2 y 2 ) | x | | y |
2( x 2 y 2 ) x 2 y 2 2| x | | y | x 2 y 2 2| x | | y |

| x | 2 | y | 2 2| x | | y | 0 | x | | y |2 0 ,

2. :
w w w
z 1
z 1

z 1
z 1
( z 1)( z 1) ( z 1)( z 1)

zz z z 1 zz z z 1
2 zz 2
zz 1
| z | 2 1
| z |1 .

3.

:
wR w w

1
1
z z
z
z
z 2 z z zz 2 z
zz ( z z ) ( z z ) 0
( zz 1)( z z ) 0
zz 1 z z
| z |1

4.

zR .

:
w w w

z i ( z i )

iz
iz

izz z z 2 i izz z z 2 i
2z 2z
z z
z

191
5.

z x yi , z O(0,0)
1, | z |1 , , x 2 y 2 1 . , :

| w|

2 z i | 2 z i | | 2 x (2 y 1)i |

iz 2 |iz 2| | ( y 2) xi |

4 x 2 (2 y 1) 2
(2 y ) 2 x 2

4( x 2 y 2 ) 4 y 1
(x 2 y 2 ) 4 y 4

4 x 2 4 y 2 4 y 1
4 y 2 4y x 2
4 1 4 y 1
1 4 y 4

1 .

6. :
| 2 z 1|| z 2|| 2 z 1| 2 | z 2| 2
(2 z 1)(2 z 1) ( z 2)( z 2)

4 zz 2 z 2 z 1 zz 2 z 2 z 4
3 zz 3
zz 1
| z | 2 1| z |1 .

, z .
7. :

A (1 z )(1 z ) (1 z )(1 z )

M(z)

1 z z zz 1 z z zz
2(1 zz )
2(1 | z | 2 )

K(-1)

(1) x

22 4 .
,
z, 1 1, , :

|1 z | 2 MK 2 ,

|1 z | 2 M2 4 K2 .

, |1 z | 2 |1 z | 2 4 , ,
MK 2 M2 K2 ,
.
,
.

192
8. z x yi , :

| z 1|| z 4i ||( x 1) yi || x ( y 4)i |

(-1,0) O

( x 1) 2 y 2 x 2 ( y 4) 2

2 x 1 8 y 16

1 15
y x .
4
8

15 60
, )
34 34

(0,-4)

,
1 15
: y x
4
8
.
y 4 x

y 4 x
15 60

1 15 , , .
34 34
y 4 x 8

9. z1 x1 y1i z 2 x 2 y 2 i . M 1

x 2 y 2 4 2
x12 y12 16 .

, z 2 z1

(1)

4
:
z1

x 2 y 2 i x1 y1i

x 2 y 2 i x1 y1i

4
x1 y1i
4( x1 y1i)

x12 y12

x 2 y 2 i x1 y1i

4( x1 y1i)
16

x 2 y 2 i x1 y1i

x1 y1
i
4 4

5 x1 3 y1i

.
4
4
3y
y 2 1 ,
4
4x2
4y
y1 2
x1
5
3

( (1))

x2 y2i

, x 2

5 x1
4

(2)

193
x1 y1 (1) :
2

16 x 22 16 y 22
x2 y2
4x2 4 y2

16 2 2 1 .

16
25
9
25 9
5 3

, M 2 2 10
E (4,0) , E (4,0) .

10. )

| z |1| z | 2 1 zz 1 z

1
z

) | z1 || z 2 || z 3 |... | z |1
z1

1
1
1
1
, z 2 , z 3 ,..., z
.
z1
z2
z3
z

1 1
1
...
| z1 z 2 ... z |
z1 z 2
z

z1 z 2 ... z
| z1 z 2 ... z |

( | z || z | ).

5.4

1.

2
12 ( 3 ) 2 4 2
.
3
2

.
3

1 3i 2 i
3
3

194

2
12 ( 3 ) 2 4 2
.
3

. :
3

1 3i 2 i .
3

2
(1) 2 ( 3 ) 2 4 2
.
3

4

. :
3 3
4
4

1 3i 2 i .
3
3

2
(1) 2 ( 3 ) 2 2
.
3

2

. :
3 3
2
2

1 3i 2 i .
3
3

4 41 ( 0 i 0) .

4 4( i ) .

2. )

4(15 0 i15 0 ) 6(30 0 i30 0 ) 24( 45 0 i 45 0 )

2 i 2
12 2 12 2i
24

2
2

195
)

3
3

5 i 2 i 10 i 10(0 1i ) 10i
8
8
8
8
2
2

2
2
3
3
5
5

i i 11 i
10
10
10
10
10
10

i 0 i 1 i .
2
2

3. :

1 i 3 5 5 3

i
5( 60 0 i 60 0 ) 5
2 2 2
2
5(100 i100 )

25(160 0 i160 0 )
0

5
5

6 i
6
6
5
5

6 i

6 3
6 3

i
3
3

6 i 60 6i 1 6i
2
2

7(130 0 i130 0 )

1
( (150 0 ) i(150 0 ))
14( (20 ) i(-20 )) 2
0

1 3 1
3 1

i
i.
2 2
2
4 4

4. de Moivre :

(2(20 0 i 20 0 )) 3 2 3 ((3 20 0 ) i(3 20 0 ))

1
3
8( 60 0 i 60 0 ) 8
i 4 4 3i
2 2

5
5

5
5
8
3( i 3 8 i 8
4
4
4

38 (5 2 ) i(5 2 ) 38 (1 i 0) 38

196
16

i 4 i 4 1 .
4
4

1 i

5.

2
1 i

6. z

2
2

i
i .
2
2
4
4

i
4
4

3
3
i i (1) i .
2
2

1 i 3
, z i . :
2
3
3

z 2000 2000 i 2000

3
3

2
2

333 2 i 333 2
3
3

2
2 1 i 3 1 i 3
i

2
2
3
3 2

7. z1 3 i 2 i , z1 2 i .
6
6
6
6

z1 z 2 z1 z1 z1 z1 2 2

2
.
6
6

8. z ( i) . i i ,
2
2
z i z

.
2

9. :
z 1 i 3 (1 i 3 )(1 i)
3 1
3 1
.

i
w 1 i
(1 i)(1 i )
2
2

, z 2 i w 2 i . :
3
3
4
4

(1)

197

2 i
3
3

2 i 2 i 2
12
12
12
12

2 i
4
4

, (1) (2), :

2 ( 3 1)

3 1

3 1

2
12
4
2 2

12
2 ,
.

2 ( 3 1)
3 1

3 1

2 12 2
12
4
2 2

10.

z x yi , :
z 2 z x 2 y 2 2 xyi x yi

x 2 y 2 x

2 xy y

x 2 y 2 x 0

y (2 x 1) 0

2 3
y 4
x 2 x 0

y 0
x 1

2
1
1

x 2
x 2
z 0 x 1



y 0
y 3
y 3
2
2

x 2 y 2 x 0

1
y 0 x
2

1
3
1
3
z 3 i
.
, z1 1 , z 2 i
2
2
2
2

z1 :
| z1 |1

Argz1 0

| z 2 |1

Argz 2

| z 3 |1

Argz 3

z 2 :
2
3

, z 3 :

z2 z3 .

4
,
3

(2)

198

1 i (1 i )

1. ) w

1 i (1 i )
1. w
1 i
w1

1 i
w1

(1 i ) 2
(1 i )(1 i )
(1 ) 2 2 2i (1 )
(1 ) 2 2
1 2 2 2 2i (1 )
1 2 2 2

2 2 2 2i (1 )
2 2

2 (1 ) 2i (1 )
2(1 )

2(1 )( i )
i .
2(1 )

,
w w1 ( i ) i .

, w 1 .
)

:
2 2 i 2

2 2 i 2

100

1

1

2
i
2
2
i
2

2
2
2
2

100

1 i
4
4

1 i
4
4

100
()

100
100
i
25 i25 1 .
4
4

199
2. )

1 i 2 i 1 i 2 i .
4
4
4
4

(1 i) (1 i) 2 i 2
i

4
4
4
4

2 , Z
4
4

4 , Z .

1 i 1 i ( )

i i 2 ,
f ()

4
4
4

4
4
2 2

f ( 4) 2

( 4)

2 2 f () .
4
4
4

f ( 4) f () 0 .

3. OM 1 OM 2
z1 z 2 , :

| z1 z 2 || z1 | | z 2 ||OM 1 OM 2 ||OM 1 | |OM 2 |

OM 1 OM 2 ( 15 . 48)
Argz1 Argz 2 .

4. z x yi . :

) z i x ( y 1)i ,
x 0
x 0
x 0

Arg ( z i ) y 1
.
y 1 3
3
6

y
x 1

6 x
x
3
3

200
3
x 1 , x 0 .
3

, y
)

z 1 x 1 yi ,
Arg ( z 1)

y 0
y x 1

y
.

4
y 0
x 1 4

, y x 1 , x 1 .
)

x yi
x 2 y ( y 1)
z
x

i ,
z i x ( y 1)i x ( y 1) 2 x 2 ( y 1) 2

2
2

x 2 y 2 y 0 x 2 y 1 1

2 2 .

x 0

x 0
y
,

z
Arg

z i 2

1
K (0, )
2

1 1
x y , x 0 .
2 2

5. :
| z 2 5i | 2 | z (2 5i) | 2 .

, (1)
C K (2,5)
2 .
OM 1 OM 2
C .

(1)
y

K(-2,5)

M1

M
M2

OM ,
,

x x OM 1 ,

x
-2

201

OM 2 . , z
(1) z1
M 1 z 2
M 2 . y y C M 1 z1 5i .
z 2 :
OM 2 y x, R , C,

y x
( )
( x 2) 2 ( y 5) 2 4

. :
y x
y x
( )
2
2
2
( x 2) ( x 5) 4
( 1) x 2 2(5 2) x 25 0

(1)
( 2)

, (2) ,

4(5 2) 2 4 25( 2 1) 0 10 21 0

21
20

100 105
( x, y )
,
.
29 29
100 105

i.
, z 2
29 29

6. z i z (- ) i(- ) . :
z z 2
z z 2i .

7. )
| w||( 3 i) z || 3 i || z | 3 2 (_1) 2 1 4 2 .

202
, w O(0,0)
2 .

) | w| 2 Argw ,
4

2
2

w 2 i 2
i
2 i 2
2
4
4 2

8.
2
1 2
3
1 2

(1)

Im( z )

2
1 2

0 .

(2)

1 2

, (1) :
2
1

3 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 0 3

, (2),

9.

1
3

1
3

3
,
3

3
. :
3

3
1
2
1
3
3
3

i
i
.
2
1
1
2
2
3 1
1
3
3
3
3
3

f ( x) 0 xR 0 .
:

0 (2| z1 z 2 |) 2 41(1 | z1 | 2 )(1 | z 2 | 2 ) 0

| z1 z 2 | 2 (1 | z1 | 2 )(1 | z 2 | 2 )
( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 ) (1 z1 z1 )(1 z 2 z 2 )
( z1 z 2 )( z1 z 2 ) 1 z 2 z 2 z1 z1 z1 z 2 z1 z 2
z1 z1 z1 z 2 z 2 z1 z 2 z 2 1 z 2 z 2 z1 z1 z1 z 2 z1 z 2
1 z1 z 2 z1 z 2 z1 z 2 z1 z 2 0 (1 z1 z 2 ) z1 z 2 (1 z1 z 2 ) 0

203
(1 z1 z 2 )(1 z1 z 2 ) 0 (1 z1 z 2 )(1 z1 z 2 ) 0
|1 z1 z 2 | 2 0 ,

5.5 C

1. )
z

2
2
i
,
3
3

z1

0,1,2 ,

3
1
z 0 1 , z1 i
,
2
2

z0=1
x

1
3
.
z2 i
2
2

z2

)
2
2
z
i
,
4
4

z1

0,1,2,3 ,

z 0 1 , z1 i , z 2 1 ,

z0=1
x

z2
O

z 3 i .

z3

)
z

2
2
i
,
6
6

z 0 1 ,

z2

0,1,2,3,4,5 ,
1
3
z1 i
,
2
2

1
3
1
3
z2 i
, z 3 1 , z 4 i
,
2
2
2
2

z3

z1

z0=1
x

z4

z5

204
1
3
z5 i
.
2
2

204
2. )

z 3 i z 3

3
3
i . ,
2
2

2
2
z

2
2
i

0,1,2

z 0 i i
2
2

3 1
7
7
z1 i i
i
6
6
2 2
6
6

3 1
11
11
z 2
i.
i
i
6
6 2 2
6
6

4
4

2
2

4
4

3
3
i
z 16 i z 4 16

3
3
4
4

3 2
3 2
z 2
i
,
6
6

0,1,2,3

5
5

2
2

5
5

6 i
6
) z 5 243 i z 5 243

6
6
5
5

2 5
2 5
z 3
i
,
30
30

3. ) ,

2 (1 i )
2
2

i
i .
2
2
2
4
4

0,1,2,3,4 .

205

2
2

4
4
i
z 1

3
3

8 i 8 ,

12
12

0,1,2 ,

z 0 i
12

12

2
2
3
3
z1 i
i
4
4
2
2

5
5
17
17
.
z 2
i
i
12
12
12
12

1 i 3 1
3
5
5
. ,
i
i
2
2
2
3
3

2
3
z

2
3
i

0,1,2,3 .

z 6 64( i ) . ,

2
2
z 6 64
i

6
6

(2 1)
(2 1)

2
i
,
6
6

0,1,2,3,4,5 .

4. )
z 3 3z 2 4 z 8 z 3 3z 2 4 z 8 0 . Horner
z 1 :
( z 1)( z 2 4 z 8) 0 z 1 z

4 i 4
2 2i .
2

) z 4 5 z 2 4 0 , , z 2 w
:
w 2 5w 4 0 w

5 9
w 4 w 1 .
2

206
w 4 , z 2 4 , z 2i z 2i
w 1 , z 2 1 , z i z i .
5. 3x 3 10 x 2 7 x 10 0 ,
2 i , 2 i .
( x 2 i )( x 2 i ) x 2 4 x 5 .
3x 2 0.
:
(3 x 2)( x 2 4 x 5) 0 3 x 2 0 x 2 4 x 5 0
2
x
x 2 i .
3

w 3 1 ,

6.

1 w w 2

w 3 1
0 ,
w 1

1 w 2 w

1 w w 2 . , :
(1 w w 2 )(1 w w 2 ) (2 w)(2 w 2 ) 4 w 3 4 , w 3 1

7. :
1 x x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 0

x 6 1
0
x 1

x 6 1 0 x 6 1

x 1
x 1

:
x

2
2
i
,
6
6

1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ,

, 0 , x 0 1 , .
8. :

z 3 3z 2 3 z 9 0 z 2 ( z 3) 3( z 3) 0
( z 3)( z 2 3) 0 z 3 0 z 2 3 0

z 3 z i 3 .

A(3,0) , B(0, 3 ) , (0, 3 ) 3,

i 3

i 3

AB B A 2 3 .

207

1. ) z 3 1 i z 3 2 i
4

2
2
4 i
4 ,
z 6 2

3
3

0,1,2 .

( z 1) 3 (1 i )( z 1) 3

(1)

z 1 ,
3

z 1

1 i .
z 1

(2)

z 1
w ,
z 1

(3)

(2)
w 3 1 i .

, (),

2
2

4 i
4
w 6 2

3
3

0,1,2 .

, (3),
z 1
w z 1 zw w
z 1
z (1 w) 1 w

1 w
,
1 w

, :

( 4)

w 1 .

(4)

208

2
2

1 w
4
4
6
z
, w 2
i

1 w
3
3

2. :

0,1,2 .

z 6 2 z 5 2 z 4 2 z 3 z 2 ( z 1) 2 0

z 6 2 z 5 2 z 4 2 z 3 2 z 2 2 z 1 0
z 6 2( z 5 z 4 z 3 z 2 z 1) 1 0
z6 2

z 6 1
1 0
z 1

( z 1 )
z 7 z 6 z 1 0, z 1

z 6 ( z 1) ( z 1) 0, z 1
( z 1)( z 6 1) 0, z 1 .

, z 1 ( z 6 1 , z 1 ). z 1 , :
z 6 1 0 ( z 3 1)( z 3 1)
( z 1)( z 2 z 1)( z 1)( z 2 z 1) 0
z 2 z 1 0 z 1 0 z 2 z 1 0
z

1 i 3
2

z 1

1 i 3
2

, :
1 (),

1 i 3
2

1 i 3
.
2

z 1 . ,
Horner, :
( z 1)( z 5 z 4 z 3 z 2 z 1) 0 z 1 0 z 5 z 4 z 3 z 2 z 1 0

z 1 0

z 6 1
0
z 1

209
z 1
z 1

( z 6 1 z 1 )

z 1 () z

2
2
i
,
6
6

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

1 i 3
1 i 3
z
.
2
2

3. :
z 7 1 0 z 7 1 i z z ,

0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,

2
2

z
i
.
7
7

z 0 i ,
7
7

z4 z2 ,

z1

3
3
i ,
7
7

z 5 z1 ,

z 2

5
5
i
7
7

z6 z0 .

z 3 i 1 ,

z 7 1
z 7 1 ( z 1)( z 6 z 5 z 4 z 3 z 2 z 1)

(1)

z 7 1 ( z z 0 )( z z1 )( z z 2 )( z z 3 )( z z 4 )( z z 5 )( z z 6 )
( z z 0 )( z z1 )( z z 2 )( z 1)( z z 2 )( z z1 )( z z 0 )
( z 1) ( z z 0 )( z z 0 )( z z1 )( z z1 )( z z 2 )( z z 2 )

(2)

(1) (2) :
z 6 z 5 z 4 z 3 z 2 z 1 ( z z 0 )( z z 0 )( z z1 )( z z1 )( z z 2 )( z z 2 ) .

. ,
( z z 0 )( z z 0 )

210
( z z 0 )( z z 0 ) z 2 ( z 0 z 0 ) z z 0 z 0

z 2 2 z 1 .
7
( z z1 )( z z1 ) z 2 ( z1 z1 ) z z1 z1

z 2 2 z

3
1
7

( z z 2 )( z z 2 ) z 2 ( z 2 z 2 ) z z 2 z 2

z 2 2 z

5
1 .
7

4.
( z 2 1) 2 z 3 z 0 ( z 2 1) 2 z ( z 2 1) 0 ( z 2 1)( z 2 z 1) 0

z 2 1 0 z 2 z 1 0
z 2 1 0 ( z 3 1 , z 1 )
z i z z ,

2
2
i
, z 1 .
3
3

, , z 16 2 z 14 1 0
. :
z i :
z 16 2 z 14 1 i 16 2i 14 11 2 1 0 .
, i z 16 2 z 14 1 0 .
, i, i
. , i i
.

z , 3 1 , :
16 214 1 15 212 2 1
2 2 1 (1 2 ) 2 0 2 2 0

, ,
.
, , i i .

211
5. :

: z 7 z 3 1
z 4 ( z z ) 3 1 z 4 (| z | 2 ) 3 1 z 4 | z | 6 1 .

(1)

:
z 4 | z | 6 |1|| z | 4 | z | 6 1| z |10 1| z | 2 1 zz 1 ( zz ) 3 1 .

(1) :
z 4 ( zz ) 3 1 z 4 1 z 1 z i .

:
z ( i ) z .

7 (7 i7 ) 3 ((-3 ) i(-3 )) 1 10 (4 i4 ) 1
1 4 2 , Z
1

, Z .
2

,
z 0 1 ,
z 2 i 1

z1 i i ,
2
2

z 3

3
3
i i .
2
2

6. . (1 i ) p(1 i ) ,

(1 i )
(1 i )

7. )

. | p |

(1 i )

|1 i |
1 i
1 i
1 1 .

1
1
|
1
|

i
(1 i )

:
x1 x 2

(2)
4
2 x1 x 2 4 .
1
1

,
x12 x 22 ( x1 x 2 ) 2 2 x1 x 2 2 2 2 4 4

x12 x 22 ( x1 x 2 ) 2 16

212
) x 2 px q 0 1 x12 2 x 22
:
p ( 1 2 ) ( x12 x 22 ) 4

q 1 2 x12 x 22 16 .

8. ) 2 z 2 2 z (5 4 2 ) 0
z :

(2 ) 2 4 2 (5 4 2 )
4 2 (1 5 4 2 ) 4 2 (4 4 2 )

16 2 (1 4 2 ) (4 ) 2 0 .

:
z1, 2

2 i 4 1 2i
1

2i .

2 2

, , ,
2 2

, 2 . , :
( x, y )

1
2
1

x
x
2

2
y 2
y 2 4

1
2
x
2

2
.
2
y
4 2

y 2 1 2 2

1 . ,
12 2 2 2 2

x2

x2
1

y2
22

1 .

9.
x 9 x 5 x 4 1 0 x 5 ( x 4 1) x 4 1 0

( x 4 1)( x 5 1) 0 x 4 1 0

(1) x 5 1 0

(2)

x 4 1 0 ( x 2 1)( x 2 1) 0 x 2 1 x 2 1 x 1 x i

213
x 5 1 0 x 5 1 x 5 i

2
2
i
, 0,1,2,3,4 .
5
5

1. )

1 1 (1 z ) ( z 1)
1 1

1 z z
z
z

f
1 1
1 1
z


z z
z z
( z 1) ( z 1)
zz
( z 1)( z 1)

f ( z) .

(z z)
zz
zz

:
f ( z)

z z z z 1 2 x 2 2 y 2 2 yi 1 2 x 2 2 y 2 1 y

i.
2 x
2x
x
zz

:
Re( f ( z )) 0 2 x 2 2 y 2 1 0 2 x 2 2 y 2 1

, M ( x, y )

2.

x2
1

x2
1

z x yi , w w1

y2
1

y2
1

1 .

1 ,

214
1
z zi i

1
x yi ( x yi)i i

1
( x y ) ( x y )i i

x y

x y

x 2 y 2 1 .

3. )

z x yi ,
x 2
x 2

y 3( x 2) 1 y 3 x 7 .

y 3 1 y 3 1

, z y 3x 7 .
)

:
w z 1 i w ( 3) 3i .

, w x yi , :
x 3 x 3

y 3( x 3) y 3x 9 .

y 3
y 3

, w
y 3x 9 .
() : y 3x 7 O(0,0)
O(0,0) . 1 ,
1
1
. , y x . ,
3
3
.
y 3x 7

y 3 x

215
21 7
( x, y ) , . ,
10 10
21 7
A , .
10 10
4. ) z x yi ,

| 2 z 1|| z i || (2 x 1) 2 yi || x ( y 1)i |

(2 x 1) 2 (2 y ) 2 x 2 ( y 1) 2

4 x 4 x 1 4 y x y 2 y 1 0
2

-2/3

3x 4 x 3 y 2 y 0
2

1/3

2
2
2
2

1 1 2 1
2 2
x 2 2 x y 2 2 y
3 3 3 3
3 3

2
2
2 1 5
.
x y
3 3 3

, z


5
2 1
K ,
.
3
3 3

y
y 2 4 x

O
)

z x yi ,

| z 1|1 Re( z ) | ( x 1) yi |1 x
( x 1) 2 y 2 1 x
y 2 4 x

1 x 0

( x 1) 2 y 2 (1 x ) 2

1 x 0

y 2 4x .

,
y 2 4 x .
5. z x iy ,

1,2,..., ,

216
z1 z 2 ... z ( x1 x 2 ... x ) i ( y1 y 2 ... y )

, z1 z 2 ... z 0 ,
x1 x 2 ... x 0 y1 y 2 ... y 0
, ,
y
z1 , z 2 ,..., z

y x , R
y
,

( y x )
( y x ),

(1)

()

y1 y 2 ... y ( x1 x 2 ... x )
y1 y 2 ... y ( x1 x 2 ... x ) .

, (1), 0 0 0 0 , .

6. , (1 z ) z ,
:
| (1 z ) || z ||1 z | | z |
|1 z || z |

z x yi ,

x O

1/2 1

x=1/2

| (1 x) yi || x yi |
(1 x) 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
1 2 x 0
x

1
.
2

1
, x .
2

7. ) f ( x) x 2 x , , R 0
, , xR
. f ( ), f ( ) ,
, f ( ) f ( ) 0 , ( 2 )(2 ) 0 .
)

z 2 z1 , :
(az12 z1 )(z 22 z 2 ) (az12 z1 )(z12 z1 )

217
(az12 z1 )(z12 z1 )
| az12 z1 | 2 0 ,

z1 z 2 z .

8. z 1 :
z

2
2
i
,

0,1,2,..., 1 .

1 z1 z 2 ... z 1 0
2( 1) 2
2( 1)
2
4
4

1 ...
i ...
0 .

2( 1)
2
4
...
0

2( 1)
2
4
...
1 .