Dnata Cargo

DNATA Cargo
Pre-Screener (Outsourced)
Self Study Self Study
Airport Operations & Airline Commercial Training

Version 01, July 2009
Dear Team member,
Airport Operations & Airline Commercial Training has designed this self-study material to provide you with certain basic aspects of the Aviation Industry. The topics covered in this self-study are:
Module 1: Fundamentals of Aviation Module 2: Airline Geography Module 3: Cargo and Ramp Operations
Please read through these modules and complete the exercises given at the end of each module. The model answers to these exercises are provided at the end of the book. On the following page, you will find the Learning Outcome as well as the Assessment Criteria on which you will be assessed.
Wish you all the best and look forward to your active involvement in completing this selfstudy material.
A. Kanagaratnam Manager Learning & Development Airport Services & Group Commercial
Learning Outcomes & Assessment Criteria
Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria
Learning Outcome 1.0 Recall information related to the 1.1 fundamentals of aviation 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2.0 Interpret airline geography for air 2.1. itineraries and calculate world 2.2. time for airline operations 2.3.
Assessment Criteria Write the names of the pioneers of aviation Write the year of formation and members of ICAO and IATA List the main offices of IATA and ICAO Identify the five Freedoms of the Air List the advantages of IATA Identify the areas of the world defined by IATA Name the two main ocean bodies associated with IATA geography Recognize commercially important cities on a world map for passengers itineraries
3.0 Associate and distinguish the A Cargo and Ramp Operations functions of the units in airline 3.1 List the main departments of ground operations operations and their related activities 3.2 3.3 Write the functions of Baggage Services, Ramp Services and Operations Services Name the manuals used in Airline Ground Operations
B. Air Cargo 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Explain the definition of the term cargo in relation to travel Define the advantages of air cargo in airline operations List the main document used in air cargo to transport goods Describe the import and export process of air cargo when transporting goods Understand the Aircraft Structural Weight Limitations
Emirates Aviation College
Learning Outcomes & Assessment Criteria
3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13
Understand the importance of Spreader Boards Understand Lashing and Aircraft Locks Name the manuals used in Air Cargo List the modes of payment accepted for air cargo when transporting goods List / Identify the special types of air cargo transported by people
Table Of Contents:
1. Fundamentals of Aviation ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 The History of Aviation ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) ................................................... 2 1.3 Bilateral Agreements & Freedoms of the Air ........................................................... 2 1.3.1 The five Freedoms of Air Service ...................................................................... 3 1.4 International Air Transport Association (IATA) ...................................................... 5 1.4.1 IATA Members .................................................................................................. 5 1.4.2 Main Offices....................................................................................................... 5 1.4.3 Advantages of IATA .......................................................................................... 6 1.4.3.1 To the Travelling Public.................................................................................. 6 1.4.3.2 To the Airline .................................................................................................. 6 1.4.3.3 To the Government.......................................................................................... 6 1.5 Overview of Product Distribution ................................................................................. 7 Practical - Fundamentals of Aviation.............................................................................. 8
2. AIRLINE GEOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 10 2.2 IATA Areas of the world ............................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 Three Letter City/ Airport codes .......................................................................... 10 2.2.2 IATA world map ................................................................................................. 11 2.2.3 IATA world map with areas and sub areas .......................................................... 12 2.2.4 Important Cities with Codes................................................................................. 13 2.2.4 World map of important cities ............................................................................. 14 Practical - Airline Geography ........................................................................................ 15
3 CARGO AND RAMP OPERATIONS ................................................................................... 17 3.1 Ground Operations ...................................................................................................... 17 3.1.1 Baggage Services ................................................................................................. 17 3.1.2 Ramp Services...................................................................................................... 18 3.1.3 Operations Services.............................................................................................. 19 3.1.3.1 Load Control ................................................................................................. 19 3.1.3.2 Dispatch......................................................................................................... 20 3.1.4 Manuals and Publications..................................................................................... 20 PRACTICAL GROUND OPERATIONS ............................................................................... 21 3.2 Cargo ........................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 22 3.2.2 Other Means of Transport .................................................................................... 23 3.2.3 Advantages of Air Cargo...................................................................................... 23
3.3.4 Unit Load Device (ULD) ..................................................................................... 23 3.3.4.1 ULD - Identification ..................................................................................... 24 3.3.5 Export Cargo Process........................................................................................... 24 3.3.7 Import Cargo Process........................................................................................... 26 3.3.8 Responsibility of the Shipper............................................................................... 26 3.3.9 Air cargo Agencies & Competitors...................................................................... 26 3.3.10 Manuals and Publications .................................................................................. 26 3.3.11 Main document involved in the carriage of air-cargo........................................ 27 3.3.12 Mode of Payment............................................................................................... 28 3.3.13 Different types of Special Cargo that can be transported by air ........................ 28 PRACTICAL CARGO ....................................................................................................... 30 4. ANSWERS ...................................................................................................................... 31 Practical 1.Fundamentals of Aviation........................................................................ 31 Practical 2.2 Airline Geography ............................................................................... 33 Practical 3.3 Ground Operations................................................................................ 33 Practical 3.4 Cargo..................................................................................................... 35
Fundamentals of Aviation
Module 1
1. Fundamentals of Aviation
1.1 The History of Aviation
The rapid development of aeronautical science is an important part of the twentieth century. The record of man's patient attempts towards a perfect flight has been a long one. Many who remembered the first powered flight of the Wright brothers were still alive when the supersonic flight was achieved. We invite you to travel through time with us now - through our shortened version of the history of civil aviation.
The first manned flight in history took place on 21st November 1783. The two Montgolfier brothers designed and built a hot air balloon which travelled for five miles across the city of Paris. In 1804 Sir George Cayley, an English gentleman designed the first model aircraft with a mainplane and in 1852, a 10-year old son of one of Sir George's servants was carried into the air by a glider constructed by him at Brampton Hall, in Yorkshire, England. Like most great human success stories, the Wright brothers ultimate triumph at Kitty Hawk on 17th December 1903 was achieved with a great deal of patience, trial and research. Before their first powered flight, the brothers had made over 1000 flights in their No. 3 glider, during which time they became the first aviators to use lateral (rudder) control and turn an aircraft by banking (tilting). Their first powered flight lasted 13 seconds and covered a distance of 60 meters.
1.2 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) was formed in 1944 at a convention in Chicago. ICAO is a United Nations agency with its headquarters in Montreal, Canada. Members of ICAO are Governments only. These member governments have agreed on regulations and certain principles pertaining to Civil Aviation, such as: y To ensure safety of flight in international air navigation. y To provide safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport. y To standardise procedures and documentation. These procedures enforced on member government for implementation through Annexes;. E.g. Pilots licensing, Aircraft registration, Documents required for the Crew, Passengers and Cargo. y To ensure that the rights of contracting governments are fully respected and they have a fair opportunity to operate international airlines. In each country there will be one Civil Aviation Department within the Government to look after the interest of ICAO and oversee the implementation of the standards set by ICAO. ICAO has made provisions for the manner in which international air services may be operated between two countries. These agreements are known as the bilateral air services agreements.
1.3 Bilateral Agreements & Freedoms of the Air

One of the main contributions of ICAO to the airline industry is regulating the air transportation between countries. This is based on the freedoms of air and bilateral agreements between countries which are negotiated agreed and documented frequently.
1.3.1 The five Freedoms of Air Service

Air service rights under bilateral agreements are broken into a series of rights or more commonly known as freedoms of the air.
First Freedom: Right of transit without landing (overflying). The right to fly across the territory of another state without landing (overflying).
Second Freedom: Right of non-traffic stop (Technical Stop) The right to make stops in the territory of another state for non traffic purposes. E.g.: fuelling, technical stops etc.
Third Freedom: Right to transport from Nation A to Nation B The right to put down in the territory of another state, traffic (passengers, cargo and mail) uplifted from the home country.
Fourth Freedom: Right to transport from Nation B to Nation A The right to uplift traffic from a foreign country to the home country.
Fifth Freedom: Right to carry traffic between foreign territories The right to uplift traffic between (both ways) two foreign countries.
1.4 International Air Transport Association (IATA)

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is an organisation of international and domestic airlines that have agreed on and set up rules and regulations relating to: y y y y Safe, regular and economical air transport. Co-ordinated fares and rates. Operational, traffic, technical, financial, medical, legal and handling procedures. Co-operation with ICAO and other international organisations.
1.4.1 IATA Members

Airlines are members of IATA. When IATA came into existence in 1945 when most of the airlines felt the need to standardise procedures, which could be followed by all airlines. There are two types of members: Active Member Airlines engaged in International Transportation who takes active part during meetings regarding fares. Associate Member Airlines engaged in Domestic Transportation.
1.4.2 Main Offices

The two main offices of IATA are located in: y Montreal, Canaday Geneva, SwitzerlandSecretariat and Main Office Administrative offices and Clearing House.
1.4.3 Advantages of IATA 1.4.3.1 To the Travelling Public.

One ticket one payment; passengers can purchase one ticket for a journey involving many airlines.
1.4.3.2 To the Airline

Settlement off accounts for interline revenue transactions between airline, through IATA Clearing House, Geneva.
1.4.3.3 To the Government

Economic boost to Travel and Tourism.
1.5 Overview of Product Distribution

Distribution involves activities that make the firms products available to the right customer at the right time for purchase and consumption Distribution Channels:
Direct Airline Distribution
Airline
City ticket office
Internet
Call centres
Electronic ticketing
Indirect Airline Distribution
Airline
IATA approved Agents (Passengers /Cargo) Sub Agents
General Sales Agents
Practical - Fundamentals of Aviation

ICAO Circle the correct answer: 1- The year that ICAO was formed: a) 1944 b) 1950 c) 1945 2- The headquarters of ICAO: a) Geneva (Switzerland) b) Montreal (Canada) c) Chicago (United States) 3- The members of ICAO: a) International Airlines b) Domestic Airlines c) Governments 4- Write the full form of the term ICAO
5- Match the following freedoms with the examples 1-Emirates uplifting cargo to Rome from Dubai 2-Thai Airways carrying passengers from Dubai to Frankfurt 3- Egypt Air fight over Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during a flight between Dubai to Cairo 4- Air France uplifting Po. Mail from Dubai to Paris 5- Singapore Airline flight SIN to ROM landing in Dubai for refuelling a. Freedom 5 b. Freedom 4
c. Freedom 3
d. Freedom 2
e. Freedom 1
IATA Circle the correct answer: 1- The year in which IATA was formed a) 1944 b) 1950 c) 1945 2- The members of IATA a) Airlines b) Governments c) Travel Agents 3- The two main offices of IATA
4- Write the full form of the term IATA
Airline Geography
Module 2
Airline Geography
2. AIRLINE GEOGRAPHY 2.1 INTRODUCTION

A good knowledge of airline geography is essential for everyone to work competently in the airline industry. This industry spans the globe and it would be beneficial for us to know what exists in other parts, like countries, capitals, currencies, tourist destinations, and the climate. In this module we will restrict ourselves to Geography as stated by IATA.
2.2 IATA AREAS OF THE WORLD

For the purpose of standardisation, IATA has divided the world into three areas also known as Traffic Conferences. (TC) This is done for the purpose of Air Fares and regulations. y IATA Area 1 (TC1) y IATA Area 2 (TC2) y IATA Area 3 (TC3)
2.2.1 Three Letter City/ Airport codes

IATA has given 3 letter codes to all cities served by an airline. These codes help in various situations: y In communicating internally and externally with various bodies in the travel industry y In planning itineraries y In maintaining uniformity within the industry E.g.: y FRA Frankfurt y MNL Manila y YMQ Montreal (first three alphabets in the city name) (choice of three alphabets in the city name) (no relation between the code and the city name) The codes for all cities in Canada start with the letter Y).
Cities, which are served by multi- airports, have separate codes for each airport. E.g.: yNew York JFK John F. Kennedy LGA La Guardia EWR Newark y Paris CDG ORY LBG
Charles de Gaulle Orly Le Bourget
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Airline Geography
2.2.2 IATA world map
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Airline Geography
2.2.3 IATA world map with areas and sub areas
Area 1
Traffic Conference 1 North, Central and South America
Area 2
Traffic Conference 2 Europe including part of Commonwealth of Independent states (CIS) and adjacent Islands Iceland Azores Africa and adjacent islands Ascension Islands Asia (lying west of the Ural mountains including Middle East up to Iran)
Area 3
Traffic Conference 3 Asia and adjacent islands (except the portion included in Area 2)
Greenland Bermuda West Indies and Caribbean Islands Hawaiian Islands (including Midway and Palmyra)
East Indies Australia and New Zealand Pacific Islands not included in Area 1
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Airline Geography
2.2.4 Important Cities with Codes

CITY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. ACCRA BANGKOK BRISBANE CAIRO CAPE TOWN CARACAS CASABLANCA COLOMBO DELHI DUBAI ISTANBUL JOHANNESBURG KARACHI LONDON LOS ANGELES MANILA MELBOURNE MEXICO CITY MOSCOW MUMBAI NAIROBI NEW YORK OSAKA PERTH RIYADH RIO DE JANEIRO ROME SANTIAGO SHANGHAI CITY CODE ACC BKK BNE CAI CPT CCS CAS CMB DEL DXB IST JNB KHI LON LAX MNL MEL MEX MOW BOM NBO NYC OSA PER RUH RIO ROM SCL SHA AIRPORT CODE COUNTRY GHANA THAILAND AUSTRALIA EGYPT SOUTH AFRICA VENEZUELA MORROCCO SRI LANKA INDIA UAE TURKEY SOUTH AFRICA PAKISTAN UNITED KINGDOM USA PHILLIPINES AUSTRALIA MEXICO RUSSIA INDIA KENYA U.S.A JAPAN AUSTRALIA SAUDI ARABIA BRAZIL ITALY CHILE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA SINGAPORE CANADA CANADA NEW ZEALAND AREA 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 1 2 1 3
CMN
LHR LGW
JFK/ LGA/EWR KIX
FCO PVG
30. 31. 32. 33.
SINGAPORE TORONTO VANCOUVER WELLINGTON
SIN YTO YVR WLG
YYZ
3 1 1 3
NOTE: The corresponding locations of the important cities are shown in the world map on the next page.
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Airline Geography
2.2.4 World map of important cities
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Airline Geography
Practical - Airline Geography

1- Write the city codes, airport codes (if applicable), country names and IATA areas CITY NAME CASABLANCA TORONTO SANTIAGO ROME CAPETOWN RIYADH DELHI BANGKOK OSAKA MELBOURNE WELLINGTON CITY CODE AIRPORT CODE COUNTRY IATA AREA
2- Check the location of the following cities on the blank map of the world (given on the next page) and write the corresponding number of the cities in the table below. E.g. for Dubai the corresponding number on the map is 6.
CITY NAME DUBAI LONDON NEWYORK BRISBANE SHANGHAI MUMBAI NAIROBI JOHANNESBURG PERTH RIO DE JANEIRO MOSCOW VANCOUVER
CITY CODE DXB LON NYC BNE SHA BOM NBO JNB PER RIO MOW YVR
CITY NUMBER
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Airline Geography
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Cargo and Ramp Operations

Module 3
3 CARGO AND RAMP OPERATIONS 3.1 GROUND OPERATIONS

What is Ground Operations? It refers to the various functions, carried out by the different departments on the ramp and associated areas, in relation to the handling of a flight. Following are some of the main departments: y Baggage Services. y Ramp Services. y Operations Services. Let us have a look into each of these departments:
3.1.1 Baggage Services

This unit process the baggage for loading. They also deliver the inbound baggage to the arrival hall. Another major task carried out by Baggage Services is the sorting and reforwarding of all the interline / transfer baggage. Baggage Services department uses computer systems such as airlines DCS (Departure Control System) and BRS ( Baggage Reconciliation System) to keep track of baggage and maintain records. The Baggage checked in at the check-in counters, for different flights and different destinations, finally converge at the Baggage Sorting area. The massive amount of baggage that accumulates in this area, is sorted out flight-wise, destination-wise and class-wise and loaded into the designated containers. This process is carried out using sophisticated scanners, and the details are automatically fed into the computer system. This helps the Baggage Services staff to identify the container into which a piece with a particular Baggage tag number has been loaded, in case of baggage off- loading. A minor lapse in the discharge of their duties could result in baggage going to the wrong destination, and consequent loss or delay in its delivery. This will have a negative impact on the services provided to the customers and may result in claims. An integral part of the Baggage Services department is the Mis-handled Baggage unit that looks after baggage which is lost, pilfered, damaged or found in excess.
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Airline Geography
2. AIRLINE GEOGRAPHY 2.1 INTRODUCTION

A good knowledge of airline geography is essential for everyone to work competently in the airline industry. This industry spans the globe and it would be beneficial for us to know what exists in other parts, like countries, capitals, currencies, tourist destinations, and the climate. In this module we will restrict ourselves to Geography as stated by IATA.
2.2 IATA AREAS OF THE WORLD

For the purpose of standardisation, IATA has divided the world into three areas also known as Traffic Conferences. (TC) This is done for the purpose of Air Fares and regulations. y IATA Area 1 (TC1) y IATA Area 2 (TC2) y IATA Area 3 (TC3)
2.2.1 Three Letter City/ Airport codes

IATA has given 3 letter codes to all cities served by an airline. These codes help in various situations: y In communicating internally and externally with various bodies in the travel industry y In planning itineraries y In maintaining uniformity within the industry E.g.: y FRA Frankfurt y MNL Manila y YMQ Montreal (first three alphabets in the city name) (choice of three alphabets in the city name) (no relation between the code and the city name) The codes for all cities in Canada start with the letter Y).
Cities, which are served by multi- airports, have separate codes for each airport. E.g.: yNew York JFK John F. Kennedy LGA La Guardia EWR Newark y Paris CDG ORY LBG
Charles de Gaulle Orly Le Bourget
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3.1.2 Ramp Services

This department is responsible for the loading and unloading of the flights on the ramp. This task is carried out under the supervision of the Loading Team Leader, and his team of loaders. It is done as per the unloading and loading instructions, issued by the Load Controller. Utmost care needs to be exercised, to avoid the following discrepancies: yFailure to unload an item of incoming load, resulting in over-carriage to the next destination. yLeaving behind a joining item of load, by forgetting to load it. yFailure to unload and load in compliance with the load plan issued by the Load Controller.
Youll never have a product or price advantage again. They can be easily duplicated, but a strong customer service culture cant be copied
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3.1.3 Operations Services

The two main sections in this department are Load Control and Dispatch. Calculating the total weight of load and the total weight of the aircraft, as well as advising the captain about the balance conditions of the aircraft, is the main task of Load Control. Co-ordinating the tasks of different units to ensure a smooth and on time departure of the flight is the main job of dispatch.
3.1.3.1 Load Control

As the name suggests, it is the most sensitive and important section dealing with the safety aspects of the aircraft, in relation to its Weight and Balance. The Load Controller ascertains the safety of the aircraft by certain calculations, carried out in the following two documents: y Load Sheet: Ensures that the aircraft is not overloaded, but is within the safety limits permitted by the manufacturer. y Trim Sheet: Ensures that the aircraft is neither too heavy in the front (Nose) nor too heavy at the rear (Tail), but is well balanced. These documents are then submitted to the Captain (pilot-in-command), who will perform a final check on the accuracy of the calculations.
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3.1.3.2 Dispatch
The overall responsibility for the safe and punctual departure of an aircraft is vested with the Dispatcher. He oversees and co-ordinates the following functions: y Commencement and finalisation of passenger boarding, within the specified time limits. y Placement of all related documents on-board, before deadline. y Smooth functioning and completion of the unloading & loading activities y Providing information to the Load Controller y Attending and solving all other problems that may occur in relation to passengers, crew, load, catering, fuel, flight- plan and delays.
3.1.4 Manuals and Publications

a. IATA Airport Handling Manual: This book describes the content for airport ground handling b. Dangerous Goods Regulations: This book describes the rules regarding the safe carriage of dangerous goods by air
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PRACTICAL GROUND OPERATIONS

1- Name the three main departments that come under Ground Operations?
2- What are the consequences of the discrepancies that could take place at the Baggage Sorting area?
3- The unloading and loading of an aircraft is a task that needs to be done with utmost care, to avoid the following three discrepancies.
4- Name the safety related documents prepared by the Load Controller.
5- List three responsibilities of the Dispatcher.
6- List the two manuals used in Airport Ground Operations.
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3.2 CARGO
3.2.1 Introduction
Any kind of goods which are carried by means of a vessel, whether Land, Sea or Air is known as Cargo or Freight. If the goods are transported by air then it is termed as Air Cargo or Air Freight. The first known or documented case of carriage of freight by air was in 1932 when Mr.J.R.D Tata flew a single engined aircraft (De Havilland Puss Moth) from Karachi to Bombay (now known as Mumbai). This aircraft was carrying post office mail
JAL -Boeing 747-400F Shipper or Consignor is the person who sends the cargo, whereas the person who receives the cargo is the consignee. The goods themselves are termed as shipments or consignments. Air transportation is expensive as compared to the other means of transport. However, it plays an important role in the carriage of time sensitive shipments e.g. documents, medicines, urgent spare parts, newspapers, magazines and other perishable items. The main document used for the transportation of cargo is termed as the Air Waybill. The formalities that are necessary to be completed prior transportation of a shipment are, packing, marking, labelling, documentation, payment of charges etc. The IATA CARGO AGENT assists the shipper to complete such formalities.
Address Customer by Name
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3.2.2 Other Means of Transport
SEA
LAND
3.2.3 Advantages of Air Cargo

When we consider other forms of transport, sea freight is the main competitor to air cargo services. Some of the advantages of air cargo are: y y y y y Low transportation time ( speed ) Less handling time Ideal for high value commodities Reduced packing cost Increased cash flow and turnover
3.3.4 Unit Load Device (ULD)

These are containers or units which are used to load baggage and cargo in the aircraft.
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3.3.4.1 ULD - Identification

Unit load devices are of different sizes and shapes. The IATA identification code is intended to fully describe the unit load device and therefore combines the factors of type, external dimensions (base size) contour and compatibility. The code also includes an ownership/registration code. The IATA identification code of ULDs consists of nine characters. First character Second character Third character Fourth to Seventh character Eighth & Ninth character e.g.: A K ULD Category Base Dimensions Contour / Compatibility Serial Number Airline two letter code E 1234 CX
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
A K E 1234 CX
Certified Aircraft Container Base dimensions Contour Type Serial Number Two letter code of owner airline
3.3.5 Export Cargo Process

The shipper normally contacts an IATA approved agent or the airline for transporting his goods. The cargo agent is able to provide the shipper with many services such as, pick-up, packing, marking, labelling, documentation etc. In case the shipper does not wish to use a cargo agent, then these formalities must be undertaken by the shipper. The marked and labelled goods are taken to the customs personnel for clearance. The goods are then handed over to the airline, who will then store it until flight loading. The goods are then loaded onto ULDs (Unit Load Devices) i.e. containers and pallets which are then taken to the aircraft for loading.
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3.3.6 Aircraft Structural Weight Limitations

Aircraft is made up of light weight materials. Though they are strong enough they cannot be loaded without certain restrictions. Metallic strips (stringers) are joined together on a circular frame to form the fuselage. Beams and cross beams are introduced inside the fuselage and floor panels are attached to such a network of beams and cross beams. The weight of any load placed on the hold floor will be transmitted through such beams and cross beams to the fuselage. Therefore an aircraft hold will have some limitations depending on the strength of the beams and the number of beams.
3.3.6.1 Area Load

The hold area load limitation is expressed in Kgs/sq.ft. to prevent the weight of the load resting upon a certain area of the compartment floor to exceed the capability of the aircraft structure underneath the floor (beams, cross beams, attachments to aircraft body)
3.3.6.2 Linear Load

The maximum permitted weight of load in a unit length of hold floor. This is expressed in Kg/inch or kg/ft or kg/m
3.3.6.3 Spreader Board

Spreader Boards are used to spread the weight of a shipment evenly on the ULD base or on the cargo hold floor when its weight exceeds the floor loading limit. To avoid the spreader from bending, the heavier the load to spread, the thicker the spreader board must be. To increase its rigidity two or even three spreader boards can be nailed together.
3.3.6.4 Lashing
Standard lashing refers to the typical restrain layout applied to a normal load and consists of three straps, six tie-down rings and one security rope. 1. 2. One strap is used to restrain against upward movement. One strap will restrain against forward movement and one against backward movement Each strap must be attached to two tie-down fittings. Side restrain is also provided by the upward restrain on the standard lashing. The security rope is used to prevent the forward and rearward straps from slipping down.
3. 4. 5.
3.3.6.5 Aircraft Locks

Aircraft restraint systems fall into three categories: side restraints, side/vertical restraints and forward/aft restraints. Each restraint direction is considered separately when missing/inoperative restraint equipment exists (i.e. forward, aft, side left, side right and vertical loading).
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3.3.7 Import Cargo Process

On arrival at destination, the ULDs are offloaded from the aircraft and taken to the warehouse for unloading the cargo. The offloaded cargo, is stored in the warehouse until the consignee comes to collect the cargo. The goods are tallied against a checklist known as arrival cargo manifest. The airline intimates the consignee of the arrival of the cargo and issues a delivery order to the consignee after collecting the applicable charges. The delivery order enables the consignee to take delivery of the goods after customs clearance.
3.3.8 Responsibility of the Shipper

The shipper is obligated to comply with all customs regulations and other governmental regulations from where he transports the goods as well as, to where the goods are being flown.
3.3.9 Air cargo Agencies & Competitors

The transportation of cargo outwardly seems to be a simple process, but there are several commercial entities or organisations that facilitate this transport process. A simple transport chain might consist of as few as 3 organisations or individuals or could be as many as 20 or more. In addition to the airline there are several other organisations that take part in the transportation chain. Some of the important non-airline organisations involved are; The IATA cargo agent Air Freight Forwarders & Consolidators Others Air Cargo Integrators 3PL's 4PL's Banks & Financial Institutions
3.3.10 Manuals and Publications

The air cargo industry uses different manuals/publications to send cargo safely by air. They are: a. IATA TACT Rules book: This book describes the rules governing the transport of goods from one place to another b. IATA TACT Rates book: This book gives the rates between two places c. Dangerous Goods Regulations: This book describes the rules regarding the safe carriage of dangerous goods by air d. Live Animal Regulations: This book describes the rules regarding the safe carriage of live animals by air e. Perishable Cargo Regulations: this book describes the rules regarding the safe carriage of perishable cargo by air.
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3.3.11 Main document involved in the carriage of air-cargo

Air Waybill The Air Waybill is a non- negotiable document, that is prepared by the carrier or the carriers agent based on the information provided by the Shipper. The Air Waybill must be complete in all respects.
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3.3.12 Mode of Payment

Charges Prepaid When the charges for a consignment are paid at the origin it is termed as charges prepaid consignment. Charges Collect When the charges for a consignment, has to be collected at the destination it is termed as a charges collect consignment.
3.3.13 Different types of Special Cargo that can be transported by air

Live Animals (AVI) Many live animals are transported by air. This might be due to different reasons. Most common cases are cats, dogs and horses which are transported by their owners. Zoological parks, wildlife sanctuaries also transport animals like lions, zebras, monkeys etc.
Dangerous Goods (DGR) Dangerous goods are articles or substances which are capable of posing a significant risk to health, safety, property or the environment when transported by air. Dangerous goods are classified into nine hazard classes depending on the type of hazard it poses. In case such a shipment requires to be transported by air, the shipper needs to complete the Shippers Declaration for Dangerous Goods form, which has to be duly signed and attached with the Air Waybill. All permitted dangerous goods can be transported provided they are identified, classified, packaged, marked and labelled as per the Dangerous Goods Regulations manual. Hazard Labels are Diamond Shaped with the DG class number mentioned on the bottom which helps to identify the class they belong to.
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Human Remains Human Remains may be transported, as cremated ashes or non-cremated. Cremated remains have to be transported in funeral urns, which are efficiently protected against breakage. Non-cremated remains must be contained in a hermetically sealed inner coffin of lead or zinc, which in turn must be packed in a wooden coffin. Valuables Any article having a declared value of carriage of US Dollars 1000/- or more per kilogram is termed as Valuable consignment. Example: Gold Bullion, Bank Notes, Diamonds, Rubies, Jewellery, Watches etc
Perishables Shipments that need to be transported to destinations within a definite time frame are termed as perishables. They have to be maintained at specific temperature in order to attain optimum shelf life. Example: Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Meat, Vaccines, Medicines etc
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PRACTICAL CARGO
1- What are the three different modes of transport?
2- Which is the main document required for transport of goods by air.
3- List three advantages of sending cargo by air.
4- Write the full form of the term ULD.
5- What is the checklist used to tally import cargo known as?
6- What are the two modes of payment for cargo?
7- List three types of special cargo which can be transported by air.
8- What are used to spread the weight of a shipment evenly on the ULD base or on the cargo hold floor ?
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Answers
Answers
Answers
Answers
Practical 1.Fundamentals of Aviation
ICAO Circle the correct answer: 1- The year that ICAO was formed: a) 1944 b) 1950 c) 1945 2- The headquarters of ICAO: a) Geneva (Switzerland) b) Montreal (Canada) c) Chicago (United States) 3- The members of ICAO: a) International Airlines b) Domestic Airlines c) Government 4- Write the full form of the term ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation
5- Match the following freedoms with the examples 1-Emirates uplifting cargo to Rome from Dubai 2- Thai Airways carrying passengers from Dubai to Frankfurt 3- Egypt Air fight over Kingdom of Saudi Arabia during a flight between Dubai to Cairo 4- Air France uplifting Po. Mail from Dubai to Paris 5- Singapore Airline flight SIN to ROM landing in Dubai for refuelling a. Freedom 5 b. Freedom 4
c. Freedom 3
d. Freedom 2
e Freedom1
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IATA Circle the correct answer: 1- The year in which IATA was formed a) 1944 b) 1950 c) 1945 2- The members of IATA a) Airlines b) Government c) Travel Agents 3- The two location of main offices of IATA Montreal Geneva 4- Write the full form of the term IATA International Air Transport Association
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Practical 2.2 Airline Geography

1- Write the city codes, airport codes (if applicable), country names and IATA areas CITY NAME CITY CODE CAS YVR SCL ROM CPT RUH DEL BKK OSA MEL WLG AIRPORT CODE CMN YYZ FCO KIX MORROCCO CANADA CHILE ITALY SOUTH AFRICA SAUDI ARABIA INDIA THAILAND JAPAN AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND COUNTRY IATA AREA 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
CASABLANCA TORONTO SANTIAGO ROME CAPETOWN RIYADH DELHI BANGKOK OSAKA MELBOURNE WELLINGTON
2- Check the location of the following cities on the blank map of the world (given on the next page) and write the corresponding number of the cities in the table below. E.g. for Dubai the corresponding number on the map is 6. CITY NAME DUBAI LONDON NEWYORK BRISBANE SHANGHAI MUMBAI NAIROBI JOHANNESBURG PERTH RIO DE JANEIRO MOSCOW VANCOUVER CITY CODE DXB LON NYC BNE SHA BOM NBO JNB PER RIO MOW YVR CITY NUMBER 6 4 2 12 10 9 7 8 11 3 5 1
Practic al 3.3 Ground Operations
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1- Name the three main departments that come under Ground Operations? 1- Baggage Services 2- Ramp Services 3- Operations Services 2- What are the consequences of the discrepancies that could take place at the Baggage sorting area? Baggage may go to the wrong destination which may result in loss or delay in delivery.
3- The unloading and loading of an aircraft is a task that needs to be done with utmost care, to avoid the following three discrepancies. 1- Failure to unload an item of incoming load. 2- Leaving behind a joining item of load. 3- Failure to unload and load in compliance with the load plan. 4- Name the safety related documents prepared by the Load Controller. Load Sheet. Trim Sheet. 5- List three responsibilities of the Dispatcher. Placement of all related documents on-board, before deadline. Smooth functioning and completion of the unloading & loading activities. Providing information to the Load Controller
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Practical 3.4 Cargo

1- What are the three different modes of transport? Land Sea Air 2- Which is the main document required for transport of goods by air. Air Waybill 3- List three advantages of sending cargo by air. Low transportation time (speed) Ideal for high value commodities Reduced packing cost 4- Write the full form of the term ULD. Unit Load Device 5- What is the checklist used to tally import cargo known as? Arrival Cargo Manifest 6- What are the two modes of payment for cargo? Prepaid Charges Collect 7- List three types of special cargo which can be transported by air. Live Animals Valuables Dangerous Goods 8- What are used to spread the weight of a shipment evenly on the ULD base or on the cargo hold floor ? Spreader Boards
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Airport Operations & Airline Commercial Training

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Learning Outcomes & Assessment Criteria

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

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Learning Outcomes & Assessment Criteria

3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13

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1.2 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

1.3 Bilateral Agreements & Freedoms of the Air

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1.3.1 The five Freedoms of Air Service

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1.4 International Air Transport Association (IATA)

1.4.1 IATA Members

1.4.2 Main Offices

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1.4.3 Advantages of IATA 1.4.3.1 To the Travelling Public.

1.4.3.2 To the Airline

1.4.3.3 To the Government

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1.5 Overview of Product Distribution

Direct Airline Distribution

City ticket office

Indirect Airline Distribution

IATA approved Agents (Passengers /Cargo) Sub Agents

General Sales Agents

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Practical - Fundamentals of Aviation

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4- Write the full form of the term IATA

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2. AIRLINE GEOGRAPHY 2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 IATA AREAS OF THE WORLD

2.2.1 Three Letter City/ Airport codes

Charles de Gaulle Orly Le Bourget

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2.2.2 IATA world map

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2.2.3 IATA world map with areas and sub areas

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2.2.4 Important Cities with Codes

JFK/ LGA/EWR KIX

30. 31. 32. 33.

SINGAPORE TORONTO VANCOUVER WELLINGTON