II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 22 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006

Dinesh: Hi Ramesh, I hear (that) you have Ramesh: My brother hasn’t seen my new bike
bought a new bike. yet. He has been away in Chennai for
bike
(†’´¤y éÌûªh éÌØ√o-´E NØ√o†’/ the past four days. We expect him
ûÁL-ÆœçC) tomorrow.
Ramesh: Yes, I bought it the day before yes- (´÷brother new bike
Éçé¬ Ø√
terday. I took it to the temple yester- îª÷∞Ïxü¿’. Çߪ’† Ø√©’-í∫’-®Ó-V-©’í¬ îÁØÁj o™
day, and had the pooja done. ÖØ√oúø’. Í®§Ò-≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç.)
(Å´¤†’, ¢Á·†o éÌØ√o†’. E†o í∫’úÕéÀ Dinesh: Have you shown it to our friend
BÆæ’-ÈéR} °æ‹ï îË®·ç-î√†’) Kapil?
Had the pooja done = °æ‹-ï îË®·ç-î √†’ (éπ°œ-™¸èπ◊ îª÷°œç-î√¢√?)
Dinesh: Wish you a happy ride on the new Ramesh: Yes. I showed it to him yesterday a) I bought it the day before yesterday.
u have + pp/ has + pp †’ á°æ¤púÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i É°æp-
bike itself. He liked the colour very much. bought - past doing
(¢Á·†o éÌØ√o†’ – 鬕öÀd actions
öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ïJ-T† èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç. °j con-
ride = bike, scooter
(´÷´‚-©’í¬) ≤ƒyK, (E†oØË îª÷°œç-î√†’. ®Ωçí∫’ Åûª-EéÀ î√™« word) versation ™ Ñsentences îª÷úøçúÕ.
ride
™«çöÀ ¢√£æ«-Ø√© O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç èπÿú≈ †*açC). b) I took it to temple yesterday and had the a) I have used my bike for only two years
Dinesh: Do come down this evening. Let me pooja done (È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬– Åçõ‰ È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿öÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-
have a ride on it. ´-®Ωèπ◊– Ø√ bike ¢√ú≈†’. Åçõ‰ action from
E†o í∫’úÕéÀ BÆæ’-ÈéR} °æ‹ï îË®·çî√
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√. ã≤ƒJ ††’o c) I called your home three times yesterday then. Å°æpöÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æE.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù b) I haven’t had (have not had) any trouble with

-†-úø°æF ü∆Eo.) Phone
116 Ramesh: Oh, certainly. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈).
؈’ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ E†o ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x î˨»
it so far
trouble
(ü∆E-´©x Ø√éÀ-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç ™‰ü¿’) Ééπ\úø
(Till now)
èπÿú≈ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ action
ïJ-T† èπ◊

I haven’t had any trouble have + not + pp (haven’t had)

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´÷brother
verb - has + not + seen)
îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.
¢√ú≈ç.
c) My brother hasn’t seen my new bike yet.
(yet= bike
Ø√ éÌûªh
d) Have you shown your bike to Kapil?
Ramesh: Thank you. I have called your home Dinesh: Bye then, see °j ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x†÷ time ûÁL-Æœ† Past (F bike Have
éπ°œ-™¸èπ◊ îª÷§ƒ¢√ (Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊–
three times yesterday, but there was you this shown)
actions 鬕öÀd bought, took, called ÅØË past
no response. I wanted to show the evening. e) He has been away in Chennai for the past
doings words ¢√ú≈ç.
bike to you. four days
(Å™«Íí, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç a) I have seen the movie; I saw it yesterday.
phone
(O’ ÉçöÀéÀ E†o ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x (Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬– Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV© éÀçü¿öÀ †’ç*
éπ©’ü∆lç). ¢Á·ü¿ô time îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷ÆœçC. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Çߪ’† îÁØÁj o™ ÖØ√oúø’. has been
bike
î˨»†’, é¬E á´®Ω÷ áûªh-™‰ü¿’. Fèπ◊ éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ Åçü¿’-´©x have seen (have + pp). È®çúÓ - ‘be’ form - state of being -ÖØ√oúø’ – ÅØË
îª÷°œ-ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) îª÷¨»ç ´’†ç– have + M. SURESAN ¶µ«í∫ç™ yesterday ÅE îÁ°æp-ôç-´©x, saw - past
Response = Ææpçü¿†. Phone ™«çöÀN á´-È®jØ√ Å®ΩnçûÓ)
past participle/ has doing word.
îËÊÆh °æ©-éπúøç response u So, have + pp/ has + pp- Ñ verb form†’ éÀçC
+ past participle (PP)_ (DEo present perfect b) We have finished our breakfast; We finished
Dinesh: We were at my cousin’s to attend a Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úøû√ç.
tense Åçö«ç)– past action time not stated èπ◊ it an hour ago. 1) Past action, time not stated (í∫ûªç™ ïJT,
function
cousin
(´÷ function
Éçöx èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xç) ¢√úøû√ç. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ èπÿú≈ Å™«çöÀ ¢√úøéπç (¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¶µ«í∫ç™ time îÁ°æpô癉ü¿’, 鬕öÀd have time îÁ°æpE °æEéÀ)
Ramesh: Any idea of buying a new bike?
îª÷úøçúÕ. finished. È®çúÓ ¶µ«í∫ç™ ‘an hour ago’, ÅE 2) Action from then till now (Å°æpöÀ†’ç* É°æp-öÀ-
bike
(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o éÌûªh éÌçü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- You have bought a new bike = †’´¤y éÌûªh time îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç, 鬕öÀd finished.
´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æEéÀ)
Ø√o¢√?) bike éÌØ√o´¤. é̆ôç past, Å®·ûË á°æ¤p-úø-ØËC c) The police have arrested him; They arrested u have + pp/ has + pp (pp- Åçõ‰ past participle)-
Dinesh: I have used my bike for only two îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’. Verb: have bought = have + just, just now, ÅØË ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕûË É°æ¤púË °æ‹®Ωh-
him last week.
years. I haven’t had any trouble with PP ÅD past action, time stated (í∫ûªç™ (Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ have arrested (time not stated); a) ®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
it, so I don’t find a reason to change ïJT, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçD time ûÁL-§ƒ-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ)– ¢√úÕ-°æ¤púË •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’=
arrested (past doing word because time is
He has just gone out
it. Å°æ¤púø’ past indefinite / past simple tense stated) b) Train É°æ¤púË ´*açC=
bike
(Ø√ †’ È®çúË∞Ïx ¢√ú≈-E-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊. ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ Past doing word (came,
trouble
Ñ difference English ™ very important. So The train has just arrived.
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅC Ø√Íéç É´y-™‰ü¿’. went, sang, danced ™«çöÀ verbs ¢√úøû√ç). c)
´÷®Ωa-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íéç 鬮Ωùç éπE-°œç-îª-ôç- ´’†ç have + pp/ has + pp èπ◊, Past doing èπÿ ¢√Rx-°æ¤púË ¶µçîË-¨»®Ω’=
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ü∆E Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ. Ö†o ûËú≈ î√™« careful í¬ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. They have just had their meals.
™‰ü¿’)

PRACTISE THE
ANSWER:
FOLLOW-
Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-LqçC.
I know that he has gone- sentence model
Ñ
Interviewer: O’ Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª©’ àN’öÀ? sentences
(ŶµºuJn): ؈’ B.Tech î˨»†’. Interviewer: What are your qualifications?
í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊E áEo Å®·ûË ÅEo ņôç
Candidate I know that he has gone. Model: sub + Vb + that clause
Candidate: I have done B.Tech.
Interviewer: O’®Ω’ B.Tech degree á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’- Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. I Know that he has gone
Interviewer: When did you take the B.Tech
èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’? That he has gone= ¢Á∞«x-úøE ´’J-éÌEo examples:
Degree?
Candidate: ؈’ B.Tech exam June 2004 ™ (that èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç = ÅE.) She says that she knows Telugu.
Candidate: I took the B.Tech exam in June
®√¨»†’. Result Aug 2004 ™ That he has passed = Åûªúø’ pass Åߪ÷uúø’ He does (not) know that it is mine.
2004. The result came in Aug
É™« English ™ that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u ´÷ô™x OöÀ™x a) questions b) dialogues
èπÿú≈ practice
´*açC. 2004.
verb (6 forms of verb í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆?) Öçõ‰
Interviewer: Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç*
îËߪ’-´îª’a.
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ O’Í®ç- Interviewer: What have you done since a) Does she think that I am a fool?
îË-¨»®Ω’? then? ü∆Eo ‘that clause’ Åçö«ç.
Candidate: ؈’ ã software company ™ Candidate: I have been a programmer in a Ééπ\úø ... that he has gone- that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u b) Kumar: Do you know that Ganesh is here?
Kesav: I don’t. How do you Know that he is
Programmer í¬ ÖØ√o†’. software company. Ñ ´÷ô™x has gone ÅØË verb ÖçC. 鬕öÀd, ÉC, here.
Interviewer: É°æp-öÀéÀ O’èπ◊ áØËo∞¡x experience? Interviewer: Howmany years of experience ‘that clause’. Kumar: Your sister has said that he is here.
Candidate: ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç-†o®Ω. have you had so far?
Candidate: About a year and a half.
Interviewer: îª÷úøçúÕ, O’È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπç°F ´÷®√-
©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Interviewer: Look here, Why do you want to -v°æ-¨¡o: He is a student of learn well school ÅE -O’®Ω’ ®√¨»®Ω’.
change your company? He is a student at learn well school ÅE Öçú≈L éπü∆. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
Candidate: O’ éπç°-F™ job îËߪ÷-©ØË éÓJéπ
Ø√èπ◊ î√™«-é¬-©çí¬ ÖçC. Candidate: I have had the wish/ desire of – -üµ¿-†, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
doing a job in your company.
Interviewer: That’s OK. O’ certificates
Interviewer: That’s OK. Have you brought
-ï-¢√-•’: A Student of, Student at- Ñ È®çúø÷ correct. Å®·ûË A Student at Learn
well School éÌçîÁç formal. -¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ student of a School/ College/
ûÁî√a®√?
your certificates?
Candidate: ûÁî √a†’.
Candidate: Yes, I have. University ÅØËüË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖçC.
Interviewer: ††’o îª÷úø-E-´yçúÕ.
Interviewer: Let me see them.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Gunavanth: Where have you been since the
morning?
(Öü¿ßª’ç †’ç* áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?)
Yashwanth: I have been working on the com-
puter in the next room.
(°æéπ\ í∫C™ computer °j ´®˝\ îËÆæ’-
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) °j Conversation ™ Ñ sentences îª÷úøçúÕ:
Gunavanth: I have been trying to get you since
the morning.
(§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç* FûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©E v°æߪ’-
Ao-Ææ’hØ√o.)
Yashwanth: Why didn't you call my cell?
cell
(Ø√ phone
Èéçü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?)
Gunavanth: That's what I did. But I've been
getting the response, 'switched off'
(ÅüË Øˆ’ îËÆœçC. áEo≤ƒ®Ω’x îËÆœØ√
'switched off' ÅØË ´-≤ÚhçC.)
Yashwanth: Well, what's so urgent?
(-àçôçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç?)
I have been enquiring
Gunavanth: Ravi is in town for some course in
software. He has been staying at
his cousin's for the past two days.
He wants to meet us.
(®ΩN Ü∞x ÖØ√oúø’. àüÓ software
course cousin
èπ◊. È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ ¢√∞¡x
Éçöx •Ææ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. ´’†-Lo-ü¿lJo éπ©’-
Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.)
Yashwanth: In fact I've been thinking of meet-
ing him. I want some books from
him.
(ØËØË Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’oç* Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo
°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ 鬢√L.)
Gunavanth: Why do you need them?
(-Å-N FÈéç-ü¿’-é¬\-¢√L?)
Yashwanth: You know, I've been doing a spe-
cial course in computers for the
past two weeks. The course has
almost come to an end. I've to
take an exam in it next week.
That's why I need them.
(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆, È®çúø’ ¢√®√-©’í¬
computers ™ ØËØÓ special course
îËÆæ’h-†oô’x. ÅC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.
´îËa ¢√®Ωç °æKéπ~. Åçü¿’Íé °æ¤Ææh-鬩’
鬢√L.)
Gunavanth: Perhaps that's why he has wanted
to meet us
(•£æ›¨¡ Åçü¿’-éπØË Åûªúø’ ´’†Lo
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-úË¢Á÷.)
Yashwanth: I have been enquiring all book
shops here for the books. They
aren't available.
book
(-Ç °æ¤Ææhé¬-©éÓÆæç ØËE-éπ\úø ÅEo
shops ™ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’Ø√o. ÅN üÌ®Ω-éπôç
™‰ü¿’.)
Gunavanth: Are you sure Ravi has them?
(®ΩN ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅN ÖØ√oߪ’E éπ-*a-ûªçí¬
ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Yashwanth: I bought them here a year ago and
sent them to him.
(àú≈C éÀçü¿ ØËØË ¢√öÀE éÌE Åûª-úÕéÀ
°æ秃.)
Gunavanth: That's O.K. Then let's ring him up
and ask him to see us.
(ÆæÍ®– Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’†ç phone
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’çü∆ç.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 24 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
(Let us ring him up = phoneîËü∆lç. Let's go
¢Á ∞ «l =
ç °æ ü ¿ . Let Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE îËߪ’F
ÅE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
Let him come = ÅûªúÕE ®√F.
Let me go = ††’o ¢Á∞¡xF... É™«í∫.)
a) I have been working on the computer since
the morning.
b) I have been trying to get you since the morn-
ing.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬, Ééπ\úÕ 3rd use- (Action Have + PP/ has + PP É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† action
c) I have been getting the response...
starting in the past and going on till now) èπÿ †’ îÁ•’-ûª’çC. É°æ¤p-úÕçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçü∆, ™‰ü∆ ÅØË
d) He has been staying at his cousin's.
e) I have been thinking of meeting him. have been + ing/ has been + ing use- Action N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ü∆E-´©x ûÁL-ߪ’´¤.
starting in the past and going on even now èπÿ b) Tendulkar has been playing cricket since his
î√™« §ÚLéπ ÖçC éπü∆? ÅC correct. 19th year.
Ééπ\úÕ verb, has been + ...ing Åçõ‰ 19´ àöÀ
a) í∫ûªç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Å®·ûË: have + PP /
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 117 has + PP †’ç* Éçé¬ Çúø’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o-úøE. Continue Å´¤-
ûÓçC.
鬕öÀd 1) have + PP/ has + PP - É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊
ii) have been + ...ing/ has been + ...ing - Éçé¬
(Å®·ûË ã ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç. Ñ ûËú≈ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ,
´÷´‚©’ usage ™ Spoken/ Written form ™
OöÀ È®çöÀéÃ Ñ ûËú≈ °ü¿lí¬ §ƒöÀç-Ω’. Éçé¬ ØÌéÀ\
f) I have been doing a
b) í∫ûªç †’ç* Éçé¬ Å®·ûË have been + ...ing/
îÁ§ƒp-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ have been + ...ing/ has been +
special course in ...ing, better)
has been + ...ing.
computers. a) I have worked here for ten years now.
a) Tendulkar has played cricket for since his
g) I have been enquir-
nineteenth year b) I have been working here for ten years now.
ing.
(19´ àöÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ Çú≈úø’). Çúøôç a), b) ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπ©N. Å®·ûË b)
™
Oô-Eoöx verb
Å®·-§Ú-®·çü∆? – -ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. Ñ sentence áèπ◊\´ continuityéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç.
have been + ... ing/
M. SURESAN
has been + ... ing form
v°æ鬮Ωç Çúøôç é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûÓç-ü∆?– ÅD ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
™ ÖçC éπü∆.
Have been + ... ing/ has been + ... ing form ™ PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ANSWER
verb Öçõ‰ ÅC Present Perfect Continuous Govind: Where are you studying?
Govind: †’¢Áy-éπ\úø îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
Tense Å´¤-ûª’çC. Krishna: In Suvidya College
Krishna: Ææ’Nü∆u 鬙‰-@™
I have been trying to get you since the morn- Govind: How long have you been studying
Govind: áçûª-鬩çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-´-éπ\úø?
ing. there?
Krishna: í∫ûª È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Krishna: For the past/ last two years/ for two
§Òü¿’löÀ†’ç* F éÓÆæç v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hØ√o (Phone -™¿). Govind: F marks ᙫ ÖØ√o®·?
years now.
Ñ sentence ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. Krishna: ÅEo subjects ™ 80] éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë Govind: How are your marks?
í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’çúË action èπ◊ score îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. Maths ™ Krishna: I have been scoring more than 80% in
have been + ing ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. (§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç*,
Å®·ûË ØËEçûª´®Ωèπ◊ 90]èπ◊ ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’. all subjects. In Maths, I haven't
Éçé¬). scored less than 90% so far.
Govind: Ééπ\úø †’´¤y O’ ûªLxü¿çvúø’©ûÓ
O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, I, we, you and they Å®·ûË, have Öçô’-Ø√o¢√? Govind: Do you live with your parents here?
been + ... ing Åçö«ç, He, she, it Å®·ûË has Krishna: No. From the beginning I have been
Krishna: ™‰ü¿’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀoç* hostel ™ØË Öçô’Ø√o.
been + ... ing Åçö«ç. (This is for an action staying in the hostel.
starting in the past and continuing even now.) (Stay ¢√úøçúÕ)
Govind: My friend Ravi too has been staying
Govind: Ø√ friend Ravi èπÿú≈ ã Ææç´ûªq®Ωçí¬
The congress party has been ruling AP for in the hostel for the past one year. Do
the year and a half (AP hostel ™ØË Öçô’-Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊
E Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç-†o-®Ωí¬ you now him?
past
§ƒL-≤Úhç-C. -à-ú≈-C-†o®Ω éÀçü¿ô, ™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Krishna: Yes. I know him (I do). We have been
Krishna: ûÁ©’Ææ’. -¢Ë’-´· È®çúø’ ØÁ©-©’í¬ äÍé
Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûÓçC §ƒ©†.) going to the same teacher for tuition
teacher ü¿í∫_-JéÀ tuition èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç.
°j conversation ™ç* BÆœ† sentences ™ Govind: I have been visiting him frequently
Present Perfect Continuous Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-Eç- Govind: ؈-ûª-úÕE éπ©-´-ö«-EéÀ Åûªúø’ îËJ-†-°æpöÀ since he joined there. Haven't you
îªçúÕ. †’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. †ØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü∆? ever seen me? (ever - á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√)
c) I have been getting the response... Krishna: ™‰ü¿’. ¢Ë’ç ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ blocks ™ Öçö«ç. Krishna: No. We live in different blocks.
(...
ÅØË responseéÌçûª é¬©ç †’ç*, (§Òü¿’l-
Eoç* Éçé¬) ´≤ÚhçC.)
d) He has been staying at his cousin's.
(¢√∞¡xcousin Past
Éçöx •Ææ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’– ™ -v°æ-¨¡o: Pronunciation èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Å稻©-†’ ≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ÅçCç-îª-
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, Éçé¬.) í∫-©®Ω’. ¶µ«≠æ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-úøç™ ´·çü¿’í¬ Öî√a®Ωù ´·êuç. à °æü∆Eo à Nüµ¿çí¬
e) I have been thinking of meeting him °æ©-鬙 ûÁ-©’Ææ’hçC. -≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx≠ˇèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Æ‘úŒ-©’-í¬F, é¬uÂÆ-ô’x-í¬F
(Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’ – Éçé¬) üÌ-JÍé Åvúø-Æˇ-©†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
– Èé.-áÆˇ.éπ%-≠æg, -¢Á’-ö¸°æ-Lx
f) I have been enquiring
(Nî√-JÆæ÷h ÖØ√o†’ – á°æp-öÀ-†’çîÓ... Éçé¬) -ï-¢√-•’: 1) éÌûªh ´÷-ô àüÁjØ√ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E pronunciation Ææ÷*-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç
(éÀç-ü¿-ô lesson ™ have + PP (Past Participle)/ éπü∆. ´·çü¿’-´·çü¿’ lessons -™ N´-®Ωù éÌçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC.
has + PP use îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ÅC üËEéÀ ¢√úøû√ç?
2) Spoken English èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† CDs, Casettes °ü¿l °ü¿l book-
1) Past action, time not stated.
shops ™ üÌ®Ω’èπ◊-û√®·. Central Institute of English and Foreign
2) Action just completed.
3) Action starting in the past and going on till Languages (CIEFL) ¢√∞¡x Pronunciation Casettes, CDs -N-†ç-úÕ.
îËÆœ
now.
II
Kasturi: Hi Mayuri what's new?
(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’)
Mayuri: I met Charitha yesterday. She had a
piece of good news. She told me she
had bought a new apartment.
(E†o ؈’ îªJ-ûª†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. ã ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-
éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œpçC. éÌûªh apartment
éÌØ√o-†çC.)
News - uncountable. A news ņç. Å®·ûË
News á°æ¤púø’ singular í¬ØË ¢√úøû√ç. A good/
a bad news ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Good news/ bad news
Åçö«ç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ a piece of good news/ a
piece of bad news ņ-´îª’a.
Kasturi: That's good really.
Mayuri: She told me (that) she had got bank
loan for buying the apartment. The
bank released the loan three days ago.
(ûª†èπ◊ É©’x é̆-ú≈-EéÀ bank ®Ω’ùç É*aç-ü¿E
îÁ°œpçC. È®çvúÓ-V© éÀçü¿õ‰ ®Ω’ùç Núø’-ü¿©
î˨»®Ω’.)
Kasturi: Where are you coming from now?
(†’´¤y É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\úÕ†’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Mayuri: I went to the station to book tickets to
Tirupati. But by the time I reached the
reservation counter, they had closed. I
was late by only five minutes.
؈’ A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ tickets reserve îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-
´’E station èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. é¬E ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ,
reservation counter ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’. 5 EN’-
≥ƒ™‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ¢Á∞«x†’.
Kasturi: Why didn't you start early enough?
(éÌçîÁç ´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰ü¿’?)
Mayuri: I had some work, and when I finally
went there it was 2 o' clock. You know
that on sundays reservation closes by
2.30. I started on my scooter, but on
the way I found it had run out of petrol.
I had it filled and then went to the sta-
tion. That delayed me.
àüÓ °æ†’ç-úÕçC. Ç ûª®√yûª •ßª’-™‰l-Í®-Ææ-JéÀ
õ„jç È®çúÁjçC. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆. ÇC-¢√-®√©’,
Reservations 2.30Íé éπõ‰d-≤ƒh-®ΩE. Scooter
O’ü¿ •ßª’-™‰l®√. ü∆J™ ü∆çöx petrol Å®·-
§Ú-®·ç-ü¿E îª÷¨». Petrol §Ú®·ç* ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ
Ç©Ææuç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.
Run out of (petrol/ money etc.)
Å®·-§Ú-´ôç.Have it filled = §Ú®·ç-îªôç, Ééπ\úø
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Mayuri: You know what happened to me yes-
terday? I went home from Charitha,
and by then my husband had left for
office. He had not taken the lunch box.
He had forgotten it in his hurry.
(E†o Ø√Íéç ïJ-TçüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? ؈’ îªJûª
ü¿í∫_-J-†’ç* ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé ´÷ Çߪ’†
Office èπ◊ ¢ÁRx§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Lunch box BÆæ’-èπ◊-
¢Á-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.)
Look at these sentences picked up from the
conversation above:
a) She told me she had bought a new apart-
ment
b) She told me she had got a bank loan
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
118
I had had some work
c) By the time I reached the reservation count-
er they had closed.
d) I had had some work and when I finally...
e) I found it had run out of petrol.
f) The train had left before I reached the station.
g) ... by then my husband had left for office
h) ... he had not taken the lunch box
i) He had forgotten it.
In all the sentences above look at the verbs:
a) had bought (had + Past participle (PP) of
buy)
b) had got (had + PP of get)
c) had closed (had+ PP of close)
d) had had (had + PP of have)
e) had run (had + PP of run)
f) had left (had + PP of leave)
= g) had left ( had + PP of leave )
h) had (not) taken (had + PP)
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 26 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
There are two past actions in sentence (a):
Had + PP is always used
´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC:
1) She told me (Ø√ûÓ îÁ°œpçC) for the earlier of two past actions-
2) That she had bought an apartment (apart- Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ/
ment é̆o-ü¿E). ´·çü¿J °æEéÀ had + PP ¢√úøû√ç.
Ñ È®çúø÷ past actions. Å®·ûË é̆ôç ´·çü¿’,
a) The teacher knew that he had not done the
(éÌØ√o-†E) îÁ°æpôç ûª®√yûª ïJ-í¬®·. ´·çü¿’ ïJ- home work
T† action had bought (had + PP form) ™
Åûªúø’ home work îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿E teacher èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC.
Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç– earlier/ first past action)
Åçõ‰ had + PP form, È®çúø’ past actions™
b) Where had you worked before you joined
´·çü¿®Ω ïJ-T† past action èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. here?
Å™«Íí sentence (b) ™
(Ééπ\úø îËÍ®-´·çü¿’ O’È®-éπ\úø °æE-îË-¨»®Ω’.)
She told me
èπÿú≈. Ééπ\úø îË®Ωôç – past - Åçûª-èπ◊ -´·çü¿’ Ææçí∫-A
(that) she had got a -é¬-•öÀd had worked)
bank loan - loan ´*aç- c) I had not known him till you introduced him to
ü¿E îÁ°œpçC. loan ®√´ôç me.
´·çü¿J past action O’®Ω’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÊÆ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Çߪ’† Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
鬕öÀd had got. M. SURESAN
In English, had + PP is very important. ÅC
Sentence c) By the time I reached the reser- ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûËconfusion communication
éπLT,
vation counter, they had closed. (؈’ îËÍ®-ô-°æp- ÆæJí¬ Öçúøü¿’.Look at the following.
öÀÍé ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’). ´‚ÊÆ-ߪ’ôç ´·çü¿’ 鬕öÀd 1) He gave me yesterday what I asked for
had closed. 2) He gave me yesterday what I had asked for.
d) I had had some work and when I finally went Sentence 1 Å®Ωnç: ؈-úÕ-TçC ÅûªúÕî√aúø’. Ééπ\úø
there it was 2 o' clock. ؈-úø-í∫ôç, Åûªúø’ É´yôç ¢Áçô ¢ÁçôØË, ü∆ü∆°æ¤
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °æE ÖçúÕçC ´·çü¿®Ω, ¢Á∞¡xôç ûª®√yûª äÍé-≤ƒJ ïJ-T-†ô’x Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. È®çúø÷ E†oØË.
鬕öÀd had had (had + PP)
Sentence 2 Å®Ωnç: ؈ç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤úÓ ÅúÕ-TçC
e) I found it had run out of petrol Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ E†o Éî√aúø’. (É´y-ô¢Ë’ E†o, Åúø-í∫ôç
Petrol Å®·-§Ú®· Öçúøôç (´·çü¿J action) Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púÓ)
îª÷¨»†’ – 鬕öÀd had run (had + PP) Sentence (1) èπÿ, (2) èπÿ áçûª ûËú≈ØÓ

Kasturi: A similar thing happened to me yes-
terday. The train had left before I
reached the station. So I called my
office and told them I was not coming.
My delay was due to traffic jam.
(--E-†o Ø√èπÿ Å™«ç-öÀüË ïJ-TçC. ؈’ sta-
tion èπ◊ îËÍ®-™ Ê° train ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC. ´÷
office èπ◊ Phone îËÆ œ ؈’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E
îÁ§ƒp†’. Ø√èπ◊ traffic jam ´©x Ç©Ææuç
Å®·çC.)
-v°æ-¨¡o: 5-15 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ´ßª’-Ææ’q†o °œ©x-©èπ◊
‘Spoken English’™ °æô’d ≤ƒCµç-
îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ àßË’ areas ™ focus
îËߪ÷L. ü∆EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†
Books, Cassettes, C.D.s
áéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·?
– Æœ.-áç.-áÆˇ.®√-V, È®j-™‰yéÓ-úø÷®Ω’
-ï-¢√-•’: NCERT ¢√∞¡x- (Central schools/ cen-
tral syllabus follow ÅßË’ schools ™
¢√úË) books î√-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç. 5 – 15
à∞¡x-™ °æ¤¢√∞¡Ÿx concentrate îËߪ÷-Lq†
areas: spellings, sentence structures,
Conversational Skills. É´Fo èπÿú≈
NCERT books ™ -Öç-ö«®·.
i) had forgotten (had + PP) f) ؈’ platform îË®Ω’-éÌØËÆæJéÀ train ¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·çC. – í∫´’-Eçî√®Ω’ éπü∆. ÅD had + PP Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.
°j verb form í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆: had + Past ÉC ´·çü¿’, 鬕öÀd had left (had + PP) ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ.
Participle (had + PP)-verb- Ñ form ™ Öçõ‰ g) Éçü¿’™ èπÿú≈ 'ØËEç-öÀ-Èé-∞Ï}-Ææ-JéÀ, Çߪ’† a) He had not slept for two days. When I know
ÅC past perfect tense Å´¤-ûª’çC. É°æ¤púø’ DE ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. (Had left- ÉC ´·çü¿’) that I felt pity for him
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. h) He had not taken the lunch box - Lunch box È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ Åûªúø’ Evü¿-§Ú-™‰ü¿’. ÅC ûÁL-Æœ†
a) She told me (yesterday) that she had bought BÂÆ\-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ – ÉC ´·çü¿’ – 鬕öÀd had (not) ؈’ ñ«L-°æ-ú≈f†’.
a new apartment taken b) Who had opened this before I saw it?
éÌûªh apartment éÌØ√o-†E îÁ°œpçC E†o. i) He had forgotten - ÉC èπÿú≈ ´·çü¿J past ؈’ îª÷ÊÆ-´·çüË á´®Ω’ ûÁJ-î√®Ω’ DEo?
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: action 鬕öÀd had forgotten - had + PP
Angad: Hi Vaali. Åûªúø’ Chennai ¢Á∞«x-úøE †’´¤y PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
Angad: I thought that he had gone. So I
thought I could give him the book later.
E†o Ø√ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ§ƒp´¤?
Vaali: He was/ felt angry that I had not
(Å•ü¿l¥ç – lie ¢√úøçúÕ) Åûªúø’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’?
returned his book.
Vaali: ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡-û√- Angad: Åûªúø’ wait îËÆæ’h†o Phone call ®√™‰-ü¿ô.
Vaali: I am sorry. I thought he would tell you
Vaali: OK. ØË¢Á-∞«xL. ´≤ƒh.
†E Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. FûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÕç-ûª-®√yûª about his change of programme.
Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-ü¿E ûÁL-ÆœçC. Åûªúø’ pro- Angad: Bye. Because I had thought so, I didn't call
gramme ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√o†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. ANSWER you (So - Å™«)
Angad: ØËØË¢Á÷ Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-úøE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Åçü¿’-éπE Angad: Hi. Vaali, why did you lie to me that he Angad: I had known that he would not go.
ÅûªúÕé¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç ûª®√yûª É´ya™‰ ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. had left for Chennai yesterday? Vaali: Why didn't he go? (Why did he not
ØËØ√°æ¤Ææhéπç É´y-™‰-ü¿E Ø√O’ü¿ î√™« éÓ°æp-ú≈fúø’. Vaali: No. I didn't lie. He had told me that he go?)
Vaali: I am sorry. Åûªúø’ -FûÓ Programme would go. I knew that he had not gone Angad: He didn't get the phone call he had
´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. 鬕öÀd only after I had talked to you. He told waited for.
Fèπ◊ Phone îËߪ’™‰ü¿’ ؈’. me that he had changed his pro- Vaali: OK. I must be going. Bye.
Angad: Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’Ææ’. gramme. Angad: Bye.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Soundarya: Hi What a fine dress you've
bought? Where did you buy it and
how much did it cost you?
(Ŷs -î√-™«- ¶«í∫’ç-C - F vúøÆˇ
áéπ\úøéÌØ√o´¤? áçûª?)
Aiswarya: Thank you for the compliment. I
bought it at Vastraloka for Rs.
3000/-
(-ü∑∆uçé˙q -´‚-úø’ -¢Ë-© ®Ω÷-§ƒ-©-ߪ’-©’
°öÀd ´ÆæY-™éπ™ éÌØ√o.)
Soundarya: Certainly worth it. I wish I had one
like it.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åçûª îËÆæ’hçC. Ø√èπÿ\ú≈
Å™«ç-öÀC Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿-E -
°œ-≤ÚhçC.)
I wish I had one like that. ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’†o-
°æ¤púø’ B®ΩE éÓJéπ©èπ◊ É™« Åçö«ç. She wishes
she had a car
(
ûª†èπ◊ 鬮Ω’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’ØÓ Å†’èπ◊ç-öçC.)
Ééπ\úø had, past Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ É°æpöÀ éÓJéπ†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-
ûª’çC.
Aiswarya: Time you bought one, Soundarya.
(É°æp-öÀÍé éÌØ√-LqçC †’´¤y)
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bought - past form
Time you bought = á°æ¤púÓ éÌE Öçú≈-LqçC.
Time you learnt manners .
(†’´¤ymanners ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L)
(Éçé¬ Fèπ◊manners ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’;
á°æ¤púÓ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-LqçC.)
Soundarya: When did you buy it?
(á°æ¤púø’ éÌØ√o´¤?)
Aiswarya: Yesterday. I had been thinking of
buying it for a long time. I had the
opportunity yesterday when dad
gave me the money. I got it for my
birthday the day after tomorrow.
Soundarya: Who is the other dress for?
(Ç ÉçéÓ vúøÆˇ á´-JéÀ?)
Aiswarya: That's for my cousin Sowjanya. I
ÉO
am going to present it to her.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E
(ÅC ´÷ éπ->-Ø˛ -≤˘-ï-†uèπ◊. ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊
ÅC 鬆’-éπí¬ É´y-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’.)
Soundarya: Has she returned from the states?
( ÊÆd-ö¸q †’ç* AJ-íÌ-*açü∆?)
Aiswarya: Yes, last weekend.
(Å´¤†’. í∫ûª ¢√®√çûªç-™)
Soundarya: Wasn't she a teacher here?
(Ééπ\úø Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬ ÖçúËC éπü∆?)
Aiswarya: Yes. She had been working as a
teacher when she got married. She
then joined her husband in the
U.S.
(°∞¡x-ßË’u-°æp-öÀéÀ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø öÃ-˝ í¬ °æE
îËÆæ’hç-úËC. Ç ûª®√yûª ¢√∞«x-ߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊
¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC.)
Soundarya: We had been studying in the same
college until we completed the
degree. Later she took a job and I
went for M.Sc.
(¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç -úÕ-vU °æ‹-Jh ÅßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ äÍé
é¬-™‰-ñ ¸™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-ØË¢√∞¡xç. ûª®√yûª Ç¢Á’
ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ îËJçC. ؈’ -
áÆˇ.Æœ.éÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
Aiswarya: She had been staying with us until,
she got the job. Her father who had
been working else where, had a
transfer here, and she went back
home.
( -Ö-üÓuí∫ç ´îËa ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷ ü¿í∫_Í® ÖçC.
Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÉçÈé-éπ\úÓ °æE îËÆæ’h†o
¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ -Ééπ\-úÕéÀ vö«-Ø˛q°∂æ®˝ ÅßË’u-
Ææ-JéÀ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC.)
Soundarya: She is quite nice.
(-ûª-†’ ´’ç* Å´÷t®·)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ had been combinations ûÓ -
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 28 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Ö†o Ñ verbs sentenceses †’ îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) I had been thinking of buying it for a longtime.
I had the opportunity yesterday.
2) She had been working as a teacher when
she got married.
3) We had been studying in the same college
until we completed the degree.
4) She had been staying with us until she got
the job.
Last two lessons had + past participle
™ ´’†ç
( past perfect tense ) uses (°∞¡xßË’ ´®Ωèπÿ/ °∞¡x-ßË’u-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆! (Å´¤†’. Å-°æ¤púø’ O’Í®-¢Á÷ -´÷-vûª-©’ Éî√a®Ω’.
Let us recall it once again. °æEîËÆæ÷h ÖçC.) Ééπ\-úø verb had been+ing. È®çvúÓV© ûª®√yûª ûªT_-§Ú-®·çC. Å°æp-öÀ-
(a) ™ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† °æ†’™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’, È®çúÓC
✔ Had Past participle is used for the earlier of †’ç* Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç ´®Ωèπ◊ Ø√Íé Ææ´’≤ƒu
two past actions. ûª®√yûª, éπü∆? - (had + pp) ™‰ü¿’ )
(í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ü∆ØÁo-°æ¤p (b) ™ í∫ûªç™ äéπ °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i È®çúÓ °æE ´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úø πÿú≈ ....
continue Å®·uçC 鬕öÀd had been + ing. a) had been walking... felt the pain.
a) He had been driving at 100 kmph when he b) hadn't been having any pain till this morn-
hit a lorry. ing.
100
(Åûªúø’ ™«KE úµŒéÌ-õ‰d-°æp-öÀéÀ -éÀ.-O’. ¢Ëí∫çûÓ - - a)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
Ø√èπ◊ ØÌ°œp éπL-T-†-°æ¤úø’ †úø’Ææ÷h ÖØ√o†’.
b)
119
vúÁj-¢˛ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.) §Òü¿’l-† -´-®Ωèπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ ØÌ°œp ÅØË-üË™‰ü¿’.
b) The British had been ruling India for over
鬕öÀdhad been + ing á°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-
We had been studying...
two centuries until it
úø÷ had + PP form ™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç.) ¶µº-¢Á’i† two actions ™ first action, 2nd action
e.g. became independent in ´®Ωèπ◊ continue Å®·ûË ü∆Eo had been + ing ûÓ
1947
a) He was unhappy that his friend had gone.
(1947 ™ ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç
îÁ°æ¤û√ç.
(¢√∞¡x -v°∂ç-ú˛ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøE Åûª†’ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈fúø’) ÉC 'be' form ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. (Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ È®çúÓ °æE
b) She had worked as a teacher before she got §ÒçüË-´-®Ωèπ◊ -vG-öÃ-≠æ®Ω’x
ïJÍí ´®Ωèπ◊ Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo -Ê°®Ì\-†-úøç)
married. ¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ È®çúø’ ¨¡û√-¶«l-© - a) He had been here till his father called him.
†’ç-* §ƒL-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.) M. SURESAN
(°RxéÀ ´·çü¿’ -öÃ-˝í¬ °æE îËÆœçC)
Doctor: What's your complaint?
(¢√∞¡x Ø√†o °œLîË ´®Ωèπ◊ Åûª-E-éπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’.)
c) We know that he had passed.
(Öçúøôç had been - í∫ûªç™, ûª®√yûª his father
(
-§ƒÆˇ Åߪ÷u-úøE ´÷èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC) Subash: I have a pain in the side, doctor. I
called- °œ©-´ôç)
Had + PP
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’. É°æ¤púø’ have had the pain since this morn-
b) Abdul Kalam had been a space scientist until
had been + ing
(Åçõ‰ Past ing. I had been taking my morning
he took over as President
Perfect Continuous tense)
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. walk when I suddenly felt it.
(®√-≠æZ°æ-Aí¬ ¶«üµ¿uûª©’ Æ‘yéπ-JçîË ´®Ωèπ◊ éπ-™«ç ÊÆpÆˇ
✔
í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ-†’-™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’ v§ƒ®Ωç- (§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç* úÌéπ\™ ØÌ°œpí¬ ÖçC.
¶µº¢Á’i È®çúÓ °æE ïJÍíü∆é¬ continue
Å®·ûË Øˆ’ §Òü¿’l† †úø’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ ØÌ°œp -´-*aç- ÂÆjç-öÀÆˇdí¬ (ÖØ√o®Ω’)
c) I thought till this morning that he had been
Å°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo had been + ing form C)
here.
™ îÁ§ƒhç. Doctor: I remember that you came to me last
Compare the following sentences. month with a similar complaint.
(§Òü¿’l† ´®Ωèπ◊ Åûª-E-éπ\úË ÖØ√o-úøE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o)
ÉD had been, had been + ing ¢√ú≈-Lq† B®Ω’. ûÁ©’-
a) She had worked as a teacher before she got (O’®Ω’ í∫-ûª ØÁ© ÉüË éπç°æx®·ç-ö¸-ûÓ ´*a-
married. †ô’d Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h) í∫ ’™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, English ™ time of action, time
of state of being †’ •öÀd ´’†ç ¢√úË verb forms
(°RxéÀ ´·çü¿’ Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬ °æE îËÆœçC.) Ééπ\- Subash: Yes, doctor. You gave me some
úø verb- had + PP tablets and I felt all right after two
éπ*aûªçí¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ö«®·. Å™« correct í¬ Å®·†
verb forms †’ ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË Â°úø-®√n-©èπ◊, -Aéπ-´’éπ©èπ◊ ü∆J-
b) She had been working as a teacher until- days. Since then I hadn't been having
when she got married. any problem till this morning.
B- ≤ƒh®·.
friend got an idea that we start a soft-
Tarun: -´®Ω’-ù˝ , î√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC E†’o îª÷Æœ, áéπ\- PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ware company in Hyderabad.
úø’-Ø√o´¤? àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? Tarun: It's good. When are you starting it?
Varun: v°æÆæ’hûªç ؈’ -´·ç-¶-®·™ ÖØ√o. ´·ç-¶- Tarun: Best of Luck. Varun: In two or three months.
®· ™ Å´-鬨¡ç ´îËa-°æp-öÀéÀ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ Answers Tarun: Best of luck.
°æE-îË-Ææ’hØ√o. Tarun: Hi Varun, long since I saw you. Where Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ. Ñ éÀçC sentence †´‚Ø√™
Tarun: -´·ç-¶-®·éÀ ´÷Í®-´-®Ωèπ◊ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ™ áçûª- are you and what are you? sentences
O™„j-†Eo ®√ߪ’çúÕ. ®√Æœ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ îªü¿-
é¬©ç °æE-îË-¨»´¤. Varun: I am at present in Mumbai. I had been ´çúÕ,Not ûÓ†÷, Questioní¬†÷, Dialogue form
áç.- Varun: v§Ú-ví¬-´ ’®˝í¬ °æE-îËÆæ ÷h Ñ Å´-鬨¡ç working in Hyderabad when I got the ™†÷ ®√ߪ’çúÕ.
§Òçü∆†’. opportunity in Mumbai. They laughed at him Ééπ\úø †´‚Ø√.
Tarun: £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ ´·çüÁ-éπ\úÓ ÖØ√o´¤ éπü∆? Tarun: How long had you been working in sub verb Preposition Noun or pronoun
Varun: Å´¤†’. îÁØÁj o™ ÖØ√o 6 ØÁ©©’. Hyderabad when you got the opportu- a) She looked at me.
Tarun: É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úÕéÀ? nity in Mumbai? b) They did not come for him
Varun: ؈’ Ø√ -v°∂ç-ú˛-ûÓ, ( í∫-ûª ØÁ© ņ’-èπ◊çö«) Varun: I had been working as a programmer c) Why do you stare at her?
´÷ö«xúø’ûª’çõ‰, ÅûªúÕ -v°∂ç-ú˛ ´î√aúø’. ã - when I got the opportunity. (Stare- ÅüË °æEí¬ îª÷úøúøç)
í∫çô ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊-ØË-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ Ñ È®çúÓ -v°∂ç- Tarun: Hadn't you (had you not) been some a) Prem: Why do you look at your watch (so
ú˛èπ◊ -äéπ -Ç-™-îª-† ´*açC. ¢Ë’ç ´·í∫’_®Ωç where before you were in Hyderabad? often) ?
éπLÆœ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«--ü˛™ ã -≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ éπç°-F Varun: Yes. In Chennai for six months. Karim: I must talk to my uncle immediately
°ö«d-©-E. Tarun: Where now? Prem: You wait for a few minutes.
Tarun: ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Varun: When I was talking to my friend, I think Karim: I have waited for half an hour already
Varun: È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©™x. it was last month, his friend came. As
we had been talking for an hour, this
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Pramod: Hi Prasanth, when are you starting
for Bangalore?
(á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)
Prasanth: Tomorrow by the evening train.It
arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç Train™. ÅC-éπ\-úÕéÀ ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ-
´*a, 6.10éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’çC.)
Pramod: I'll be at the station even before 6 to
see you off.
(Fèπ◊ OúÓ\-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ ÇJç-öÀéÀ ´·çüË
station ™ Öçö«)
See off= OúÓ\-L-´yôç
Prasanth: O that's good of you. Thank you.
(î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. ü∑∆çé˙ ߪ‚. á´-È®j-Ø√
´’†èπ◊ ´’ç*-í¬F, ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-TçîËCí¬F
îËÊÆh, that's (that is) good of you,
That's Kind of you Åçö«ç. good/
Kind ´·çü¿’ very îË®Ωa-´îª’a)
Pramod: You remember our friend vinod is
there too. He is into software.
(´’† v°∂çú˛ NØÓü˛ èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úË
ÖØ√oúø’. Åûªúø’ èπÿú≈ ≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ (éπç°æ‹u-
ô®˝q)™ ÖØ√oúø’. 'into' Ñ ´’üµ¿u Ñ
Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.
He was into business for some time
Åûªúø’ éÌçûª-é¬©ç ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’/
¢√u§ƒ®Ωç î˨»úø’)
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 2 -´÷-Ja 2006
Pramod: It's for him and for his dad to settle.
Meet you at the station tomorrow.
Bye.
(ÅC ¢√úø÷, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√-Lq†
N≠æߪ’ç. Í®°æ¤ E†’o station ™ éπ©’≤ƒh.
´≤ƒh-´’J)
Prasanth: Bye.
Ñ Conversation ™, look at the following
expressions.
1) starting for Bangalore
At home, at college, at school, at that place,
2) by the evening train
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
at the village, at 6.00 pm, at 12 noon, at a
3) arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10 stage/ a certain stage/ at that stage, (stage = Subha:
àçöÀ ¨¶µ«, Vizag †’ç* á°æ¤púø’
4) before six ü¿¨¡) AJ-íÌ-î√a-´¤?
5) good of you at the theatre, at the station etc. Sobha: E†o, §Òü¿’l-öÀ train ™
6) into software 2) to = äéπîÓöÀéÀ, äéπ-JéÀ, äéπîÓô’¢Áj°æ¤ - to Subha: ¢Á ∞Ï-xô-°æ¤púø’ car ™ -¢Á-∞«}-´¤í∫-ü∆, 鬮ÓxØË ´≤ƒh-
7) close to Hyderabad, to Vijayawada, to Tirupathi to my ´- †’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
father, to the CM, etc. Sobha: Car repair ™ ÖçC. ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁçôØË
8) talked to him over phone
3) äéπJ†’ç*, äéπ v°æü˨¡ç†’ç* = from. from ®√¢√Lq ´îËa-¨»†’.
9) the day before sivarathri
Hyderabad, order from the CM, etc. Subha: F O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC.
10) his father is angry with him at his postpon-
4) By- éπ°æ¤p Ö†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©-®·ûË - by bus, by car, Sobha: áçü¿’èπ◊?
ing his marriage.
by train, by ship, by lorry, etc - D†®Ωnç Ñ ¢√£æ«- Subha: E†oöÀ†’ç* Éçöx ÖçúÕ äéπ\-≤ƒJ èπÿú≈
11) differs with his father over who he should
Ø√™x ÅE. phone îËߪ’-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
marry.
a) I go to school by bus = Sobha: ؈’ ´îËa-Ææ-JéÀ É©xçû√ ´·JéÀ. É™xçû√
12) Particular about
School èπ◊ bus ™ ¢Á∞«h†’. clean îËÆæ÷h busy í¬ Ö-Ø√o. Sorry.
13) Outside the family circle
b) Goods arrived by lorry = ANSWER
14) The reason for
Subha: Hi Sobha, when did you come back?
15) It's for him and for his dad to settle. ≤ƒ´÷†’x ™«K™ ´î√a®·.
Sobha: Yesterday, by the morning train.
16) At the station c) He travelled by train =
Subha: While going you went by car. I thought
Words like for, by, at, before, of, into, to, over, Train
™ v°æߪ÷ùç î˨»úø’.
you would return by car again.
with, about, outside etc. are prepositions. 5) Top ™‰E (scooter, bike, cycle, horse) ™«çöÀ-

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 120
prepositions í∫’Jç* Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™
éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Sobha: The car was under repair. I came back
´-®·ûË on. because I had to come back urgently.
a) He goes to college on bike.
Subha: I am very angry with you
Sobha: What for?

By the evening train

Subha: You have been at home and haven't
called me even once.
Sobha: By the time I came back, the house
was dirty. I was busy cleaning it. Sorry.

Prasanth: Yea. My office in Bangalore is close
to his. I talked to him over phone this
morning, He said he would be at the
station to receive me' (Bangalore ™
Ø√ office ÅûªúÕ Ç°∂‘Æˇèπ◊ ü¿í∫_Í®. ؈-ûª-úÕûÓ
Ñ®ÓV Phone ™ ´÷ö«x-ú≈†’. Ø√éÓÆæç
station èπ◊ ´≤ƒh†Ø√oúø’.)
Pramod: He was here the day before
sivarathri it seems his father is angry
with him at his postponing his mar-
riage.
(¢Á·†o P´-®√vAéÀ ´·çü¿’-®ÓV Ééπ\-úø’-
Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ °Rx-¢√-®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úøE
¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æçí¬ Ö†o-ô’dçC)
It seems- Å™« ÅE-°œç-îªôç/ éπE-°œç-îªôç
Prasanth: He differs with his father over who
he should marry. His father insists
that he marry his uncle's daughter.
He is particular about marrying a girl
outside the family circle. That's the
reason for his coming rarely.
(Åûª-úÕéÀ, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊, ÅûªúÁ´JE °Rx
îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©ØË N≠æߪ’ç™ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’-¶µ‰-ü∆-©’-
Ø√o®·. ¢√∞¡x Ø√-ØËo¢Á÷ ÅûªúÕ ´÷´’ߪ’u
èπÿûª’-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-
Ø√oúø’. ÉûªúË¢Á÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω ö«d-©-¢√-∞Îx-´-JE
îËÆæ’-éÓ-†E °æô’d-ü¿-©í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ
®√´ôç Åçü¿’Íé Å®Ω’ü¿’)
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ preposi- b) She moves about on a scooter -
tions ´’†’-≠æfl©, ´Ææ’h-´¤©, Ç¢Á’ scooter O’ü¿ A®Ω’í∫’ûª’çô’çC.
ïçûª’-´¤© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ c) Travel was on horseback in the olden days =
Ææn©ç, ÆœnA, time, °æü¿l¥A §ƒûª ®ÓV™x v°æߪ÷-ù«©’ í∫’v®√© O’ü¿.
v°æ¨¡o: Spoken
ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç ÅE
English, Grammar ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-
6) äéπ îÓöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç = go to a place;
-É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™
îª÷¨»ç. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´÷ô© M. SURESAN Å®·ûË äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç = leave for a place, ú≈-EéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh鬩
ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ preposi- depart for a place; be bound for a place. N´-®√©’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’.
tions ´≤ƒh®·. a) He is going to Delhi tonight. – >. Í騡-´¤©’, §ƒ´·- π◊çô
î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. à preposition áéπ\úø b) She has left for Kolkata
-ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω’ Ö†oC *†o °æ™„xô÷®Ω®·-†ç-ü¿’-´©x
¢√ú≈-©ØË rule à-O’™‰ü¿’. ´÷ö«x-úøôç, îªü¿-´ôç ´™‰x c) This train is bound for Chennai O’èπ◊ English ´îËa Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅØË
Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-ûª’çC. (îÁØÁj o ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC) ¶µºßª’ç Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. *†o °æ™„x-ô÷-®Ωx-†’ç-*
The correct use of prepositions is just a mat- d) The train is ready to depart for Lucknow. ´îËa-¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ v•£æ…tç-úøçí¬ English
ter of practice. 7) äéπJéÓÆæç, äéπ N≠æߪ’çéÓÆæç = for ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’, O’®Ω’ èπÿú≈ ´÷ö«x-
English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†oéÌDl, îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’†oéÌDl a) This book is for Ramesh = úø-í∫-©®Ω’ ÆæÈ®j† serious practice îËÊÆh.
prepositions Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ´’†ç Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ éÓÆæç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-®Ωù ÖçúË spoken English
books ™ Rapidex, English in 30
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçô÷çö«ç: ¢√úÕ O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç. b) I am taking a lot of trouble for you =
days ™«çöÀ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îª÷úøçúÕ. ¢Á’-©xí¬
Ééπ\úø éÓ°æç ´·çü¿’ 'O’ü¿— áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L ÅØË
O’ éÓÆæç ØËEçûª trouble BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ ï¢√-•’ç-úøü¿’ éπü∆. Ç ¶µ«≠æ ©éπ~ùç, ¢√úø’éπ English news paper îªü¿-´ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-
ÅçûË. English ™ preposition ¢√úø’éπ èπÿú≈ 8) a) Angry with = äéπ ´uéÀh O’ü¿ éÓ°æç îªçúÕ. Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, interest
b) Angry at/about = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ éÓ°æç. ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ îªü¿-´çúÕ. ´’ç* dic-
ÅçûË. à ´÷ô´·çü¿’ à preposition, ûª®√yûª à
preposition ÅØËC éÌçîÁç éπç®∏ΩÆæhç îËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈ i) My father is angry with me = Ø√ O’ü¿ éÓ°æç. tionary (English to Telugu) ü¿í∫_®Ω Öç-
´’ç*üË. äÍé-´÷ô ûª®√yûª ¢√úË preposition ™ ii) My father is angry at/about my low marks. éÌE àüÁjØ√ °æü¿ç O’èπ◊ Å®Ωnç é¬èπ◊ç-õ‰ ûÁ©’-
ûËú≈´ÊÆh Å®Ωnçèπÿú≈ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE (Ø√éÌ*a† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC) Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. *†o *†o story books, *†o
classes English nondetailed books
prepositions N≠æߪ’ç-™  î√™« ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. 9) Particular about = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç™ °æô’d-ü¿-©í¬
Å®·ûË éÌEoîÓôx Åçûª confusion ®√ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hç-- TV
îªü¿-´çúÕ. Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√
Öçúøôç. English news
éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: ûÁ©’-í∫’™, English ™, ´·çü¿’ Many members of TRS are particular about
N†ç-úÕ. O’èπ◊ ûÓ*-†N ®√Æœ
é¬ÆæhEnglish ûÁL-Æœ† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îª÷°œç-îªçúÕ.
¢Á†’éπ Å´¤-ûª’ç-ö«®·. KCR's resignation = OöÀûÓ§ƒô’ ´÷ Spoken English
Eg: To Mumbai = ´·ç¶„jéÀ KCR ®√@-Ø√´÷ N≠æߪ’ç™ î√™« ´’çC TRS îªü¿-´ôç practice îËߪ’ôç ´©x O’èπ◊ ã
1) äéπ-îÓô, äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™, äéπ time èπÿ, äéπ ü¿¨¡™  – Æ涵º’u©’ °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ØÁ© ®ÓV™x î√-™« ûËú≈ éπE°œÆæ’hçC.
É™«çöÀ Å®√n©’ ´îËa preposition, at. É™«çöÀN îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ í∫´’-EÆæ÷h îªü¿-´çúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 4 -´÷-Ja 2006
Yamini: Hi Salini, when exactly do you expect I a) at 11.30 II a) by 12.30
Malini? b) at the age of 22 b) by then
(´÷LE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ á°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- c) at breakfast c) by chance
Ø√o´¤?) d) at a distance of d) by your watch
expect = ÉÈéqpé˙d– 'Èéqp— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =
ÇPç-îªôç/ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç/ ņ’-éÓ-´ôç e) at 50 to 60 KMPH e) fast by/ slow by 5 min.

Salini: At 11.30. I am sure she will be here f) good at calculations f) by 11.45

atleast by 12.30 Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Éûª®Ω prepositions:
(11.30 éÀ. éπFÆæç 12.30 éπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ô’ç- a) from the US b) leave for
ü¿E éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) c) age of d) in a short time
sure = ≠æ‡uÅ = éπ*a-ûªçí¬ I) At
áéπ\-úÁ-éπ\úø ¢√ú≈¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ. ii) Planes Ñ ®ÓV™x í∫çôèπ◊ 700 ¢Á’i∞¡Ÿx ü∆öÀ ii) ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éπØ√o ´÷ °æéÀ\©’x 10 Åúø’-í∫’©’ áûª’h=
Yamini: So she is returning from the US. When
a) at 11.30. éπ*a-ûªçí¬ °∂晫Ø√ time èπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’-í∫-©´¤. Our next building is taller than ours by 10 feet.
did she actually leave for the states?
at ¢√úøû√ç. Planes today can travel/ fly at more than iii) ü∆EéÀ DEéÀ ûËú≈ 10 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’=
(Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ US †’ç* AJ-íÌ-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. 700 miles per hour. This differs from that by Rs 10/- (This is
i) I show 6.15 èπ◊ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’çC.
ÅÆæ-™„-°æ¤p-úÁ-RxçC Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊?) f) Good at calculations costlier than that by Rs 10/-)
Salini: She left at the age of twenty two, two The first show begins at 6.15
™„éπ\©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç iv) He is taller than his brother by 4 cms
years ago. By then she had completed ii) ´÷ classes 4.30 éÀ Å®·§Úû√®·.
i) Maths ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫ôç= brother éπØ√o Åûªúø’ 4 cms §Òúø´¤.
¢√∞¡x
her software training here. Our classes end/ close at 4.30
good at/ clever at/ bright at Maths ÉO at, by
© Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. É°æ¤púø’–
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ 22 à∞¡x-°æ¤púø’, È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô. Å°æp-öÀ- iii) Ç time èπ◊ Ø√éà Ææçí∫A ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ 1) From: -D-E-E– '†’ç*— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
鬢Á’ Ééπ\úø ûª† software training °æ‹Jh-îË- ii) English ¶«í¬ ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç=
I did not know this at that time. Kumar: Srikanth is coming from Chennai today
ÆœçC). poor at/ bad at English
iv) ¢√úÁ°æ¤púø’ ´≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? iii) Kesav: How do you know?
Yamini: I was at breakfast when you called to ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç Ç©-Ææuçí¬/ Eü∆-†çí¬= (FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’)
tell me that she wanted to see me. I am At what time do you expect him? slow at learning- Kumar: I had it from his brother. (Ñ ¢√®Ωh Ø√èπ◊
surprised that Malini still remembers (Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø At what time •ü¿’©’, when, iv) ûªy®Ωí¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç= ÅûªúÕ brother †’ç* ûÁL-ÆœçC)
me and told you to phone me. better) Kesav: You know, Srikanth and I are from
quick at learning.
Nellore.
(Ç¢Á’ ††’o îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o N≠æߪ’ç II) Now let us look at by
îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ F´¤ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ (Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ, Xé¬çû˝, ؈÷ Éü¿l®Ωç ØÁ©÷x®Ω’
a) By 12.30= 12.30 éπ™«x= 12.30 ü∆ô-èπ◊çú≈= ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’). Ééπ\úø From †’ à ÜJéÀ îÁçC†
v¶‰é˙-§∂ƒÆˇd îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ´÷LE É°æp-öÀéà ††’o 12.30èπ◊ í¬F, Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-í¬E. ÉC time Íé
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 121
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ÷-©E é¬èπ◊çú≈, date èπ◊, month èπÿ year èπÿ à time Sankar: Where are you from? (O’üË Ü®Ω’?)
Fèπ◊ îÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC) ™ Å®·Ø√ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC. Sukumar: I am from Vizag (´÷C Vizag)
Ééπ\úø Sentence ™ from Å®Ωnç îª÷úøçúÕ. O’üË

I will be there by 6.30

Salini: She is that type. She never loses
friendship.
(ûª†™«çöÀüË. friendship ´ü¿’-©’-éÓü¿’).
Yamini: We met only once, that too by chance,
a year ago. After that we have met just
once or twice. Good of her to remem-
ber me.
(á°æ¤púÓ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éÀçü¿ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’-
Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ. Ç ûª®√yûª äéπöÀ
È®çúø’-≤ƒ-®Ωx-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Eïçí¬
´’ç*üË– ††’o éπ©-¢√-©-†’-éÓ-´ôç)
Salini: What's the time by your watch?
( watch time
F áçûª?)
Yamini: It is 11.15
Salini: Mine shows 11.20. My watch is fast by
five minutes or your watch is slow by 5
minutes. Doesn't matter. She will be
here in a short time.
(Ø√ watch 11.20 îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ø√ watch 5
EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´·çüÁjØ√ †úø’-Ææ’hç-ú≈L, ™‰ü∆ F
watch 5 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ †úø’-Ææ’hç-ú≈L.
°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. éÌCl-ÊÆ-°æöx ûªE-éπ\-úø’ç-ô’çC.)
Yamini: How is she coming?
Salini: She is driving. When she last called
me she was at a distance of 80 Kms.
Suppose she is driving at 50 to 60
KMPH, she will be here by 11.45 at the
most.
(Ç¢Á’ Car ™ ´≤ÚhçC. Ç¢Á’ Ø√èπ◊ Phone
îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ 80 Kms ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçC. í∫çôèπ◊
50/ 60 Km ¢Ëí∫çûÓ ´≤Úhç-ü¿-†’éÓ.
11.45éπ™«x Ééπ\úø Öçô’çC.)
Yamini: You are good at calculations.
´’†ç last lesson ™ prepositions discuss
(îªJaç-îªôç) î˨»ç éπü∆. Let's (let us) know
something more. (´’J-éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç).
°j Conversation ™ We have used the two
prepositions 'at' and 'by'. Let's look where we
have used them:
Ü®Ω’? ÅE Å®Ωnç= Ñ Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË Where do you
come from? Åçö«ç– Åçõ‰ O’È®-éπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’h-
Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE é¬ü¿’, O’üË-´‹®Ω’ ÅE. I come from
Hyderabad Åçõ‰ ´÷C Hyderabad ÅE.
(Å®·ûË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd äéÓ\-≤ƒJ– O’È®-éπ\-úÕoç*
´≤ƒh®Ω’ v°æA ®ÓW – ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, where do you
b) at the age of come from? ņ-´îª’a. Where are you com-
i) ؈’ 6.30 éπ™«x Åéπ\úø Öçö«†’=
äéπ-JéÀ °∂晫Ø√ ´ßª’-Ææ- ing from Åçõ‰ ´÷vûªç, O’®Ω’ É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\-úÕoç*
I will be there by 6.30 (I will be there at
°æ¤púø’– 6.30= 6.30 èπ◊ correctí¬, by 6.30= 6.30 èπ◊ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? ÅE.)
i) Children in India are í¬F, Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-í¬-F) PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:
put to school at the
ii) 20 à∞¡xÍé Tendulkar tests Çúøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç- Sasikanth: ´÷´‚©’í¬ †’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úø’ç-ö«-N-éπ\úø?
age of 3. Ravikanth: 9.30 éπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«†’. Éçöx correct
î√úø’=
¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ °œ©xLo ´‚úÓ M. SURESAN Tendulkar began playing tests by his twen- í¬ 8.45 èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-û√†’.
àôØË School èπ◊ tieth year Sasikanth: 8.45èπ ◊ ؈’ breakfast ™ Öçö«†’.
°æç°æ¤-û√®Ω’. iii) 2003 èπ◊ Åûª†’ ©é~¬-Cµ-é¬J Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’= Ravikanth: Ç time èπ◊ ؈’ ≤ƒo†ç, breakfast
ii) Åûª-úø’ 11´ àôØË Chess grand master Åçû√ °æ ‹ Jh îË≤ƒh.
He became a lakhier by 2003.
Åߪ÷uúø’ Sasikanth: ᙫ ´≤ƒh´¤ †’´¤y?
b) By then= Å°æp-öÀÍé
He became a Chess grand master even at Ravikanth: Bus™, ´÷ Office ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ 10 éÀ.O’
the age of 11/ even at 11 i) I went there at 11.30. By then the match
ü¿÷®Ωç. Åçü¿’-éπE 45E. ´·ç-ü¿’ •ßª’-™‰l-
c) at break fast = breakfast îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’. É™«Íí had begun=
®Ω’û√.
at lunch; at dinner; at bath, etc... Çߪ÷ Ææ´’- ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ 11.30èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé match Sasikanth: ؈’ bike ™ ´≤ƒh. Traffic jam ™‰éπ-
ߪ÷™x ÅE. v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC. §ÚûË 40-50 kmph ¢Ëí∫çûÓ ´ÊÆh ØËE-éπ\-
i) ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶µçîË-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ jokes ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. ii) ؈’ ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ ÅûªEo ¢√∞¡Ÿx B-Ææ’Èé-∞«}®Ω’= úÕéÀ correct í¬ 9.30éÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊çö«.
They had jokes at their meals/ lunch/ din- By the time I reach there, they had taken Ravikanth: E†o ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Xé¬çû˝ éπL-¨»úø’.
ner etc... him away. Åûª†’ lift Éî√aúø’. ´÷´‚-©’-éπØ√o 10
ii) Åûªúø’ ≤ƒo†ç îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ phone ¢Á÷TçC. c) By chance= ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈= by accident. EN’- ≥ƒ©’ ´·çü¿-®Ω’Ø√o.
i) ¢Ë’´· ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç= We met Sasikanth: ¶«í¬ drive îË≤ƒhúø’.
He heard the phone ringing when he was
Xé¬çû˝
ANSWER
at bath. by chance/ by accident (accidentally).
Sasikanth: When/ At what time are you here
É™«Íí - at that height = Ç áûª’h™ ÅE èπÿú≈ Å™«Íí by mistake= §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’†. usually?
Åçö«ç. ii) By mistake I posted the letter to him
Ravikanth: By 9.30. I start at home at 8.45
d) at a distance of = ... ü¿÷®Ωç™ instead of to his sister=
Sasikanth: I am at breakfast at 8.45
i) Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ 300 Km ü¿÷®Ωç™ §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’† ¢√∞¡x îÁ™„x-LéÀ •ü¿’©’, Ç Öûªh®Ωç Ravikanth: By then I finish my both, breakfast,
ÖçC ÅûªúÕéÀ post î˨»†’. etc.
Vijayawada is at a distance of 300 Km from iii) Åûªúø’ àüÓ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ´©x ÅC î˨»úø’=
Sasikanth: How do you come?
Hyderabad. He did it by mistake. Ravikanth: By bus. My home is at a distance of
ii) Åçûªü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçúø-ôç-´©x Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ d) By your watch= O’ watch
v°æ鬮Ωç. 10 km from office. So I start 45 min-
®√™‰úø’ i) Ø√ watch ™ time 8 Å®·çC. utes earlier.
Being at such a distance (= so far off) he
It's 8 by my watch. Sasikanth: I come on bike. If there is no traffic
cannot come here frequently.
ii) O’ watch ™ time áçûª?= jam, I reach here exactly at 9.30,
e) at 50 to 60 KMPH driving at 40 to 50 kmph.
What's the time by your watch?
50/ 60 Km ¢Ëí∫çûÓ. ¢Ëí∫ç í∫çôéÓ, EN’-≥ƒ-EéÓ îÁÊ°p- Ravikanth: I met Srikanth by chance yester-
at
ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç. e) Fast/ slow by= Éô’-´ç-öÀ-îÓôx by 'áçûª¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊— day. He gave me a lift on his bike.
i) í∫çôèπ◊ 70 Km = at 70 KMPH; Second èπ◊
ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. So I was here earlier than usual by
1230 Åúø’-í∫’© ¢Ëí∫çûÓ = at 1230 feet per i) ´÷ ņo Ø√éπØ√o È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °ü¿l= 10 minutes.
second etc. My brother is my elder by two years. Sasikanth: He is good at driving.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Vighnesh: Hi Manikanth you appear very
happy today.
(Ñ ®ÓV †’´¤y î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ éπE-°œ-
Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤)
Manikanth: You are right. Dad called home this
morning. He is coming on the 10th,
that is, the day after tomorrow.
(§Òü¿’l† ´÷ Ø√†o §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»®Ω’. Åçü¿’éπØË on Jan 26th ÅØ√oç. Months (ØÁ©©’),
á©’xçúÕ Åçõ‰ 10´ ûËC† ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’) Ææç´-ûªq-®√© (years) ´·çü¿çû√ in.
Vighnesh: So he will be here on saturday.
That's good. Will he go back to the
states again?
(Åçõ‰ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†o-´÷ô.
´’Sx states èπ◊ ¢Á∞«h®√?)
Manikanth: Yes, he will be leaving again in a
month. He has to be back there in
April.
(Å´¤†’. äéπ ØÁ© ûª®√yûª ¢ÁRx-§Ú-û√®Ω’.
àv°œ-™¸™ Çߪ’† Åéπ\úø Öçú≈L.)
Vighnesh: Will he settle down there?
(Åéπ\úË Æœn®Ω°æúøû√®√?)
Manikanth: No, but he will be there for quite a
longtime.
(é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË éÌ-Ø√o-∞¡x-§ƒ-ô’ Åéπ\úË Öçö«®Ω’)
Vighnesh: When will you people join him?
(O’®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷ Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«h®Ω’?)
Manikanth: I have told you my sister is getting
married on the 4th of April. The
bridegroom is a software engineer
there. So she will be leaving on the
10th or so of April. Dad will leave a
week after that.Mother and I will
join him next year, after I finish my
studies.
(´÷ Åéπ\ °Rx àv°œ™¸ 4† ÅE îÁ§ƒp†’
éπü∆. °Rx-éÌ-úø’èπ◊ Åéπ\úø ≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ Éç>-
F®˝. Ç¢Á’ 10† ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’çC. -ûª®√y-ûª -
¢√®Ωç ®Ó-V-©èπ◊ -Ø√-†oí¬®Ω’ -¢Á-∞«h®Ω’.؈’,
Å´’t ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ø√ îªü¿’´¤ °æ‹®Ωh-
®·† ûª®√yûª ¢Á∞«hç.)
Vighnesh: I have my visa interview on 18th
March. I have got admission into
MBA in one of the universities in
the US. The course will begin on
the 7th May. I propose to leave in
the 4th week of April.
(Ø√èπ◊ -O≤ƒ Éç-ô®Ω÷yu -´÷-Ja 18-† -
Öç-C. Å¢Á’-J-鬙-E ߪ‚E-´-Kq-öÀ™
áç.G.à. Æ‘ö¸ ´*açC. éÓ®Ω’q -¢Ë’ 7-†
v§ƒ®Ω綵º´’´¤-ûª’çC. ؈’ -àv°œ™ ¸
Ø√-™_ ¢√®Ωç-™ ¢Á∞¡-û√†’.)
Manikanth: Best of luck for you. During your
stay there you can meet dad. He
will be happy to be of help to you.
(Best of luck)
(†’´y-éπ\úø Ö†o-°æ¤úø’ ´÷ Ø√†o í¬Jo
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Çߪ’† Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
à ≤ƒßª’ç Å®·Ø√ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.
Vighnesh: Thank you. As soon as I go there, I
shall get in touch with him.
(ü∑∆çèπÿu. Åéπ\-úøéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-í¬ØË Çߪ’-†ûÓ 2. a) I met him on the 26th Feb.
touch ™ Öçö«†’.)
✓ At, by time èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† prepositions. Å™«Íí
in, on, during, for, from, to/till, since èπÿú≈ b) I met him last 26th. (§Ú®·† 26† éπ©’q-èπ◊Ø√o)
timeèπ◊ Åçõ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† preps.
(prepositions)
Look at the following expressions from the
conversation at the beginning of this lesson:
a) This morning b) on the 10th c) on satur-
day d) in a month e) for quite a longtime
f) on the 4th of April g) on the 10th of April h)
on 18th March /the 7 th May i) in the 4th week
j) during your stay Days (sunday, monday,etc.)
dates (the 10th, the 18th April)èπ◊ ´·çü¿’, on
®√´-ú≈Eo í∫´’-Eç* Öçö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí months and
years in
´·çü¿’ ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆?
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 6 -´÷-Ja 2006
a) India became independent on the 15th
August 1947.
b) The college closed preparation holidays on
the 2nd March.
c) India became a republic on Jan 26th 1950.
°jSentence
™ date
îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ month
(January)
´·çü¿’ îÁ°œp ûª®√yûª ûËC îÁ§ƒpç éπü∆.
a) Ramu: When did Saran come here?
Raghu: He came here in February.
[every October / November 鬕öÀd on ®√ü¿’] ✓ Since = DE Å®Ωnç í∫ûªç™ äéπ time †’ç* ÅE.
(February ™ ´î√aúø’)
Ramu: When is he going to complete his
c) The child was born in August 2005. Åçõ‰ °∂晫-† time †’ç*, °∂晫-† ®ÓV †’ç*,
research project? (Gúøf August 2005 ™ °æ¤öÀdçC - in August) °∂晫E ØÁ© /Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç / Ææç°∂æ’ô† †’ç*
d) The child was born last August
ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ since ¢√úøû√ç.
(Åûªúø’ ûª† -KÂÆ®˝a -v§ƒ-ñ„é˙d-†’ á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh i) India has been independent since 1947
îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’?) (§Ú®·† August™ °æ¤öÀdçC–last ÖçC 鬕öÀd in
(1947 †’ç*)
Raghu: I think in another year; that is in 2007. ™‰ü¿’)
✓ Å™«Íí Last year, next year, that year, this ii) I have not met him since last January
(ÉçéÓ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-E-éπ-†’-èπ◊çö«, Åçõ‰ 2007™) January
year, every year ´·çü¿’ in ®√ü¿’ (í∫ûª †’ç* ؈-ûªEo éπ©’q-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)
Ramu: When did he begin it?
a) We had heavy rains last year Compare the following:
Raghu: In 2005
(
í∫ûª àú≈C ´®√{©’ ¶«í¬ °æú≈f®·.) a) India has been a republic since 1950.
b) There are only 28 days in February, except
✓ Last year ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’. b) India has been a republic for the past/ for the
once in four years.
b) There was an earthquake that year last 55 years.
(Ø√©’-Íí-∞¡xèπ◊ äéπ-≤ƒJ ûª°æp February ™ 28 ®ÓV™‰
(Ç Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ¶µº÷éπç°æç ´*açC.) ✓ a)™ 1950 †’ç* Republic í¬ ÖçC Åçô’Ø√oç.
Öçö«®·.) Åçõ‰ since, point of time ´·ç-ü¿’ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç.
✓ That year ´·çü¿’ – in ™‰ü¿’)
✓ b) ™ 55 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ (Period of time) ÅE ´u´Cµ
c) He will return next year
(¢√úø’ ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’) 鬕öÀd for ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç.
a) He has not seen a movie since January
✓ next year ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’)
-Ç-Ççí∫
çí∫x-¶x-¶µ«µ«-≠-≠æ-ùæ-ù 122 d) He goes to Ooty every year
b) He has not seen a movie for the past / for the
last two months.
During the training period...
c) There are 12 months
in a year. ( Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ (v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Å-ûª-úø’ ÜöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’) a) ™ January †’ç* b) ™ È®çúø’ ØÁ©-©’í¬
✓ (Every year ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’.
12 ØÁ©-©’ç-ö«®·) Now practise the following
✓ Å™«Íí This week, that week, next week,
d) He was born on 10th Dheeraj: ØËFo-éπØ√o °ü¿l-¢√--úÕ-†-E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
every week, last week ´·çü¿’ in ®√ü¿’. (Week
September 1984.
´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ in) Ø√o´¤?
( ¢√úø’ 10th September Neeraj: †’´¤y July™ °æ¤ö«d´¤, ؈’
a) I saw him here three times last week
1984 ™ °æ¤ö«dúø’.) September™ °æ¤ö«d†’ é¬-•-öÀd.
Imp...
M. SURESAN (§Ú®·† ¢√®Ωç ؈-ûªEoéπ\úø ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»)
Dheeraj: é¬F -´’-† -É-ü¿l®Ωç school™ June 12 †
(Last week ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’)
i) On – before dates and days;
e) For quite a long time: îË®√ç.
✓
in – before months and years.
'the'
For Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç... (for Åçõ‰ Éçûª-鬩çí¬ ÅE.) Neeraj: §Ú®·†¢√®Ωç ü∆é¬ ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç äÍé ´ßª’-Ææ-
-ûË-D-©èπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púø’ ®√¢√L. i) (He was here for a week.) †’-èπ◊Ø√o ؈’. F date of birth áéπ\úÓ
On the 10th June; on the 15th of August, etc.
(¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ¢√®Ωç ÖØ√oúø’.) îª÷¨». Å°æ¤púø’ ûÁL-ÆœçC.
✓
Å®·ûË dates, days, months, years èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ Dheeraj:
ii) (I waited for two hours for you yesterday.) Ñ ØÁ© 12 Ø√ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV †’´¤y ûª°æpéπ
Next (´îËa), last (§Ú®·†), every (v°æA) this ®√. 2002 †’ç* Ø√ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV-Èé-°æ¤púø÷
(Ñ), that (Ç) ÅE-´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ dates and days E†o FéÓÆæç È®çúø’ í∫çô©’ îª÷¨»
iii) Any degree course is for three years
´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ®√.
èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ on é¬F, months and years ´·çü¿’ Neeraj:
in é¬F ®√´¤. (à degree Course Å®·Ø√ ´‚úË-∞¡x-§ƒô’ Ñ ≤ƒJ ؈’ ®√™‰-ØË¢Á÷. Ø√ éÓÆæç Ü∞x
1. a) He will be here on Sunday. (Åûª†’ ÇC-¢√®Ωç Öçô’çC.) Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u áü¿’-®Ω’-
✓
Ééπ\úø Öçö«úø’.) Sunday ´·çü¿’ on ®√´-ú≈Eo 鬩-´u-´Cµ (Period of time) ´·çü¿’ for ¢√úøû√ç. îª÷-≤ÚhçC. ´’Sx ؈’ ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√-®Ω¢Ë’
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) a) He has been here for the past two days
®√í∫-©†’.
b) He will be here next Sunday (´îËa (next) ANSWERS
(È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ Çߪ’-E-éπ\úø Öçô’-Ø√oúø’)
Sunday ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ´¤çö«úø’ - next Sunday Dheeraj: Why do you think I am older than
b) The train stops here only for 5 minutes
鬕öÀd on ¢√úøç] you?
( È®j©’ Ééπ\úø 5 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Çí∫’-ûª’çC.
Neeraj: You were born in July and I was born
f) During your stay = (†’´¤y Ö†o 鬩ç™)
(؈’ ÅûªúÕo °∂œv•-´J 26† éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o). ûËC© in September.
✓ äéπ ´u´Cµ ™°æ© ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’dí¬ Å®·ûË dur-
´·çü¿’ On ®√´-ú≈Eo í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Dheeraj: But we joined school on 12th June.
ing ¢√úøû√ç.
Neeraj: Till last week I had thought we were
i) During his visit here, he did not meet me
last Öçúøôç ´©x 'on' ®√ü¿’) the same age. I then saw your date of
(Åûª-†’ -ûª-† °æ®Ωu-ô-†-™ ††’o éπ©’q-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.)
c) Salaries are paid on the first of every birth some where I knew it then.
ii) During the training period, you do not get
month. [on the first - on] í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ any salary Dheeraj: My birth day is on the 12th this
d) Salaries are paid every 1st. (Péπ~ù« 鬩ç™ Fèπ◊ @ûªç ®√ü¿’) month. Do attend it. You have been
(v°æA ØÁ™« ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ûËC† @û√©’ îÁLx-≤ƒh®Ω’) iii) During the show there was some distur- attending (coming for) my birth day
Ééπ\úø every 1st 鬕öÀd on ™‰ü¿’. bance since 2002. Don't fail this time.
3. a) Deepavali comes in October or November. time Neeraj: I'm afraid I may not come/ I doubt if I
(Ç v°æü¿-®Ωz† ™ àüÓ Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç éπL-TçC.)
October
(D§ƒ-´R November
™ é¬F ™ é¬F iv) During his tenure as President, he visited can come - My sister has been wait-
month
´Ææ’hçC). Ééπ\úø in
´·çü¿’ ®√´-ú≈Eo many foreign countries. ing for me for the past four days at my
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. village. I can come back only next
(Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ Çߪ’† °æü¿-O-é¬-©ç™ î√™« Nü˨»©’
b) Deepavali comes every October/November. îª÷¨»úø’. Tenure - õ„†÷uÅ = °æü¿-O -鬩ç) Monday.
II
Viswanath: When does the temple near your
place open?
(O’ ÉçöÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω temple á°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’?)
Lokanath: In the morning or in the evening?
(§Òü¿’lØ√o, ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª´÷?)
Viswanath: In the morning.
(§Òü¿’lØËo)
Lokanath: It opens at 5 in the morning and
closes at 12 noon.
(§Òü¿’l† 5 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’. ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç
12èπ◊ ´‚≤ƒh®Ω’.)
Viswanath: In the evening?
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç?)
Lokanath: The temple is open from 4 in the
evening till 8 in the evening.
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√©’í∫’ †’ç* 8 ´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁJîË
Öçô’çC.)
Viswanath: I thought it opened from three in
the afternoon.
(´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´‚úÕçöÀ †’ç* ûÁJ*
Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.)
She is very busy in the mornings
Lokanath: On festive days it is open till 2 in the
afternoon. For example it was
open at one on the afternoon of
Sivarathri and closed late at night.
(°æçúøí∫ ®ÓV™x ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø’ ´®Ωèπ◊
ûÁJîË Öçô’çC. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ P´-®√vA
®ÓV ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç äçöÀ-í∫ç-ôèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ûÁJ*
Öç-*, ®√vA î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´‚¨»®Ω’.)
Viswanath: I visited the temple on the morning
of Saturday. I went to your place
too. You were out.
(؈’ í∫’úÕéÀ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Öü¿ßª’ç ¢Á∞«x†’.
Å™«Íí O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ´î√a†’. †’´¤y •ßª’-öÀéÀ
¢Á∞«x´¤.)
Lokanath: On the morning of Saturday? Yea, I
went to my sister's. She was plan-
ing to go to Delhi on the evening of
Sunday. I was there to help her in
packing.
(¨¡E-¢√®Ωç §Òü¿’lØ√o? Å´¤†’. ´÷
Åéπ\ߪ’u ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. ÇC-¢√®Ωç
≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ç¢Á’ úµÕMxéÀ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-úø-ôçûÓ
≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ωl-ôç™ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-ú≈-©E
¢Á∞«x†’.)
Viswanath: Do you go to your sister's frequent-
ly?
(O’ Åéπ\ߪ’u ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢Á∞«h¢√?)
Lokanath: Almost every evening. They live
very close to our place.
(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç.)
Viswanath: But I saw you at home last
evening.
(Å®·ûË E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’Nyçöx
Öçúøôç îª÷¨»†’.)
Lokanath: Yea, I was at home last evening.
My sister was away shopping.
(E†o ؈’ ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷
Åéπ\ߪ’u shopping èπ◊ ¢ÁRxçC.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Viswanath: A few days ago our friend Trinath
met me. You know he had been
away for long. He said he would
meet me the next evening, but he
did not come.
(´’† v°∂çú˛ vAØ√ü∑˛, éÌCl®ÓV©éÀçü¿
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ´’®Ω’-ÆæöÀ®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-
†-Ø√oúø’. é¬E ®√™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ î√™« 鬩ç
†’ç* Ééπ\úø ™‰úø’.)
Lokanath: Trinath is unreliable.
(vAØ√ü∑˛ Åçûª ´÷ô E©’-°æ¤-éÌØË¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’.
Unreliable = Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-ü¿-í∫-E)
Viswanath: Well then. Meet you again.
(´’ç*C. ´’Sx éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«.)
Lokanath: Bye.
´’†ç timeèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† prepositions
îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆ éÌEo lessons †’ç*. This les-
son too deals with prepositions of time.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 123
deal with = îªJaç-îªôç/
äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷Ææ’-éÓôç
etc.
Look at the following
expressions in the con-
versation above:
a) In the morning or in the M. SURESAN
evening.
b) at 12 noon
c) till 8 in the evening
d) in the afternoon
e) on the afternoon of Sivarathri
f) at night
g) on the morning of Saturday
h) every evening
i) last evening
j) the next evening
Ééπ\úø îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆: Åçû√ morning, evening,
night, noon ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√ú≈ç. É´Fo
°æ‹ô©’ (parts of the day)
°∂晫-†-°æ‹ô – morning, evening etc.
ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, Ç °æ‹ô (part
of the day) ´·çü¿’, the °öÀd, ü∆E ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púø÷ e) At midnight = ®√vA 12 í∫çô-©èπ◊.
'in' ¢√úøû√ç.
é¬-™‰-ñ ¸ §Òü¿’l† 8éÀ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’çC
The college starts at 8 in the morning.
鬙‰ñ ¸ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC. ii) The train arrive here at midnight
The college closes at 2 in the afternoon
a) In the morning, in the evening, in the
afternoon
i) My mother gets up at 5 in the morning
´÷ Å´’t Öü¿ßª’ç Å®·CçöÀéÀ ™‰Ææ’hçC.
ii) I saw him in the park at 8 in the evening.
؈’ ¢√úÕE E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áE-N’-Cç-öÀéÀ îª÷¨»-†’.
í∫´’-Eéπ: English ™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ®√vA °æúø’-èπ◊ØË´®Ωèπ◊,
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ evening ÅØË Åçö«®Ω’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 9
´®Ωèπ◊ evening ÅØË Åçö«ç.
iii) She is very busy in the mornings.
§Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ BJ-èπ◊ç-úøü¿’.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
iv) She is at leisure in the evenings
≤ƒßª’ç-vû√©’ Ç¢Á’ BJ-éπí¬ Öçô’çC.
(leisure = ™„ï®˝ – measure ™ su ™«í∫ – '™„—
ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
b) at noon: ÆæJí¬_ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12 í∫çô©’ noon.
DEéÀ Åçõ‰ noon èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´÷vûªç at noon, the
®√ü¿’.
i) ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12èπ◊ Ææ÷®Ω’uúø’ ´’† ØÁAh O’ü¿ Öçö«úø’
The Sun is exactly above our heads at noon.
ii) ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç °æØÁoç-úÕç-öÀéÀ Åûª†’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’
He went out at 12 noon/at noon.
c) In the night or at night -
in
Ñ È®ç-úÕ-çöÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË,
the ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
i)
Åûªúø’ ®√vA Ç©-Ææuçí¬ Evü¿-§Ú-û√úø’
He goes to bed late in the night/late at night.
ii)
®√vA Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™Ô\E Öçúøôç éπ≠dçæ
It's difficult to be awake/keep awake so late
in the night/so late at night.
iii) Åûªúø’ ®√vA î√™« §Òü¿’l-§Ú-ߪ÷éπ ÉçöÀéÀ ´î√aúø’.
He came home very late at night/in the night.
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ in the night éπØ√o at night
áèπ◊\´.
d) in the day = °æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô.
i) ®√vA-éπØ√o °æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô îªü¿-´ôç ¢Ë’©’
It is better to study in/ during the day than at
night. (during = Ç ´u´-Cµ™)
ii) We move about more during/ in the day than
at night
°æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô áèπ◊\´ A®Ω’-í∫’û√ç ®√vA-éπçõ‰.
iii) He worked day and night to educate his chil-
dren
ûª† °œ©x-©†’ îªC-Nç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ®√vAç-•-´-∞¡Ÿx/ -®√-vûª-†éπ
°æí∫-©-†éπ °æE-îË-¨»úø’.
Ééπ \ úø day and night ´·çü¿’ à preposition ¢√úøç.
i) You can wake me up even at midnight if you
want my help = Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç éÓÆæç ´’üµ¿u-®√-vûª-®·Ø√
††’o ™‰°æ-´îª’a.
Train Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√vA 12èπ◊ ´Ææ’hçC.
The morning, the evening, the afternoon, the
night ´·çü¿’ in ´Ææ’hçC; Å™«Íí noon, mid day,
night, mid night ´·çü¿’ at ´Ææ’hçC.
Bhanu: You come here in the mornings; why?
(Ééπ\-úÕéÀ §Òü¿’lØËo áçü¿’-éÌ-≤ƒh´¤?)
Ramana: You see me on my morning walk up
to the river bank
(†C äúø’f ü∆é¬ §Òü¿’l† †úÕ-îË-ô°æ¤púø’ ؈’
Fèπ◊ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh†’.
Bhanu: But I didn't see you on the morning of
Saturday.
-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 8 -´÷-Ja 2006
Ramana: Well, let me see; that is the 4th Feb,
isn't it? That's right. On the morning
of the 4th Feb I left for Guntur. So I
didn't take the walk that morning.
(Åçõ‰... Ç®ÓV Ø√©’íÓ ûËD éπü∆. éπÈ®Íéd.
Ø√©’íÓ ûËC Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ í∫’çô÷®Ω’
¢Á∞«x.)
Bhanu: When did you return?
(á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤)
Ramana: I returned on the evening of the 5th
(Å®·üÓ ûËD ≤ƒßª’çvûªç).
ûª®√yûª
The morning, the evening, the afternoon
´·çü¿’ in ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË Â°j conversation ™
™«í¬ °∂晫-†-®ÓV, °∂晫† ûËC morning, after-
noon, evening Å®·ûË on ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) on the morning of the 4th
2) on the evening of the 5th
3) on the after noon of Sunday.
We met him on a Sunday afternoon
Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç, Ñ®ÓV ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç, Ñ®ÓV
≤ƒßª’çvûªç
This morning, this afternoon, this evening.
(today morning/ today afternoon, today
evening
ņç).
Ñ®ÓV ®√vA = tonight
(this night, today night
ņç)
¢√úø’éπ i) ØËF-®ÓV ®√vA Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o
I am leaving for Vijayawada tonight
2) Programme Ñ®ÓV §Òü¿’l† ¢Á·ü¿-™„jçC
The programme began this morning.
(Today morning é¬ü¿’.)
3) Ñ®ÓV ´’üµ∆u-£æ«o¢Ë’ ؈-ûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o
I met him only this afternoon
(Today afternoon é¬ü¿’)
4) Ñ®ÓV ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢√∞Ôx-≤ƒh®Ω’
They will come this evening
(Today evening é¬ü¿’)
Å™«Íí, E†o-®√vA = last night, E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç =
last evening. (yesterday night, yesterday
evening ņç).
That, this, every, last, next OöÀ™x à¢ÁjØ√ morn-
ing, evening, afternoon, night ´·çü¿-®Ω-¢√-úÕûË in,
on àO-®√´¤.
1) He came to me that morning (on ®√ü¿’)
2) I sent it to him that afternoon (on ®√ü¿’)
3) The doctor checks him up every morning
(v°æA-®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç doctor Åûª-úÕE °æK-éÀ~-≤ƒhúø’.)
(on/in ®√ü¿’)
4) He left for Bangalore that night (on ®√ü¿’)
5) He goes out 9 every night and comes back at
11.
(v°æA-®√vA ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀéÀ •ßª’-öÀ-éÀ-¢ÁRx 11 í∫ç-ô-©èπ◊
AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’) (In/ on/ at àO-®√´¤)
6) I wanted to meet him the next morning but I
was busy.
(On the next morning é¬ü¿’)
II
Karthik: Kousik, have you seen Mallik?
( ´’Lxé˙†’ îª÷¨»¢√?)
Kousik: I haven't met him since the day before
yesterday. Well, What's the matter?
(¢Á·†oöÀ†’ç* éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?)
Karthik: If you happen to see him, tell him to
call me or meet me. I need to see him
urgently.
(¢√úÕE †’´¤y îª÷ÊÆh ††’o éπ©-´´’ØÁjØ√
îÁ°æ¤p. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ §∂ÚØ˛ Å®·Ø√ îËߪ’-´’†’.
¢√úÕE ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË éπ©-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç
ÖçC)
Kousik: What is so urgent about it?
(àçôçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç?)
Karthik: He has two books of mine with him. I
need the books for my assignment. If I
don't submit the assignment tomor-
row, I lose marks.
(Ø√ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ È®çúø’ ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω’Ø√o®·. Ø√
assignment èπ◊ ÅN Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Í®°æöÀ
™°æ© submit îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË, ´÷®Ω’\©’
§Úû√®·.)
Kousik: Phone him or go to his place.
(¢√úÕéÀ phone Å®·Ø√ îÁ®·u, ™‰ü¿çõ‰
¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ})
Karthik: I've called his home twice already. He
is out. He will be back in an hour, his
mother told me. I have to go home
now urgently to take mother to hospi-
tal. If I do not go now, mother will be in
trouble.
(È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x §∂ÚØ˛ î˨». ¢√úø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-
∞«xúø’. í∫çôûª®√yûª AJT ´≤ƒh-úøE ¢√∞¡x´’t
îÁ°œpçC. ØËEç-öÀéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL. ´÷
Å´’t†’ hospital èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ. É°æ¤púø’
؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË Å´’t É•sçC °æúø’-ûª’çC.)
Kousik: If see him I'll definitely tell him about
the books.
(¢√úÕE îª÷ÊÆh books N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh)
Karthik: If you go to his place, you can see
him.
(†’´¤y ¢√úÕç-öÀéÀ -¢Á-∞Ïh ¢√úÕE †’´¤y éπ©-´- 1) Ñ
í∫-©´¤)
Kousik: If I go now, how can I meet him? He
2) If Åçõ‰ 'Å®·-†-ôx-®·ûË— ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆.
will be back only an hour later.
(É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞Ïh ᙫ éπ©-´-í∫-©†’ ¢√úø’ í∫çô- 3) °j† ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† 7 clauses èπÿú≈ if clauses.
ÊÆ-°æöÀ ûª®√yûË éπü∆ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’)
Karthik: That's what I mean too. If you wait for
another 45 minutes, and go to his
place, you will find him. If he sends me
the books, I shall be happy.
(؈-ØËD ÅüË. ÉçéÓ ´·§ƒp´¤ í∫çô îª÷Æœ,
¢√úÕç-öÀ-Èé-∞«x-´çõ‰ ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a.
¢√úø’ books °æç°œÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç)
Kousik: Don't you worry. You will get them.
(¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊ Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Åçü¿’-û√®·)
Look at the following expressions from Sasir: ØËEC Books 'n Books ™ éÌØ√o†’. Åéπ\úø
the conversation above.
1) If you happen to see him
2) If I don't submit it tomorrow
3) If I do not go now
4) If I see him
5) If I go to his place
6) If I go now
7) If he sends me the books
°j expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ groups of words Sasir: °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, ü∆çûÓ §ƒô’ ÉîËa gift
(´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p©’) éπü∆. °j groups of words
v°æA ¢√öÀ™x verb Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) If you happen to see him -Ééπ\úø verb, happen
(To see = to+1st Regular doing word- DEo
infinitive Åçö«ç. ÉC verb é¬ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆)
– Å®Ωnç, Åûª-úÕE †’´¤y îª÷ÊÆh. (If - Å®·-†-ôx-®·ûË). Vidur: Thank you.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
2) If I don't submit it tomorrow - verb, do submit
(= submit) = submit
Í®°æ¤ ؈’ îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË.
3) If I do not go now - Verb, do go (=go)
؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË.
4) If I see him - verb, see = ؈’ Åûª-úÕE
îª÷ÊÆh/éπLÊÆh
5) If I go to his place - verb, go= ؈’ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ
¢ÁRûË
6) If I go now - verb - go, É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ¢Á∞Ïh
7) If he sends me the books- verb, sends -
books
Ø√èπ◊ °æç°œûË
IMP: É™«çöÀ verb Ö†o group of words †’
clause Åçö«ç. (ÉC î√™« ´·êuç. í∫’®Ω’hç--
éÓçúÕ. Ééπ\úÕ†’ç* ´’†ç clauses ûÓ deal
îËÆæ’hçö«ç)
So a CLAUSE is a group of words with a verb.
Some more examples of clauses (Clauses
´’J-éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 124
If you happen to see him
1) Though she likes music (verb - likes, though
-Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ)
2) When he was here (verb- was)
3) He knows that... (verb- knows)
4) After he had done it.. (verb - had done)
É™« verb Ö†o group of words ÅEoç-öÀE
clauses
Åçö«ç.
É™« ´’†ç conversation (at the beginning of
this lesson) ™ç* BÆœ† clauses †’ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç.
éπü
Clauses ÅFo èπÿú≈ if ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·
∆– É™« if ûÓ begin ÅßË’u clauses †’, if
clauses Åçö«ç.
If clauses á°æ¤púø÷ ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤ƒh®·. Åçõ‰
Condition †’.
1) If you happen to see him -
†’´¤y ¢√úÕE îª÷úøôç ïJ-TûË
Tell him to call me -
Ø√èπ◊ Phone îË-ߪ÷-©-E îÁ°æ¤p
Vidur: Hi Sasir,Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤ †’´¤y? PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH
ØË † ’ î√™« shops ¢ÁA-鬆’. Ø√èπ◊ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’.
èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\´ copies ™‰´¤. ¢ÁçôØË ¢ÁRûË é̆-
í∫-©´¤.
Vidur: †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ Å°œpÊÆh ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞«h. ØËEç-öÀéÀ
¢ÁR} úø•’s ûÁa-éÌ-ØË-Ææ-JéÀ Ç©Ææuç Å¢Ìya.
Sasir: ؈’ úøGsîËa ´·çü¿’ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æ¤p. -Ø√
ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†oü¿çû√ Rs. 200/-. †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’çvûªç
AJ--TîËa-ôx-®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ FéÀ≤ƒh.
Vidur: Book é̆’-èπ◊\E ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-í¬ØË, ´÷ Ø√†o-†’
-ÅúÕT BÆæ’-éÌ*a FéÀ≤ƒh.
coupon ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊.
Vidur: Gift Coupon BÆæ’-éÓ-éπ§ÚûË à´’-´¤-ûª’çC?
Sasir: †’¢√y gift coupon BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp Fèπ◊ II
Part of the book ®√ü¿’ free í¬.
É°æ¤púø’
¢√úø’ 7) If he sends me the books -
°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ °æç°œûË,
I shall be happy -
؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æú≈h
7) ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-üÁ-°æ¤púø’– If he sends
me the books, Åçõ‰ ¢√úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ °æç°œûË –
鬕öÀd Ø√ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒ-EéÀ ≠æ®Ωûª’ (condition) ¢√úø’
°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ °æç°æôç. If clauses á°æ¤púø÷ É™«çöÀ
conditions †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. É™« conditions †’
ûÁLÊ° clauses †’ conditional clauses Åçö«ç.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ conversation ™E clauses (1) to (7)
ÅFo èπÿú≈ conditional clauses. Ééπ\úÕ condi-
tional clauses ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'if' ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’-
Ø√o®·éπü∆. conditional clauses, if ûÓØË é¬èπ◊çú≈,
éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©-ûÓ†÷ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬴a.
a) Unless he pays the
money, I will not give
him the book
(¢√úø’ úø•’s îÁLxÊÆh ûª°æp,
؈’ ¢√úÕéÀ °æ¤Ææhéπç
É´y†’.
Unless - Å®·ûË ûª°æp,
M. SURESAN
Unless you study well
= conditional
†’´¤y ¶«í¬ îªC-NûË ûª°æp...
clause
b) Before you pay the money, you cannot get
admission
(úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’ Fèπ◊ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç ®√ü¿’. úø•’s
îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’ – úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-èπ◊çõ‰ – Before
you pay the money - conditional clause)
c) You come here, - only after you get the per-
If I get the prize (If I will get the prize é¬ü¿’
mission
éπü∆?) I shall be glad.
(Permission - ņ’-´’A §ÒçC† ûª®√yûË Ø√ ü¿í∫_-
Imp: Ñ will/ shall ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç conditional claus-
®Ωèπ◊ ®√. ņ’-´’A §ÒçC† ûª®√y-ûªØË – Only after es Íé, sentences ™ N’í∫û√ clauses èπ◊ ´Jhç-îªü¿’.
you get the permission - conditional clause)
Sasir: ÉCíÓ úø•’s. ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-
§ÚûË, Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææhéπç üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§Ú-´îª’a.
Vidur: Bye.
ANSWER
Vidur: Hi Sasir, where did you buy the book? I
have searched/ enquired at a number of
shops, but I could not get/ find it.
Sasir: I bought it at Books 'n Books. There
aren't (are not) many copies either. If
you go now/ at once/ immediately you
can buy it.
Vidur: If you lend me the money, I will buy it. If
I go home now, get the money and go, it
might be too late. (By the time I go
home, take the money and go to the
shop, it might be too late)
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 10 -´÷-Ja 2006
d) You get the books when you pay the money
(úø•’s îÁLxç-*-†-°æ¤púË Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™Ô-≤ƒh®·. úø•’s
îÁLxç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ – when you pay the money -
conditional clause)
É™«çöÀ¢Ë´-®·Ø√ ÆæÍ®, conditions †’ ûÁLÊ° claus-
es - conditional clauses.
If I see him - Ñ conditional clause – ؈-ûª-úÕE
éπLÊÆh – Éçé¬ éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. éπ©-¢√L – Åçõ‰ ÉC future
(¶µºN-≠æuûª’h)†’ ûÁLÊ° clause. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ verb
- 'see' future tense é¬ü¿’. Present tense ÅØËC
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰ àçöÀ? Conditional Clause
Future †’ ûÁLÊ°üÁjØ√, Åçü¿’-™ E verb future
tense ™ Öçúøü¿’.
Åçõ‰ conditional clause ™ shall/ will ®√´¤.
´’S} îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç. conditional clause, future
N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îÁ°œpØ√ èπÿú≈, Åçü¿’™ verb future
tense Öçúøü¿’. Åçõ‰ conditional clause ™
shall/ will ®√´¤. °j† îÁ°œp† ™«çöÀ conditions ™
present tense verbs ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·.
a) Doctor E†’o °æK-éÀ~ç-*† ûª®√yûª ´’çü¿’-L-≤ƒhúø’ –
The doctor will give you medicines, after he
examines you (will examine ®√ü¿’)
b) ÉçöÀéÀ ¢ÁR}† ûª®√yûª Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’ =
I will take rest after I go home (I will go home
é¬ü¿’)
c) ¢√úÕ-éÀC ûÁLÊÆh ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√úø’ –
If he knows this, (if he will know this é¬ü¿’), he
will be happy.
d) Ø√èπ◊ prize ´ÊÆh, ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√†’ =
Sasir: Before I give/ lend you the money, let me
tell you one thing. All the money I have
is Rs.200/- If you (can) return it by the
evening, I will give it to you.
Vidur: As soon as I buy the book, I will go
home, take the money from dad and
repay you.
Sasir: When you buy the book, don't forget to
take/ collect the gift coupon.
Vidur: What happens if I don't take the gift
coupon?
Sasir: Unless you take the gift coupon, you
cannot get the II part of the book free.
Vidur: Thank you.
Sasir: Here is the money. Hurry up. If you don't
go now/ unless you go now, you may not
get the book.
Vidur: Bye.
II
Neeraj: Shall we start? Unless we start now, we
cannot reach college on time.
(´’†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ü∆´÷? É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-
üË-JûËûª°æp college éÀ time èπ◊ îË®Ω’-éÓ™‰ç)
Suraj: Have you taken the money? Before
you pay the fees they won't allow you
to attend classes.
(úø•’s BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’
E†’o classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-F-ߪ’®Ω’)
Neeraj: I have the money ready.
(úø•’s ready)
Suraj: Have you all your certificates? They
will grant you admission after they a)
check up your certificates. b)
(certificates ÅFo ÖØ√oߪ÷? F certifi-
cates ÅFo °æJ-Q-Lç-*† ûª®√y-ûªØË ¢√∞¡Ÿx
admission É≤ƒh®Ω’)
Neeraj: The certificates are all ready, but I have
yet to fill in some columns in the appli-
cation.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 125
If you work hard, you will pass
(certificates
Æœü¿l¥ç. é¬F application ™
éÌEo columns 鬩çñ¸ – ï size ™ z
™«í¬, Éçé¬ °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC)
Suraj: They will accept the application after
you fill it completely.
(†’´¤y °æ‹Jhí¬ Eç°œ† ûª®√yûË F applica-
tion BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’)
Neeraj: I will complete it if you help me.
(†’´¤y ≤ƒßª’ç-îËÊÆh °æ‹Jh-îË≤ƒh)
Suraj: Fill it yourself. If I go on helping you,
your dependence on me will increase.
You will never be independent.
(†’¢Ëy fill îÁ®·u. ؈’ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç-îËÆæ÷h complete é¬-ü¿’ é¬-•-öÀd.
Öçõ‰, Ø√ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. If he comes - ¢√úø’ ´ÊÆh - (conditional clause)
†’´¤y Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Öçúø-™‰´¤.)
go on doing something = äéπ °æE îËÆæ÷h Look at the following sentences from the
Öçúøôç = continue
Neeraj: I may make mistake if I do it on my
own. That's my fear.
(≤Òçûªçí¬ îËÊÆh ûª°æ¤p©’ îËßÁ·îª’a ؈’, ÅüË
Ø√ ¶µºßª’ç)
Suraj: Don't worry. Complete the application
and show it to me. Hurry up.
(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Application °æ‹Jh-îËÆœ Ø√èπ◊
îª÷°œç. ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬F)
In the last lesson, ´’†ç conditional clauses
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC–
1) A group of words with a verb is a clause.
(Verb clause)
Ö†o ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p
2) A clause stating a condition is a CONDI-
TIONAL CLAUSE: clause,
≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁLÊ°
conditional clause.
3) Conditional clauses begin with if, unless,
before, after, when, where, provided, etc.
(Conditional clauses °j ´÷ô-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-
Gµç-îª-´îª’a)
Provided = if = Å®·ûË
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 12 -´÷-Ja 2006
I will pay the advance provided you begin
the work
†’´¤y °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-ÊÆhØË Øˆ’ advance É≤ƒh.
If, unless Ææç•çüµ¿ç
If = unless... not; unless = if ... not
Åçõ‰ if Ö†o clause †’, unless clause í¬ ´÷®Ωa-
´îª’a; ᙫ? If Ö†o sentence ™ not °öÀd.
eg. a) If you work hard, you will pass
(éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-NûË, †’´¤y §ƒÆæ-´¤-û√´¤)
I Clause: 1) He was an LIC agent when I last met him.
b) Unless you work hard, you will not pass
Before you pay the fees = Fees îÁLxç-îË-´·çü¿’; Ééπ\úø Subordinate clause - when I last met
(†’´¤y éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-NûË ûª°æp, pass 鬴¤) Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jh-é¬-™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd ÉC subordinate clause. him.
if clause Ö†o sentence ™ not ™‰ü¿’. (mean-
II Clause:
™ Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ *´-Jí¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’...
Å®Ωnç, unless clause Ö†o sentence not ing not complete).
™ ÅüË They will not allow you to attend classes =
He was an LIC agent.
´©x ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? E†’o classes èπ◊ ®√E-´y®Ω’ – DEéÀ Å®Ωnç
Å™«Íí unless clause Ö†o sentence ™ not °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC, 鬕öÀd ÉC main clause. Åûª†’ LIC agent í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. Main clause
™‰éπ-§ÚûË, ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ if clause Ö†o (complete meaning)
Exercise 1
2) I know where he is hiding.
sentence ™ not omit îËÆ œ îÁ§Òpa. Now, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ conversation ™E éÀçC sen-
subordinate clause - where he is hiding
a) Unless we start now, we cannot catch the tences ™ main clauses, subordinate claus-
Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\úø ü∆éÌ\E ÖØ√oúÓ, (incomplete mean-
train = ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË ûª°æp train es í∫’Jhç-îªçúÕ.
ing)
Åçü¿’-éÓ™‰ç. 1) They will grant you admission after they
Main clause - I know
b) If we start now we can catch the train check up your certificates.
Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – complete meaning.
´’†ç É°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË, train Åçü¿’-éÓ-í∫©ç. 2) They will accept the application after you fill
Exercise 2
É™«çöÀ if, sentences if, unless äéπ-ü∆Eo äéπ-öÀí¬
´÷Ja practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
it completely.
3) I will complete it if you help me.
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
Sriram: †’´¤y Kumar -†’ -*-´-Jí¬ -á°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»´¤?
Raghu: äéπ ¢√®Ωç éÀç-ü¿-ô.
Sriram: ¢√úË-´’Ø√o ††’o éπ-©’Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E îÁ§ƒpú≈?
Raghu: È®çvúÓ-V©’ Ü∞x Öçúø-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.Åçûª-éπçõ‰
ÉçÍéç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
Sriram: ¢√úø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ´≤ƒh-úøE Ç-PÆæ’hØ√o.
Raghu: àçöÀ -Ææç-í∫A?
Sriram: ´’† film hero ü¿í∫_-JéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’.
4) Conditional clauses 4) If I go on helping you, your dependence on ¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç Çߪ’† fans í∫ü∆?
™
shall/ will ®√´¤. (Åçõ‰ me will increase. Raghu: ü∆E-éπçûª ûÌçü¿-Í®çöÀ?
future tense Öçúø-ü¿’ 5) I may make mistakes if I do it on my own. Sriram: next month †’ç* Çߪ’† busy, É°æ¤púø’
conditional clause Answer: éπ©-´-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ûª®√yûª Çߪ’Eo éπ©-´™‰ç.
future ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ.) Answer:
Main clause Sub clause
ÉO conditional clauses Sriram: When did you see Kumar last?
(complete meaning) (incomplete meaning)
í∫’Jç* ´’†ç last Raghu: A week ago. (a week back
M. SURESAN 1. They will grant you after they checkup your
é¬ü¿’)
lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Sriram: Did he tell you (that) he would meet
admission. verb, certificates... Verb -
Very Important: me?
will grant. checkup
(¢√∞¡Ÿx Fèπ◊ (F certificates
Main clause: Å®Ωnç°æ‹®Ωh-®·† clause. admission É≤ƒh®Ω’). °æJ-Q-Lç-*† ûª®√yûª..) Raghu: He just told me (that) he would be out
of town for 2 days. He didn't tell me
Subordinate clause = Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jh-é¬E clause, 2. They will accept after you fill it complete-
anything more.
Conditional clause. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ-†-´Fo the application. ly... Verb - fill (°æ‹Jh îËÆœ†
Sriram: I hope (that) he will come soon.
subordinate clauses éπü∆? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç verb - will accept. ûª®√yûª..)
(¢√∞¡Ÿx application Raghu: What's the matter?
BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’). Sriram: He said (that) he would take me to our
Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ÉC subordinate clause. 3. I will complete it. if you help me... verb - hero. We two are his fans, you know.
verb - will com- help (†’´¤y Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Raghu: What's the hurry?
conversation above: plete. (؈’ °æ‹Jh îËÊÆh...) Sriram: He will be busy from next month. If we
i) Unless we start now, we cannot reach college îË≤ƒh†’). can't (can not) see him now, we cannot
on time. 4. your dependence If I go on helping you ... see him afterwards.
on me increases. verb - go (helping -
Éçü¿’™ áEo clauses ÖØ√o®·? í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
verb - increase; 'ing' from - verb
äéπ sentence ™ the number of clauses = Íé-´-©ç
-v°æ-¨¡o: Not
(Ø√O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç é¬ü¿’) (Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç- îËÆæ÷h
The number of verbs in it. Åçõ‰ sentence ™ only did
áEo verbs Öçõ‰ ÅEo clauses. áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC). Öçõ‰...)
5. I may make mis- If I do it on my own... He..... But also
In the sentence above, there are two verbs. .... subject
takes. verb - may verb - do. èπ◊
1) Start 2) Can reach. make. (؈’ ûª°æ¤p©’ (-Ø√ -Åçûªô ؈’ îËÊÆh...) ´·çü¿’ verb ´ÊÆh
So there are two clauses. îËߪ’-´îª’a). v°æ¨¡o Å´¤-ûª’çC
1) Unless we start now = ´’†ç É°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-©’- éπü∆?
í∫´’-Eéπ: °j† ´*a† – Ø√u©-°æLx °çôߪ’u,
- conditional clause, so subordinate
üË-JûË é¬E subordinates ÅFo condition-
clause. al clauses. Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 subordinates ÅL-ߪ÷-¶«ü¿’
2) We cannot reach college = ´’†ç college clauses èπÿú≈ î√-™« ÖØ√o®·. äÍé clause -ï-¢√-•’: Sentence not only ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ
îË®Ω’-éÓ™‰ç – Ñ clause èπ◊ meaning °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC ÖçúË sentences èπÿú≈ Öçö«®·. v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh, question é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ verb
éπü∆. 鬕öÀd ÉC main clause. I saw him yesterday . This sentence has only ´·çü¿®Ω ®√¢√L.
ii) Before you pay the fees, they won't allow one verb - saw. So it is a sentence with just a) Not only did he insult me, but also
(will not allow) you to attend classes.
one clause, and it is the main clause and it hit me.
Here again, there are two verbs = pay, will is the sentence. b) Not once has he helped me.
allow. sentences
鬕öÀd Ñ two
™ èπÿú≈
clauses (to attend - infinitive; verb
Öçö«®·. Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 subordinate clauses éÀçC sen- äéπ-≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç
tences ™ îª÷úøçúÕ: îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
é¬ü¿’)