A presentation on

Fi-Wi Networks
By

Pande Appurv Prasad

(1DS09TE049)

Internal guide: Mr. SANDEEP K V Lecturer, Dept of Telecommunication Engineering

Optical fiber does not go everywhere, but where it does go, it provides a huge amount of available bandwidth. Wireless access networks, on the other hand, potentially go almost everywhere, but provide a highly bandwidth constrained transmission channel susceptible to a variety of impairment. Service providers need to satisfy users with continuously increasing bandwidth demands, future broadband access networks must leverage on both technologies and converge them seamlessly, giving rise to fiberwireless (FiWi) access networks. This leads to the integration of the optical and wireless broadband infrastructures via a common backhaul network that in turn offers signicant advantages while supporting both wired and wireless connectivity.

Explosive growth of global mobile and wireless access technology imposed huge burden on the already congested wireless spectrum in the lower microwave region. Wi-Fi, GSM, UMTS as well as new emerging wireless standards such as WiMAX and LTE are also concentrated in the lower microwave regions (24 GHz). Fi-Wi(fiber wireless) technology which can exploit the large unused bandwidths of sub-millimeter or millimetre-wave is needed for future broadband wireless services. Unlicensed 60 GHz frequency band (5764 GHz) is suitable for building high speed applications in short range . High inherent propagation loss characteristics of wireless signals at these frequencies, Pico or microcellular architectures are required.

Millimeter wave ber wireless systems have the advantage of being able to exploit the large unused bandwidth in the wireless spectrum as well as the inherent large bandwidth of the optical ber. Such hybrid architecture can potentially provide high data rates and throughput with minimal time delay.

 Simplest scheme for transporting mm-wave wireless signals via an optical ber feed network. RFoF transport has the advantage of realizing simple base-station designs with additional benets of centralized control, independence of the airinterface and also enabling multi wireless band operation. However one of its major drawbacks is the requirement for high-speed optical modulation techniques that have the ability to generate mm-wave modulated optical signals and also high-speed photo detection schemes that directly convert the modulated optical signals back to mm-wave signals in the RF domain. Another key issue is the signicant effect of ber chromatic dispersion on the detected mm-wave wireless signals.

The wireless signals can be down converted to a lower intermediate frequency (IF) at the CO before optical transmission. The effects of ber chromatic dispersion on the optical distribution of IF signals are reduced signicantly. IFoF transport scheme has the advantage of using low-speed optoelectronic devices. The complexity of the antenna BS hardware however, increases.It will now require a stable mm-wave local oscillator (LO) and high-speed mixers for the frequency translation processes in the BS This may also present a limitation when considering the ability to upgrade or recongure the wireless network for the inclusion of additional mm-wave wireless channels or alterations to the wireless frequency

Transports the wireless signal as a baseband signal over ber, and then up converts the information to the required mm-wave radio frequency at the antenna BS. This scheme has the advantage of using mature digital and electronic circuitry for signal processing at the BS and enables low speed optoelectronic devices to be used within the BS. This transport scheme is dependent on the air-interface which means that the BS must have the intelligence to thoroughly process the wireless signals before sending the baseband information back to the CO. Hence, it necessitates the housing of additional hardware within the BS to perform these tasks which increases the complexity of the BS drastically. Latest advancements in CMOS and silicon photonic technology may reduce the complexity in BS.

Comparing the three transport schemes, ultimately there is a trade-off between the complexity in the RF electronic and the optoelectronic interfaces within the base-station. One of the key challenges in implementing mm-wave berwireless access systems is to efficiently distribute the wireless signals while maintaining a functionally simple and compact BS design. Amongst the schemes, RF-over-ber transport scheme has the potential to simplify the BS design for mm-wave ber-wireless systems. Having said this, the signals are susceptible to a number of impairments along the link that may degrade the overall system performance.

mm-wave wireless signals are intensity modulated resulting into a (ODSB)+C modulation format. When the mm-wave modulated optical signal propagates along a dispersive ber, the two sidebands will experience different amount of phase shift relative to the optical carrier. Upon detection the square-law process generates two beat components at the desired mm-wave frequency. The received RF power of the mm-wave signal varies depending on the relative phase difference between the two beat components by the equation :

Impact of ber chromatic dispersion becomes more pronounce with increasing modulating frequency.

Signal generation using narrowband lter.

1. simple to implement
2. limited exibility

Signal generation using QSSB+C modulation format. 1. generated via cancellation of the unwanted optical sideband
2. interaction between the RF modulation and the optical signals results in the suppression of one of the odd-harmonics modulation sidebands. 3. both causes 6 dB electrical ltering.

Optical carrier suppression signal generation.

1. generates a double-sideband-suppressed-carrier optical signal 2. The mixing of the two optical carriers at a high-speed photo detector generates a single beat component at twice the drive frequency which is not affected by dispersion-induced RF power penalties.

Wireless information bandwidth typically occupies a small fraction of the bandwidth relative to the carrier frequency.
Hence, to transport a mm-wave wireless signal in an ODSB signal format inherently leads to inefficient use of optical bandwidth.

Techniques are based on interleaving multiple mm-wave optical signals, making use of the unused spectral band between the optical carrier and sideband in an QSSB+C signal and that between the two sidebands in the optical carrier suppression technique. In principle, wavelength interleaving is able to enhance the overall capacity.

Another issue related to mm-wave ber-wireless signals is the weak modulation of the wireless signals. The mm-wave wireless signal is typically weakly modulated onto the optical carrier due to the narrow linear region of intensity modulators. Consequently the power of the optically modulated mmwave sideband can be more than 20 dB below that of the optical carrier for signal.

To improve the link performance, the optical power of the signals can be increased by using a high power optical source or an optical amplier. However, this may lead to increased inter modular distortions at the receiver or even damage of the receiver due to a too large optical power incident on the optical detector.

Here a narrowband external ber Bragg grating (FBG) is used to remove a portion of the optical carrier, leaving only a fraction of the optical carrier power to be detected at the receiver.

To support full-duplex operation in mm-wave berwireless networks, the optical interfaces within the antenna base station have to include optical sources which can be modulated by the mm-wave uplink wireless signals. In addition, optical sources with narrow line widths at well-specied wavelengths are required at the base stations to minimize phase noise degradation. However this scenario is not an attractive option for uplink signal transmission as ultra-stable, low-cost, narrow line width optical sources are difficult to realize.

There is a signicant advantage to completely remove the need for an optical source in the antenna BS. Removing the optical source from the antenna BS also migrates the wavelength assignment and source monitoring functionalities to the CO which further relaxes the stringent requirements on the antenna BS hardware.

Another key challenge in implementing mm-wave berwireless systems is the nonlinearity of the optical frontend. It is well established that in a wireless access network with a multi carrier environment, linearity plays an important role in the achievable system dynamic range. It has been shown that the nonlinearity of the optical frontend in a ber distributed wireless network limits the overall system dynamic range and this condition worsens due to other ber nonlinearities as the radio signals propagate through the ber link.

Predistortion schemes focus on the mitigation of IMD within the frontend. optical techniques includes optical feed forward and an efficient modulator conguration. Post-compensation on the other hand, focuses on the receiver end and uses estimation and equalization to mitigate IMD via signal processing.

Transmission of digitized RF instead of analog signal which benefits from the higher performance of digital optical links. Most of the wireless applications use signal bandwidths which are a small fraction of their carrier frequencies, bandpass sampling is an attractive scheme to digitize the wireless signals effectively. Bandpass sampling has the advantage of using a much lower sampling rate which is comparable to the wireless information bandwidth rather than the wireless carrier frequency.

Millimeter-wave ber-wireless technology has been actively pursued and

investigated in the past two decades. In this paper, we have provided an

overview of the research progress in this area ranging from signal transportation, impairments to WDM based subsystem interfaces and optical-wireless integrated access infrastructure. In presenting this

overview, we have focused the discussions on techniques and

technologies that have been investigated and demonstrated for the implementation of high performance mm-wave ber-wireless systems. We have also touched upon the importance of optical-wireless integration for future heterogeneous access infrastructure for seamless distribution of multiple bands signal over the same optical platform.

Navid Ghazisaidi and Martin Maier, Fi-Wi Access Networks,Cambridge University

Press; 1st edition (February 13, 2012)

H. Ogawa, Millimeter-wave wireless personal network systems, in Proc. IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symp., Jun.2006, pp. 14 .

Z. Jia, J. Yu, and G.-K. Chang, A full-duplex radio-over-ber system based on optical carrier suppression and reuse, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 18, no. 16, pp. 17261728, Aug. 2006.

http://phys.org/news187346128.html http://people.eng.unimelb.edu.au/bakaulm/pub/jour/J14_JLT2010.pdf http://mre.faculty.asu.edu/MaGR08.pdf

Questions..