Barske and Kuhlman 1

Bibliography
Primary Sources
Newspapers, Journals and Reviews: The Liberator 26 Mar. 1952. Print. This article shows one of the reactions to Uncle Tom's Cabin that created a new view on slavery. Because of the book, the author now sees that slavery is a very bad thing. He says that slaves are Christians and as Christians they must endure what their masters do to them, but they cannot fight back. He says it takes strong will to be degraded in such terrible ways as the slaves do. He says the law is unfair in saying that slaves cannot fight for themselves, but that white men can create conflicts and not be punished. The Morning Post [Boston] 3 May 1852. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/reviews/rehp.html>. The Morning Post reviewed Uncle Tom's Cabin. This article said that while the book was a great piece of literature, it was an exaggeration. The author makes the claim that though some of the harsh situations described could happen, it isn't the norm. The article said that those wishing to read the book should read with caution. The author gave credit to Stowe for being able to look at slavery from a different perspective because though she herself was anti-slavery, she wrote in a non-biased fashion. "Uncle Tomitudes." Putnam's Monthly (1853): 97-102. Rpt. in Critical Essays on Harriet Beecher Stowe. Comp. Elizabeth Ammons. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1980. N. pag. Print. "Uncle Tomitudes", published shortly after Uncle Tom's Cabin, celebrates the success of the book. The author believes that without the new technology of the times the book

Barske and Kuhlman 2

could never have reached the mass audience that it did. They also felt that a great aspect of the book was that it was an American topic published by an American at a time when the world's greatest literature was coming from Europe. The author also acknowledges some people's claims that the book was portraying white people as evil, but says that this is entirely false because without the narration, none of the book would have suggested anything ant-slavery. "Uncle Tom's Cabin." The New York Independent 20 May 1852: n. pag. Rpt. in American Reviews of Uncle Tom's Cabin. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. American Reviews of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/reviews/rehp.html>. This was a newspaper advertisement that was put online. The advertisement was for Uncle Tom's Cabin and the ad was from the publisher. In just sixty days, 50,000 copies were sold. The advertisement claimed the book was the "Greatest Book of its Kind." "Uncle Tom's Cabin." The Christian Examiner and Religious Miscellany [New York] May 1852: n. pag. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/reviews/rehp.html>. In this Christian magazine, a review of Uncle Tom's Cabin was published. The review brings to the point that this is an American book and that the English cannot boast about another good book they have produced because it is not theirs. The article also mentions the courage it took Stowe to write such a book at such a time when it was not an issue you wanted people to get mad at you about.

Barske and Kuhlman 3

"Uncle Tom's Cabin." The Christian Inquirer [New York] 10 Apr. 1852: n. pag. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/reviews/rehp.html>. In this article from a Christian newspaper, it is stated that unlike other slavery literature, Uncle Tom's Cabin included no exaggeration. The article went on to say that the book convinces you that Christ exists among the lowly, which makes slavery wrong. "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Circular [Brooklyn] 30 May 1852: n. pag. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/reviews/rehp.html>. This article claimed that Uncle Tom's Cabin was a riveting book that inspired readers to sympathize with slaves. The article goes on to say that readers should not stop at reading the book, but should protest against slavery. The author believes that the roots of slavery come from the "love of making money" and that it is a terrible and cruel thing because slaves are people, too. This proves that the book was turning point in people's views on slavery. "Uncle Tom's Cabin." The Independent [New York] 15 Apr. 1852: n. pag. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/reviews/rehp.html>. In this article, Uncle Tom's Cabin is celebrated as one of the most moving books there could be. The article goes on to defend the book saying that it is based on fact. It says the South must accept it and the North must get the courage to stand up. The author asks that God give them the strength of Uncle Tom when facing evil. "Uncle Tom's Cabin." The National Era [Washington D.C.] 15 Apr. 1852: n. pag. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/reviews/rehp.html>. This review was published in the National Era, which was where the serialized Uncle Tom's Cabin was published. The article says that the book will be read by all and that

Barske and Kuhlman 4

even those who don't agree with Stowe's beliefs will have a change of feelings about slavery.

Nonperiodicals: Beecher Stowe, Harriet. The Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin. Cleveland, 1854. Print. In this book, Stowe responds to the criticism she received about Uncle Tom's Cabin. She explains from where she formulated her story to make people see that it was based on real life. Dunbar, Paul Laurence. "Harriet Beecher Stowe." 1898. Critical Essays on Harriet Beecher Stowe. Comp. Elizabeth Ammons. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1980. 73. Print. Dunbar wrote this poem praising Stowe for writing Uncle Tom's Cabin and the effects it made. The poem can be read on the "Turning Point on Views of Slavery" page.

Audiovisual: "Black Face Comedy." Blackface!-A History of Minstrel Shows. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://black-face.com/minstrel-shows.htm>. This photo stereotypes slaves as ignorant and stupid as part of black face comedy. Black face comedy were productions or other pieces of literature where white people made fun of blacks. Some people felt that Stowe was writing this type of book in Uncle Tom's Cabin. Georgia Slave Market. N.d. History. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/fugitive-slave-acts/photos#>.

Barske and Kuhlman 5

This is a photo of a building specifically used for selling slaves. The slave trade was one of the most compelling reasons Harriet Beecher Stowe decided to write Uncle Tom's Cabin. The photo is used on our webpage on the Historical Context Page.

"George Peck's grand revival of Stetson's Uncle Tom's cabin booked by Klaw & Erlanger." Library of Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/var.0685/>. Pictured is a cover to an updated version of Uncle Tom's Cabin. The book made such a turning point in literature that hundreds of remakes have been published. Kidnappers Slave Catchers. 24 Apr. 1851. AP Images. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. <http://www.apimages.com>. This photo features a warning to all freed or runaway slaves that police and other authorities may try to capture them. Runaway Slave Poster. N.d. History. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/fugitive-slave-acts/photos#>. This is a photo of a runaway slave poster, which is an example of something that would have been posted due to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Uncle Tom's Cabin was a protest novel against slavery, specifically this law. Uncle Tom's Cabin. 1859. History. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/fugitive-slave-acts/photos#>. This was a photo advertising Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1859. It was in a photo gallery entitled "The Battle Over Slavery." This goes to prove that Uncle Tom's Cabin was huge influence on people views on slavery.

Barske and Kuhlman 6

"Uncle Tom's cabin." Library of Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/var.1183/>. Pictured is a cover of Uncle Tom's Cabin that shows Eliza running from slave catchers. "Uncl[e] Tom's cabin." Library of Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/var.0998/>. Pictured is a cover for Uncle Tom's Cabin showing slaves picking cotton with the master observing on his horse. "Uncle Tom's cabin." Library of Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/var.0999/>. Depicted is a photo of another cover of Uncle Tom's Cabin. The slaves are running away and the slave owners are trying to catch them. The picture can be seen on out website on the "Turning Point in Literature" Page. Uncle Tom's Cabin in The National Era. 1 Jan. 1852. Small Special Collections Archive. Barret Collection. Uncle Tom's Serialization: The National Era Text. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. <http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/uncletom/erahp.html>. This is a picture of the serialized version of Uncle Tom's Cabin published in the National Era. Virginia Slave Auction. N.d. History. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/fugitive-slave-acts/photos#>. This is another photo of the slave trade that shows that slaves were treated as if they were property and that families were separated. This is something that really tore the heart of Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Barske and Kuhlman 7

Websites: Delbanco, Andrew. "The Impact of Uncle Toms Cabin." The New York Times-Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. The New York Times Company, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/26/books/review/book-review-mightierthan-the-sword-by-david-s-reynolds.html?pagewanted=all>. A useful book review covering David Reynold's book Mightier than the Sword. As well as briefly outlining the book, the article gave good analysis of the impact Uncle Tom's Cabin had. It also had some literary ties as it showed how influential Uncle Tom's Cabin was to historical literature. "ONCE A FAMOUS SLAVE The Original of Mrs. Stowe's 'George Harris' Is in the City." Sample Notices: 1865 - 1930. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/articles/n2ar19cvt.html>. This is a primary source article from the 'Washington Post' newspaper. It is an interview the paper had with the 'real' George Harris, who is a character in Uncle Tom's Cabin, Lewis G. Clark. The interview covers questions about Clark's current occupations, but there is an interesting paragraph about Stowe and Clark in which Clark claims Stowe never told him that she was writing a book and therefore "she had gotten some things in her story wrong side first." He also claims that he was never paid for his part of the book. "Uncle Tom's Cabin in Ruins!: Triumphant Defence of Slavery! In a Series of Letters to Harriet Beacher Stowe." Internet Archive: American Libraries. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http://archive.org/details/uncletomscabini00stowgoog>.

Barske and Kuhlman 8

This Ebook of Nicholas Brimblecomb's book was written against Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin". It defended slavery and over exaggerated his point in the same style Uncle Tom's Cabin had. It brings up specific points in defense of slavery.

Legal sources: United States. Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Print. Uncle Tom's Cabin was a turning point in history because it was one of the very first protest novels in America. It was protesting against slavery, specifically the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 which was enacted two years before the book was published. This specific document includes all of the sections of the Act. The law says that any escaped slaves must be returned to their owner, that anyone who helped runaways would face punishment, and that all slave catchers would be paid for their duties. Knowing this, it is clear that Harriet Beecher Stowe was not only protesting slavery with her novel, but particularly pointing fingers at the Fugitive Slave Act when she was writing the book.

Letters: Beecher Stowe, Harriet. Letter to Frederick Douglass. 1851. TS. Harriet Beecher Stowe Center. Stowe wrote this letter to her friend, Frederick Douglass, because she wanted him, or anyone he could recommend, to tell about cotton picking since it was something they actually experienced. She adds that she doesn't believe the church is proslavery, which was a belief of Douglass. She goes on to say that many abolitionists, including herself,

Barske and Kuhlman 9

were fighting slavery because it is un-Christian. She ends by saying that she has hope in God that slavery can be abolished.

Secondary Sources
Scholarly Journals and Reviews Brown, Dorothy S. "Thesis and Theme in Uncle Tom's Cabin." The English Journal 58.9 (1969): n. pag. JSTOR. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/811916>. This journal article suggests reasoning as to why Uncle Tom's Cabin is still read today. Brown states that the thesis of the book is that slavery is evil, but the theme in the book is love. Because the theme is love, the story can still endure today. Hochman, Barbara. "Uncle Tom's Cabin the National Era." Gilder-Lehrman Fellowship: n. pag. JSTOR. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. This article provided insight in to why Uncle Tom's Cabin made such a great impact when so many other pieces of literature had been written about the evils of slavery. Stowe was not telling about a new topic, but she was telling it in a new way. She wanted to use the book to point fingers at anyone, whether a slave-owner or not, who ignored slavery. She wrote the book in a way that people could talk about it. She wanted the book change people's opinions on slavery, which it did. Lang, Jessica. "Retelling the Retold: Race and Orality in Stowe's Uncle Tom's." Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory 66.2 (2010): n. pag. Print. This journal article explored some of the different reasons that people connected to Uncle Tom's Cabin. One of the reasons is that Stowe wrote in a way that it could become

Barske and Kuhlman 10

"parlor talk." In other words, the plot was exciting, but more importantly easy to talk about. Because it was published serially, people had a reason to keep coming back to talk about it. This article also talked about how Uncle Tom's Cabin was and is still an example of how a story can make you feel connected to a people. Stowe used a variety of characters to tell the story so that it became possible for almost any type of person to connect to the story. This makes the book a turning point in history because unlike other abolitionist literature, this was story that was meant to connect to people by allowing them to experience slavery. Moers, Ellen. "Harriet Beecher Stowe and the Epic Age of Women Writers." Literary Women (1963): 36-40. Rpt. in Critical Essays on Harriet Beecher Stowe. Comp. Elizabeth Ammons. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1980. 135-38. Print. This article talked about Uncle Tom's Cabin from viewing Stowe as a feminist. The article ponders whether any issue other than slavery could be relevant to the feminist movement. Through her female characters, Stowe showed power and independence. O'Loughlin, Jim. "Articulating 'Uncle Tom's Cabin.'" New Literary History 31.1 (2000): 574-97. Print. O'Loughlin created an in depth article on Uncle Tom's Cabin maily focusing on the book rather than its background. The article contained many details on certain points of the book, but it also had some information on its impact.

Barske and Kuhlman 11

Shoup, Francis A. "Uncle Tom's Cabin Forty Years After." The Sewanee Review 11 (1893): 88-104. Rpt. in Critical Essays on Harriet Beecher Stowe. Comp. Elizabeth Ammons. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1980. N. pag. Print. Shoup explains how Uncle Tom's Cabin was picked up by a Boston book publisher who had seen it in the National Era. The article makes the claim that the book was at first successful because slavery was an issue at the time, but it endured because of the content of the book. The author believes the book would have been just as successful if slavery didn't really exist. Southern Press Review 1852. Web. 7 Feb. 2013. <http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/reviews/rehp.html>. This article had an interesting take on Uncle Tom's Cabin. It said that the book was pointing fingers at the South when the North was at fault, too. The author also claims that while slavery does take power over certain people, so does freedom. "Uncle Tom's Cabin or Life Among the Lowly." North American Review: n. pag. JSTOR. Web. 17 Mar. 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/40794667>. This article discussed that Uncle Tom's Cabin was not a great piece of literature, but rather a social revolution. The book would not be popular today if it had not come at such a time as it did. Yarbrough, Stephen R. "Misdirected Sentiment: Conflicting Rhetorical Strategies in Uncle Tom's Cabin." Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 12.2 (1994): n. pag. JSTOR. Web. 6 Feb. 2013. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rh.1994.12.2.191>. This article talked about the ideas of what Harriet Beecher Stowe was trying to get across in Uncle Tom's Cabin. The article talked about how Stowe believed that having stability

Barske and Kuhlman 12

in society made you "better" in the eyes of God. After the Fugitive Slave Act of 1950, there was not just an immoral issue in the South where slavery existed, but also in the North where by law fugitive slaves had to be returned to their owners. She did not intend to start a war, but she wanted to write something to convince the South that slavery was inhumane because she believed this would make them want an end to slavery.

Nonperiodicals Adams, John R. Stowe. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1963. Print. Adams provided insightful information about Harriet Beecher Stowe and also brought her background into the analysis of Uncle Tom's Cabin. The biographer looked at each piece of the book and told what Stowe meant it to do. For example, he says she points out the "perverted humor that sinks deep into the underground passages of human nature" through the slave traders. The book also provided some of the reactions to Uncle Tom's Cabin such as two poems criticizing the book that appear on our webpage on the reaction page. Ammons, Elizabeth, comp. Critical Essays on Harriet Beecher Stowe. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1980. Print. Critical Essays on Harriet Beecher Stowe provided numerous essays about Harriet Beecher Stowe, and specifically Uncle Tom's Cabin. The essays we read are cited throughout the bibliography.

Barske and Kuhlman 13

- - -, ed. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin: A Casebook. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. This book provided a good source of information with the view of Uncle Tom's Cabin as a protest novel. It had good information showing how the book itself was a literary turning point. Ammons, Elizabeth, and Susan Belasco, eds. Approaches to Teaching Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2000. Print. Ammons and Belasco communicate how to teach lessons on Uncle Tom's Cabin as a novel. It had great analysis of the book and included a little of its historical background. Biography in Context. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Knowing the life of Harriet Beecher Stowe allows you to look at her writing through her perspective. Stowe was not neccesarilly an abolitionist, but she was against the idea of slavery. She lived in Cinnanatti, Ohio, which wasn't a huge slave-owning community, but just across the river in Kentucky, slavery was a norm. From her visits to Kentucky, she made observations about slavery and this is the area in which Uncle Tom's Cabin is set. Davison Reynolds, Moira. Uncle Tom's Cabin and Mid-Nineteenth Century United States. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., n.d. Print. Reynolds reports that Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a letter to the editor of the National Era asking for permission to write Uncle Tom's Cabin. It also said that Stowe's husband gave her a lot of encouragement to write the book. Fields, A., ed. Life and Letters of Harriet Beecher Stowe. Boston, 1897. Print. Fields asserts how compelled Stowe was to write the book. She was encouraged by many family members to write something about the injustice of slavery. Stowe might not have

Barske and Kuhlman 14

even needed the encouragement because she was pretty settled on the idea of writing an anti-slavery novel. Gossett, Thomas F. Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1985. Print. Gossett chronicles the reactions to Uncle Tom's Cabin in both the North and the South. It shows the different points of view and the reactions to the book as both a novel and a political protest. Hochman, Barbara. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" & the Reading Revolution. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2011. Print. Hughes, Langston. "Introduction." Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: n.p., 1952. N. pag. Rpt. in Critical Essays on Harriet Beecher Stowe. Comp. Elizabeth Ammons. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1980. 102-04. Print. In his reprinted introduction to the book Uncle Tom's Cabin, Langston Hughes tells about all the triumphs of the book. The fact that a well know African American author is writing an introduction to the book is fascinating in itself. Hughes discusses the various statistics of the publications of the book. The exerpt claims that the book was a "moral battle cry." Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J., et al. United States History. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2010. Print. This is a common history book which mentions Harriet Beacher Stowe and Uncle Tom's Cabin while discussing the Civil War. It gives a brief and concise paragraph about the affect the book had on the nation and cites a small excerpt. While it only has a little

Barske and Kuhlman 15

portion on Uncle Tom's Cabin, overall, it shows how influential the book was in American history. Meer, Sarah. Uncle Tom Mania. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005. Print. Many people felt the book made an impact because of its sentimentality, but the author of this book says some people interpreted it as black face comedy. In other words, some people felt the book was another form of literature making fun of black people. Morgan, Jo-Ann. Uncle Tom's Cabin as Visual Culture. N.p.: University of Missouri Press, 2007. Print. Morgan provided many useful photos as well as important information. The author clearly had taken a great interest in Uncle Tom's Cabin as she had scans of many personal and historical artifacts in the book. It gave a different perspective to the culture of Uncle Tom's Cabin rather than its impact. However, the source was a good book for giving historical context of the time. Parfait, Claire. The Publishing History of Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852-2002. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2007. Print. Parfait details the different forms of publications of Uncle Tom's Cabin. It says that the book is a symbol of serialization in America. It was first published as a serialized publication in The National Era, which was before known as Antislavery Society. Reynolds, David S. Mightier than the Sword: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Battle for America. 1948 ed. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011. Print. This book was a great source that showed the public's different reactions to Uncle Tom's Cabin. It showed the opinions of both the North and South's as well as the overall impact the book had in history. The beginning gave a good introduction of Harriet Beecher

Barske and Kuhlman 16

Stowe's life and the reasons she wrote the book. It also stated some metaphors between the characters in Uncle Tom's Cabin and her personal life.

Streissguth, Thomas, ed. Slavery. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, n.d. Print. This book talked about the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. It said the law required that anyone caught helping fugitives faced punishment by federal law that included half a year in prison or a $2000 fine. The law also said all slaves were to be returned to their owners no matter how long they had been gone and there would be no trial. Many abolitionists in the North were infuriated, and the book says this is where Stowe's inspiration for Uncle Tom's Cabin came from. Wilson, Forrest. Crusader in Crinoline. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1941. Print. Harriet Beecher Stowe's life and her experiences that lead up to the writing and publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin are portrayed in the biography of her. It contains useful photos and illustrations of Stowe's family and all of the many places she lived, including the house where she wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Audiovisual The Abolitionist Movement. History. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/harriet-beecher-stowe/videos#abolition-and-theunderground-railroad>. The Abolitonist Movement was a short video clip on the roots of the Abolitionist Movement. Of special interest was that before the Civil War, there weren't really just two sides on the issue of slavery. There were of course people pro-slavery and anti-slavery,

Barske and Kuhlman 17

but there were also other people who straddled between the two. For example, some disliked slavery but wanted to keep it for its economic benefits and people who wanted slavery to end but thought it had to be gradually. The History of Slavery in America. YouTube. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jc1RbUxQv4E>. This is a video used on the Historical Context page of our website. The video overviewed slavery in America. Origins of Slavery in America. History. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://www.history.com/topics/harriet-beecher-stowe/videos#abolition-and-theunderground-railroad>. This video provides the basic background of slavery in America. In 1619, the Dutch brought over the first set of captured Africans. The colonists were much in need of their help and made them indentured servants, which meant they would serve for a specified time in exchange for freedom, but they had no rights. In 1641, slavery was legalized and the Africans became property. England created the Royal African Companies which would send English ships to Africa to retrieve slaves for the Americas; however, in 1807, England banned slave trade and America was forced to trade slaves among themselves. Traders in America were cruel; the slaves were treated like animals, families were broken up, and "breeders" were created. Owners were fined if they did not punish recaptured slaves. Slavery grew and grew, but as it did so, the number of people against it also grew. This is exactly the time in which we see that protests began. Uncle Tom's Cabin was a turning point in history in that it created even more tension between the two sides.

Barske and Kuhlman 18

United States, 1854. N.d. History. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/fugitive-slave-acts/photos#>. This is an image that shows the free and slave states during 1854. This was the era that Uncle Tom's Cabin became very popular. Who is Harriet Beecher Stowe? YouTube. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijFy4RjYGbQ>. This is a short video clip of a reenactment of Stowe's first encounters with slavery that shows how she noticed the evils behind the institution of slavery.

Web sites, e-sources "28d. Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin." U.S. History Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http://www.ushistory.org/us/28d.asp>. President Lincoln allegedly said that Harriet Beecher Stowe was "the little woman who started the Civil War." This article gives a brief overview about the impact Harriet Beacher Stowe and Uncle Tom's Cabin made on the U.S. and the Civil War. It ends with a short biography on Stowe and gives some reasoning as to why she wrote the book. Abolitionist Movement. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://www.historynet.com/abolitionist-movement>. Abolitionist Movement listed the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin as part of the abolitionist movement. Uncle Tom's Cabin was a turning point in history because it got northerners more involved in the fight to end slavery and southerners more passionate about keeping slavery. Some people did not take the book seriously because Stowe had

Barske and Kuhlman 19

written about her observations from where she lived in Cincinnati instead of providing a general consensus on what slavery looked like. The site also mentions the legend that upon their meeting, Abraham Lincoln asked Stowe, "So you're the little lady who started the Civil War?" Africans in America. PBS, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2958.html>. Uncle Tom's Cabin came at a time when other people were writing and speaking against slavery. Slave narratives from escaped slaves helped white northerners see what being a black slave was like, but Uncle Tom's Cabin showed a different perspective. Because Stowe was white and "less threatening," they could relate to and trust her narration. The site talks about how northerners felt bad for Uncle Tom because he refused to betray his friends and led a good Christian life despite the hardships he faced. The southerners, however, said the book was untrue and didn't give a good generalization of slavery. Yet, others still believed she portrayed African Americans as stupid and incapable of independence. Causes of the Civil War. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://www.historynet.com/causesof-the-civil-war>. This website listed the major causes of the Civil War, which included: slavery, state's rights, the abolitionist movement, the Underground Railroad, and the election of Abraham Lincoln. The publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin was listed under the abolitionist movement. The book was a turning point in history because it pushed more northerners to be a part of the abolitionist movement and made southerners outraged about anything anti-slavery.

Barske and Kuhlman 20

Frosch, Michael, ed. "Events Leading to War-A Civil War Timeline." The Civil War Home Page: Dedicated to the participants, both North and South, in the great American Civil War 1861-1865. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2013. <http://www.civil-war.net>. This site gave a lengthy timeline on all the events leading up to the Civil War. It mentions Harriet Beacher Stowe's publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin as an important piece of history in the events before the Civil War. It is one of the few pieces of literature mentioned along with Frederich Douglass's autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper The Liberator. "HARRIET BEECHER STOWE (1811-1896)." PBS: Public Broadcasting System-IPTV. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/ihas/poet/stowe.html>. This is another brief biography of Harriet Beacher Stowe. It is not very detailed but it gives a quick understanding of her life and the impact she made. It's a good introduction to the life of Stowe. Harriet Beecher Stowe: The Woman, The Writer, The Legend. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. <http://specialcollections.vassar.edu/exhibits/stowe/essay1.html>. This is a timeline of Harriet Beecher Stowe's life. It was must most helpful in that it provided some more detailed information about her background. One thing it said was that her love for literature began when she was a young girl. Many of her views are shaped by the fact that her father was deeply involved in his religion, Unitarianism, which he passed along to his children including Harriet. When she was 21, she moved to

Barske and Kuhlman 21

Cincinnati, Ohio because her father was offered the president position at the Lane Theological Seminary. It was there that she encountered and observed slavery and its victims. Also in Cincinnati, she met her husband Calvin Ellis Stowe who worked at the Seminary. Her sister-in-law. encouraged her to write about protesting the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. <http://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/utc/>. This website was very helpful in providing background information on Uncle Tom's Cabin. The site talked about the immediate sensation of selling 300,000 copies in the first year, but also about the impact on people's opinions. The site suggested that the book personalized the issue of slavery, but by doing this, the book created an uproar of different opinions which added to the tensions that started the Civil War. "Uncle Tom's Cabin." "I will be heard!" Abolitionism in America. Cornell University Library, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/abolitionism/uncle_tom/Stowe.htm>. This site gives a historical step-by-step account of the impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin including the opposition and critical views it received.

Barske and Kuhlman 22

"The Uncle Tom's Cabin Archives." The Lost Museum. American Social History Productions, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/searchlm.php?function=find&exhibit=uncletom &browse=uncletom>. This site gives many links to newspaper articles that covered Harriet Beacher Stowe and "Uncle Tom's Cabin". These links lead to external sites or other links inside the site which give analysis of the primary sources.