EM LAB 1

1.2
( / )
0
t
e
o c


=
conductivity
exp 0 .
0
0 0 0
( ) ( )
E d
J E E
dt
c
o o o o
c c
V
V = V = V = = =
,
.
, (boundary)
. 2 . Lamellar & Solenoidal
.
.
18
/ the order of 10 s t c o

= =
EM LAB 2
1
( , ) ( ) ( , )
2
( , ) ( ) ( , )
j t
D r t E r w e d
D r t E r t d
e
c e e
t
c t t t

=
=
}
}
Nonhomogeneous media dispersion ?
EM LAB 3
1.3 Electromagnetic Energy and Power Flow
Time-average, electric field energy (lossless, isotropic, not dispersion)
Time-average, magnetic field energy (lossless, isotropic, not dispersion)

0
* *
1 1 1
( )
2 2
1 1 1
Re{ } Re
2 2 4
T
e
V V
V V
W D EdV D E dt
T
D E dV D E dV
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
}}} }}} }
}}} }}}
0
* *
1 1 1
( )
2 2
1 1 1
Re{ } Re
2 2 4
T
m
V V
V V
W B HdV B H dt
T
B H dV B H dV
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
}}} }}} }
}}} }}}
(23 ) a
(23 ) b
EM LAB 4
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * *

1
( ) (24)
2
1 1
by divergence theorem, ( ) ( )
2 2
( )
1 1
( ) ( )
2 2
S
S V
S V
Poynting vector and Power
P E H dS
E H dS E H dV
E H H E E H
E jw H
H jw E E
E H dS jw B H D E E E d

c o
o
< >
=
= V
V = V V
V =
V = +
( = +

}}
}} }}}
}} }}}
2 ( ) (25)
m e L
V
jw W W P = +
<- source
E, H
, c

V
S
, o
E, H
EM LAB 5
*
* * * *
2
1/
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2 2 2
Z R jwL jwC
II
P VI ZII jw LII II R
w C
= + +
= = = +
*
* * * *
2
*
*
*
1/
1 1 1 1
( )
2 2 2 2
1 1
,
4 4
1
2 ( )
2
m e
m e L
Z R jwL jwC
II
P VI ZII jw LII II R
w C
I I
LII W C W
wC wC
P ZII jw W W P
= + +
= = = +
| |
| |
= =
| |
\ .
\ .
= = +
R L C
V I
EM LAB 6
* * * * *
* * * * *
1 1 1
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
= ( ) ( ) (27)
2 2 2
2 ( ) ( complex power balance equat
S V V
V S V
S O m e L
E H dS jw B H D E E E dV J E dV
J E dV E H dS jw B H D E E E dV
P P jw W W P
o
o
( = +

( + +

= + +
}} }}} }}}
}}} }} }}}
ion )
E, H
, c
J
V
S
, o
Source
EM LAB 7
< Thomsons Theorem >
The charge reside on conducting bodies and give rise to the electric
field E will distribute themselves in such a way that the energy
function We is minimized
2
1
( ) ( )
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
(2 ) ( )
2 2
(2 ) ( )
2 2
( ) ( )
e
V V
e
V V
V V
V V
V V
W D E dV dV
W dV dV
dV dV
dV dV
u v dV u v u v dV
u v dS
c
| |
c c
o | o| | o| | |
c c
| o| o | o |
c c
| o| o | o |
= = V V
= V + V + V V
= V V + V V
= V V + V V
V V = V V + V
V =
}}} }}}
}}} }}}
}}} }}}
}}} }}}
}}} }}}
S S
v
u dS
n
c
c
}} }}
0
EM LAB 8
Thomsons theorem
source(J, q )
. .
Thomsons theorem electrostatic .
.
t | V - | V
c
= t - =
} }
d d W
V V
e
2
2
1
E D
o| |
| |
( ) 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
=
o|
o
o| ~ t o| V - o| V
c
=
t o| V - o| V
c
+ t | V o| c =
t o| V - o| V
c
+ t | V o| | V o| - V c =
t o| V - o| V
c
+ t o| V - | V
c
=
t | V - | V
c
t o| + | V - o| + | V
c
= o
}
} }
} }
} }
} }
e
V
V V
V V
V V
V V
e
W
) ( O d
d d
d d ) (
d d
d d ) ( ) ( W
} }
} }
c
c
= - V =
t V + V - V
c
= t V - V
S S
V V
da
n
v
u da v u
d ) v u v u ( d ) v u (
2
2
= 0
; Greens first identity
EM LAB 9
0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Example : Coaxial cable
1
r
2
r
1
V
V 0
( )
0 r r r
2
b
r r r a b
3
2
ar
rdr r r r 2 b ar 2 2 rdr
da
db
r 2 b ar 2 2
da
df
rdr b ar 2 rdr f
a r r
r r
V
b
V r r b r r a r r
0 c br ar r V c br ar r
b ar 2 c br ar r
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
r
r
2
2 1
3
2 1
4
r
r
2 1
r
r
r
r
2
r
r
2 1
2 1
1
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 1 1 1 1
=
(

+ + + =
+ = |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+ = | V - | V =
+

=
= + = | |
= + + = | = + + = |
+ = | V + + = |
} }
} }
) ( )] ( [
) ( ) (
) (
~ ~
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
~
- ) (
~
) (
~
, ) (
~
) (
~
, ) (
~
2 2
2 2
2

|
r
3
8
3
4
(r)
~
ln2
) ln(r
) /r ln(r
) /r ln(r
V (r)
2 1
2
1
+ = |
= = |
r 4 r
2
|
.
|

\
|
= = = 1 r ,
2
1
r , V 1 V
2 1 1
EM LAB 10
< A Variational Theorem >
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
' * ' *
" * " *
* ' * * ' *
"
*
dyadic and dispersive media
1 1
: hermitian
2 2
1 1
: an-hermitian
2 2
1 1
hermitian: ,
2 2
an-hermitian: ( )
t
t
t
t
t t
t t
t
j j
j j
c
c c c
c c c
c c c c
c c
= + = +
= =
= = + = = +
=
( w) ( w)
" " "
*
, ( )
t
j j =
" "
* * * *
hermitian dyadic media ( 0)
( ) (29)
H E w w
E H jH H jE E
w w w w
c
c
= =
c c c c
V + = +
c c c c
EM LAB 11
< Derivation of Expression for Stored Energy >
*
*
*
( , ) Re ( , )
2 2
( , ) Re ( , )
2 2
( , )
( , ) ( , )
( , )
( , ) ( , )
1
( , ) [ ( , ) ( , ) ]
2
1
[ ( , )
2
jwt jwt jwt
jwt jwt jwt
t jwt t jwt
t jwt
E E
E r t E r w e e e
H H
H r t H r w e e e
E r w
E r w j E r w j
w
H r w
H r w j H r w j
w
E r t E r w j e E r w j e
E r w e E
o o
o
o o
o o
o o

+
+
= = +
= = +
c
=
c
c
=
c
= +
= +
*
*
*
*
*
( , ) ( , )
] [ ]
2
1
( , ) [ ( , ) ( , ) ]
2
1 ( , ) ( , )
[ ( , ) ] [ ]
2 2
t jwt t jwt t jwt
t jwt t jwt
t jwt t jwt t jwt t jwt
j E r w E r w
e e e
w w
H r t H r w j e H r w j e
j H r w H r w
H r w e H e e e
w w
o o o
o o
o o o o
o
o o
o
+
+
+ +
c c

c c
= +
c c
= +
c c
EM LAB 12
[ ( , ) ( , )]
( ) ( ) [ ]
t
S V
E r t H r t dt
E H dS E H dV

V
= V
}
}} }}}
2
* *
* * 2 * *
2jwt 2
[ ( , ) ( , )]
1
[ ) ( ) ]
4
+ terms multiplied by e terms multiplied by
t
t
t
t
E r t H r t dt
E E H H
E H E H e j H H E E e dt
w w w w
o
o
o
o

V
c c c c
= V + + + +
c c c c
+
}
}
0
0
EM LAB 13
2
* *
* *
* *
* *
0
* *
( ) [ ] ( )
4 2
1
( ) (30 )
8
by variational theorem
1
4
average s
t
t
T
e m
e m
j E E H H e
U t E H dt H H E E
w w w w
j E E H H
U t dt U U H H E E a
T w w w w
w w
U U H H E E
w w
o
o
o
c

c c c c
= V = V + +
c c c c
| | c c c c
= + = + +
|
c c c c
\ .
| |
c c
+ = +
|
c c
\ .
<
}
}
* *
tored energy in a lossless medium with dyadic(anisotropic) and dispersion(hermitian) >
1 1
(31)
4 4
average stored energy in a lossless medium with isotrop
e m
w w
U E E U H H
w w
c
| | | |
c c
= =
| |
c c
\ . \ .
<
* *
V V
ic and without dispersion >
1 1
Re ( ) Re ( ) (23)
4 4
e m
W D E dV W B H dV = =
}}} }}}
EM LAB 14


1. Thomsons theorem variational
theorem .
.
EM LAB 15
1.4 Boundary Condition And Field Behavior In
Source Regions
0
v
v
timedomain
B
E
t
D
H J
t
D
B
J
t

c
V =
c
c
V = +
c
V =
V =
c
V =
c
EM LAB 16
Case 1) General case
h 0
C s
1t 1n 2n 2t 1n 2n h 0
1t 2t
h 0
C
1t 2t
lim =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 (lim )
2 2 2 2
( ) 0
lim
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
( )
d d
t t
h h h h
l l lh
t
l
d
t
h h h h
l l
l

cu c
- = -
c c
c
+ + + + + = - =
c
=
c
- = +
c
+ + + + + =
c
= +
} }
}
1t 1n 2n 2t 1n 2n
E l B s
E E E E E E B s
n E E
D
H l J
H H H H H H
n H H J
h 0 1n 2n 0 0
S
1n 2n

lim ( )
( )
s
s
t
d Q S S

c
- = = - =
- =
}
D
D a n D D
n D D
h 0 1n 2n 0
S
lim ( ) 0 d S

- = - =
}
B a n B B
EM LAB 17
Case 1) J=D=0 that is, a surface charge
density does not exist on the boundary S




=
=
=
=
1t 2t
1t 2t
1n 2n
1n 2n
E E
H H
D D
B B
EM LAB 18
Case 2) a surface charge density exist on the
boundary S ( D=0, J is not zero )
Closed surface
S
C
n
n1
t
h 0 1t 2t S 1 2
C
h 0 S
1 2 S

lim ( ) ( )
( lim )

( )
d l
h

- = = = -
= = = - = -
=
}
1 S S
H l n H H J H H
J J n n n J n J
n H H J
h 0 1n 2n 0 s h 0 s 1 2 s
S

lim n ( ) lim ( )

d S

=
- = - = = - =
}
1t 2t
E E
D s D D J n D D
=
1n 2n
B B
EM LAB 19
ex) At a perfectly conducting boundary conditions
2 2 2 2
1 S
1
1
1 S
0

=J

=0

=0

=
= = = =

-
-
E D H B
n H
n E
n B
n D
EM LAB 20
field
.
| | | | ) ( jw
jw
n t t t n n t n t t
n t n t n n t t
H H E E E
) H (H ) E (E ) E (E
+ = V + V + V
+ = + V + + V
E tangential
1

.
E tangential

H normal.
Useful tip)
EM LAB 21
( ) 0
( ) 0
m
s
j
j
j j
j
j
j j
e
e
e e
ec
ec
e e
V =
V- V = = V- V-
V- = V- =
V = +
V- V = = V- +V-
V- = V- =
m
m
m
s
s
s
E H J
E H J
J B
H E J
H E J
J D
Case 3) Diffraction problem
1 2 S
1 2 s s S
1 2 m
1 2 m
n ( )

n ( ) , ( / )
n (E )

n ( )
j
E
B B
e

=
- = = V-
=
- =
H H J
D D J
J



EM LAB 22
Case 4)
( )
1
e 1 1 2 1 2
1 2
m
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
j = ( )
jeo
eo
=
= - - = -
= -
-
s
1 2
n n
n J n n H H n n H H
H H
E E
Open surface S
C
n
n1
t


Js: a current sheet of
density flowing toward
the boundary C
EM LAB 23
Case 5) A sheet of current filaments
Media 1
Media 2
EM LAB 24
| |
0
' " 2
( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( , ) ( , )
( , )
( , ) ( , )
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) .....
2!

S S
S
S S
h x
x h
x x z x x z h
x z
x z x z x h
x
cf f x x f x f x x f x
c

+ + =
= +
= + A
c (
= A
(
c

+ A = + A + A +
n1 n2 t2 t1
t2 t1 n1 n2
t2 t1
E E E E
E E E
E E
0
0
0
0
( , ) 1
, ( )
( )
( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )

S
S
x z
xh xh j j
x j x
j h
x
j h
z
j h h
j

e e
e
ec
ec
ec
ec
c c
= A = A V- = V- = V-
c c
c
=
c
c
=
c
= V = = = V
n
n
y
x2 x1
y
z2 z1
y 2 1 n n ns 1 2 m ns
J
J D
J
E E
J
E E
a E E J J J n E E J J
0
h/2
s
0 0 0 0 0 0 -h/2
1
( )
normal component
( )
, ( )
j j
j
y h
h
dy
h j j j
ec
o

c ec ec ec ec ec
= = V
= = = = =
}
1 2 s mn
ys y ys
n n
y y
n H H J J
J J J
J J
E E
EM LAB 25
1.5 Field Singularities At Edge
|
u
r
Boundary condition 3
E, H
r E, H radiation condition.
E, H .
r (edge ) E H .
) (
) (
) (

+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
o
o
u
o
2
2 1 0 r
2
2 1 0
2
2 1 0 z
r c r c c r H
r b r b b r H
r a r a a r H
) (
) (
) (

+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
o
o
u
o
2
2 1 0 r
2
2 1 0
2
2 1 0 z
r C r C C r E
r B r B B r E
r A r A A r E
1 0 2 2 finite r dz d rdr
2 2
r
0
> o > + o u - + - c
+ o
} } }
. : ) ( H H E E
EM LAB 26
2 2
1
TM mode
( ) 0
1 1 1
and
=0 at = and =2
( ) sin ( ), 1, 2,.....
2
( ) can be either (Bessel function)
( )
n n
n
n
k
j r j
n
a Z r n
Z r
r r
u
u
u
u
e e |
u | u t
t
u u | u
t |

=
V + =
c c
= =
c c
= = =

z
z z
z
z
E
H E H E
E
E
J
1 1
1 1
and ( ) for small r
sin ( ) sin ( )
sin ( ) sin ( )
cos ( ) cos ( )
TE mod
r r
r r
r r
r r
u
u
u u
u u
u u

u u | u u |
u u | u u |
u u | u u |

z z


J
E E
H H
H H
0 1 0 1
1 1
1 1
e
C sin ( ) C sin ( )
sin ( ) sin ( )
cos ( ) cos ( )
C r C r
r r
r r
u u
u u
u u
u u | u u |
u u | u u |
u u | u u |

+ +


z z


H H
E E
E E
EM LAB 27
0
*
0
0
*
0
0
2
2
The total power entering the region within radius r
1
( ) ( )
2
1

2
(constant) In order to P be finite as 0, we need >0
(constant) 0 is not satisfied.
Thu
z
P E H r r d
E H r d
P r r
P r
|
|
|
u
u
|
|
v
u

=
=

>
}
}
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
s the behavior of the field in the vicinity of the edge is
sin ( )
sin ( )
cos ( )

1
ex) n=1, 0 (half plane),
2
sin ( ) finite when r 0
sin
r
r
r
r
r
r
u
u
u
u
u u |
u u |
u u |
| u
u u |
u

= =

r
z
z

E
H
H
J
E
H
1
2
1
2
( ) infinite when r 0
cos ( ) infinite when r 0
infinite when r 0
r
r
u |
u u |

r
z
H
J
0
0
ex) n=1, 2 , 1
sin ( ) finite when r 0
sin ( ) finite when r 0
cos ( ) finite when r 0
r
r
r
| t u
u u |
u u |
u u |
= =



z

r
E
H
H
EM LAB 28
1
1
3
2 1
cos
2(1 )
2
90 , , (for largest k)
3
normal electric field components have same r singularity as that for conducting wedge
k
v
k
v
t
|

=
+
= =
Singular Behavior at a Dielectric Corner
EM LAB 29
Singular Behavior at a Dielectric Corner
1
1 1
cos
2(1 )
1
0 (half plane) , ,
2
normal electric field component is less singular than that for a conducting half plane
2
but, limiting value , when largest k
3
k
v
k
v
v
t
|

=
+
= >
=
EM LAB 30
End of this Chapter
Conducting and dielectric materials corner
Field . ,
, numerical evaluation
.
EM LAB 31
1.6 The Wave Equation
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
maxwell equation: &
( / )

: wavenumber
j j
j j
j
k j k
k j
j
k
e ec
e e c e
c
e c e

e e c
c
e
ec
V = V = +
VV = V =
VV = VV V V =
=
V
V + = + =
VV
V + =
V + = V
E H H J E
E H E J
E E E E
E J
E E J
J
E E J
H H J
solenoidal
lamellar
lamellar + solenoidal
2 2 2 2
0 & 0 ( source-free )
: vector Helmholtz equation
k k V + = V + = E E H H
: (homogeneous and isotropic)vector wave equation
EM LAB 32
1.7 Auxiliary Potential Functions
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
( )
if we choose (Lorentz condition)
using Lorentz condition,
: inhomogeneou
j j j
k j
j
k
j k
k
ec ec e
ec
ec

e
c c

V = VV = VV V = + = Vu +
= Vu+
V = u
V + =
V = = V V u V u+ u =
V + =
H A A A E J A J
A J
A
A A J
E A
A A J
2 2
s vector wave equation
: inhomogeneous scalar wave equation k

c
V u+ u =
, : vector potential function
0 0
( )
( ) ( ) 0
vector identity, 0 ( is a scalar potential function)
j j
j j
j
e e
e e
e
= V
V V = V =
V = = V
V + V = V + =
VVu = u
= Vu
B A A
A B
E B A
E A E A
E A
EM LAB 33
'
2 2
guage transformation
1) Lorentz guage
, is an arbitrary scalar function satisfying
the homogeneous scalar Helmholtz equation 0
by Lorentz condition,
k


< >
= V
V + =
V
A A
' '
'
'
' '
( )
j
j
j j j j j
ec
e

e e e e e
= u
u = u+
= V = V V = V
= Vu = + V Vu V = Vu
A
B A A A
E A A A

j
j
e
ec
= V
VV
= +
B A
A
E A
A . (
A . Lorentz guage
.
EM LAB 34
'
' '
' ' 2 ' 2 ' '
2 ' '
' 2 ' 2 ' '
' 2 ' 2 '
2) Coulomb's guage


If we choose 0, then (66a)
,
j
j k j
k j
k j
j
e
ec ec
ec
ec

e
c c
= V
= Vu
V = VV = VV V = + = Vu +
= Vu +
V = V + = + Vu
V = = V V u V u =
B A
E A
H A A A E J A J
A J
A A A J
E A
2 ' 2 ' 2 '
(66b)
( ) 0 ( ) k j j ec e V V + = V + V u = V = A A J J
. Coulombs guage
.
EM LAB 35
2 2
In source free region( homogeneous and isotropic ) , 0
, : magnetic Hertzian potential
( ) , ( 0)
,
h h
h h
h
h
j
j j k k
j
j
j
e
ec e
e
e
e
V = V =
= V[ [
V = V[ = V[ = [ +Vu VVu =
V[ = V =

V
VV[ = = = VV

h
D E
E
H H
E
E H
E
H
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
for Lorentz condition, we choose
0
0 , 0 ,
0
h h h h
h h
h h
h
h h h
k
k
k
k
j
k
e
[ V [ = [ +Vu V [ = u
V [ + [ =
V = V = V [ +V u = V [ = u
V u+ u =
= V[
= [ +VV [ = VV[
B H
E
H
EM LAB 36
0 0
0
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
0
0 0
2 2
0
2 2
0
1) , =
,
( )

for Lorentz condition, we choose
h
h
h
h
h h h
h
h h
j
k k
j
j j
j j
k
k
c c
e
e c
e
e e
e e
=
= V[
= [ +Vu =
V[ =

+
VV[ = =

= VV [ V [ = [ +Vu+
V [ = u
V [ + [ =
E
H
E
B H M
M
M
EM LAB 37
2 2
2
0 0
2 2
0
0
2
0
0
, : the electric Hertzian potential
0
1) ,
e e
e e
e e e
e e
e e e
j
k
k
k
k
ec
c c
c
c
V = = V =
= V[ [
V [ + [ =
= [ +VV [ = VV[
= =
V [ + [ =
= [ +VV [ = VV[
B 0 H 0
H
E
P
P
E
Inhomogeneous , magnetic & electric Hertzian potential
function .
EM LAB 38
1.8 Some Field Equivalence Principles
- Whats the Field Equivalence Principles ?


- What kind of the Field Equivalence Principles we will study?
Loves field equivalence theorem
Schelkunoffs field equivalence principles
Babinets principle
The Schwarz reflection principle
Method of images
EM LAB 39
Uniqueness Theorem
Closed S
E1 , H1
E2 , H2
SOURCE FREE
v
,
i i
J M
c
Close S E1,E2 & H1,H2
0 , Re Im 0 E1=E2 & H1=H2
. , V E & H field
E H field unique.
EM LAB 40
0
0
0
0
( )
( )
4
( )
( )
4
e
e
e
m
m
m
jkR
e
jkR
m
j
j
j
j
e dS
R
e dS
R
e
ec
c
e
ec

t
c
t

= V
VV
= +
= V
VV
= +

=
}}
}}
S
S
B A
A
E A
E A
A
H A
n H r
A r
E r n
A r
2 Green
.
, virtual source , , vector
potential .
EM LAB 41
1) Loves Theorem
EM LAB 42
2) Schelkunoffs Field Equivalence Principles
By image method
same
EM LAB 43
s

s
J
2
s
2
s
J
s
J
s
J
EM LAB 44
3) Babinets principle
1/2
1/2
1
In source-free region

=
=
j j e ec

c
c

V = V = V = V =
| |
|
\ .
| |
|
\ .
2 1
1
E H H E D 0 B 0
E H
H E
Duality principle of electromagnetic field &
Babinets priciple
Perfectly
conducting
screen
(electric wall)
Aperture
Perfectly
conducting disk
(magnetic wall)
EM LAB 45
Ei
Hi
Z=0 Z>0 Z<0
0 0
0 0
T o e
z z
T o e
z z
E E E
H H H
< <
< <
= +
= +
0 0
0 0
T o e
z z
T o e
z z
E E E
H H H
> >
> >
= +
= +
Odd mode Even mode
Odd + Even mode
0
t
E =
0
t
E =
0
t
E =
0
t
E =
0
t
E =
0
t
E
z
c
=
c
EM LAB 46
<Aperture>
<Disk>
Odd
0
t
E =
Even
0
t
E =
0
t
E =
0
t
E
z
c
=
c
Odd
0
t
E = 0
t
E =
0
t
E
z
c
=
c
0
t
E
z
c
=
c
0
t
E
z
c
=
c
0
t
E
z
c
=
c
0
t
H =
0
t
H
z
c
=
c
0
t
H =
0
t
H =
Even
Electric
wall
Magnetic
wall
EM LAB 47
1) anti-symmetric incident field excitation
t: transevers part (x & y componets)
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
i it iz
i it iz
i it iz
i it iz
x y z x y z
x y z x y z z
x y z x y z
x y z x y z z
= +
= + <
= +
= >
E E E
H H H
E E E
H H H
0
sz
s t st
t
t t z z
z
j
z
e
c
V = = V +
c
c
= V +
c
E
E E
E
H E a
odd
even
odd
even odd
even
even
even
EM LAB 48
1-1) anti-symmetric scattered field
t: transevers part (x & y componets)
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , ,
o o o
s st sz
o o o
s st sz
o o o
s st sz
o o o
s st sz
x y z x y z
x y z x y z z
x y z x y z
x y z x y
= +
= + <
= +
=
E E E
H H H
E E E
H H H ) 0 z z >
( , , 0) ( , , 0) ( , , 0) ( , , 0) 0
o o
it st it st
x y x y x y x y + = = E E E E
( Z<0 ) ( Z>0 )
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
o
s it iz
o
s it iz
o
s it iz
o
s it iz
x y z x y z
x y z x y z z
x y z x y z
x y z x y z z
= +
= <
= +
= + >
E E E
H H H
E E E
H H H
EM LAB 49
2) symmetric incident field excitation
t: transevers part (x & y componets)
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
i it iz
i it iz
i it iz
i it iz
s
x y z x y z
x y z x y z z
x y z x y z
x y z x y z z
= +
= + <
=
= + >
V =
E E E
H H H
E E E
H H H
E 0
sz
t st
t
t t z z
z
j
z
e
c
= V +
c
c
= V +
c
E
E
E
H E a
odd
even
odd
even odd
odd
even
EM LAB 50
2-1) scattered field
t: transevers part (x & y componets)
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , )
e e e
s st sz
e e e
s st sz
e e e
s st sz
e e e
s st sz
x y z x y z
x y z x y z z
x y z x y z
x y z x y z z
= +
= + <
=
= +
E E E
H H H
E E E
H H H 0
( , , 0) ( , , 0) ( , , 0) ( , , 0) 0
e e
it st it st
x y x y x y x y
>
+ = = H H H H
EM LAB 51
| |
| |
3) superposition of two solution
2
2
0
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
i it iz
i it iz
i i
e e
s it iz st sz
e e
s it iz st sz
e
s it iz st
x y z x y z x y z x y z
x y z x y z x y z x y z
x y z x y z x y z
= +
= +
= =
= + + +
= + +
= + +
E E E
H H H
E H
E E E E E
H H H H H
E E E E ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
e
sz
e e
s it iz st sz
x y z
x y z x y z x y z x y z

= + +
E
H H H H H
Z<0
Z>0
Z<0
Z>0
EM LAB 52
'
'
'
'
1) unsymmetrical incident field excitation(complementary)
t: transevers part (x & y componets)
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ( , , )
( ,
i it iz
i it iz
i it iz
i it
Z x y z Z x y z
Y x y z Y x y z z
Z x y z Z x y z
Y x
=
= + <
=
=
E H H
H E E
E H H
H E
'
'
'
'
, ) ( , , ) 0
1 1) scattered field
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
iz
o o
s it iz
o o
s it iz
o o
s it sz
o o
s it sz
y z Y x y z z
Z x y z Z x y z
Y x y z Y x y z z
Z x y z Z x y z
Y x y z Y x y z z
>

= +
= + <
= +
= >
E
E H H
H E E
E H H
H E E
( )
1 2
1 Z Y c = =
EM LAB 53
'
'
'
'
2) symmetrical incident field excitation(complementary)
t: transevers part (x & y componets)
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ( , , )
( ,
i it iz
i it iz
i it iz
i it
Z x y z Z x y z
Y x y z Y x y z z
Z x y z Z x y z
Y x y
= +
= + <
= +
=
E H H
H E E
E H H
H E
'
'
'
'
, ) ( , , ) 0
2 1) scattered field
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) 0
iz
e e
s it iz
e e
s it iz
e e
s it sz
e e
s it sz
z Y x y z z
Z x y z Z x y z
Y x y z Y x y z z
Z x y z Z x y z
Y x y z Y x y z z
>

=
= <
=
= + >
E
E H H
H E E
E H H
H E E
EM LAB 54
'
'
' '
'
'
'
3) superposition of two solution
2
2
0
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , )
i i
i i
i i
e e
s it iz st sz
e e
s it iz st sz
s it iz
Z
Y
Z x y z Z x y z Z x y z Z x y z
Y x y z Y x y z Y x y z Y x y z
Z x y z Z x y z Z
=
=
= =
= + + +
= +
= + +
E H
H E
E H
E H H H H
H E E E E
E H H H
'
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
e e
st sz
e e
s it iz st sz
x y z Z x y z
Y x y z Y x y z Y x y z Y x y z

= + +
H
H E E E E
'
'
'
'
2 ( , , )
2 ( , , )
2 ( , , )
2 ( , , )
s s i
s s i
s s i
s s i
Z x y z
Y x y z
Z x y z
Y x y z
+ =
=
=
+ =
E H E
H E H
E H E
H E H
Z>0
Z<0
Z<0
Z>0
Z<0
Z>0
Anti-symmetric symmetric
EM LAB 55
4) The Schwarz Reflection Principle
5) Method of images
EM LAB 56
1.9 Integration of the inhomogeneous Helmholtz
equation
Vo
P(x,y,z)
, R=0
P(x,y,z)
, R 0 =
2 2 2
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) R x x y y z z = + +
0
2 2
2
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0
3
0 ( , , ) not in V (R 0)
1
( , , )
4 ( , , ) ( , , ) in V (R=0)
1 1
( , , ) ( , , )
1
= ,
V
V S
k
x y z
I x y z dV
x y z x y z R
I x y z dV x y z d
R
dS R d
R R

t
V + =
=

= V =

= V V = V
V = O
}}}
}}} }}
A A J
P
P
P P S
R
R
R , : solid angle dO
S0
EM LAB 57
0 0 0 0
Unit point source ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x y y z z r r o o o o = =
Vo
r0
0
3
0
2
0
3
2
2 2
3
3
3 3
3
( ) lim ,
4
1
( )
4
3 4
( , )
0
3
4
4
, ( )
4

a
V S V
r r a
a
r r
R
a R a
g R a
R a
g
g dV g d dV
R a
R g
R a
a R a
o
t
o
t
t
t
t
t

A
= s
V =
s
V =

>

c
V = V = =
c
c
= = s
c
}}} }} }}}
0
r r
S R
R
2
1
( )
4
g
R a
R t
c
= >
c R
2 2
3
1
+
8 4
( , )
1

4
a R
R a
a a
g R a
R a
R
t t
t

s

>

a
2 2
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
lim ( ) lim ( ) ( )
a a
V V
r g dV r g dV r

V = V =
}}} }}}
P P P
EM LAB 58
0
V
2 2 2 2
0 0 0
V V
2
0 0
V

4
( ,...)
4
1
( ,...)
4
( , , )
jkR
jkR jkR
e
dS
R
e e
k x dV k dV
R R
x dV
R
z y z

=
(
V + = V +
(

= V
=
}}}
}}} }}}
}}}
J
A
A A J J
J
J
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
1
1 1
( 0, )
jkR
jkR jkR
jkR
jkR jkR
e k
e e
R R R
e k
e e R
R R R R
o

V = V
V + = V = V =
0
0
0
1 0 0
( ,...)

4
( ,...) 1 1

4 4
jkR
s
S
jkR jkR
s
e
S C
x e
dS
R
x e e
dS dl
R R

o
tc tc

=
u = +
}}
}} }
J
A
EM LAB 59
( )
1
e 1 1 2 1 2
1 2
m
= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
j = ( )
jeo
eo
=
= - - = -
= -
-
s
1 2
n n
n J n n H H n n H H
H H
E E
Open surface S
C
n
n1
t


Js: a current sheet of
density flowing toward
the boundary C
EM LAB 60
1 0 0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0 0
( ,...)
4
( ,...)
( ,...)

( ,...)

4
jkR
s
S
jkR jkR jkR
s
s s
jkR jkR
s
s
j jkR
s
s
e
j x dS
R
x e e e
R R R
x e e
R R
x e e
dS
R

ec
t

V = u = V
V = V = V
= V + V
V = V V
}}
A J
J
J J
J
J
J
A J
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
1

( , )
1

4 4
( ,...) 1 1

4 4

kR
S S
s s e n
jkR jkR
s
n
C
S
jkR jkR
s
e
S C
dS
R
j j J
e e
j dS J dl
R j R
x e e
j dS dl
R R
j
e eo

ec
tc ec t

ec o
tc tc
ec


| |
|
\ .
V = =
| |
V =
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
= u
}} }}
}} }
}} }
J
A
EM LAB 61
1.10 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem
( )
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
1) , are symmetrical constant tensors of rank 2, or dyadics
( , )
m
e
m
e
j
j
j
j
c
e
ec
e
ec
c c
V =
V = +
V =
V = +
V = V V V + V
= =
E H J
H E J
E H J
H E J
E H E H H E E H H E E H
H H E E
( )
( )
1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 0 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1
( )
m e m e
m e m e
S V
dS dV
V = + +
= +
}} }}}
E H E H H J E J H J E J
E H E H H J E J H J E J
EM LAB 62
Lorentz reciprocity theorem .

A volume bounded by perfectly conducting S




source-free volume
no magnetic current sources.
etc
1 2 2 1 e e
= E J E J
Reyleigh-Carson reciprocity theorem
2) , are asymmetric constant tensors of rank 2, or dyadics
, .
t t
c
c