:

ogcpuauoc
,
8 Bne(enne.
8 Cnninie n cnaie croponi cynocrn.
8 One n(en npnsina.
8 Cocrannenne neuaren.
8 Cnocoi ionraira.
8 Cos(anne nciyccrnennoio (exona.
8 3anra or (exonon.
8 Hpnpyuenne (exona.
8 Hpnnowenne 1. Hncrpyin no cos(annm xarpn nciyccrnennoio (exona.
8 Hpnnowenne 2. Texnnia ncenenn (exona n oreir.
8 Hpnnowenne 3. 3nai nacrponin na renenarnuecioe oenne c cynocrim.
8 3ainmuenne.
.
fccgcuoc
panna paora ocneaer nonpoci npairnuecion npnxennxocrn reopernuecinx snannn o (exonax,
onncannix n Oen (exononoinn. Teopn o crpoennn (exona, eio none(ennn nosnoner ninecrn
ynnnepcaninie rexnnin n xero(i ionraira c (exonaxn, sanri or nnx, cos(ann nciyccrnennoio
(exona n r.(. Hxenno na rn ynnnepcaninie, r.e. npnxennxie i nmoxy (exony rexnnin, c(enan
ynop n (annon paore.
Hpnne(ennie n paore rexnnin ne ocnapnnamr paorocnoconocri rexnni inaccnuecion
(exononoinn. Bonee roio, anrop cunraer, uro naunnari cne(yer nxenno c inaccnin, nnmi sarex
yinynric n nonpoci a iai we nce ro paoraer. Hxenno roxy, a iai we nce ro paoraer, n
nocnena Hpairnuecia (exononoin.
oooumc o coamc cmopoum cyuocmo
B rox pas(ene peui non(er o cnninix n cnaix croponax (exona, asnponannix na nepio
crpyirype cynocrn. Besycnonno, cyecrnyer n none(enuecinn acneir, r.e. non, ncnxnuecioe
conpornnnenne cynocrn n r.n. nnunocrnie xapairepncrnin. 3ror acneir raiwe y(er paccxorpen.
..a. .,.. .,,....
Ocnonnixn cnaixn snenixn n crpyirype (exona nnmrc cne(ymne ioxnonenri:
x inananna xarpna, pacnonowenna n (pe (exona n nxema nenocpe(crnennym cnsi c
nnemnen cpe(on;
x ncxo(ne no nnemnmm cpe(y ns (pa noroin;
x nxo(ne noroin ipina (exona;
x xarpna nanowenn nepinn na nnqopxanm, nnqopxann na nepinm, pacnonowenna na
ipine (exona.
Y(ap, nanocnxin nnemnen cpe(on, na (annie ioxnonenri nepiernin (exona nxeer
xaicnxaninym nponniaexocri. pn nepnix rpex cnaix snenien ro oycnonneno, npew(e nceio,
npxon cnsim c nnemnen cpe(on. Ho xarpne nanowenn nanecenne y(apa nisoner con n paore
nepionnqopxanonnix iananon (exona, oycnonnr cnnwenne ciopocrn nepe(aun nnqopxann,
uro nisoner cnnwenne ciopocrn opaorin nnqopxann sanyraer (exona.
Y(ap no cnaix snenix ne nisoner ynnurowenn (exona, o(naio c onimon nepornocrim xower
nisnari xyranm cynocrn, ee (eipa(anm.
Bos(encrnne na xarpny nanowenn enecoopasno n rox cnyuae, ecnn cyreir wenaer
xaicnxanino cnnsnri xicnnreninie npoecci (exona (n npnpyuenn cynocrn. Bos(encrnne na
(pyine ysni enecoopasno (n ocnanenn (exona n cnyuae npnpyuenn, no nannun norpenocrn
n coxpanennn xicnnreninon (ereninocrn (exona.
Jmoe nos(encrnne na (annie sneni, npew(e nceio nepiosarparno, r.i. oiuno cyreir
ncnonisyer nepierniy uenoneuecioio (nanasona. Hcnonisonanne (exonnuecioio (nanasona
raiwe ne npnnecer pesynirara n cnsn c nicoion a(anrnnnocrim cynocrn i (annoxy (nanasony.
T.o. qopxnponari nepiocryirypy, npe(nasnauennym (n nanecenn y(apa, cne(yer ns nepiernin
cxeennon i nnqpaipacnon uacrn cneirpa (rai xower nocnpnnnxaric xaornuna nepiernia
uepes neronoe nn(enne). B (annox (nanasone, npew(e nceio, naxo(nrc xaornuna nepiernia,
ioropa no npnpo(e cnoen nocronno nsxenunna, uro ne nosnoner i nen a(anrnponaric.

+
J... ,..... ,,.. '....
3nepiernuecia crpyirypa ro e(nna crpyirypa, ornnuamac nnmi cnoncrnaxn, ioropie
nponnmr pasnnunie nn(i nepinn. Ha npairnie xowno nsri nepierniy nmoio (nanasona n
npeopasonari ee n nepierniy neioeio (pyioio (nanasona.
Caxoe pasyxnoe n rexnnie qopxnponann y(apa no cnaix snenix (exona ro asnponaric na
nsnecrnym rexnniy nanecenn y(apa nepiernuecinx mapox. E(nncrnennin ne(ocraroi nepio
mapa ro uenoneuecinn (nanason nepiernin, ns ioropon map nocrpoen. Ho cyecrnyer cnoco
xaornsann npnniunon (n nac uenoneuecion nepiernin. Hpnuex (annin cnoco no(xo(nr (n
rpancqopxann nmoio no((nanasona (r.e. wenroio, ipacnoio, cnneio, senenoio n r.(.).
3ror cnoco in paspaoran na ase neuaren noprana, r.e. neuaren cnoconix oripinari ianan (n
nepe(aun nepionnqopxanonnix cninanon.
Xaornunin nepiomap npe(cranner coon cqepy, n ioropym noxeeni ee ueripe cqepi n
or(eneni (pyi or (pyia nepeiopo(iaxn. B iaw(on ns cqep naxo(nrc rpeyioninni, cocrannennin ns
npocrenmnx nepionoroion. Tpeyioninnin n iaw(on cqepe pacnonoweni n onpe(enennon
nnociocrn. E(nncrnennix rpeonannex i npocrpancrnennoxy pacnonowennm nnociocrn
rpeyioninnia ro nenapanneninocri (pyinx nnociocrx. B enrpe iaw(oio rpeyioninnia
pacnonaiaerc neonimon nnornin nepiociycroi. Kaw(a nnyrpenn cqepa oycnannnnaer
ninnunoe (nnwenne nepiociycria, rpeyioninnin xemamr roxy (nnwennm n nepiociycroi
ienepnpyer n sanncnxocrn or ciopocrn pasnnunie nsnyuenn. Bnemn cqepa conpaer nsnyuenn
ueripex nnyrpennnx, cos(aerc nocronno nsxenmac xo(ynnponanna nonna oecneunnaerc
xaornunocri nsnyuenn.
~....... ..,,. . ,. ..
3aninnna ncxo(ne noroin, cyreir xower nepe(ari n ioxan(nym xarpny, onpe(enennym
npoipaxxy. Hpoipaxxa oecneunr ninonnenne (exonox sa(annix npoipaxxon qyninn. Cnoco
oueni nonesen, ioi(a cyreir ne wenaer nonpe(nri (exona, iri saxeuennix cynocrim n
rpeyerc o(nopasonoe ninonnenne onpe(enennon sa(aun.
Hpoipaxxa saina(inaerc no xero(y naxepenn n nexenrapnin nepiomap, nepiomap
no(inmuaerc cpasy i (nyx ncxo(nx nepionoroiax, oecneunna nx saninennocri.
Heoxo(nxoe ycnonne (n pesynirarnnnoio nos(encrnn: npoipaxxa (onwna cocrori ns
nexenrapnix ioxan( (nsri, nonownri, nepexecrnric n r.(.) ne sa(encrnymnx xicnnreninym
(ereninocri (exona. Hnaue nanoenrpi (epnon cnnpann, ne nan( ananoia cnownon ioxan(e,
naunyr ee (eraninym opaoriy n ni(a(yr cninan o nropwennn.
O(naio, no(onie nos(encrnn oueni npocri, nx neiio saxernri. pexon, onapywnn no(onoe
nos(encrnne, xower neiio sanrnri cnaie sneni. Horoxy s(eci (n pesynirarnnnocrn
neoxo(nx nexenr neown(annocrn. Ho(onie nos(encrnn cne(yer npono(nri nno orcne(nn
(exona n eio ecrecrnennon cpe(e, nno (oiuno npairniyexoe) cos(an (ynniar cpe(i n cnownon
neuarn.

:
..... ... .,,....
pexoni oueni a(anrnnni. Hpairnuecin nc nx nepiernia paoraer na no((epwanne roio yxenn.
Hpew(e nceio, oueni nnorna, (nonna oonouia (pa. 3anra (epnon cnnpann oipywamnxn
nepionoroiaxn. Yxenne saipinari (po ipinixn, yxenne rpancqopxnponari nnemnmm
nepierniy, oecneunna ioxeocras. H, ioneuno, yxenne xicnnri, norpcama
nmosnareninocri.
Oenne c (exonaxn nnoi(a nopawaer, onn pacciasinamr nnrepecnenmne cnyuan ns cnoen wnsnn,
pacipinamr onpe(enennie ren(ennn (saioni) xainuecioio xapairepa, no(ciasinamr
qqeirnnnoe nocrpoenne rexnni.
B cnyuae nana(enn (exoni cnoconi ienepnponari ynnornenne na ionax ipinien, qopxnpy
rex caxix cnoeopasnie nepiernuecine inyri nnn xeun. 3aipin ipini n sarex pesio nx,
pacipina, (exoni cnoconi nipacinari xonie nepiociycrin. ppennne (exoni npeipacnie
renenari. pexoni cnoconi xinonenno nonxari nmon nepionoroi n, nepexecrnnmnci nxecre c
noroiox, ncuesnyri ns non spenn nanm(aren nnn norennanino onacnoio oreira.
B Oen (exononoinn ywe ionopnnoci, uro (exoni cnoconi npnsinari (pyinx cynocren,
sainmuari comsi n r.(. Bce ro no(uepinnaer nx nacropowennocri na qone nmonircrna. Ho
cnoo(nin or osarenicrn (exon nnioi(a ne nana(er nepnix.
pexoni cnoconi i oueni icrpon peienepann, naio(ap nannunm ipnsncnon xarpni n
ipnsncnoio nepionoroia n rene cynocrn. O(nn (exon, sanaci, cnocoen orpasnri araiy
xnnnxyx rpexueripex cynocren ne(exonnuecion npnpo(i raion we xonocrn, iai cax (exon.
Hoe(nri (exona, xowno nnmi nesaxerno nanan, oxnrpnn nnn npe(an cynocri. Hpew(e nceio,
noroxy, uro (exoni npe(nounramr ne cnsinaric c nana(amnxn, a ncuesnyri. Cx. raiwe pas(en
3anra or (exonon.
(.... .......
pexoni xoiyr oiasari ncnxnuecioe conpornnnenne, xemamee paore c cynocrim.
Hpeo(onenaerc no(onoe conpornnnenne uepes ocnanmne xicne(encrnne cynocrn neuarn n
sainnnann, uepes iynirnnnponanne cee orpemenn or qaira, uro (exon xower nnnri na
ncnxniy, r.e., ncrpeunix ncnxnuecinx conpornnnennex. O(naio, ncnxnia (exona, iai noiasinaer
npairnia, xonee ncnxnin uenoneia. 3(eci rpeyerc noxoi iaioionno nncrpyxenra.
Hanpnxep, sainnnann iapxonnsann n nacrponin pasyxa na nywnie Bax oyenn, xicnn,
(encrnn n r.(.: Tel Tekl Tkle Elkle.
-
Ooc ogco npomca
3(eci peui non(er ne o rox, iai npnsnari (exona na ase nsnecrnon neuarn n sainnnann. Hnn iai
yconepmencrnonari rexnniy npnsina. A o rox, na iaiox npnnnne crponrc npnsin. Ho iaioxy
xero(y cos(ari nonym rexnniy npnsina.
a,. ..,....
Hpnsnari (exona snaunr cos(ari nepionnqopxanonnin ianan, no ioropoxy (exon
nepexecrnrc na xecro npnsina n raiwe npnny(nri (exona (nniaric no roxy ianany.
Cran(aprno, npnsin (exona, iai n npnsin xnoinx (pyinx cynocren, ocyecrnnerc (nyx
nsaxo(encrymnxn xero(axn: sainnnannex n cos(annex neuarn. 3ainnnanne sacranner (exona
nocnonisonaric cos(anaexix neuarim iananox. 3ainnnanne raiwe airnnnsnpyer neuari.
Heuari ro pncynoi, cxexarnuecin nsopawamnn ycrponcrno ianana, cnoncrna (exona, cnoncrna
cyreiranpnsinaren, n rox uncne n xexannsxi sanri, r.e. nepeipinann ianana. Heuarn
or(enino paccxorpeni n cne(ymex pas(ene (Cocrannenne neuaren).
Cyecrnyer necioniio sainnnannnqopxyn no(xo(nx (n npnsina nmoio (exona.
3icnepnxenri (oiasann onimym qqeirnnnocri pyccion qopxyni: Hxenex ipecra, nxenex
ipyia, nxenex xonora, nxenex wesna, npn(n io xne, no cpannennm c (pyinxn qopxynaxn. Bin
npone(en p( icnepnxenron no snyionix couerannx, nocnpnnnxaexixn xnoinxn cynocrxn,
iai npnias i conepmennm onpe(enennix (encrnnn. Ha ase rnx nccne(onannn cocrannen p(
sainnnannn na cynocrnox siie.
mopxynon npnsina na (annox siie nnerc qpasa: Kxopyx iyni(en (en Hexer (Klorum
ulden den Nelel). 3ra oa qpasa n nepeno(e osnauaer: Cynocri (nnianc i uenoneiy.
Ecnn npnsinamexy nsnecrno nx (exona, ro, ecrecrnenno, ninmuenne nxenn n qopxyny
oecneunnaer onimym nepornocri npnsina.
Hcxo( ns nimeciasannoio, ocnonna n(e npnsina opiannsan ianana or npnsinameio. Ho
ianan i uexy Hocrpoenne ianana i caxoxy (exony sanrne cnownoe n xanonpo(yirnnnoe, r.i.
(exoni nocronno n (nnwennn. T.o. ianan cne(yer crponri i iaioxyro oreiry, i(e (exon pano
nnn nos(no nonnrc. Ho iai nanrn raion oreir
Hccne(onanne roio nonpoca npnnenn i nnrepecnoxy pesynirary: nannunm peecrpa (exonon,
ioropin ne(er caxa nnanera.
(......a . ,...
pannin peecrp ne(er p(, cnenannsnponannix xarpn. 3rn xarpni pacnonoweni n xanrnn na
inynne oiono 300400 ix. or iopi no( onacrxn (pennenmen cina(uarocrn. Hanonee ipynnie:
Apannncinn nonyocrpon, nycrin Kanaxapn, Bpasnnicioe nnocioiopie, iopi Arnac n uacri Caxapi
i miy, Cpe(necnnpioe nnocioiopie.
Hnqopxan peecrpa oripira, r.e. nnanera ne cos(aer iaionnno sanri (annoio peecrpa. T.o.
no(inmuenne i peecrpy nosnoner nonyunri nnqopxanm o (exone n eio wnnne.
Hnanerapnin peecrp nnenne xanonsyuennoe n s(eci oueni xnoio paori, no eio nannune
(oiasinaer, uro nnanera npo(onwaer nnrepeconaric cy(ion (exona n nocne roio, iai on
ninonnnr cnom nnanerapnym qyninm. Taiwe nannune (annoio peecrpa naraninnaer na xicni o
cyecrnonanne peecrpa nm(en. Hano(nr na oocnonannie xicnn nnanerapnoio innepopiannsxa,
nponnmeioc na ncex yponnx: neecrnennix n neneecrnennix. Ecnn unrareni snaiox c
neioropixn xonxn paoraxn n onacrn cynocrnon xainn, ro, neporno, ncrpeuan ynoxnnanne
innepcynocrn.
:
Texnonoin cunrinann nnqopxann c peecrpa n(enrnuna rexnonoinn cunrinann nnqopxann c
oreira. T.e. (ocrarouno sa(ari napaxerpi ncioxoio (exona n nonyunri orner. Hanpnxep, xne
nywen (exon, onna(enmnn nciyccrnox oecneunnari y(aunnnocri. 3a(am napaxerp y(aunnnocrn n
nonyuam naop (exonon, xecrononowenne nx wnnna na xoxenr cunrinann nnqopxann
ninpam caxoio nonpannnmeioc.
(.. .. a. ~...,..
Hxe nnqopxanm o xecrononowennn wnnna xowno opiannsonari npnsin (exona na ase
wnnna. Texnonoin npnsina cocronr ns cne(ymnx ranon:
x qopxnponanne nepnon n nropon xarpni nanm(enn; nepna pacnonaiaerc nnnsn
cyreira (na cxexe nnwe nexenr A), nropa oiono wnnna (X);
x cos(anne ianana (B) i nropon xarpne nanm(enn;
x qopxnponanne ninnunoio ianana nxo(eio n ncxo(eio ns nropon xarpni,
npoxo(eio uepes wnnne;
x caxonninn(an nropon xarpni, npn nonnennn (exona;
x nonyuenne cninana o nninn(ann nropon xarpni;
x cocrannenne neuarn npnsina na ase wnnna.
Hepna xarpna (B) nanm(enn npocra ipecrona xarpna, cocroa ns (nyx noroion, no
nepnoxy n(yr ecrecrnennie (n cpe(i noroin, no nropoxy n(yr cninani or nropon xarpni (I)
nanm(enn. Ornnune cninanon nropoio noroia or cninanon nepnoio noroia y(er osnauari
nninn(anm nropon xarpni. Bropa xarpna ananoinuna nepnon, no ycnownena ninnunix
noroiox (p), ioropin nocinaer cninan o npnirnn (exona n wnnne. Boipyi nropon xarpni
cne(yer cos(ari (ecri nesaxernix, roninx oonouei. Bxo( n wnnne, (exon y(er paspymari rn
oonouin, no ionnuecrny paspymennix oonouei xowno cy(nri o xonocrn (exona.
pn iaw(oio rnna paspymenn cyecrnyer onpe(enennin naop cran(aprnix nexenron neuarn
(cx. cxexy nnwe).

',..,... .... ,....

Hx (exona ro naop nepionnqopxanonnix cninanon npepinncron crpyirypi, ioropie
nocronno nsnyuamrc (exonox. 3rn cninani xowno nnrepnpernponari n iauecrne snyionoio
naopa. Onpe(enenne nxenn (exona rpeyer nexanoio repnenn n nanm(areninocrn.
B oex, nce npepinann xowno pas(ennri no snyionon nnrepnperann:
(nnreninin cninan c ioporinx npepinannex ro rnep(ie inacnie (a, n, y n r.(.)
(nnreninin cninan c (nnreninix npepinannex xiine inacnie (, e, m n r.(.)
ioporinn cninan c ioporinxn npepinannxn snonine coinacnie (x, n n r.(.)
ioporinn cninan c (nnreninixn npepinannxn inyxne coinacnie (c, n n r.(.)
Onncanne cnocoa n(enrnqniann (exona necnowno. Cnowno npairnuecioe ocyecrnnenne raion
n(enrnqniann. Ho e(nncrnennon peioxen(anen s(eci nnerc onir.
(.. .. a. a..
Paccxorpenne (annoio nonpoca ni(ener (na acneira:
x npnsin no oreiry, ornomenne (exona i ioropoxy nsnecrno npnsinamexy;
x npnsin no oreiry, ornomenne i ioropoxy nensnecrno.
Ornnuamrc rn (na nn(a npnsina nnmi rex, uro no nropox cnyuae npn(erc npneinyri i
xaicnxaninix cnocoax sanri, uroi nsewari nosxownon aipeccnn, ecnn oreir oiawerc
nenmnxix.
Texnonoin npnsina n (annox cnyuae npocra:
x opiannsyerc ianan i oreiry (uepes neuari);
x cocrannerc neuari, co(epwaa n cee crnxnnnie xapairepncrnin oreira n eio nnemnne
qopxi;
x cocrannerc sainnnanne npnsina, n ioropoe ninmuaerc annenn i oreiry.
Hpnsin na ase oreira caxin pacnpocrpanennin cnoco npnsina.
....,... ...a. .....
Cran(aprnin npnsin npairnuecin nmon cynocrn, n rox uncne n (exona, asnpyerc na
cocrannennn neuarn n coornercrnymeio sainnnann. Ho( necran(aprnixn cnocoaxn npnsina
cne(yer nonnxari cnocoi npnsina, n ioropix ne ncnonisyerc neuari n sainnnanne.
Tainxn cnocoaxn nnmrc:
x npxon ionrair (npncoe(nnenne);
x npninamenne;
x nison sanncnxix or cyreira (exonon.
(.a .. ... ...,.....
3ro cnoco npnsina n ionraira c (exonox, ioi(a cynocrnoe reno uenoneia (acrpaninoe,
xenraninoe, (yma, cosnanne n r.n.) pas(ener qnsnuecioe reno c (exonox. Hpxon ionrair n
ecrecrnennix ycnonnx nponcxo(nr npn nropwennn (exona n renecnym oonouiy uenoneia n npn
no(annennn cynocrn uenoneia. Taion ionrair ecrecrnennix opasox nnnnnpyerc (exonox n
nnerc nepnon cra(nen o(epwnxocrn, r.e. nonnoio saxeenn cynocrn uenoneia (exonox

(saxnar rena). 3ro nosxowno, ioi(a uenonei conepmaer nnerenecnie nyremecrnn n pasnnunix
nnociocrx (acrpan, xenran, nnwnne n nepxnne xnpi n r.(.). Ecrecrnennoe npncoe(nnenne nocnr
xapairep aipeccnn.
Hciyccrnennoe npncoe(nnenne nnnnnpyerc caxnx cyreirox, n rox cnyuae, ioi(a
nn(nnn(yaninix cnn uenoneia ne(ocrarouno (n conepmenn iaioionno nos(encrnn.
Hpncoe(nnenne npairniyerc maxanaxn. Hpncoe(nnenne asnponano na npninamennn.
(.......
Hpninamenne (exona ocyecrnnerc npn nyremecrnnx n pasnnunix nnociocrx, npn ncrpeue
cyreira n (exona. Cyreir (oionapnnaerc c (exonox o npexennox npncoe(nnennn n conepmennn
nos(encrnn sa onpe(enennym nnary: cran(aprnon nnaron nnerc nepe(aua (exony uacrn
nepiernuecinx pecypcon cyreira. Ha neaipeccnnnoe npninamenne, r.e. npncoe(nnenne es
wenann saxnarnri reno uenoneia, n(yr ocnanennie n xono(ie (exoni. Onirnie n crapie
(exoni n(yr na aipeccnnnoe ocyecrnnenne npninamenn c enim saxnarnri renecnym oonouiy
cyreira (n cnonx enen.
(. ...... .,,..a.
3ro nison nyrex npocroio npniasa: Bnnci nnn Hpn(n, npairniyexin n rox cnyuae, ioi(a
cyreir (onioe npex npnsinan ionipernix (exonon n sainmunn c nnxn coinamenne o icrpox
npnsine.
t:
ocmacocuoc ncoamco
Heuari pncynoi, co(epwann nx (exona n (ononnnreninie nexenri (ienepnpymne
onpe(enennie nsnyuenn), ncnonisyexie (n npnnneuenn n y(epwann (exona n nepiernie
pncynia, n oex, neuari ro cxexa npnsina: ianan, (exon, cyreir, oreir na ase, ioropoio
n(er npnsin. Heuari raiwe, nonymia (n (exona, uroi sacrannri eio nonrn n ionrair.
a,. ....
Bce neuarn xowno inaccnqnnponari:
Ho saxinyrocrn:
x saxinyrie neuarn;
x oripirie neuarn.
Ho cnownocrn:
x cnownie;
x cran(aprnie;
x npocrie.
~...,. ....
3ro nn( neuaren, n ioropix nx (exona (nnn cnxnonnuecioe ynoxnnanne nxenn) oipannueno co
ncex cropon iaionnno ieoxerpnuecion qniypon (ipyi, ina(par, rpeyioninni n r.(.)
3axinyrixn neuarxn raiwe cne(yer cunrari oripirie neuarn, saxiiamnec na iaionro
oreir. Hanpnxep, ni ueprnre ipanny neuarn xyion, ipanny ne saxiiaere, no n paspin
noxeaere ipncrann.
Cran(aprnon qniypon saxiiann neuaren nnerc ipyi. Taia cran(aprnocri ipyia oycnonnena
xnoinxn npnunnaxn. Bonepnix, ipyi ro cxexarnuecioe nsopawenne nnaneri, po(nnmen
(exona. Bonropix, ipyi onncinaer saxinyrin nin wnsnn: cranonnennepasnnrnespenocri
crapocriyxnpannenocne(ymee cranonnenne. Brperinx, ipyi caxin apxanunin, r.o.
nponepennin, xainuecinn cnxnon Conna, Jyni, snes(nix n nnanerapnix cnn. Buerneprix, iai
nepiocrpyirypa ipyi nanonee no(xo(nr (n y(epwann cynocrn npn ionraire cynocri
orpawaerc or crenoi, npn rox cqepnunocri oecneunnaer nocronnoe orpawenne. Kpyi s(eci
nipaer poni n(eanino uepnoio rena, noinoameio nxo(ne n neio pecypci npairnuecin
nonnocrim.
Hecran(aprnie cnocoi saxiiann neuarn:
x ina(par, npe(nasnauen (n npnsina ocnanennix nno xono(ix (exonon, rai we
ncnonisyerc n o(nonpexennix npnsinax c o(non(nyx enxn, ncnonisonanne ina(para
nosnoner cos(ari npexennin ianan, ioropin no sanepmennn npnsina ynnurowaerc;
x ueripexyioninni necer qyninm ina(para, no uacrnuno nciawaer cnoncrna (exona;
x rpeyioninni, npe(nasnauen (n npoxewyrounoio npnsina (exona c enim nanpannri
(nnwenne cynocrn no onpe(enennix iananax, coe(nnennixn c yinaxn (oiuno (na yina
saipinamrc, o(nn ocraerc oripirix) cynocri n rpeyioninnie ne sa(epwnnaerc;
x nrnyioninni (n r.u. nenraipaxxa) neuarn, saipinaexie nrnyioninniox, ncnonisymrc
(n pasnowenn (exona na ocnonnie cocrannmne xarpni, a raiwe (n copin
cynocrn ns nxemnxc xarpn, ro cran(aprnin cnoco cos(ann nciyccrnennoio (exona
c noxoim neuarn;
x mecrnyioninni ncnonisyerc (n ynnurowenn cynocren;
tt
x cexnyioninni ncnonisyerc (n nanpannennon xyrann (exona, ycnnnna qqeir
nrnyioninnia, pasnaiamr (epnym cnnpani;
x nocixnyioninni ncnonisyerc (n nocipemenn xeprnix (exonon, nepiernia ioropix
neqyninonnpyer, no ne ycnena pasnownric n oex nepioqone;
x neuarn c (enrim yinaxn n onee ncnonisymrc n pasnnunix enx, nocrannennix
nn(nnn(yanino npnsinamnx. Ho(onie neuarn xnoiocnowni.
Hecran(aprnie saxiiann neuaren oueni uacro nnncinamrc n ipyi (n ynennuenn
qyninonaninocrn neuaren.
.. ....
3ro nn( neuaren, n ioropix nx (exona ne oipannueno. B ocnonnox rn neuarn ncnonisymrc (n
npnsina c nocne(ymnx npxix ionrairox, nosnon (exony ninrn sa npe(eni neuarn.
Oripirixn neuarxn xoiyr iri nesanepmennie saxinyrie neuarn, raine neuarn uacro
ncnonisymrc (n npncoe(nnenn (exona i nnemnen cpe(e c enim son(nponann (exonox oeio
nepioqona, r.e. (exon nanpannerc (n nanm(enn sa cpe(on noipyi neuarn.
.~.. ....
Cm(a ornocrc neuarn c xnowecrnox nexenron, ioxnnnponannie saxnyrooripirie neuarn,
r.e. neuarn nnncannie o(na n (pyiym. Hcnonisymrc (n npnsina xonix (exonon, apxn(exonon.
Heuarn, necyne n cee xnowecrno qyninn, cos(amnx cnownym saxinyrym cpe(y. Taine neuarn
ncnonisymrc raiwe npn nsyuennn none(enn (exona n onpe(enennix ycnonnx. K cnownix
neuarx raiwe ornocrc neuarn, ncnonisyexie (n npnsina necioniinx (exonon.
..,... ....
Oiuno saxinyrie neuarn, co(epwane onpe(enennin naop nexenron (n npnsina
onpe(enennix (exonon, ioropie (onwni ninonnnri onpe(enennin naop qyninn. 3rn neuarn
ne cos(amr cpe(y n npe(crannmr coon nonym iopoiy, n ioropym noxeaerc (exon (n ionraira
c nnx.
(.. ....
3ro saxinyrie neuarn, co(epwane nx (exona n necioniio (eranen. Hpe(nasnaueni (n
npnsina cnaix cynocren, nno cynocren c ioropixn nanawen xopomnn ionrair. 3rn neuarn
y(epwnnamr (exona onpe(enennoe npex (ne onime uaca), no ncreuennn ioropoio (exon neiio
nicnoow(aerc ns neuarn (npn wenannn).
... ...... ..a.
t. Onpe(ennri nx (exona.
:. Onpe(ennri qyninn neuarn n ee nn(.
.. Onpe(ennri (erann neuarn.
+. Cocrannri sainnnanne (n neuarn n coornercrnnn c ee qyninxn, cnoncrnaxn
npnsinaexoio (exona, crnxnnnon n npouen nanonnennocrim oreiraasi npnsina n r.(.
.... ..a.
Onpe(ennnmnci c nn(ox neuarn n nxenex npnsinaexoio (exona neoxo(nxo (ononnnri neuari
p(ox nexenron (eranen, yiasinamnx na npnsin nxenno (annon cynocrn, a ne iaionnny(i
(pyion; yiasinamne na oreirasy npnsina.

t:
,.~ . ,,..a.. ... .....
O(nocnonna ipanna ncnonisyerc (n npnsina (exona, xonocri n ocnonnie xapairepncrnin
ioropoio nsnecrni cyreiry.
pnyxcnonna nnemn ipanna ncnonisyerc (n npnsina (exona, xapairepncrnin ioropoio
nensnecrni. Hpn rox xew(y cnoxn nnemnen ipanni nnncinaerc sanrnoe sainnnanne nnn
nanocnrc sanrna cnxnonnia.
Heioropie sanrnie sainnnann:
Dominus conleo me.
Omnis servo lomo lominis.
Azu lel Nelel kan Klorumil.
Cnona pas(enmrc rouiaxn nnn xainuecion cnxnonnion, nx no((epwnnamen.
3ainnnanne unraerc nepe( airnnnsanen neuarn, r.e. nepe( npourennex ocnonnoio sainnnann.
pnyxcnonna nnemn ipanna raiwe ncnonisyerc (n nanncann nxenn (exona, nocrpoenna
rainx opasox neuari, ne (onwna co(epwari nxenn (exona nnyrpn. Heuarn raioio rnna
ncnonisymrc, ioi(a cyreir ne wenaer ycranannnnari ionrponi na( (exonox npn oennn,
nnyrpennne nexenri neuarn roi(a (onwni yiasinari, uro (exon naxo(nrc no nnacrn
npnsinaren. Hnoi(a nx (exona pacnpe(enerc no yinax xew(y ipannaxn n nnyrpn neuarn.
.... ,. ,,..a.a .....
pexon npnxo( n neuari c (nyxcnonnon ipannen nona(aer cnauana na nenry xew(y nnemnnx n
nnyrpennnx ipyiox, opasymnx (nyxcnonnym neuari. Hanecenne opnaxenra nosnoner (onric
uacrnunoio nsxenenn cnoncrn npnsnannon cynocrn, nanpnxep, ycnnnri cnaym cynocri, uroi
ona icrpee nimna na ionrair nnn ocnanri cnninym cynocri, uroi ona crana xenee onacnon.
Opnaxenr crponrc no npnnnny ocnonnix xainuecinx cnxnonon: ipnna qynin npnsxi,
paccennamen nnn conpamen nepionoroi; noxana nsnyuenne nepinn or yinon,
nanpannennoe npenoxnenne; cnnpani qynin pasnnrn, r.e. ycnnenn nnn ocnanenn cynocrn.
(.,... .....
perannsan nexenron nnyrpn nnemnen ipanni neuarn ocnonna rpy(nocri n cocrannennn
neuaren. Bonimnncrno nexenron crponrc no npnnnny cocrannenn xainuecion cnxnonnin:
s(eci cne(yer yuecri, uro oreir xainuecioio cnxnona, r.e. (eranen neuarn ne roniio cax (exon, a
neci npoecc eio npnsina, iy(a nonneuen n cyreir npnsinamnn. Ha npairnie cyreirnon
uacrim nnerc reicr nnn ipaqnia, i(e cyreir ywe eccosnarenino samnqponan ro, uro on xower
nonri (annin reicr, (annym ipaqniy. 3(eci raiwe yunrinaerc nepioiapiac (exona, cnoncrna
(exona, eio pasyx n r.(.
B no cocrannri paouym neuari (ocrarouno cnowno.
t.
'...... ,....
P( cnownix neuaren noxnxo cran(aprnoio cocrana, r.e. ieoxerpnuecion qniypi, nnyrpn ioropon
pacnonoweni onpe(enennie (erann; no( cran(aprnix cocranox co(epwnr naop cnxnonon,
xapairepnsymnx (exona. B uacrnocrn no(onoe npairniyer (n yiasann na oreirasy npnsina.
Cne(y aniopnrxy cocrannenn neuaren.
t. Onpe(ennri nx (exona.
Hpe(naiam nonpairnionaric na Baanaxe. 3ro (exon, nounranmnnc sa owecrno noncexecrno
n Cpe(nen Asnn n Cenepnon Aqpnie (o npnxo(a xpncrnancrna n xycynixancrna. Baanax ro
conpareninoe nx or Baana n Ban ((anee yiasinanoci nasnanne xecrnocrn, nanpnxep,
BaanHeop nnn cnoncrna owecrna, nanpnxep, BanCaxen qnnninncinn oi Conna) nnn,
n cnanncioepionnox nciawennn Baan. 3roxy (exony noinonnnci myxepi, qnnninni,
cnpnni n r.(.
:. Onpe(ennri qyninm neuarn n ee nn(.
Hocioniiy Baanax (pennnn (exon n xower iri onacen npn npxox ionraire, n crpoac
neuari nnmi npnxep, ninpam (ecrnyioninni, iai o(nn ns nn(on saxinyron neuarn.
pecrnyioninni cocrannm ns (nyx nenraipaxx, uro nisoner ocnanenne cynocrn (no ne
pasnowenne), ona nnmi npoxeniiner n ncuesner. T.e. n qyninm neuarn saina(inam qyninm
neonimoio oiomia, uepes ioropoe xowno y(er ynn(eri cynocri.
.. perannsan.
Ha (annin xoxenr nxem qopxy n nn(e (ecrnyioninnia. pn naueprann nxenn (exona
ncnonisym nsnecrnin xne qnnninncinn anqannr, r.i. qnnninni o(na ns napo(nocren
nounranmnx cynocri, r.o. cynocri snaioxa c (annon cnxnonnion. Taiwe pas(enm yini nxenn
no nrn yinax, uro no(uepiner (oxnnnpymym qyninm nrnyioninnia (ocnanenne). Hocioniiy
qynin neuarn oueni npocra n ne rpeyer ionraira, ro ncxo(nym qopxy ((ecrnyioninni) nnnmy
n ina(par.
Hrai, na (annin xoxenr nonyuaerc cne(ymee.
t+
Hx unraerc no uaconon crpenie or nepmnni nenraipaxxi. Hpnuex, cne(yer saxernri, uro nx
nnncano n nonenym nenraipaxxy, r.e. nenraipaxxy, y ioropon nnmi o(na nepmnna cxorpnr nnepx
ro cnxnon uenoneuecion nonn. Hpnsinamnn rex caxix ionopnr: B ne crany no(unnric ree.
pawe na caxin nenpe(nsrin nsin( no(onon qopxi nno xano, niin(nr ona iairo iono n
ne(opaorano.
Heairnnnponana nropa nenraipaxxa no(unnnrenina. Ho(unnnreninym nenraipaxxy cne(yer
nepenecrn n ynawnreninym, npnsinareni ionopnr: B ne no(unnmci ree, no cinonm ionony n
snai rnoen cnni. Caxin npocron cnoco ro coe(nnnri cinonennym ionony (nepmnna
nenraipaxxi nnns) c no(nron iononon (nepmnna nnepx). Hocioniiy n(er nciawenne
nsnauaninon qyninn nenraipaxxi, ro coe(nnnreninix nexenrox xower iri opnaxenr ns
ipnnix nnnnn. pn onimeio qqeira rainx opnaxenrox nnn eio uacrim xowno coe(nnnri
necioniio nepmnn airnnnponannon n neairnnnponannon (na (annin xoxenr) nenraipaxxi.
Hrai, (ecrnyioninni cqopxnponan: yiasan oreir npnsina nx (exona, yiasana cyreirna
uacri opnaxenr. O(naio ne yiasan npoecc nepexeenn cynocrn i xecry npnsina. 3ror
npoecc xowno oxapairepnsonari, iai nepexo( cynocrn orry(a, i(e ona ina, i npnsinamexy.
Hocioniiy n (annon neuarn o(na nenraipaxxa xapairepnsyer cynocri, (pyia cyreira, ee
npnsinameio, ro n n neuarn (onwno iri orpaweno, uro ns o(non nenraipaxxi (cpe(i)
cynocri n(er i (pyion nenraipaxxe. Hpoecc nepexo(a nepiosarparen, nanpannen, r.o. ninpam,
no npnnnny cocrannenn xainuecion cnxnonnin, opnaxenr ns rpeyioninnion. poxnnnpyer n
neuarn uncno nri snaunr, nri rpeyioninnion. Ho nepin i rpeyioninniax (onwna npnnrn, n
nnx caxnx nepinn ner. T.o. neoxo(nxo iaw(in ianan nepexo(a cna(nri ncrounniox.
Mainuecinn cnxnon, xapairepnsymnn ncrounni nepinn, cnni ro cnnpani. Kaw(oxy ianany
crannm cnom cnnpani. Hpnuex, pasxep cnnpann ynennunnam or cynocrn i cyreiry, uroi
nsewari pasnopora cynocrn na nononnne nyrn.
t:
H nocne(nee n (erannsann ro sanrna cnxnonnia. Hanpnxep, ipecr, na ionax ioropoio
ipyin cnxnon enocrnocrn. Kpecri pasnopaunnam i cyreiry i roxy, iro nyw(aerc n sanre.
Cran(aprna neuari iorona.
Ocraerc (erannsan xapairepncrni (exona.
x nounrann iai owecrno: cnxnonnia xpaxa n cnxnonnia n(ona nno;
x npnnocnnn iponanie weprni: cnxnonnia weprnennocrn, nanpnxep, crnnnsonannoe cep(e,
nporinyroe xeuox, pnryaninix nowox;
Hpnuex, s(eci (erannsan y(er nnric raiwe oreiroxason npnsina, ioropin ne in yuren
n cran(aprnon neuarn.
B nroie, nonyuaerc nonna neuari.
t-
Cne(yer saxernri, uro (n (erannsann npn(erc nsyunri cnoncrna (exona (ocionanino,
npocxorperi eio ncropnm, orpawennym n penninosnix ncrounniax, ncrounniax inaccnuecion
(exononoinn. 3(eci nosnniaer nponexa, iai ornnunri penninosnym menyxy or (encrnnreninix
cnoncrn cynocrn. Ho, yni, onri we neoxo(nx onir n onacrn npnsnannn, ioropin nsnauanino
xowno nonyunri, nnmi cne(y inaccnie.
t:
(.. .a ....
Hrai, (onycrnx, cocrannena nona neuari n coornercrnymee en sainnnanne, npone(en npoecc
npnsina, o(naio cynocri nponnerc necrannino: xeniiner n ncuesner. B rainx ycnonnx
cnowno ionopnri o ionraire. Bce (eno n rox, uro (exoni npnniiamr, ysnamr neuarn. 9roro
nonoe (n nnx nnrepecno, no neoiuno. pn roio uroi (exon npnnii i nonon neuarn rpeyerc
npex n neioropie ycnnn, ecnn w(ari ne oueni xouerc.
Cnocoon s(eci necioniio:
t. poannri i neuarn nexenri, yiasinamne na rex cynocren, ioropix (exon onrc.
Toi(a on y(er npnxo(nri or crpaxa, uro eio noiapamr rn nimecrone cynocrn.
O(naio nicnenne no(onon nepapxnn rpeyer naxnoio onime npexenn, uex npex
ecrecrnennoio npnniiann (exona i nonon neuarn. A rpenownri nsnecrnix apxanienon n
apxn(exonon upenaro newenareninixn nocne(crnnxn.
:. poannri i neuarn nexenri ninnunocrn, nanpnxep, pacnonownri nexenri,
yiasinamne na ianan, pacnonowennin no ipyiy. B rox we npnxepe c Baanaxox pnconari
rpeyioninnin rai, uroi onn yiasinann n o(nox nanpannennn (no uaconon nnn npornn
uaconon crpenin).
.. Hocrannri nepionnqopxanonnym npnnsiy (n nn(e npocroio nepiomapa c naxepennex
nosnpaanc ee) i neuarn, nne(pnn ee n iapiac caxoio (exona n onacrn nepeiopo(in
inanannon xarpni (nanonee nesaxernoe (n caxoio (exona xecro, nce panno, uro
uenoneiy nesaxerno nonecnri rannuiy na cnnny).
B sanepmenne inani o neuarx, xouerc nanoxnnri, uro ne ncei(a rpeyerc cocrannenne neuarn,
nnoi(a inaer (ocrarouno o(noio nnmi sainnnann. Hnoi(a neuari paoraer n es sainnnann. He
ncei(a rpeyerc cocrannri croni (erannsnponannym neuari, iai n npnxepe cocrannenn neuaren,
uacro (ocrarouno nnmi pacnpe(ennri n neuarn yini nxenn (exona na nmox siie n nn(e
nensenen, ioropie nnmr coon o(nonpexenno n yini, n cnxnonniy, xapairepnsymym npoecc
npnsina.
t
nocom aoumaama
Oaric c (exonox na rane qyninonaninoio none(enn nenosxowno, r.i. nnanera ne
ornycrnr cynocri, noia ne ninonnena nnanerapna qynin, n na (annox rane y (exona nnmi
sauarin pasyxa, ne cqopxnponana nnunocri n r.(.
Jmoe oenne c (exonox ro oenne n nepno( none(enn npn npnsine. O(naio, ecrecrnennoe
none(enne (r.e. nne xoxenra npnsina) naina(inaer orneuaroi na cnoconocrn cynocrn oaric.
a,.. .., .,. .,...
Ha (annox rane (exon cnocoen nnmi i nexenrapnon xicnnreninon (ereninocrn. Y cynocrn
ne cqopxnponana cninanina cncrexa, r.o. cnocoi ionraira cno(rc i rexnniax o(nocnownix
orneron: (a, ner, rax, s(eci, ne snam.
K rainx rexnniax ornocrc cncrexa oenn nocpe(crnox on (cx. nnreparypy no xainn By(y),
cncrexi oenn nocpe(crnox orinonenn no(nemennoio na nnrn ipysa, nexenrapnie
iaprounie pacina(i, noyinennoe yiasanne na anqannrnox ioxnace (iai (ern ia(amr: narxan,
nionia n yini no ipyiy) n r.(.
Ha (annox rane (exon aipeccnnen n cnownonpe(ciasyex.
a,.. .., .a,. .,...
Hpnsin onimnncrna (exonon nponcxo(nr nxenno n nepno( cnoo(noio none(enn, r.i. npnsnari
(exona na (pyinx ranax (ocrarouno nenpocro.
3(eci cne(yer ocranonnric no(ponee.
Cran(aprnie rexnnin:
t. Hpnnnn sepiana.
Cm(a ornocrc xnowecrnennie rexnnin nponnenn cynocrn n sepiane n nn(e qniypi, nna
n r.n. Ho(onie rexnnin xowno nanrn n inniax no pnryaninon xainn, n nccne(onannx
inaccnuecinx (exononoion. Bce rexnnin sepiana (enrc na (na rnna: sanorenmee nnn xoipoe
sepiano n cyxoe sepiano (nanpnxep, 3epiano Conoxona). Ecnn nepnoe oecneunnaerc sa cuer
xarepnannsann nepionnqopxanonnon crpyirypi cynocrn uepes nnqopxanonnoe none
no(i, ro nropoe (ocrarouno cnopno, n ne iapanrnpyer orcyrcrnn nnnmsnn.
Hpnnnn xoipoio sepiana ocyecrnnerc uepes p( sainnnareninix qopxyn, xew(y
ioropixn ncrannmrc xapairepncrnin n nx (exona:
Ginevera Tralir Guona. Slie Aksle Orra. nx, xapairepncrninJ
Guld uldenira avre Slrirr. nx, xapairepncrninJ
Alie Klorumil ie Ord. nx, xapairepncrninJ
:. Hpnnnn nepiernuecioio nn(enn.
Kai n nmym nepionnqopxanonnym crpyirypy (exona xowno saqnicnponari
nepiernuecinx nn(ennex n nocnpnnri, ncxo(ne or neio cninani, ioropie sarex
nnrepnpernpymrc, iai ocxicnenna qpasa.
Cne(yer saxernri, uro (o 40/ ncxo(non nnqopxann npn raiox cnocoe oenn reperc.
Cm(a we ornocnrc renenarnuecioe oenne.
t
.. Ywe ynoxnyrie nime cninaninie cncrexi c o(nocnownixn orneraxn.
(.... ...... ..,..,,....a .......a ......
pononino ouenn(na rexnnia:
x nipari cninaninym cncrexy (naop snyion, neron, ia(aninix iapr n r.(.);
x (oionopnric c (exonox, uro onn y(yr osnauari npn noxon ywe nponepennon cninaninon
cncrexi.
(.... ....,. .... ..... ..... ,....
Oecneunnaerc no(ona pacmnqponia uepes npnnnn nepiernuecioio nn(enn n nonin
opas, no c (ononnennex ipario nponsnocnxon qopxyni: T}ui (Timn). mopxyna osnauaer
nauano npnexa enocrnoio cninana, n eio oionuanne. Taiwe nosnoner pacmnqponari.
Cne(y reopnn nonix opason, cyreir qopxnpyer nonin opas nonpoca i cynocrn n ornera or
nee. mopxyna, r.o. osnauaer sanonnenne nonoio opasa.
Hpn oennn cne(yer noxnnri:
x (exon ne osarenino ionopnr npan(y;
x (exon xower nyiannri;
x (exon cnocoen cos(ari nnnmsnm, ioropa nocnpnxerc, iai qair.
Ocraninie peioxen(ann no cnocoax oenn cno(rc i roxy, uro cne(yer npoonari xnoine
rexnnin oenn, uroi nipari nanonee y(onym Bax.
::
ogauoc ocayccmccuuoao gcmoua
Heoxo(nxie yxenn:
x qnicnponari nepionnqopxanonnie crpyirypi pasnnunon nnornocrn (ipyie n
ronine nepinn);
x cos(anari cnownie nepionnqopxanonnie crpyirypi;
x nne(pri qyninm n nepinm naxepenne.
t. Cos(anne (epnon cnnpann.
Hepnoe, uro cos(aerc n y(yex (exone ro (epna cnnpani. 3nepionnqopxanonnie
noroi cpe(nen nnornocrn saipyunnaerc n rpn nnria. Honyuenna cnnpani oxap(npyerc
onee ronion, uex caxa cnnpani, nepiernion, oecneunnaerc pacninenne nepiernin.
mopxnpymrc xexannsxi nanoenrpon n xnipoenrpon: (nniareninoio (qynin
(nnwenne); anannrnuecioio (qynin sauarin pasyxa); nnenapnreninoio (qynin
noinoenne nepinn, npeopasonanne nepinn, nipoc nepioorxo(on); nepiernuecioio
(qynin nipaoria ncxo(nx nepiocninanon). Cne(yer uerio npo(yxari, iai (onwni
iri nocrpoeni nanoenrpi iaw(oio xnipoenrpa. Osarenino qopxnpyerc xnipoenrp
no(unnenn, i(e sanowena qynin no(unnenn (exona cos(arenm.
Cos(anna cnnpani oipywaerc nnornon oonouion n airnnnpyerc pasnnen nepiernuecinx
norennanon na ionax cnnpann. B reuenne necioniinx cyroi cnnpani npoionerc na
xonocrox xo(y, no(nnrinaerc nponeperc qqeirnnnocri ee qyninonnponann.
:. Cos(anne ioxan(non xarpni.
Marpna qopxnpyerc n coornercrnne c reopnen o crpoennn (exona ns nepiernin cpe(nen
nnornocrn. Cos(aerc necioniio cnoo(nix nepiernuecinx nonocren (n qopxnponann
(ynniaron ns (epnon cnnpann npn nocne(ymex pasnnrnn (exona.
.. Cos(anne nepioiapiaca.
B coornercrnne c icnepnxenrox, onncannix n Oen (exononoinn (cx. Hpnnowenne). B
ioronie nepiociycrin na ipinix nne(pmrc coornercrnymne xarpni. B enrp noxeaerc
(epna cnnpani n ioxan(na xarpna. mopxnpymrc nexnoiocnownie (ononnnreninie
xarpni, no wenannm. Ho(ponee cx. n Hpnnowennn.
... ..a. ....
Ocyecrnnerc uepes npnsin onirnoio (exona n (ynnponanne eio (epnon cnnpann rpeyer
(ocrarounoio onira n nocnpnrnn n cos(annn nepionnqopxanonnix crpyiryp.
pynniar onirnon cnnpann naina(inaerc na cos(anaexym cnnpani. Hnqopxan (ynniara
pasneprinaerc n anroxarnuecin qopxnpymrc nce neoxo(nxie xarpni.
Ho cyrn, n(eaninin nciyccrnennin (exon ro inon oiunoio (exona.
Knonnponanna cnnpani raiwe npoionerc n or(eninox nepiernueciox cocy(e c enim
nponepnri coxpannocri xnipoenrpa (xiHH) no(unnenn. Jmie nciawenn xiHH cne(yer
ycrpanri nesaxe(nnrenino.
:t
3aoma om gcmouoc
pexon nnerc cyecrnox, nopow(ennix ns oennanerapnoio nepionnqopxanonnoio non.
Mero(i opii c (exonox, rainx opasox, (onwni iri raiwe nepionnqopxanonnon, a ne
iaionnno (pyion npnpo(i.
Cne(ymne rexnnin (onioe npex qqeirnnno ncnonisymrc (n opii c (exonaxn:
Hpnsnanne (pennnx (exonon, r.e. cynocren onirnee, cnninee roio (exona, c ioropix operc
cyreir. Tainxn cynocrxn, i npnxepy, nnmrc, r.n., apxanieni. Cx. nnreparypy no
inaccnuecion (exononoinn.
Cocrannenne sanrnix neuaren n sanrnix sainnnannn no npnnnnax cocrannenn neuarn n
cocrannenn xainuecion cnxnonnin.
Jno xowno nocnonisonaric cne(ymen rexnnion.

t. Cne(yer nnsyannsnponari pncynoi.

:. panee unraerc sainnnanne Trraklu Rrui Tiua Nafd, ioropoe nsnneiaer ns pncynia
nepionnqopxanonnin iapiac cnoeopasnix nepuaroi.
.. Hepuarin na(enamrc na pyin, nxn xowno necrn opiy c (exonox, iai c qnsnuecinx
oreirox.
3ainnnanne pasopano no cnonax:
x Trrrrrrakluuu
3nyi l uyri cnimnin, nnanno nepexo(nr n r.
3nyi r paciarncrin, inyxon, unraerc, iai pyccia p, no c cwarixn syaxn.
3nyi klu unraerc icrpo c nanpwennex; k nixo(nr ns iopna npn rox nixo(nn nos(yx
sacrpenaer n nepxnex ne, sarex ror nos(yx c cnnon nixo(nr uepes uyri npnoripirie iyi,
npenpaaci cnauana n inyxoe, nourn cnimnoe l, a sarex u menorox, na u ns neiinx (onwen
ninrn neci nos(yx.
x Rrruuuui
3nyi r ipoxinn, paciarncrin, nonyuaerc nnpanen n iopne, oiono iopn siia (ipaccnpyma
p)
3nyi u (oninn, cnoionnin c nonimennex uacrori, cnauana on (onwen iri nnsinx, sarex na
necioniio nor nonicnric.
::
Hocne(nee ui unraerc, iai y(ro Bi y(nnneni. Cnonno ciasan: Ui, Bi xornre ciasari:
Hpan(a!
x Tiua
3nyi li oueni nicoinn, na i Bi rnere (ocrarouno nicoiym nory.
Ha snyie ua pesio nepexo(nre na nnsine uacrori, rowe nexnoio rnere, ror snyi n cnnwaere
ipoxiocri (o nyn, n ione roio cnona nos(yx npocro nixo(nr, ne cos(ana ocoix snyion.
x Nafd
3ro cnono cne(yer iopranno pninyri, n neio cne(yer nnownri pocri. Ho snyi d (onwen snyuari
oruernnno.
(...,.. ..,...
Cnauana pncymrc ipyin. pna nepxnnx, sarex (na cpe(nnx, sarex (na nnwnnx (nenawno cnpana
naneno nnn cnenananpano).
panee pncymrc ocenie nnnnn.
panee na nnnnn, ioropie nicrynamr (naionanim, pncymrc xanie ina(pari. pna cpe(nnx, o(nn
nepxnnn, o(nn nnwnnn (c ron we croponi, uro n nepxnnn), nropon nnwnnn, nropon nepxnnn.
panee (nyx pyiaxn pncymrc onimne ina(pari.
pna nnwnnx.
pna nepxnnx n (na cpe(nnx.
Pasnnune ronnni nnnnn or(eninix qniyp cne(yer conm(ari. Macmra pncynia, n enox,
nenawen.
Hapnconannin rainx opasox pncynoi xowno sanoxnnari n ywe nenawno, iai Bi y(ere eio
ncnoxnnari (n ron nn nocne(onareninocrn nosnninonenn qniyp).
:.
1popyocuoc gcmoua
Panee cunranoci, uro (exona xowno sacrannri uroro c(enari no( yiposon, sa cuer (oionopa, c
nocne(ymen onnaron eio ycnyi. 3nann o crpoennn n npnnnnax (encrnn (epnon cnnpann
xosia (exona, nosnonmr yrnepw(ari, uro (exona xowno npnpyunri, r.e. e(nnow(i nsxennn
cynocri, ionrponnponari ee es iainxnno (ononnnreninix crnxynon nsnne.
pn roio uroi nsxennri (exona, uroi oecneunri pesynirarox nsxenenn npnpyuenne
cynocrn, cne(yer oycnonnri xyranm (epnon cnnpann (exona.
Ho xyrnponari (onwna ne nc cnnpani, a ee uacri: Cnnpaninin ysen, orneuamnn sa
caxon(enrnqnianm cynocrn. Taion ysen pacnonaiaerc n enrpaninon uacrn cnnpann, uro
oycnonneno neoxo(nxocrim icrpenmeio (ocrnwenn cninanon or ysna caxon(enrnqniann i
(pyinx ysnax.
Texnnia npnpyuenn (exona.
t. Hpnsnari (exona, xaicnxanino ocnanri eio.
:. Bi(ennri cnnpaninin ysen caxon(enrnqniann n nsrri eio.
.. Hanownri na nsrrin ysen nonin opas pasnowenn nnyrpennocren.
+. Hanownri na pasnowennym crpyirypy naop nonix opason, uepes ioropie (exon y(er
n(enrnqnnponari ce, iai npnpyuenna cynocri.
:. Ho(nnrari nonyuennie crpyirypi nepinen ynirpaqnonera.
Hpairnuecine peioxen(ann no n.2: sainnnanne nsrrn cnnpaninoio ysna caxon(enrnqniann:
Klorumili slrirr Aksle den Hilleus. Tlarka lin lin lin la. Tlarka den Nelelarda diorinum ulden den
Nelel Ie.
:+
1poooucuoc
Ho(pona nncrpyin no cos(annm ocnonnix 3Hxarpn (exona. (3H ap. or
nepionnqopxanonnin).
Bce xarpni (exona cos(amrc ns nepiernin ynirpaqnonera (nasnanne ycnonnoe). 3nepiernia
(annoio (nanasona xower ienepnponaric caxocrorenino cyreirox, nno nsnneiaric ns
oreira. Onrnxaninix oreirox, ns ioropoio xowno nonyunri nepierniy ynirpaqnonera ((anee
npocro nepiernia), nnerc inapena nini. pocrarouno nanrn uncrin ipncrann inapa, r.e.
es ipynnix nipannennn (pyinx xnnepanon, n paspynri eio no(pyunixn cpe(crnaxn (xonoroi,
synno n r.(.).
Pocr (exona oiono (nyx xerpon. Bnpnna (pa cocranner oiono 40 cx. Pasxax ipinien (o rpex
xerpon.
1. B(epna cnnpani.
1.1. Kapiac cnnpann.
x Cos(aerc nepiernuecinn map (naxerpox oiono 10 cx. Bap pacrinnaerc n nepionoroi
(nnnon oiono 7090 cx. Horoi (ennrc na rpn pannie uacrn. Kaw(a or(enina uacri
pacrinnaerc raiwe na 7090 cx. Cnona (ennrc na rpn uacrn n iaw(a uacri pacrinnaerc
onri na yiasannym nime (nnny.
x B nroie nonyuaerc (enri yronuennix nepionoroion. Cos(aerc (ne nnornix
nepiernuecinx nnanin (nnnsy n nnepxy), na ioropie narinnamrc nepionoroin.
Pacrwenne xaicnxaninoe, paccronne xew(y coce(nnxn nepionoroiaxn 12 xx. Ha
paxie cne(yer cos(ari nepiernuecinn norennan, uro oecneunr reuenne nepinn n o(nox
nanpannennn. panee cne(yer no(ow(ari nauana nsanxo(encrnn nepionoroion xew(y
coon oiono1530 xnnyr. Bsanxo(encrnn nponnrc n nnpann noroion: npnrwenne n
orraninnanne. Cne(yer (onric coinaconannix ioneannn, r.e. nce noroin orinonmrc n
o(ny cropony coinaconanna nonna, n(ya n sa(annox nanpannennn no ncex noroiax
o(nonpexenno. Axnnnry(y ioneannn nnpanonneno cne(yer xnnnxnsnponari. T.e. nonna
(onwna iri nourn nesaxernon.
x panee nnanin saipyunnamrc n pasnie croponi nonyuaerc cnoeopasnin nepiernuecinn
ianar.
x Kanar saipyunnaerc n cnnpani c 34 nnriaxn ((n roio xowno ncnonisonari n nnanin).
pnnna cnnpann (onwna cocrannri oiono 7 cx., (naxerp oipywnocrn, nonyuaexon npn
npoeinn cnnpann na nnociocri, cocranner oiono 1,5 cx.
x panee cnnpani nocrenenno cwnxaerc co ncex cropon (o 1 cx (nnnon n (naxerpox
oipywnocrnnpoeinn oiono 2 xx.
x panee cnnpani no(nepiaerc oxap(nponie xeniuanmnxn nepiociycriaxn 0,010,05 xx
n (naxerpe.
1.2. Cos(anne nano n xnipoenrpon.
x Hanoenrp npe(cranner coon xarpny, cocroym ns necioniinx nsanxo(encrnymnx
noroion (cx. Oa (exononoin. Crpoenne (epnon cnnpann), na ionax ioropix
co(epwarc opasi nexenron iaionnno cnryann none(enn n (annon cnryann.
Hanpnxep, o(nn ns nanoenrpon, nxo(nx n cocran (nniareninoio xnipoenrpa (onwen
co(epwari npocrenmym ioxan(y n nn(e opasa nnpano. Ha npairnie raine opasi
xowno nocrponri nonixn opasaxn. Hocrponre nonin opas (nnwenn nnpano, sanownre
ror opas n neonimon nepiernuecinn map (1 cx. n (naxerpe). panee nocrponre nonin
opas crori, raiwe sanownre eio n nepiernuecinn map. Coe(nnnre nepiernuecine
mapi nnnion ns ioporinx nepionoroion (2 cx.). Hanpnxep, (na opasa, nonyuamnx
cninani rnna (a, ner
::
x panee nocrenenno cwnxanre nanoenrpi naxepennex (o pasxepon oiono 15 nanoxerpon n
orexe.
x Hocrponn nanoenrpi, yunrinamne ocnonnie cnryann n wnsnn (exona, coe(nnnre nx
xew(y coon, oecneunna nx nsanxo(encrnne. Cos(anre noipyi conoiynnocrn nanoenrpon
roniym nepiernueciym oonouiy (n coornercrnne c pasxepaxn nanoenrpa) n necioniio
ncxo(nx nepionoroion, ioropie (onwni nxeri cnsi co ncexn nanoenrpaxn. Tainx
opasox, cqopxnponan xnipoenrp, no(ipennre qyninm xnipoenrpox nonix opasox,
nanpnxep, (n (nniareninoio opas nonnoennoio (nnwenn n pasnie croponi n
orcyrcrnn (nnwenn.
x Bne(pnre cqopxnponannie xnipoenrpi n iapiac cnnpann. Cqopxnpynre ns cionnenn
xnipoenrpon cnnpaninie ysni, orneuamne sa none(enne (exona n cnryann, i(e
rpeyerc yuacrne necioniinx xnipoenrpon, oecneuire nsanxo(encrnne rnx
xnipoenrpon, coe(nn ncxo(ne ns xnipoenrpon, noroin c iapiacox cnnpann.
x Airnnnpynre reuenne nepinn no cnnpann, iai yiasano n pas(ene Cos(anne nciyccrnennoio
(exona.
Cnncoi xnipoenrpon, osareninix (n nopxaninoio qyninonnponann (exona:
x pnniareninin (orneuaer sa nepe(nnwenne);
x Acconarnnnin (orneuaer sa a(anranm i nnemnen cpe(e);
x Ynpannenn (orneuaer sa no(unnenne (exona cnoexy cos(arenm);
x Hnenapnreninin (orneuaer sa npeopasonanne nnemnen nepinn c nepinm no(nnrin
(exona);
x Oyuamnn (orneuaer sa oyuenne (exona, recno nsanxo(encrnyer c (pyinxn enrpaxn);
x Mnipoenrp ionrponnpymnn npnex ncxo(nx n nxo(nx cninanon;
x Kponenocnin (orneuaer sa reuenne nepinn no nepioiananax nnyrpn rena (exona);
x pynnpymnn (orneuaer sa ionrponi npoecca (ynnponann cninanon ns cnnpann n
ioxan(nym xarpny).
x Konrponnpymnn xarpni (exona.
2. Koxan(na xarpna.
Pasxepi ioxan(non xarpni, nnncannon n ina(par. Kna(par xower cnywnri oonouion xarpni,
cropona ina(para oiono 5 cx. pnaxerp onimoio ioxan(noio ipyia oiono 4 cx., xanoio
ioxan(noio ipyia oiono 2 cx.
Cos(anre nepionoroin, (naxerpox ceuenne oiono 0,5 xx. Hs nnx cqopxnpynre ioxan(nie ipyin.
Coe(nnnre ipyin nnornix nepionoroiox, (naxerp ceuenn oiono 1 cx, uepes oonouiy xarpni
(cx. Oa (exononoin. Crpoenne ioxan(non xarpni). Cos(anre 2030 nepiernuecinx
ciycrion, pasxep ioropix panen pasxepax xnipoenrpon cnnpann, sarex coe(nnnre nx c xanix
ioxan(nix ipyiox. 3rn ciycrin nocnywar cocy(axn (n y(ynx (ynniaron cninanon (epnon
cnnpann.
3. Knananna n ipnsncna xarpni.
Kpnsncna xarpna npe(cranner coon nepiernuecinn cocy( c xaicnxanino nnornon oonouion.
3ra xarpna crponrc iai miaq c noniaxn, i(e pacnonoweni nepiernuecine ciycrin, pasnnunon
:-
nnornocrn. Kpnsncna xarpna qyninonnpyer na ase nonoio opasa naionnenne.
Knananna xarpna cocronr ns (nyx uacren, pas(enennix nepeiopo(ion n xexannsxox
oripinamnx, npn neoxo(nxocrn ry nepeiopo(iy. T.o. inananna xarpna ro cocy(, i(e
co(epwnrc (ononnnrenina nnyrpenn xarpna. 3ra nnyrpenn xarpna npe(cranner coon
xonin ciycroi, qyninonnpymnn na ase nonix opason orraninnanne n npnrwenne.
Koi(a neoxo(nxo oripiri nepeiopo(iy paoraer cninan npnrwenne, ioi(a saipiri
orraninnanne. Tainx nnyrpennnx xarpn (ne: (n nnyrpennen nepeiopo(in n (n nnemnen
nepeiopo(in.
Knanannym n ipnsncnym xarpni cne(yer coe(nnnri nnornix nepionoroiox. Pasxepi
ipnsncnon xarpni, nnncannon n ina(par, cropona 5 cx. Pasxepi inanannon, nnncannon n
ina(par, cropona 3 cx.
4. Marpni ionrpon nxo(nx;ncxo(nx noroion na ipine n n (pe.
Hpe(crannmr coon conoiynnocri necioniinx nepeceiamnxc nepionoroion, na nepeipecrie
ioropix co(epwarc nepiernuecine ciycrin, co(epwane nonie opasi ornpannri cninan,
npnnri cninan, sa(epwari cninan, yciopnri cninan, ycnnnri nnn ocnanri cninan.
Cos(an nepioiapiac (exona, oecneunn nannune 3Hnoroion, ioropie n (aninenmex y(yr
paorari, iai iponenocna cncrexa (exona, cne(yer ycranannnnari xarpni, coe(nn nx c
(epnon cnnpanim, (pyi c (pyiox n r.(.
::
1poooucuoc 12
J... .... ,... a.
Heciox, sexnen, xyion pncyerc onimon ipyi, nnyrpi ioropoio noxeaerc neuari (exona.
Bonimon ipyi saxiiaerc na oreir (oosnauen ina(parox na cxexe). Or ipyia ueripix
naniaxn, o(nonpexenno (nyx pyiaxn (nonyuaerc, no (na ornernnenn sa pas) pncymrc ipnnie
nnnnn nonyuaerc ueripe opos(i. Tainx ornernnennn or onimoio ipyia mecri: no rpn c
iaw(on croponi. Ha ionax ornernnennn pncymrc xanie ipyin, ioropie nanonnmrc nepinen
cnn: 3exn, Bo(a, Bos(yx, Oioni, Cner, Tixa (pacnonowenne, n oex, nenpnnnnnanino). Heuari
(exona saxiiaerc na onimon ipyi. pexon npnsinaerc n nona(aer, n nroie, n oreir.
1poooucuoc 13

:
3aaoocuoc
B (annon paore anrop ocnernn ocnonnie npairnuecine xoxenri paori c (exonaxn.
Hpnne(ennie n paore n(en nocr xapairep no(ciasin, nanyrcrnn npn nepexo(e i onee
(eraninix paspaoriax.
Crnni nncixa n (annon paore (ocrarouno onn, inoaninin, noroxy npn paore c ionipernon
cynocrim neoxo(nxo yunrinari ee nn(nnn(yaninocri. Heoxo(nxo yuecri cocrnennie cnni n
nosxownocrn. Hn(nnn(yaninocri, iai cyreira, rai n oreira; nnmc oa npairnuecia n(e
ecri asa (n nocrpoenn qqeirnnnon xainuecion rexnnin.
Cnncoi asonix snannn n yxennn, neoxo(nxix (n qqeirnnnon paori c (exonox na ase
onncannix n Hpairnuecion (exononoinn peioxen(ann:
x yxenne nocnpnnnxari (nn(eri, cnimari, uyncrnonari n r.n.) xainueciym nepinm
pasnnunon npnpo(i (nepin crnxnn, nepin Cnera, nepin Xnsnn, nepin Tixi,
nepin Xaoca n r.(.);
x yxenne cos(anari n (ynnponari nepionnqopxanonnie ciycrin;
x yxenne cos(anari n (ynnponari nepionnqopxanonnie ianani;
x yxenne nina(inari qyninm n nepionnqopxanonnin ianan, nepionnqopxanonnin
ciycroi n npoune nepionnqopxanonnie crpyirypi, rai nasinaexoe yxenne naxepenn;
x yxenne cos(anari nepionnqopxanonnie crpyirypi, necyne iaiymnno qyninm,
cnoconie paorari anronoxno es nocronnoio nxemarenicrna (r.e. 3Hxarpni) ns
nepionnqopxanonnix noroion n nepionnqopxanonnix ciycrion;
x yxenne ionrponnponari cocrnennym aypy, nepionnqopxanonnym xarpny n npoune
nepionnqopxanonnie crpyirypi uenoneia;
x yxenne cocrannri xainuecine cnxnoni;
x opnenrnponanne n inaccnuecion (exononoinn n conyrcrnymnx onacrx xainn n
nepiernin;
x snanne rexnni conpornnnenn nepionnqopxanonnoxy nropwennm;
x opnenrnponanne n onacrn ncnxonoinn uenoneia, snanne cnocoon conpornnnenn
nropwennm n ncnxniy uenoneia.