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Observing the chest from an anteroposterior view (as on a chest radiograph; see Chapter 3), four recognized borders

of the heart are apparent. The right border is established by the right atrium and is almost in line with the superior and inferior venae cavae. The inferior border is nearly horizontal and is formed mainly by the right ventricle, with a slight contribution from the left ventricle near the apex. The left ventricle and a portion of the left atrium make up the left border of the heart, whereas the superior border is shaped by both atria. From this description of the surface of the heart emerge two basic rules of normal cardiac anatomy: (1) right-sided structures lie mostly anterior to their left-sided counterparts, and (2) atrial chambers are located mostly to the right of their corresponding ventricles.

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