UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

SIWES TECHNICAL REPORT

Presented By

ANYAMAOBI NWANKWO PIUS

MAT. NUMBER: U2007/3025224

ATTACHED AT SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WORKSHOP UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT FEBRUARY, 2012.

DEDICATION
I dedicate this industry training report to the Supreme Being God, the Father Almighty, who kept me alive throughout the duration of these six months of industrial training period.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I remain sincerely grateful to my supervisor Mr. Israel Anyanwu, I also thank the head of Mechanical Engineering Department Dr J.C. Ofudu, and senior staffs of Mechanical Engineering Department Prof. D.P.S Abam, Prof John .U. Okoli, Prof C.O.C Oko, Dr Harold .U. Nwosu, Dr O.M.O Etebu and all other staff of Mechanical Engineering Department. My heart goes to my director Dr Evbuomwan, B.O. who confirmed my appointment and also gave me professional advice. I cannot afford to put aside the Chief Technician Mr. F.O. Ochimba and all other technician and staffs at the workshop who have actually, an instrument in impacting this knowledge in me. Above all I thank my parents and siblings who gave me both financial and moral support.

ABSTRACT Metal cutting or Machining is the process of using machine tool and cutting tool in combination to reduce the shape of a material to some desired and specific shape and size (dimension). During my industrial wok experience scheme at Science and Engineering Workshop (SEW) work, fabricated and welding operations Which include the production of floor mop, metal stool, production of nuts and bolts, bearing sitter, solar fish drier etc. Most of these processes involve the use of machine tools such as lathe machine, use, drilling, up shaping, of guillotine, spoilt true fold machine, welding machine etc. Some of the jobs done were for industrial fixing some machine parts/production of intricate part of machine and for some the final year student projects etc.

CHAPTER ONE THE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WORKSHOP (SEW) 1.1 INTRODUCTION My SIWES training was with Science and Engineering Workshop in the University of Port Harcourt Choba (UNIPORT). In this period my work in workshop was mainly on machining operations. The training experience exposed me to the effective use of machine tools as well as cutting tools for proper production processes. My areas of training was on the use of lathe, drilling machine, shaping machine, hack saw, grinding machine, bench vice, guillotine, folding/true fold machine etc. Furthermore, the various problems encountered during the period of my SIWES training and the relevance of the SIWES program to us as undergraduate is also highlighted in this report. Conclusively, this report underscores the various ways of improving the SIWES programme in order to ensure successful training of subsequent students who undergo the SIWES training.

1.2 HISTORY

OF

SCIENCE

AND

ENGINEERING

WORKSHOP (SEW) The faculty of Engineering had not come into existence in the 1980s when the Science and Engineering Workshop was initially established. It was formally called the Physic Workshop under the directorship of Prof .A.O Avwaraye and Mr. Frederick Onoshorkpo as the chief technologist. In 1983 after the establishment of the faculty of Engineering, it became necessary to expand the workshop so as to accommodate the faculty. Under the directorship of Dr Nkpadi and Mr. Frederick as chief technologist, the workshop acquired its current site and changed to Science and Engineering Workshop 1988. Currently under the directorship of Dr Benson .W. Oriji and Mr. F.O.Ochimba as the chief technologist, the Science and Engineering Workshop has helped to facility some project for final year undergraduate in fabrication, as well as to provide technical support for research activities in the form of project construction and instrumentation for academic staff and graduate research students.

1.2.1 Organization Chart Of The Science and Engineering Workshop(SEW)

1.3 VARIOUS

DEPARTMENTS

OF

SCIENCE

AND

ENGINEERING WORKSHOP (SEW). The Science and Engineering Workshop (SEW) comprise of the following departments: 1.3.1 Welding/Machining Department These departments are controlled with other by the chief technologist alongside technicians.

Basically, this is the largest department in the Science and Engineering Workshop (SEW). It comprises of several other parts like lathe, drilling, milling, shaping, grinding, and welding sections. These department primary objectives are in the design and fabrication of mechanical components and products like nuts and bolts, pulleys, gears, threads, chamfering etc. This was the department where I was attached during my six months industrial training experience. 1.3.2 Electrical/Electronics Department This department is headed by Mr. Oribi Johnson. They are concerned with electrical works like rewinding of generators, and motors, repairs of electronics, phones and the design of electrical boards. They also ensure that the machines in the workshop are electrically viable. 1.3.3 Woodwork Department In this is the department where various kinds of wood works are done. They are involved in making of office

chairs and tables, engineering drawing boards for year one students, class room chairs and desk, notice board, and so many other wood works for the university. 1.3.4 Glass-Blowing Department This department is head by Mr. George the department is involved in manufacture, construction, maintenance and repair of the university laboratory equipments. The apparatus produced here are; burette, pipette, glass manometer, conical flask etc. 1.3.5 Administrative Department This department is headed by a director which is fully in charge of the workshop and other staff like senior executive officer, higher executive officer, senior clerical officer, computer operator, caretaker and cleaner. This department takes charge of staff welfare and remuneration with the day to day running of the workshop.

CHAPTER TWO INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE 2.1 Workshop work experience During my six (6) months of industrial training, all works were done in the Science and Engineering workshop in this period, I was able to make use of lathe machine; to taper turn, the drilling machine: to drill and to chain drill, hacksaw, shaping machine: to produce keyways, slots and large number of things as regards to engineering practice and workshop practices. 2.2 MAJOR PROJECT EXECUTED DURING SIWES PERIOD In the machining section where I was attached, we were made to apply theoretical principles we acquired in the class room alongside the practical knowledge we gained in the workshop to execute series of projects, some of which includes: i. ii. iii. iv. v. i. Production Floor Mop Production of Metal Stool Production of Nuts and Bolts Production of Bearing Sitter Building of a Solar Fish Drier. Production of Floor Mop This device is used for cleaning of floors. It was built with a remote control which enhanced its operational use. This device is an assembly of a 125X150X225mm rectangular tank, a cylindrical metal tank (drum with foam piece), a

metal tray, a rear wheel, a front wheel, an electrical motor, scrapper, battery, brain box, pulleys, belt and improvised remote which was used in the control and was connected to the housing by the means of an electrical cable. The operations carried out on this project are; marking out of specified dimensions, cutting into shapes, folding the cylindrical tank (drum foam), welding of the various components to the base and joining of the wheels to the base with screws. The device is shown in appendix A. ii. Production of a Metal Stool Metal stool is used in most of the engineering laboratories. Materials used: square iron (metal), angular iron (metal), screws, polished wood. Machine/tools used: true fold machine, hack saw, screw fastener, bench vice and harmer. The process include: The cutting of square iron (metals) into four (4) desired length of each 800mm, which was used for the legs. Cutting and folding of an angular iron (metal) to square sides of 250x250mm (the housing for the bed/top sit also known as squared trays for the bed /top sit). Shaping and planning of the polished wood (bed/top sit) would help to fit in the squared tray. Assembly of the legs and tray was done by welding process to make the chassis. Lastly, fitting of the bed into

the chassis of the metal stool by the use of a screw and a screw fastener completed the process. The major operations: cutting operations, shaping planning operation, folding operation, and lastly joining

process (temporarily and permanently). The diagram of the metal stool is shown in appendix B. iii. Production of Nuts and Bolts. The bolts and nuts are components used for temporarily joining machine parts. The nut is produced by machining a mild steel rod with a six sides of diameter of 40mm was measured and cut to a 2inch size. This was taken to the lathe machine to be faced taking cognizance of dimensions. The nuts we produced were 12mm nuts hence we with a 10.5mm drill bit was drilled, with 10.5mm drill bit before tapping with 12mm tap and wrench to thread it internally. And this was done for the nut. The for the bolt, a rod was cut a length of 50mm and then threaded on the lathe externally, whose thread pitch coincide with that of the nut, the threading was done by setting of the gears on the lathe and the thread pitch on the lathe. Material/machines used: mild steel, the lathe, drilling machine, file and a venire caliper. The diagram is shown in appendix C. iv. Production of a Bearing Sitter/Dice Holder

The

bearing sitter is a circular material made of mild

carbon steel. There are bearings are fitted before they could be attached to a device. Process: Its a round circular material whose diameter almost equal to that of a bearing with a thickness of about 3.5mm is gotten, and machined until it conforms to the diameter and size of the bearing. Afterwards the material is drilled to a diameter of about 12.5mm; one side was then machine to fit the bearing into the material. We made several of the bearing sitters as well as the dice holder, which share similar process. The machining tools used were boring tool and a drill bit of 12.5mm. These are used to make a hollow to the size of the bearing fitted. The diagram is shown in Appendix D. v. Building of a Solar Fish Drier. A solar fish drier is a fish drying device that uses the heat (solar energy) from the sun for its operation. The solar fish drier was made in the form of a house. Process: To make the solar fish drier, a frame was made, with some numerous of plywoods to a given measurement, the plywoods were cut into various shapes and sizes and nailed to form the skeleton of the housing of the solar fish drier.

Afterward they are filled with saw dust and top bond, to cover every opening between them. Four angled metal were cut to the size to fit in the house, which served as a base for the gauze tray, which was made with help of the true fold. The tray fit into the entrance of the house. A flat PVC material was bought and cut to the size of the house; this was used to cover the frame of the house. But the solar fish drier hard an entrance where the tray get suit, a door was created with the PVC material open and close the fish drier and a black sheet of material is plastered to the inside walls of the solar fish drier. Summary materials used: woods, nails, polyvinylchloride (PVC), screws, gauze tray metal sheet, a transparent glass, a black sheet of material. Note that the transparent glass helps to trap sun light and its been absorbed by the black body inside the solar fish which is the power source of the device. The diagram is shown in Appendix E.

2.3 UNITS OF WORKSHOP TOOLS AND MACHINES 2.3.1 Workshop Measuring Tool Measurement was a very vital part in machining process which looks minute but very important. I was really taught how to make use of various measuring instruments such as meter rule, measuring tape, venire caliper, micrometer screw gauge and the various conversions and accuracy. i. Venire Caliper This is the most common measuring derive used more often in the workshop. These instruments are capable measuring of external, internal, step and depth of a shaft etc. Measurements are available in a range of measuring capacities form 150mm to 1000mm. The venire calipers can be said to have a reading accuracy of 0.01cm or 0.1mm. ii. Micrometer This is used to measure diameters of a very thin piece of a wire or object. It has a higher reading accuracy than the venire caliper. The micrometer can be said to have a reading accuracy of 0.001cm or 0.01mm. iii. Measuring Tape It is a very vital tool used in the workshop in a situation where works to be done are very lengthy.

It is divided into metric and imperial reading. The meter reading involves; the meter and millimeter measurement while the imperial reading involves; the inch and foot measurement. Conversion: 16 gradient = 1 inch = 25.4mm=2.54cm=0.0254m. 12inch = 304.8mm = 30.48cm = 0.3048m Also note that 2 feet 3 inch could be represented as 2 1311 iv. Filler Gauge The filler gauge is a measuring tool that is used in a compartment where the venire caliper cannot measure. That is filler gauge goes into such a compartment, gets the gauge of that compartment then the venires caliper take the measurement from the gauge. v. Thread Gauge This is a measuring tool that has two (2) sides the metric and the imperial side. They are used to determine the pitch thread. 2.3.2 Hand Tool Hand tools are used for the removal of small quantity of material usually from small areas of a work piece. This may be done because no machine is available, the work piece is too large to go on a machine, the shape is too

intricate or simply that it would be too expensive to set up a machine to do the work. They include:

i.

A File Files are used to perform variety of task, from simple removal of sharp edges, roughening down, squaring, finishing surface to produce intricate shapes where the use of a machine is impracticable. Files come in various shapes and sizes for the purpose of filling various shapes and compartment. Types of files include: flat file, square file, round file, three square, halfround file, knife file, dread naught file, and needle file are name according to their shapes and functions.

ii.

Knurling Tool This is a tool used on the lathe machine. It is used to roughen the surface of a metal cylinder in order to enhance grip of the material. The knurling tool is a machine tool that has to two roughed rollers on it, that actually makes in roughened surface on the cylinder.

iii.

Spanners This is used in loosening and tightening of nuts and bolts. They vary in sizes depending on the size of the nut or bolt, the also have different shapes in order to be able to

loosen nuts in various compartments e.g. The socket spanner, flat spanners etc. iv. Hammers In the workshop we use hammers for various operations which include: Centre punching a work piece, straightening of flat metal sheets, shaping of metal sheet and even bending sheet. v. Hack Saws These are used in cutting metal bars, pipes and also steel metals etc for required lengths. Their frames are made adjustable to enable them take blade of different lengths. The blades are made of high speed steel (HSS) and specific by length and pitch. vi. Chisels Chisels are used for cutting metal. They are made from high-carbon steel, hardened and tempered at the cutting end. In the workshop, the chisels are mostly used in shaping thin metal steels by use of hammer on its head. vii. Dies Dies are used to cut external threads and are available in size up to approximately 36mm thread diameter. The common type, for use by hand, is the circular split die, made from high-speed steel hardened and tempered. viii. Tri-Square

The tri-square is a measuring device and also is derive to made accurate lines before cutting. The tri-square is like our T-square we use it to draws lines for making lines on our metal sheet before cutting for accuracy. ix. Taps Tapping is the operation of cutting an internal thread by means of a cutting tool known as a tap. These are made from hardened high-speed steel and are supplied in set of three. x. Screw Drivers The screw driver is one of the most common tools, and is also the one most misused. Its main purpose is for only to tighten or loosen screws. xi Pipe Wrench This is used mainly for turning pipes and round bars, clamping around them. 2.3.3 Workshop Machining Tool Machine tools are a power driven machine for making articles of a given shape, size and accuracy by removing metal from work piece in the form of chips. During my industrials training activities we made used of some machines at the workshop, they include: the lathe machine, Guillotine, shaping machine, folding/true fold

machine, Drilling machine, welding machine, Bench vice, steady rest. i. The Lathe This is a multipurpose machine tool used for performing a great variety of machining operation on a wide range of work piece. This is why it is called a universe lathe it is one of the most widely used in the workshop in almost every thing. The work to be machine is rotated (turned) and cutting tool is moved relative to the job. That is why; the lathes are also called as turning machines. The tool moves parallel to the axis of rotation of the work piece, cylindrical surface is produced, if it works perpendicular to the axis, it produces a flat surface. But many other operations can also be performed on lathe, they are: facing, parting, necking, knurling, taper turning, thread cutting, formed, reaming and drilling, boring, milling, grinding.

Diagram lathe machine Parts of the lathe

of

The main parts of a centre lathe are: Bed, Head stock, Tail stoic, carriage and electric drive. 1. Bed The bed is base or foundation of the lathe. It is a massive (heavy) and rigid casting made in one piece to resist deflection and vibration. It holds or supports all other parts that is, head stock, tail stock and carriage etc. 2. Head Stock The head stock assembly is permanently fattened to the left hand end of the lathe. It serves in support the first

operation unit of the lathe, that is, the spindle. The spindle revolves in bearing, one at each end of the head stock. 3. Tail Stock Tail stock is on the other end of the bed from the head stock. Its chief function is to hold the dead centre so that long work pieces can be supported between centers. It can be moved along the bed and clamped to the bed at the various desired location to suit the length of the work piece. 4. Carriage In between the headstock and the tail stock is the carriage. It is movable on the bed ways and its purpose to hold the cutting tool and to impact to its either longitudinal or cross feed. It has fire major parts: (a) Saddle- the base of the carriage is the saddle which slides along the ways of the lathe bed. (b) Cross-side The cross stick is mounted on the saddle. It provides cutting tool motion which is perpendicular to the (c) centre line of the lathe itself. The cross-feed movement may be controlled by manual or by power feed. Compound Rest (Top slide or compound slide) It is mounted on top of the cross-slide. The compound rest has a graduated base and can be swiveled around a vertical axis. The range of compound rest is only limited and is used for obtaining angular cuts and short tapers, as well as convenient positioning of the tool to the work.

(d)

Tool Post The tool post is mounted on the compound rest slide in a T-shot. Cutting tool/tool holder is firmly held in it.

(e)

Apron The apron of secured underneath the saddle and hangs over from of the bed. It contains the gears, clutches, and levers for operating the carriage by hand and common lathe operation.

Diagram from the text page 44g. Common lathe operation

Lathe Operations A large variety of operations can be performed on an engine lathe which includes: 1. Turning (skinning operation). Turning is the operation to remove material from the outside diameter of a work piece to obtain a finished surfaced. The finished surface may be of continuous diameter, stepped, tapered or contoured. Feed of the tool for turning operation is along the axis of the lathe i.e. the position of the cutting boil is parallel to the work piece (longitudinal/horizontal operation). 2. Facing Pricing is the operation of machining the end of a work piece to make the end square with its own axis and that of the lathe. The tool moves perpendicular to the axis of the lathe i.e. the positioning of the cutting is perpendicular to the work piece (transverse operation). 3. Reaming and Drilling Drilling is the operation of making hole in a work piece when non-previously existed. Reaming is the operation of finishing the drilled hole. These operations are done on lathe by holding the drills and reamers in the tail stock quill, and the job is held in a chuck and the tools an fed to the revolving work piece by the rotating the tailstock handle. 4. Boring Boring is the operation of enlarging the drilled hole. The work piece is held in a chuck in the lathe spindle and

boring bar is mounted in the tool post. Boring is done by moving the carriage towards the head stack. 5. Knurling It is the operation of plastically displacing metal into a particular pattern for the purpose of creating a hand grip or roughed surface on a work piece. The knurling tool is held in the tool post and is period against surface of the work piece by cross feed. 6. Milling For the milling operation, small milling cutters are held in the head stock and revolved while the work is clamped in a vice mounted over the top of the compound rest, instead of the tool post. Used for only small work. 7. Grinding Cylindrical and intend grinding can be done on a lathe, with a tool-post grinder. 8. Taper Turning It is a turning operation that involves two unequal cross sectional diameter making use of the compound rest (compound side). The formula: Tan = D-d 2l Where: = Half tape angle, D = larger diameter, d= smaller diameter required l = length of the taper.

After swiveling the compound rest to this angle about the vertical axis, it is clamped in position. The paper is turned by hand wheel by rotating the handle. This was the method we employed in the workshop during my course. The method can be employed for turning short internal and external tapers with a large angle of taper, the work piece commonly held in a chuck. 9. Parting A parting tool is deeper and narrower than a turning tool. It is designed for making narrow groves and for cutting off parts. The parting tool is held in the tool post while feeding is done by the spindle on cross slide as the case may be to the rotating work piece on the chuck.. ii. Shaping machine We used the shaping machine for shaping internal and external key ways, contoured surfaces, stools, groves, other recesses etc. The cutting process in a shaping machine is intermittent, since cutting is done in one direction (i.e. its turned stroke). Its return stroke is idle stroke and is faster than the cutting stroke.

Diagram of shaping machine iii. The Drilling Machine The drilling machine is also one of the important machines used at the workshop. The drilling machine was used to accomplish the purpose of drilling boring or making of round hole using drill bit of various diameters which ranges from 5mm-12mm.It accomplishes this by the rule of rotary and axial feed motions of the cutting tool or work, it drills in vertical axis. I was fortunate to use this machine to perform operations like drilling, chain drilling, reaming counter-bung and counter sinking.

Diagram show a drilling machine. iv. Grinding Machine The grinding machine is an electro machine which makes use of a rotary abrasive tool, called grinding wheel for cutting and for removing and smoothing of excess material from casting forging and weldments, filling and sometimes shaping a work piece. The grinding wheels machine was given a fix support on a metal steel table; that enables it to withstand vibration of

slacking when on. Its primary function is for finishing on the work piece.

Diagram of grinding machine v. Folding / True Fold Machine These are very heavy industrial machine used for folding galvanize sheets, mild steels and stainless steel sheets to various shapes or angles desired. The fold and the true fold machines shapes are two different machines used folding metal sheet but in different angles. The folding machine folds sheets in an angle of 360 0; whereas, the true fold and bends sheet metal at angle 45 0, 900, 1200.

I was opportune to use the folding device to fold metals into cylindrical shape of different diameter, folding into cuboids shape of varying dimensions. vi. Guillotine/Cutting Machine The guillotine machine is a cutting machine that uses a straight blade and is mainly used for cutting or shearing metal sheets whose thickness must not exceed 2mm. The guillotine is a foot operation machine, which requires enough force to pull its pedal down wards in other for it to give a good cut; how ever the work piece is fully supported with a clamp before cutting. vii. The Welding Machine The welding machine is an electrical machine with a primary and secondary winding and has a very high wattage; it also has plate for the adjustment of current range. In the department where I operation, we did welding operation mainly on electric are welding in which an electrode is brought in contact with the work at the point when the welding is to be stated, after connecting the work to the welding circuit. We used the welding machine in tacking (temporary welding) and welding (permanent joining process) During this period of my training we were taught that, joint, bult, lap, corner, T and Edge Joints as shown. that welded structures are assemble by five basic types of

viii. Bench Vice The bench vice was used in holding work piece of various sizes and shapes, is usually fixed in a metal steel table or bench. More also, we have a machine vice which is usually found in our shaping machine and also a hand vice which was movable and was used in holding work piece considered to be too small. ix. Steady Rest The steady rest is a vice which holds very long work piece. When ever a very big work piece (L/D>10 or 12) or longer slender work piece of low rigidity are machine between centers, steady rest are used to additionally support the work piece and prevent if from bending follower or travelling steady spent. The followers travelling steady rest: This steady is mounted on the saddle and moves together with the tool. due to pressure of cut. Their two types of steady rest are: fixed steady rest

CHAPTER THREE PROBLEMS AND RELEVANCE OF THE SEWES PROGRAMME 3.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE SEWES PROGRAMME The industrial training was quite interesting and vigorous irrespective of the knowledge gained within the duration. In the workshop, I encountered several setbacks/problem and some challenges, with out the training would have been incomplete. They include: i. Accuracy in measurement of work piece The ability to measure a work piece accurately before, while machining and after machining was not an easy task, during my first few week in the workshop. But soon after, I was able to take accurate measurement. ii. Setting of work piece on a machine tool Though look simple but not as easy as it was seen. That was another area of difficult; like in the case of holding the centre of a work piece by using and tool makers buttons, which I was able to do after my first few weeks. iii. Operation of machine tool The operation of some of machine like the lathe, grinding, drilling properly machine required some techniques operate ,also posed me some problem when I initially

started my training but due to frequent instruction and

carefully observation from my instructor I was able operate most of the machines effectively. iv. Restriction to the use working tool Tools in the Science and Engineering Workshop were owned by individuals. There were no working tools available at our disposal. We only touch and use tool if our instructor was present and also permit it. v. Inadequate/out dated (Epileptic) machine tool In the work shop we had no enough machine tool and the machine tools available are so old and thus are not effective in doing works. vi. Personal protective Equipments With regards the nature of the operations in the workshop and its equipment, it is vital for the staff/ and industrial trainees to be equipped with their personal protective equipments such as safety boot, ear muffs, nose makes eye goggles, hand gloves, cover-all etc for proper handling of works, which was not provided for staffs or industrial trainees in the work shop, hence led to some accidents. In fact safety measures were never part of the workshop. vii. Erratic power supply In the workshop, we also experience incessant power out break which slowed the completion time of most works undertaken.

Viii.

Poor management The management was not concerned about the welfare of the students under its supervision. A day a friend had a cut by a work piece, which was on a drilling process; there were no thing in the firs aid box of the workshop to stop the bleeding. Also in the part of spoilt or damaged equipment or machine or machinery was abandoned. It would require sometime before the machine would be fixed, this was due to the power financial situation we had the work shop.

ix.

No provision of allowance It looks minor but posed so many distresses to me, as we were not given any stipend to enable us transport to the workshop, or make lunch for our selves during the days activity.

3.2 RELEVANCE OF Honestly I

SIWES PROGRAMME say that the industrial training

would

programme (SIWES) has exposed me to some aspect of Mcchanical Engineering. During my six months de training, I served in the

machining/welding

department,

where

knowledge

acquired in courses like mechanical engineering material was displayed in practical.The programme has provided students an opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in real work situations, thereby bridging the gab between

academic

work

and

the

practical

work

experience

demanded for the graduate engineer. This programme provided the student opportunity of acquiring industrial skills and experience/ practical knowledge in /her area of specialization. It avails the student the opportunity of acquiring

knowledge on the recent technology and innovations in the industry. This programme helped develop a more conscious attitude in the student. Most of all, the scheme has exposed me as a student to the challenges faced in industry, in the area of policy implementation and development of their technological know how. It made me realize the expectations of the industry from the engineer and the responsibilities that would be on the students as country like ours. Other contributions of SIWES are follows: Exposure to a practical aspect of study Some abilities are harnessed and develop like creating, punctuality and initial and responsibility. Prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation. a future engineer, in a

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION AND ADVICE 4.1 CONCLUSION Due to importance and delicate nature of machining/welding process, so vital to the mechanical engineers, therefore mechanical engineers should liaise in knowledge of the principles and techniques involved in machining/welding process to make proper and effective work; to avoid disaster and loss of life and properties. Having an industrial training component in a degreed programme can add enhance the employability skills of graduate. In order to ensure that industrial training become a natural part of university not training efforts must be by collaboratively and individually undertaking

institution , industry and government so that issues and challenges students face can be addressed. SIWES should help out in securing placement for students, which will help tremendously, as this is a major problem students face.

Finally, I advice younger collogues to put knowledge and experience above money and all that will not make them device the gain of the SIWES programme. 4.2 ADVICE FOR FUTURE PARTICIPANT Intending indust.rial trainees should try to attend institution SIWES orientation Programme before going on attachment. To be obedient to constituted authorities and adhere strictly to all rules and regulations of the organization where the students is attached. Intending industrial training should always ensure they get their forms ready on time from the SIWES Unit and make duplicates of the application forms in order to apply to companies, firms etc. with in their field of study. Students on training should make sure they engage fully and carry out all duties and assignment given to them. This will in turn give good recommendation in case of future employment. It pays to work hard; therefore students should be serious and take proper records of training activities, and other assignment in the log book. Also students should be punctual, diligent, conscientious take pride in protection of property throughout honest, employers

It is important that future industrial training participants are properly equipped with that is involved in the training. The following advice will prove excellent for future participants.

4.3 ADVICE FOR SIWES MANAGERS SIWES managers should endeavour that students IT allowance is paid during the course of the training to enable them support themselves financially. SIWES managers should assist students in identifying placement opportunities. SIWES managers should be lass harsh on students and always be ready to accommodate their problems, as well as prepare orientation to students.

REFERENCES P.O. Shama (2000): Production Technology (Manufacturing Process) Seventh Edition. Prof. U.J. Okoli (2010): Manufacturing Technology and Workshop Practice Manual.