Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ANCIENT EGYPT
^^"TAe
"^r.
1920.-192 3
CONTENTS.
Part
1.
The Nile
Return
Boats. Treasure W.
to
Research.
2.
Somers
of
Clarke.
3. The
Antinoe. Flinders
Petrie.
M.
of
4. A
Mace
Head
Hierakonpolis.
M.
A. Murray.
5. An
Early
Portrait.
6. Georges
Legrain.
Somers
Clarke.
7. Reviews.
8. Periodicals.
EDITOR,
PROF.
FLINDERS
PETRIE,
F.R.S.,F.B.A.
Yearly,
yx. Post
Free.
Quarterly
MACMILLAN
LONDON
AND
AND
Part,
2s.
AND
NEW
CO.,
YORK;
EGYPTIAN
RESEARCH
Boston.
ACCOUNT,
Ancient
Net price of each number from booksellers is 2s. Subscriptions for the four quarterly parts, prepaid, post free, ys.,are received by Hon. Sec. Ancient Egypt University College, Gower (H. Flinders Petrie),
Egypt.
" "
Street, London,
Books
W.C.
1.
news,
should be addressed
:
"
Editor of
"
Ancient
Egypt,"
Street, London,
W.C.
1.
Subscriptions, received in the United States by : Rev. Dr. Winslow, 525, Beacon
"
Street,Boston.
An '/
THE
TREASURE
OF
ANTINOE.
PL.
I.
GOLD
NECKLET
ABOUT
A.O.
540.
SCALE
1/2.
ANCIENT
THE
RETURN TO
EGYPT.
RESEARCH.
At
last it is
justifiable again
Our perils as a nation are every kind of energy that was from the flood of destruction.
the world was broken. his son Jean Maspero,
for writers to meet their friends in these pages. but they do not need to be met by by no means over,
our required two years ago, to save civilisation Great have been the changes since the peace of are
worn out prematurely, and the face Barsanti. With these the the ever-useful passing of of affairsis changed. Ruffer, Horace Thompson, On the English side other losses are felt : Sir Armand
In Egypt
gone
James
Dixon,
and
K.
T. Frost,
Egyptology
; and at home
were all victims of the war, the early death of Prof. Leonard King
of sites in Syria and Palestine was carried out by two former workers of the British School in Egypt, Capt. Mackay and Capt. Engelbach, under the orders of Field-Marshal Sir Edmund Allenby. This was the firststep towards preservation, and their reports give details of the work and
necessary on each site. restrictions is that for The latest School of Archaeology
founded Jerusalem,
by
joint
the British Academy. and has actively organised it, Capt. Mackay will be Chief Inspector probably another of our former excavators will be Librarian and the Palestine Exploration Fund
British School in Egypt, with a large staff,hopes to have as full a season basis of work has been of excavation as in the past. In the United States a new Chicago, Institute University Oriental under the efficient of started as the of the In his recent address he takes his stand on the management of Prof. Breasted.
importance position touching the
care as a
of all kinds of evidence for history, and places philology in its true interpreter of some an evidence of historic times, but only thus brief part of man's past. The whole evidences of the past are to be
in line with what has Oriental Institute, which thus comes of the new always been the system of the British School in Egypt. With much regret it is found that the present costs of production, being difference to the issue of this Journal. At the about doubled, must make some
to meet the cost, present time it is unreasonable to expect anyone to pay more So soon is necessary. and therefore some reduction in pages and illustration as our readers will expand the circulation to its former extent, the previous scale issue The summarising of what has been published abroad of will be resumed. during the war is the prime requirement to place readers in touch with present following The conditions. reviews will therefore be fully carried on in this and
numbers.
A
NILE
BOATS
AND
OTHER
MATTERS.
We
have been told many times how unchanging is the East, and undoubtedly is but little the there root of things change ; but the statement must be taken at as directions things go on in Egypt even In many with considerable reserve. they did in the times of the Pharaohs, in others fresh fashions are eagerly sought after, fresh methods succeed one another with considerable rapidity. We have but to compare the appearance of Cairo to-day, with its aspect as shown
to
see
to
us
in the drawings
of David
Roberts,
Prisse d'Avennes,
some
that, except in the eastern quarters of the city where the changes are radical. streets are yet untouched, Glass windows have chased away the beautiful Mushrabiya open shop front is dying in all directions ; The old style of costume so pleasant easy to keep
nor
; the picturesque
to
so clean, has almost disappeared. now to admit that he belongs to this wonderful old country ; he will ashamed in the old style ; he must not appear and dirty ape the ugly, inconvenient European coat, trousers, starched collarsand uncomfortable hat.
stop here. so well suited to the climate, The Egyptian of all classes is
The taken
which To
changes have of late become but twenty years since, show see to-day. we
so
a
of street scenes rapid, that photographs crowd quite differently dressed from that
give some particulars of changes in the region of fashion and clothes. Within the last twenty-four years I have observed considerable variation to take place in, for example, the material of which the qallabiah, the universal garb of the This convenient and comely garment, of cotton, was fellaheen must be made. usually dyed either of a light blue tint or of a blue so dark as to pass for black. The
is the Arabic Laban native term for the light blue tint is labany." for milk. We may suppose that the Egyptian saw in the colour of the blue dye but I on this speculation not venture something suggesting the colour of milk, without fear.
to make usually dyed locally. It took but a few months That mean a change. looking stuffglazed calico was introduced ; in this material new wore all off, qallabiahs must be made : the shining surface, which soon
" " "
The
cotton
was
immensely In the
another change, which spread through the country as quickly as the preceding had done. Although the shape of the garment was retained, fashion decreed that the it dressed " on its surface be be must stuffof which made must of a material so it was new, to look not unlike silk. as, when
course came
"
Head-gear turban
also underwent
was
('"wwa)
variation. The soft and charming white of the its colour washed voted old fashioned, next time it was
a
Nile Boats
was
and
"
Other
Matters,
"
overdose of ; indeed all white garments washing blue and are, spoiled by this nasty stuff. Another thing. It is the mark of distinction in these days to wear boots or shoes, no matter how burst, splitor disreputable they may be. Socks, or the relicsof them, are very essential to a complete effect. Cast-off European clothes have had a deplorable influence, especially since sadly changed
an were,
by
the
war
began.
The King's livery is everywhere dragged in the mire. does not possess a long list of native musical instruments, but the been increased by one. The Scotch bagpipes have been enthusiastically
welcomed by the native population, and are on sale in Cairo. We now to sailingboats, especially those of small size. come The old latine rig is passing away ; the lugger takes its place ; justas many years since the latine saildisplaced the horizontal yard and square saU. Before we touch upon the build of the boats we may be permitted to say a few words on the rig. There is not any need in this Journal to do more than refer to the numerous sculptured representations and models of ancient Nile boats, which show us the
square sailstretched between upper and lower horizontal yards. At what period did this type of sail disappear ? The earliest observation which I have been able to find, by a European A Survey writer, relating to types of rig, is by De Lannoy. of Egypt and Syria undertaken in the Year 1423 by Sir Gilbert de Lannoy, Knt., from a in the Bodleian De Lannoy
"
manuscript
F.S.A.
Library
at
Oxford,by
the Rev.
John Webb,
M.A.,
XXI, {Archaeologia,
281)
:
"
states
sur ceste riviere tout du pay's du soudan une si tres grosse quantity de barkes alaut de lun a lautre en marchandise qui s'appellent germes' les aucunes et le plus avoiles latine et les autres voiles quares." Perhaps some reader of this paper may know of a writer more ancient than
Item.
Y'a
from whom we may gather Nile, on but it is the habit of most the account, overlooking the fact that what
or
de Lannoy
some
about the rig of boats travellers to leave such details out of is commonplace to-day, becomes more
statement
less of ancient history in a very few years. My search has been for illustrated books,
in them I felt I should find as The earliest book I have met with is Pocock other Countries. Vol. the first. Observations
"
"
1743." representation of a boat with three masts, the mainmast From a little the tallest. Across this, part of the way up, swings a yard. the it is way canted one may suppose that the yard carried a triangular and not a square sail. The other masts are without yards or indications of saUs. On
PI. VIII is
a
Egypt,"
by Richard
Pocock,
LL.D.,
F.R.S.
London,
we
Pocock does not give any other representation of a boat. On p. 69 he teUs us as follows : The large boats called marshes, such as have on, a the mast about embarked middle, and another towards the prow."
"
much the wiser for this as he tellsus nothing about the sails. The I know next sent out by the French of is by Norden, a Dane, who was in 1737. He died at Paris in 1742. Government
are
We
not
book
'
This
name
of the Levant,
use
in the
time
of Curzon,
1838.
See Monasteries
4 The book
Other Matters.
edition, Paris, Didot, 1795, in three volumes) is well supplied with engraved views, in which the Nile is frequently depicted with many boats thereon. There is always difficulty in estimating
(I quote from
the second
the value of the evidence given by engraved plates. In many, if not most, cases the travellers knew but little how to draw ; this is notably the case with regard to Pocock. The engraver, on The traveller had, at any rate, seen the
objects.
the other hand, had no knowledge whatever of the original ; but he did his best " " invest with artistic to the clumsy handiwork of the author. merit Scenes in Egypt were Uncertain tricked out with European adornments. indeed may be the value, as evidence, of an engraving that has been thus produced,
are
now
which and yet it may be better than nothing or than the foggy smears so usually printed as photographs. In the case of the engravings in Norden's book we find the Nile dotted with
an
boats of
on
extremely
plates,
a
European
the
same
as
boats carry the latine sails,but rig. Many for example LII, LIII, LXXII, Pis. XXXVI, etc., we square
square
find boats of
sails,one
carrying two considerable size with a very tall mainmast above the other, on horizontal yards ; a mizenmast with one
we come
bowsprit
a called view of Philae (also zontal the horizontal yard and square sail, also the horiIt seems very improbable that a boat with such a yard on the bowsprit. hauled, standing, up the cataract. All further plates of places top rig was
"
sail on
it. As
we
look through
south of Philae show boats with latine sails. to conclude from what is above stated that there were square rigged boats in use on the Nile and at a date as late as Norden so far up the river as the First Cataract, or may we assume that the engraver had enlivened Norden's drawings with a marine type of square rigged boat which was not really to be Are
we
in Nubia
seen
in Egypt
In 1780 C. S. Sonnini brought to a conclusion certain travels in Egypt which An illustratedtranslahe undertook at the instance of the French Government. tion in of his travels was published in England in 1800. Boats are to be seen several of the engravings in this book, always with latine sails. Then follows Denon, the French who expedition, and published accompanied before issued a book This travels. the was monumental of several years Denon draughtsman by no means a was appeared. Not a yngle horizontal yard is seen in the engravings the engraver. in his book. This type of yard seems completely to have disappeared by the year 1798, the date at which, with the years 1799 and 1800, the materials for de V^gypte Description
on
dependent
being collected by the French savants. It is easy to observe that in many very engravings in this great work some " indifferentdrawings have been largely by the engravers, but ever howmade up
the
"
de V^gyptewere Description
that may
If
we
are
not represented.
are
beautiful and
scrupulously careful engravings, evidently from admirable drawings, very few boats are
observant 1826 ascended the Nile to the Second delightful book Manners and Customs
"
Few
men
were
more
than Edward
under the author's eye of them square rigged. William Lane, who in the year
of
Cataract, and afterwards published that the Modern Egyptians. In Chapter XIV,
that the boats
Industries," he refers to the navigation of the Nile, and tells us have two large triangular sails.
of Lane's drawings are preserved at the British Museum, amongst them those made during his voyage up the Nile. I admit that I have not studied disposed to believe them with a view to the methods of rigging boats, but am that had there been horizontal yards depicted, my attention would have been
Many
arrested. On the exterior of the little temple of Rameses II which liesin the desert El-Kab the east of may be seen, perfectlywell-preserved,incised great walls at horizontal boats drawings of yards. with I am not able to recallany other place where I have found this type of rig depicted as a mere rough drawing. It is evidently an ancient piece of work. but they are common, Scratchings of boats with latine rig are sufficiently first drawing described. than the more modern undoubtedly Mr. QuibeU tellsme that at the monastery of S. Jeremias at Saqqara he found a rude painting of a ship with three masts and horizontalyards. This painting he attributesto the sixth century a.d. Sir Gardiner Wilkinson gives a drawing of a sailing boat which he names to the dahabeah of to-day with its cangia." This was evidently a near relation latinerig.^ I am much indebted to my friend Mr. G. Walter Grabham, of the Sudan GeologicalService,for notes he has collectedduring his extensive travels on the Blue and White Niles," notes as careful as they are accurate, and relatingto the types and names of the types of boats he has found in these distantplaces. Of the gyassa," which we see so commonly on the Nile as far as Haifa, builtwith ribs and planked, he says : Of this type of Egyptian cargo boat few are seen higher up the river than Berber, most of them apparently belong to the Government. The type isessentially exotic." It isprobable that these boats are the relics of the Gordon expedition, 1884. He then speaks of the type of native-built boat, naggr," the common beam a often riblessand with approximating to half itslength. The width of These boats range in size bottom curved, the sides continuing the same curve. from small feluccas to large craft, can as such carry 500 ardebs. ment, The naggr type of boat was evidentlyin use in the times of the old Governlater but I have been by pictures in the books of travel, as shown unable to find pictures or descriptions of any boats in the early books at my disposal.
" "
"
**
"
"
With the establishment of the Egyptian regime the need for rivercarriage must by boat have increased, and we know that travellersand goods generally came from Berber to Khartum. " on arose the White Nile. At present It was only after 1840 that traffic
find the largestboat we (1917) up eitherthe White Nile or "Kawa and Shawal are important centres on the White Nile from which boats ply up the river. Considerable numbers are to be seen as far as the mouth ' ' The sunt wood of the Sobat, and a few penetrate the lower part of the Zeraf of which the naggr is made, grows on sandy soilin damp situations. On the White Nile sunt is not met with beyond Kosti, but on the Blue itisfound as far up as Roseires, and that is the limit of navigation. It also grows near the river At present the main centre of boat building is certainly north of Khartum.
.
at Omdurman, and their craft are sailed the Blue, according to season and demand.
owners
New
edition by Sam.
6
Omdurman,
"
Other Matters.
is chiefly obtained from
the large
forests between
The
craft, and are the only kind of boats used naggrs are by the inhabitants for carrying merchandise. The for ferry and fishing purposes. The Nilotic negroid tribes use canoes Shilluk on the White Nile possess rather large built canoes which are put together
"
They have a rising of rope. somewhat after the style of the naggr, but by means that the point of bow and stern like the gondola, and a V-shaped section, save flatbottom. the V is cut off leaving a narrow
only met with on the White Nile ; not on the swift The Shilluks also make use of the hollowed treewaters of the Bahr el-Jebel. the Dinkas, Bari, Madi, trunk, which is almost the only type found amongst Alur, etc., who inhabit the river banks as far as Lake Albert."
"
are
attention to a book by Legh, Legh's Journey in Egypt, second edition, 1817. He was travelling on the Nile in 1812-13 and remarks that there are three kinds of boats used in the navigation of the Nile. " " He hires a at Rosetta to convey him up the river (p.15). This boat maish Mr.
Grabham
calls my
is large enough to take Legh, Smelt and their servants, also three British officers. They were nine days from Rosetta to Cairo. This has two masts, but not a Legh also mentions a djerm (p.
" "
14).
cabin ; it is chiefly used for the conveyance " He also refers to the cangia," which
one
mast,
but from eight to fourteen oars and two cabins. Mr. Grabham tellsme that he heard the term maish used by the Reis for the capacious barge attached to the steamer side on his journeyto Roseires.
of the boats here referred to, bear square sails. Must we not conclude that several centuries back yield to the triangular ?
None
to
At the present day we see evidences of an important change. About twelve in boats few Cairo, lugger a their appearance years ago private sailing made to be seen Some were soon at Aswan. rigged and provided with a centre board.
In the secluded regions of Wadi Haifa a similar type of boat and rig appeared. " " The type was found where groups of British officials lines were stationed. The of the boats were quite different from those of the clumsy craft which then, and they probably have been for centuries by the natives called London," which has we At Aswan there may take as a compliment. grown up quite a profitable business in building boats on these improved lines,with centre boards and lugger
now,
are
and The
as
"
" felucca AU are with ribs. The old rig. None of these boats are of sunt. has in many parts of the river almost given place, for light work, to the new " London " ; the improvement is so manifest that even the conservative Egyptian
"
before it and adopts it. So far as I have been able to observe no boat Having raised the question, carrying cargo has yet been built in the new mode. but failed to trace the time or manner of disappearance of the old square rig,
bows
let us go back to
type of boat still built and very largely used, but which belongs to remote ages of antiquity ; a boat nearly as primitive as that described by Herodotus, if not in many essentials the same.
a
This type of boat is called a naggr." We see but few specimens of the class until we have ascended the Nile as far as AsyOt, but from that place southward it is met with very frequently and
"
and
Other Matters.
than boats of any other type. It may be known its rotundity and clumsiness of form, the ancient appearance, slowness of progress, the absence of ribs in its construction, and the fact that it is never tarred or painted, the wood soon acquires a silver grey tone which adds
by its exceedingly
very much to theflkppearance of age. A more primitive contrivance unmanageable, be imagined. moves right before the wind, cannot
than
the naggr,
As an example, in favourable to half an hour crossing the stream N.W. a with wind I have been four hours getting back a spot but a little above the starting point. with us and the ever-blowing N.W. wind by no means and yet the current was
except I have,
it
Sudan,
been
the naggr is built I will give a few words to the two exist in Egypt, to be seen in the Museum at Cairo. the naggr is a very direct descendant of the boats
found at Dahshiir by M. de Morgan These boats were of the Xllth dynasty. during his excavations in 1894-5.^ The boats, on their arrival at the Museum deal a good were (thenat Giza), in that institution repaired, and like so many repairs carried on then and now they incline very much It is indeed most of repair should be and what is new.
so
important
standing object
in need
No
we are of the objects to them by way of repairs. When these ancient boats
treated that the student can teU at a glance what is original the actual condition register exists telling us what was found, or what has been done considering, when they were in the Museum
at Giza I made
were
some
were
notes
then but
justarrived
unfortunately very much diificultto distinguish new pieces of wood entertained (in1916)of correcting my years has made passage of twenty-two inserted and surface of the pieces, which
Cairo they
exceedingly from the original. The hopes I had to little. The studies of 1894 have come
a
in
good
now
careful light. At
It is
approximate
are
so
of them. As the section shows, Fig. i, they are built entirely without ribs. The two boats are described in the officialcatalogue, but the measured drawings which accompany the description have been so reduced in the printing
to lose much
as
of their value. Certain of the terms made use of in the description are, no doubt, correct It is in the United States, but the words have not similar values in England. unfortunate that this is so, or that equivalents are not given by Dr. Reisner, than We will, a more whom patient and painstaking archaeologist cannot be found.
however,
go back
to
more
and
see
ancient times than those of the Museum find from tomb drawings. can
Catalogue,
hetep.
II, 126, is found a drawing from the tomb In this the building of a boat is shown in progress. Fig. 2.
see
of Khnum-
We
breaking
'
clearly that the sides are made of short pieces of wood, set together, At least one described by Herodotus. as of the (likebricks), joint
Fouilles k Dahchour,
Mars-Juin,1894.
By
J. de
Morgan.
Vienne,
1895.
A
Other Matters. If this boat had been built with an seen them standing up above the
is shown standing inside the boat. workmen inner frame of vertical ribs we should have
planks, and to them we should have seen the workmen attaching the outside skin of planks ; but nothing of this sort is visible. The planks are shown one lying boats, or as, in building a naggr, we above the other exactly as in the Museum
see
One workman
holds
an
adze.
The
implements
bulbous
at the end
are
in which
they
are
held have
be
met
is of the reign of Senusert II, so that we picture of boat-building in the Xllth dynasty. of the Cairo Museum a short, but by no
are means
not
as
often
to
complete.
Dr. Reisner has done. I also give measured a description of the boats, as i, drawings ; a plan with a longitudinalelevationand transverse section. (Figs, 3, 4.) The transverse section, Fig. i, shows clearlyhow the boat is buUt up sions, of planks,and without a keel. The two boats are not exactlyof the same dimenthe plantsforming the hull of the largerboat average 9 cm. in thickness ;
the planks of the smaller,7 cm. The planks vary both in length and in width, but are wide as compared with those we should use to-day in building boats of the sizeof those in the Museum. The middle bottom plank which takes the place of the keel is 25 cm. in
1 are of the same width. The total length width, those immediately adjoining is ID 10m. boat of the We now come to consider the method of construction. The planks vary a good deal in theirlength. In allcases the sidesand ends of the planks butt against each other without any overlap. See the section Fig. I, and the drawing from Beni Hasan, Fig. 2. The boats are, in fact,as we callthe method to-day carvel buUt." The Beni Hasan drawing indicatesvery to one that the sidesof the planks are not parallel well the Egyptian peculiarity the other, but undulate according to the configurationof the grain of the natural wood. A lower plank having been set in the place the plank which rests upon it has itslower sidecut into undulationsto fit. In masonry likewise the irregular by letting into another. one thickness of courses was adjusted butting joints one The boat buildersnever placed vertical over the other, being for reason, internalribs there the not of the stability any and with good hull rests entirelyon the success they their aim of accomplished with which making a continuous skin, each part supporting and supported by the parts
"
I"
adjoining.
'
Why,
in the Museum
"
beam
"
ishard to say.
SoMERS Clarke.
(To he continued.)
lo
THE
TREASURE
OF
ANTINOE.
Some
the
found in Upper Egypt ; was a hoard of personal ornaments in the ruin of a monastery likely report is that, they were at Antinoe. That city was undoubtedly a wealthy centre of foreign influence,and a monastery was the safest place during the Arab invasion, which closely followed on the making of this group ; so the probabilities are in favour of this report. For the
ten years ago
more
present, at all events, the name of the Treasure of Antinoe is the best that we can It suffered the fate of most finds of valuables in the present give to this hoard. it law the finders, they sold the was state of ; violently broken up among it surreptitiously to dealers, it was bought up in scattered lots by private collectors, and it is now Morgan collection. The
weakened
Berlin, Detroit and the Pierpont archaeological value of the hoard has been much from other sources, so by the admixture that there is no of objects
separated
in London,
found together. certainty as to what was Under these disastrous results of Government
than it preserves, the best
course
was
control, which destroys more to have the material all published together.
Thanks
College, of the late Prof. Walter Dennison of Swarthmore Pennsylvania, this was successfully done ; but most unhappily his death in 1917 frustrated his seeing the issue of his work. It is a sad loss for archaeology, that
to the labour
a
who might have done much age of forty -eight. The volume
man
to develop
on
our
knowledge,
Gold Treasure
in Egypt (85 pp., 54 plates, 57 figures,Macmillan, immortality on the shelves of museums and will give his name and scholars. Besides the full illustration,sometimes on an enlarged scale, of all the of objects for to known illustrated serve the hoard, many are similar pieces already also The comparison. results in Ancient
author
was cut off at the Late-Roman Period the of is his best $2.50) memorial,
generously gave
that objects
permission
for reproducing
the main
Egypt.
probably
belong together, we may note The greater part of the articles are dated by coins what should be excluded. to the time between Justinian and Mauricius Tiberius, the latter half of the
sixth century, two necklaces
or
else are
are
(8,9)
Dr. Dennison of similar work and age. agrees that from another source, the second and early probably of and he puts as possibly earlier a pair of spiral serpent
seem
earlier still. on the which pattern may set aside a pair of armlets (21, shell 22), is probably of the second century (see the necklace and gold ring in Heliopolis, XXXIX), also a pair of bracelets with a wavy vine stem for the elastic circle obviously
or
With these
we
After excluding these hardly be dated after the third century. is can we only say of the remaining bulk that there nothing against their having been buried together before the sack in the Arab invasion of 641.
can
The whole hoard contained, then, two necklets with groups of coins attached, three gold coins set in linked framing, five necklaces or coUars, a long chain for the body, six pairs and one odd bracelet, a small cross and a crystal figure. The
"
PL
II.
HALF
OF
GOLD
COLLAR
OF
LINKED
PLATES.
FULL
SIZE
The
Treasure
of Antinoe.
II
absolute dating by the attached coins is only in the two necklets and the linked is coins. In these three cases, the earliest date for the making of the jewellery (528-556)for one necklet and the coins, and under Mauricius under Justinian debased necklet, which is obviously of later and more As it i^ unlikely that such wealth of gold would be displayed after the work. Arab conquest of 641, the limits of date are fairly close. To this we referlater. for display is the great necklet (PI. The finest I here)with fourteen
other
(582-602)for the
object
inserted coins from Theodosius to Justinian, a pendant medallion of Theodosius, imitation barbaric Valentinian III as a centre piece. This of a gold coin of and a imitations of coins for ornament taste for making is very familiar in the North
of
Europe
(see Montelius,
Civilisation
; Worsaae,
are
Pre-History
origin, and by the bands of northern troops in the Roman garrisons. A fellow necklet, copied from the previous about fifty years later,has coins to Mauricius, and therefore after 582. The middle piece ranging from Justinian is a struck medallion more intelligentlymade than the previous imitation of a
the wearer," coin, as it has a rational Greek inscription, Lord, succour alike on both sides. The pendant, however, seems to have been an entirely independent work, converted to a pectoral, and too large for the necklet. It has on one side the Annunciation, and on the other the Conversion of water into wine ; the style is distinctly early Christian rather than classical. is the A pleasing detail in these pectorals, which seems to be post-classical, filling like flowers, or water up of spaces with the small three-petal arrow-head plantain The
"
dosius 134, copy of Theoof the North, Figs. 6-16). Some other features and Romano- Egyptian, as the crystal fibulae and
of Sweden,
Fig.
in
use
Fig. (see
22
here).
have borders cast around the coins, three linked solidi of Justinian apparently by cireperdue; inscriptions were then punched on a band of the border. These are Greek, and read " For He shall give His angels charge over thee " ; next,
"
"
; thirdly,
as
"
Emmanuel
is of small balls linked together, with No. 11 of eight lengths of each of four pearl and sapphire beads. woven pendant, wire chain alternating with beads, and a large circular openwork four interiorcirclesforming a cross. No. 12 has alternate stones with the ugly with late device of beads threaded on a wire around ; but the other alternatives are No.
10
with well prophylactic charms, to protect the The necklaces are very varied.
God
These,
as
the medallion
wearer.
fifteencrosses
six-leaved rosettes in circles, of the fresh geometrical style which arose on the ruins No. 13 is a common form of wire links with beads, and a row of classicalwork. No. 14 is a remarkable wide collar, of bead dangles. passing round three quarters of the neck, of eleven open-work gold plates hinged together, with seventeen PI. The sapphire pendants (see II). plates are in pairs, on opposite sides, there
being six different designs. The patterns are good, descended from Greek palmetto for foliage, is far but too the wearing. stiffand awkward and whole effect The large body chain is very unusual, and the most satisfactory and original discs, design in the whole hoard (see PI. III). It consists of two large open-work
the chest, the other on the back, as shown on terracotta figures. These were by a chain of small discs over joined each shoulder, and a chain round There are only two patterns in discs each side, twenty-three small each chain.
one
worn on
12
The
Treasure
of Antinoe.
for the discs,but the whole effectis varied, and the two designs look quite distinct, The use of such a body chain was yet harmonious. probably to retain ample flowing robes near the body, and prevent the garment bagging out awkwardly. There are three pairs of earrings, all of which have long dangles of beads, a
style probably coming from the North with the barbaric invasions. Two pairs of bracelets have elaborately pierced openwork discs. These are ingenious in design, reminding us of the marble-work screens of San Clemente, or
to be the result of the rather later ones All of this style seems of Saint Marks. belonged the northern introduction of wicker-work screens, to nomadic which life. Another pair of bracelets, or rather armlets, are made of hollow hexagonal
tube, notched to imitate banding, and with two imitations of aurei of Honorius at the fastening. A single bracelet is of twisted wire pattern, with a fulsome bezel of thirteen set stones. This gold work from Egypt, and other examples that Prof. Dennison has published for comparison, supply a good basis for dating details of ornament. The employment to give an anterior of gold coins set in later framings serves limit of date for the work, and it is unlikely that the posterior limit is more than
three generations later. The mixture of coins of various ages in the large breast ornaments shows how far such material precedes the ornamental setting. In one group, PI. VIII, the coins are two of Theodosius I, two of Theodosius II, five of Anthemius, between or one about of Basilicus, and four of Justinian,
two
or
"
five 390 and 530. In another group, PI. XIV, there is one of Justinian, II, one of Tiberius II, six of Mauricius, or between about a.d. 550 and of Justin 600. Thus, in one case, half the coins are within sixty years, in the other case
A.D.
half
are
age of coins when used dating jewellery by single coins to within half a century in most cases. The elements of the ornament here separated, and classed by their are motives (Figs. 1-22).,Thus the degradation of design is shown, and this wiU help in dating other jewellery. The dates placed after the emperor's name are
was
Thus This
on
the earliest to which the work would be reasonably assigned, allowing a few is The date of the ornament years for coins to circulate into the provinces. be dates here given. therefore to taken as probably within fiftyyears after the
Different dates
on Justinian
are
the coin. foliage work of Nos. i, 2 and 3 is obviously like that of the first century This foliage work architecture debased, such as on the great Altar of Peace. is familiar on the sculpture of the Severan age. to be the back No. 3 seems The of
an
openwork
2 ;
but,
from judging
the photograph,
Nos.
and 2 are of wirework on a sheet-metal basis. In No. 4, perhaps a generation later, the foliage work has lost its tradition and become irregular and senseless. The revival of openwork on an entirely different about a.d. 600, No. 5, was being built instead a system, "sut out of up of soldered wire. of continuous sheet The foliage,or running vine, pattern in Nos. 6 and 7 is made of detached
curved wires soldered on to a sheet-metal basis. In a.d. 530 they stillhad a binding put across to hide the junction ; but by 600 a.d. the separate wires are down, lost, detached The old sense was stuck of structure and unashamed. but this may have been iue to a workman below the average of his generation.
are
also of
which objects
border
under
Caracalla
The
Treasure
of Antinoe.
13
to have originated a favourite device of the seem and 10), sixth century. On No. 10 the dotted lines are placed to suggest how the designer came to regard the pattern, and from this to make it in wirework, with a pile of globules up the
(Nos.9
It was middle to stiffenit, as in Nos. 11 and 13. simplified, as wire on a sheeton metal basis (N"r under Focas (Univ.Coll.), and this element is common
13),
of that age.
1-3
RACALLA
2.Z0A.D
4,6
SEVERUS
ALEXANDER
2.40
A.D.
0000000
MRURlCIUS
600
AD.
6-8
JUSTlMlAN
530
MAURICIUS
600
JUSTINIAN
9-13
caracalla
a 2.0
JUSTINIAN
SSO
MAURICIOS
FOCAS
610
14-18
2.4-0
3SO
\""^
H0N0RIUS4-3O
"'V
35-0 CONST.
II
5EV
ALEXANDER
CONSTANTIUSII
380 VALENS
19-22
^^P
J
nSM5\S\
I
TIN
IAN
55'OA.D
border of flowers. No. 14, was copied very formally under^Alexander. By the time of Constantius II the flower forms are scarcely recognisable (No.15). Under Honorius the flower is reduced to two lobes,with a concave hollow between ; Similar this might, perhaps, be a degradation of the Greek dart-and-egg.
14
concave are
The
Treasure
of Antinoe.
used for a border (No. 17)under Constantius II, and modified to a zigzag line pattern (No. 18)under Valens. The continuous scroll was carelesslymade in several modifications all at the
a
hollows in
row
are
same to settlewhich form is used, as time ; in fact, on small work it is difficult it varies so much In No. 19 the scrollsare clear, in to lighting. the according become No. 20 they line, in No. 3i they form a series of pendant a running
of covering filling small spaces of ground. Whenever it may be possible to put together all the dated examples of to more jewellery, and analyse the different elements, we shall be able to recover to fix This later in serve the the the stages of change of will various patterns.
22,
was a
curls. The
up
junctions and
self-evident dating. A curious figure in rock crystal,nearly four inches high, is supposed to have It is a female figure, dressed in chiton and peplos from the hoard. come The aspect is the whole person : round her neck is a high band. swathing greater part of
jewellery which
has
no
Christian rather than classic. It is on a silver gilt base that has been broken from a larger sions. object.This obviously is not an empress or a person of pretenThe meek aspect, almost deferential,rather suggests it is intended for a
it might have been the crowning figure of a reliquary. The rage for so it likely to in fourth that a the the relics quite sixth century would make reliquary might be hidden along with other treasures in the seventh century. The fate of all valuable antiquities under the present law is a melancholy
saint,
one.
The Egyptian
Government
even
claims to have seized two great groups of silver from these some But the pieces went astray. the great group of gold medallions from Abukir, the
large gold hawk from Dendereh, the great find of a royal burial of the XVIIIth dynasty with much gold work, and iimumerable lesser discoveries, have all been lost to the Government, lost to all knowledge by being melted up, and many owing to the fear of Government claims. This suicidal policy, which is a loss of
If the is also an irreparable loss to archaeology. values to the Government, Government would give local values for everything, such as a dealer pays, the be secured at a small part of the full European whole would value. The
for everything confidence of the people should be gained by a liberal payment for be the that is declared at once, concealment penalty and and seizure should in a had to pay out "10,000 not declaring any discoveries. If the Government
they paid the larger year they would make a large profit on the result ; the more Let hope that Palestine us the gain, which would otherwise fallto the dealers. in the shortsighted way that prevails and Mesopotamia will not be mismanaged
laws.
W.
M. Flinders
Petrie.
PL.
III.
GOLD
BODY-CHAIN
OF
LARGE
AND
S2
SMALL
DISCS.
SCALE
5 6.
( 15 )
THE
The
FIRST
MACE-HEAD
OF
HIERAKONPOLIS.
great carved mace-heads of Hierakonpolis have been the subject of much in the case of the second and third,which are now in the carefulstudy, especially Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. The firsthas received less attention,owing to its damaged condition. It isbroken into several pieces,but though a great deal has been preserved, the surface of the stone is corroded in many places, and flakes lost. The sculpture have splitoff,so that much of the sculpture is irretrievably falls into three groups, of which two are thus left 1. The first group represents the king who
on
the crown of Lower Egypt is in hand to or a one appears and to hold a and wrapped cloak shawl ; project, is He is beardless but on a throne, the sculpture is so worn and seated whip. lines away that only the square box-like of the back of the throne are visible.
wears
The figureis placed under a curved canopy supported at the front by two slender immediately under the canopy, and shafts ; on each shaft there is an ornament in Both a terminates the canopy and the figure of the each shaft sharp point. king are of the same It is interestingto note that type as on the second mace. on the maces the king when wearing the crown of Lower Egypt is represented being smaller,both actually and in proportion, than when wearing the White On the third mace-head the Scorpion King is considerably larger than the figure the figuresamong whom he stands ; whUe on the first and second maces
as
Crown.
of the king is actually smaller than the others ; this is markedly the case in the mace-head under discussion. This disproportion in size is against the usual rule
of Egyptian art, which makes the principalperson larger than the other figures in a scene. A possibleexplanation is that these are representations of the king's statue, and not of the king himself. As the figure is placed under a canopy of the type of the early shrines,and isdressed in the close-wrappedgarment peculiar his people are to Osiris,it may represent the dead and deified king to whom
paying homage. 2. On the same
but removed from itby a wide the king's figure, Only is figure man. space, originally sculptured and now blank, a of a pig-tailed the back of the head and the back of one leg are visible, the rest being utterly
fragment
as
destroyed. is an
was
above the head is a curved rope, and above that again little remains that itisimpossibleeven to guess at what it of which object intended to represent. Behind the rope and almost touching it is a rectangular ; these apparently the ground or base of other figures or
so
Immediately
object,
objects
would be on a levelwith the king's face. The figurestands on another peculiar is running ; the angle of the leg suggests that the man and indeterminate object or dancing. Two points in this figure are noticeable : the firstis the pigtail, which I win discuss below ; the second is the size. It is the largestfigureon any
; and if the canon of the maces of Egyptian art held good at that early period Taken together with the be this should the principal personage in the scene. on which he stands, and the above his head, he fiUsthe whole height object object The size of this figure should be compared with the bearers of the mace-head. of offerings, and especially with the king. four Three fragments or together give part of a scene of bearers of 3. joined
16
of Hierakonpolis.
from the middle and lower part of one side come offerings. These fragments the mace, but do The scene the main piece anywhere. of not join unfortunately is divided horizontally into two registers,in each of which there are the remains of three figures. In the upper register, one leg and arm only remain of the first he is man dressed in kilt a short ; and carries a fox-skin (?)in his apparently hand. The second and third figureshave skirts to the middle of the calf, the skirt being ornamented There indications or are either with patterns with rope-work of some suspended from the hand of the third figure.
object
In the lower register, there is practically nothing remaining of the first figure except the back of the head and the plaited pigtail. The second man is, short beard, apparently fastened to the at the back of the neck while the upper part is plaited into a short pigtail. His dress consists of a short kUt from the band ; down the ^vaist to above the knee, fastened at the waist with a narrow front is an ornamented piece which may perhaps be a piece of pleated cloth such
a
In his right hand he the loin-cloths of the late Old Kingdom. holds a vase of the type of the second Prehistoric Period, a form very closely to the heart-sign of the laterhieroglyphs. The which approximates fist leftarm the with clenched is raised above the head. The legs and feet are
as occurs
on
barrel-shaped
knee is raised as though in the act of dancing. The third man bare, and one differs from the second only in attitude ; in his right hand he holds a fox skin (?) hangs at his side. The right knee already conventionalised in form, the left arm is raised above the level of the waist as ifin an active dance. Again these figures
are
the king.
Below
their feet is
curved
line,
two types those known among the hair is gathered into a thick
IV).
In these
below the nape of the neck cases the hair covers the
stiffening material amongst it fallsquite clear of the head and neck. When the hair is dressed in this fashion it is sometimes all gathered into the plait as in Figs. 2 and 7, leaving the nape bare, this may perhaps be caused by shaving the back of the head under
In the second type, the pigtailstarts at the the Chinese, and is apparently plaited with some
the plait ; in other cases, as in Figs. 3 and 8, the hair fallsin a heavy mass under the pigtail, which is plaited only from the hair of the upper part of the head. Pigtailsof any sort appear to occur only in the beginning of the historic period, and at no other time. The only exception is perhaps the nms king (Fig. 9),where, however, the pigtail is obviously made hair. of From
headdress of the
of cloth and not
the comparative size of the figures,itis evident that they were of more than the king. The type of face is not that of the aborigines as, in the slate palettes. Not only is the hair differentlydressed but these shown people are clothed, sometimes in a short Idlt, sometimes in a long robe, whereas The long-robed the aborigines are either very scantily clothed or quite nude. importance
as prisoners : on the contrary, the battlefield palette being driven forward by a shows person whose garment captive aborigine beard suggest the royal reaches to his ankles. The short kUt and the artificial so costume, also perhaps does the pigtail. If then, the royal figure is that
people
are
a
never
represented
of the
dead
and
deified king,
are
these
the
competitors
The
First Mace-head
of Hierakonpolis.
17
ThotkmcsHI
Prof. Newberry
on
has pointed out that this is probably the meaning of the scene by the presence the mace-head of Narmer, and that it is there complicated
the successful candidate of the heiress to the throne, by marriage with whom legitimised his claim. Another possibility may be kept in mind, that the piece as piece 3. with the king (i,2) did not belong to the same mace-head
M.
A. Murray.
'8
AN
Among
EARLY
PORTRAIT.
York Historical Society's collection there the antiquities in the New some so unusual that Mrs. Grant Williams has kindly allowed us to reproduce are here. These have been published by her in the them other and many
objects
Bulletin of Quarterly
very
name
"
the New
York
from which the is known at Saqqarah, have is it Vth to dated or come the the : early in the Vlth sculptures end of The type is so far from that of the usual Egyptian that we have more dynasty. its being a careful portrait. The detail of the profile differsfrom the in certainty the long upper lip, the sharp usual type in the sharp brow, the pointed nose, form The the the retreating chin. of the nose is closely like edges of mouth, and face is not like any other. that of the wife of Ka-aper ; but the heavy, morose, in it two wooden ushabtis, A remarkable coffin-box in the same has collection
one wrapped, and a rollof inscribed linen, probably part of the Book of the Dead. These, and a scarab, being all bedded in pitch, are not modern insertions. The dynasty ; the name is unusual, style of the ushabtis is of the early XlXth The burial of two ushabtis in a coffin descends from the beliefof the Sebaur.
Historical Society in the last two years. A is that of Smenkhu-ptah, who had the good
"
dynasty, when XVIIIth Yet the ushabti was a figure of the deceased person. is that as one an overseer these this burial must be just time, after with whip, of dynasty had by and the other is plain, showing that the serf idea of the XlXth in. this time come W. M. F. P.
GEORGES
The
LEGRAIN.
the late
following notes upon the really remarkable work carried out by Georges Legrain at Karnak, are offered as a tribute to his memory.
there be set forth ungrudging of the immense description with some amount labours to be at aU estimated. Let
a
us
Unless
agglomeration
the condition consider what was in he was put charge in of ruins of which
1894.
years before that time Mariette had removed great masses of general investigation, and the recovery of the buried of earth, with the object A was afterwards published, and if it has proved very incorrect in plan. plan The undertaking was one at. respects, that is hardly to be wondered many
Quitetwenty
to carry greater,than Mariette, over-burdened as he was, had either time or means through. M. Jacquesde Morgan was appointed Director-General of Antiquities in should be made ; 1893. He decided that a systematic investigation of Karnak
Legrain and in 1894 he nominated Georges Legrain to preside over that work. then made a programme of what to do and how to do it,which has proved really its foresightedness. for He did not approach the subject only from remarkable the side of the excavator, and of one who had to repair and maintain as he went
Portrait
of
Smenkhu-ptah.
Vth
Uvnastv.
Coffin-box
with
Ushahtis.
B
2
20
Georges Legrain.
seeing through to the end so iilong. He realised the impossibility of one man immense He saw an that he must thoroughly register the progress undertaking. found, so the the that his notes and observations of could works and
objects
be taken
up by those who followed, and thereby the history of this prodigious He viewed Karnak as a vast historical monument. place could be properly built up. He set to work so to arrange the system for tabulating the immense series of inscriptions and sculptures, that a complete record of the whole group of temples could be published. His he was Legrain was but twenty-six years of age when appointed. methods have proved perfectly sound after twenty-three years' progress.
The works
an
From
increasing very greatly in volume and in interest. often great, but such engineering point of view the risks were
went
on
was
I believe, never an the forethought and care taken, there was, accident, although blocks of stone to be moved, there were workers by the hundred, and immense than 25 tons apiece. taken down and reinstated, some of them weighing more Maspero, was succeeding De Morgan, unhappily very unsympathetic " " Legrain. lay in fact Here the opposition and difficulties referred to in with But Egypt, 1917, p. 142. the short notice of Legrain already published. Ancient Maspero is dead and cannot defend himself. It would therefore be undesirable M.
What is past is past. more. It is a thing not a little to be deplored that of all the work that has been done at Karnak since the year 1894, of all the remarkable discoveries that have been made, no consistent or scientificaccount has ever been published.
to say
exist a few notes and records buried in the Annales du Service des Antiquity. These, a few pages at a time, are scattered about in the aforesaid Annales extending from the year 1900 to 1914. If we wish to study a plan of There
Karnak
we
must
turn
to that published
by Mariette
as
long since
as
1875, and
been
now
Portly volumes
Saqqarah, Lower
idle
de la Nubie, with many and much plans, photographs had been published the materials for several volumes but Karnak was kept in the shade.
"
Karnak
were
own
Clarke.
21
REVIEWS.
Empire of the Amoriies. Albert A. Clay. University Press.) Milford, London, 1919.
The
"
Sm. 4to.
192 pp.
(Yale
"
"
empire
mere
question of
position is that Babylonia, and that the fertile Syro-Babylonian region was far more likely to be the home of a race than Arabia, which is a semi-desert : itis,therefore, likely that in Northern Syria rather than in Arabia. the Semite centre was As to the prominence thousand personal names
of the Amorites, different opinions must not hinder our acceptance of the Semite names are as early as Sumerian in
term
Further, the elements in these early names, Abu, Akhu, Semitic rather than Arabian. Another evidence is from the figures of the Sumerian gods who are hairy and bearded, as Semites, and not like the shaven Sumerians, pointing to the Sumerians having taken over the earlier Semitic gods of the land. So far as opinions go, Briinnow thought the Semites
are
than a hundred of Semites in early Babylonia, more in are known, the this early part of and material many Semitic, and the names of the antediluvian kings in
Ammi,
Western
to be the original Euphrateans to be invaders : Meyer holds and the Sumerians before Sumerians that the Semites were in the there South Babylonia and settled drove the Semites northward. The mixture of Sumerians Jastrowsays and
"
in the oldest period revealed by the documents pronounced, even that a differentiation between the Semitic and non- Semitic at our command, ideas in the conceptions formed of the gods is not generally possible."
was
Semites
so
That this Semitic influence belonged to Syria and not to Arabia is shown by the elements of the names, Abram, or Abraham, stated above, and by the name is found in inscriptions, Arabian but is known in the Euphratean which not The Cappadocian tablets are naturally North Semitic in names and gods, Arabian. The and not view that successive waves of emigration had flowed from Arabia is discussed. The distinction should be drawn, however, between movements tablets. of people from of
a
a
half-desert land
but few pressure of population in a be to hardy but overcome they they out, not strong, people pour will will scarcely by only in a fertileland. a full population The Islamic conquest of Egypt was 12,000 20,000 or men ; they succeeded not because they were strong, but because Egypt provinces generally were miserably weak, drained by taxation for centuries, harried by the Persian war, and preferring liberty under Arabs to taxation under Romans. This success not be taken as a type of must
it dries up, and movements fertileland. The desert land will have
as
because
Dr. Clay well maintains that the reason of the all emigrants from Arabia. does lands, in Semitic Arabia in being more than not civilisation other primitive imply that Arabia was the source, but that it was isolated as a backwater, and so to other retained early ideas and forms less clianged than in lands
subject
B
influences.
3
22
Reviews.
The question of the Khabiri is noticed, with the fairlyconclusive fact that Boghaz-koi Gods of the Khabiri." The there is a listof gods called the at but to be Hittites, if is Hebrews, the were that they cannot related conclusion
"
letters the Khabiri may also notice that in the Amarna invade Damascus east of Jordan,opposite and Ashtaroth, that is,they move to Galilee. It seems least were that they therefore, time east at some at possible,
not Aramaeans.
We
to the mountains of Judaea,and gave the name Khabiri may represent the initial ayin of Hebrew,
in
iioo
were
on
the Mediterranean,
Tiglath Pileser I
" Asshur-nazir-pal the great sea of Amurru." sailed in ships of Arvad upon to the great sea of Amurru, went (885) and received tribute all along the coast. between Adad-nirari III names Amurru as the Hittites and Sidon. Sargon
in Amurru. Sennacherib (720) included the Hittites and Damascus (700) Edom. Asshur-bani-pal Phoenicia, included Philistia Moab included (650) and and The tendency Palestine in Amurru. was, therefore, to include only Northern
iioo
name
south
untn
it included all
Syria.
look at the position as it affects Egyptian history. From as it is been has Age a centre claimed that there of Semitic early as the Pre-dynastic influence and government in North Syria, that it had a full share in developing Now
we can
Babylonia, and that it lasted down to classicaltimes, embracing what is known On the Egyptian side we find a large invasion from kingdom. as the Aramaean East, founding likely the second prehistoric civilisation the more ; but this seems A clearly Syro-Mesopotamian to belong to the region east and west of Suez. invasion
as that which overthrew the Old Kingdom, shown by the buttons be noted the examples of symmetric with foreign devices ; with these must Hyksos but influence, later as are were scarabs, such which produced under was
dynasty at Ehnasya There is (PI.XIa) and Harageh. for from having Syria invasion North come as or this good ground regarding Then, after the Middle Kingdom, the Euphrates, and therefore as being Amorite. the
same a
wielded
who
seem
influence appears in the Hyksos invasion of Semites from Syria, who Beside those recognised as Hyksos there are others widespread power. to have been their forerunners, Khenzer the latter of and Khandy,
over
whom
ruled
Egypt,
on
as
strong Semitic power in North Syria at the close of the Old Kingdom, and again This is in accord with Dr. Clay's position, at the close of the Middle Kingdom. it therefore historicalview. on this side we welcome as a gain to our and
La de la
Fin du Moyen
sur
Ics Monuments
et VHistoirc
periode compriseentre
has
dynastic.
"
Raymond
Weill.
appeared in sections in the JournalAsiatique, 1910-1917, As this is the only and the whole is here put together in a convenient form. detailed attempt to contract the period dealt with, in the brief space of 210 years, by Berlin, it should have the fullest attention. As a collection of demanded
the scattered material remaining
This work
of that period, it will in any case prove apart from the author's conclusions. The it might have been
work length
;
advantage
Reviews.
23
for instance, twelve lines of inconclusive argument deals with the identification Neferhetep, is the as the direct proof on a stele cartouche of which all useless of is stated in six lines more. A single line quoting the stele would have been
all-sufhcient. Also many examples of the simplest repetitions of set out in hieroglyphs at full length.
name
are
all
The serious question is how far we can foUow, and rely on, the reasoning, and accept the conclusions. The main thesis is that a type of literary composition, devastation by foreigners, was started in early times and drawn from is that such statements the this re-used conclusion have no historic value. This is a position possible from a purely literary point The art of view, but the least knowledge of material history refutes it at once. In and monuments of every land show a seriesof stages of growth and decay. and frequently
:
deploring decay
prehistoric ages, in the VllthXlXth-XXIIIrd, the and the Roman Age ; in all these we see great decadence, and in all these historic ages there is the absence of public monuments and the shortness of reigns, proving the disturbance, poverty, and trouble in the country. The evidence of foreign Xlth types of production, the new connections with surrounding lands, the new names From every material and characters of the people. evidence we see that it is hopeless to claim that the re-use of classicalexpressions shows that the complaints about the times are unhistorical. How often have the
seen new
Egypt
in two
invasion is
in the
declarations of
by
the
Jewishprophets
party
Puritan
in England
of our expression of many in which the phrases of Psalm or Prophet are used ? The material every account facts of repeated invasion of Egypt are externally attested ^from the West the
"
re-used as applying to the fallof Rome, or ? They are still felt to be the most vital Shall we deny the historicaltruth of troubles now. been
from
the East
the Tulunides,
the Arabs,
"theme
disorder facts.
to say nothing of remoter times. is only a rhetorical exercise, is to shut It is impossible to accept this conception,
To
one's
claim
that
of
which
occupies
large part
of the work, and underlies its whole fabric. Another serious objectionperhaps more documents. The account by Hatshepsut reads
"
"
is the
"
unfinished, since the stay of the and in Ha-uaret with the Shemau
king for themselves in a them, occupied in destruction ; they made among ignorance of Ra, and he did not act according to the orders of the god until the coming of my Majesty," according to Weill ; or the latter part according to " did not do He (the Hyksos Breasted they ruled in ignorance of Re.
ruler)
this is not a claim according to the divine command until my Majesty." Now to the conquest of the Hyksos. physically, but to the conversion religiously, There is nothing to contradict It isthe obedience to Ra that Hatshepsut obtained. Hatshepsut from Egypt the previous expulsion ; only claims the restoration of
in Palestine or to Ra, whether and the obedience of the Hyksos has Hatshepsut the Asiatic : Weill Capt. on conquered elsewhere. goes Therefore Hatshepsut destroyers installed in the Delta and in Ha-uaret lied. She usurped without any right the merit of having expelled the document. Asiatics (p. 38). This is a false rendering of the historical in a book professing to discuss A most strange treatment of a document, Not content with ignoring its history, is that accorded to the Turin Papyrus.
monuments,
"
. . .
"
24
Reviews.
historicsequence, the whole of the lengths of reigns remaining in it are omitted. Yet there When publishing the text of it (pp.590-3)not a single year is named. Xllth in it dynasty, be the are to totalling twenty-four reigns still read after 191 years, or an average of eight years. Can we take seriously any view of an
document, tlie most essential facts are omitted in when edmost contemporary ment in question, namely, the years covered by the docudiscussing the very matter better, it would appear that no years were no ? To any reader who knew ment, impossible to accept any conclusions drawn from such treatstated. It seems
nor
can
we
as
more
an
advocate
who
distorts and omits evidence. If in 1910 it could be said (p. 25)that " drama an of weariness entirely personal is not the sense of the world in 1919, when
"
social disorder has nothing to do with of trouble and wish for death, that know what social disorder means. we
closely the miseries of social disorder touch the personal lives of those wlio suffer. The lamentations of the Egyptians might all be used by Serbs, Poles and Russians. We
can see
before
us
now
how
that they
is taken (p.i8a) In discussing the record about the Hyksos kings, objection in Egypt. described as destroyers, and yet they set up monuments are
100 one
years of confusion of the conquest, before they were united is is this period under rule ; also overlooked when objection made to interregnum in Africanus (p.553). recognising an In pursuance of abandoning material, the dynastic divisions are awkward
"for us, who entirely thrown aside (p.183), Manethonian dynasties in studying the divisions
are
by the monuments, not only in style and place, pointedly shown but by the founders of dynasties copying the titlesof previous founders, and also by marked divisions in the Turin Papyrus. by what are termed the Any a scarabs A fundamental classificationis made
used for all those with symmetric symbols and devices (p.742). it is conBecause a scarab of Kha-nefer-ra Sebekhetep has such symbols (246), cluded far but Apepi, Sebekheteps have that the not at a short off ; preceded distance or, in the index, the epoch of the group is that of Kha-nefer-ra (p. 248),
(p.191) ;
term
"
"
"
ception. 453). This position seems to be an entire misconFirst, the word (thoughusually badly is not Anra, but Da-ne-ra, copied) "gift of Ra" (" Heliodoros "), found on scarabs about the Xllth as commonly dynasty, and on examples figured here (p. 744); or in other cases perhaps Ar-ne-ra,
Sebekhetep
"
see
p.
"
on
and continues 745), isshown dynasty Xllth the such scarabs of by the peculiar light blue glaze of some, dated later than the early which is never dynasty. How indication that can part of of age be founded on a any close
to Tahutmes
bom
p. 250.
on
the scarab of
to the middle of the New style which lasts from early in the Middle Kingdom Kingdom ? Anyone has on who sites will know that symmetric collected scarabs
scarabs
are
found
almost
a
Delta
region, and not of short period. A further theory is that the symmetric made in scarabs of Anra type were Palestine (p. 732),because they are often found there. On the contrary the
material, the glaze, the signs,are allEgyptian, and a far greater number are found in Egypt than in Palestine. That the Pdestine scarabs are mainly of this type is to be expected, as it belongs to the Eastern Delta, nearest to Palestine ; but to
Revieivs. suppose
to be taken to Palestine, in order to materials and workmen export into back Egypt is fantastic. most of their products important The more is the discussion of the part of the work (pp.
276-514)
by the parallel names type. various families or groups, as shown of the same This is a useful |jrinciple ; yet as the author has to continue a single type of name, Sekhem-ra, over more than half the period between the Xllth and XVIIIth
dynasties
(p. 819)
due
use
no
close delimitation
ot genealogic
to students,
can
be
connection
sources
We
may Hathor,
with the additions on pp. 226-251, 768-804. in insertion Ra-sathat the as note of Ra with a personal name, passing is not merely a mistake of a scribe (p. but occurs on con422, note 194), temporary Ra-neb-taui, Ra-amenemhat, Ra-sebekhetep. It of and
objects
are
seems
to have
been added
this discussion
The general resultsof token of descent from Ra. in Livre des Rots a (pp.818-880),which must be put together
as a
used
to subject
all this material leads up, is the history of the Turin Papyrus reduction of the documentary and Manetho from to between a period a the Xllth and period of 210 years, of about 1,600 years XVIIIth dynasties. One or other view must be accepted, if the Sothic cycle and The
crux
radical question is whether Egyptians dynasties in succession in a continuous list. The evidence placed contemporary is seen in the Xlth dynasty, which lasted that overlapping was avoided by Manetho has only forty-three years allowed, because a century, but which certainly over
continuous
are
kalendar
not
The rejected.
the
Xth
Taharqa,
Manetho,
Again, earlier part of the Xlth. who really reigned thirty-four years, is only allowed eighteen years by because from that point the legitimate line was in Stefinates, greatgrandfather
was over
dynasty
legitimate
the
I, and the XXVth dynasty of Psamthek could not be allowed to XXVIth. The test the that can we therefore overlap show that overexamples lapping was that a continuous single series of not allowed in the history, and legitimate rulers was is further evidence if we There accept the compiled. Antef, and others, as being of the Xlllth dynasty. kings, and could not be placed as late as the decadence after No. 29 of the Turin Papyrus ; yet they are not in that list,nor is there any deliberately omitted, and gap sufficient for them in the earlier part. They were as not being the legitimate line. If such kings were omitted, we presumably Sebekemsafs,
were
Nub-kheper-ra
They
important
cannot
suppose
kings to have
been
inserted overlapping
the
is obviously
in accord
therefore be taken as supplementing each other. is of sixty kings, and in the Turin Papyrus after sixty kings is a break, beginning " dynastyis of seventy-six there reigned." Next, theXIVth again with the formula kings, and in the Turin Papyrus after seventy-three (orperhaps a few more) there dynasty of begins the change to Semitic names, which correspond to the XVth Hyksos in Manetho. The average of reigns of the Xlllth dynasty is seven and Papyrus. in half in in the Manetho, and seven a the ten reigns surviving years years
average is two and a half years, and the average A closer correspondence is about three years. of seven of fragmentary material could not be expected. on is made the The main attack on the continuity of the Turin Papyrus Apply this to ground that a different type of name shows a change of dynasty.
Manetho's
In the XlVth
dynasty
26
Reviews.
dynasty there are well-known dynasties and see the result. In the XVIIIth two kings with Ra-neb-.r, three with Ra-oa-kheper, six with Ra-A;-kheperu ; Ra-ne-ba and Ra-nein the XlXth Ra-user-;t;, Ra-men-A;, three with three with On the question of types of name we akhu. should have to splitup each of these dynasties into three separate lines taken in irregular order. No canon ment of arrangebe applied to obscure dynasties which will not give true results when can applied to well-known periods. Another line of attack is on the resemblances between the lengths of some dynasties. Elaborate theoretical stages of alteration of the text are presented from some The to show how the existing figures arose very different form. lengths of the dynasties in Africanus' version of Manetho, from the Xlllth to the XVIIth, are 453, 184, 284, 518 and 151. The only relation here is that the in last is a third of the first. A change is made by adopting 259 from Josephus place of 284 ; then 259 is half of 518. After this we find such theories as, although have suppressed we the Xlllth dynasty, yet take the sixty kings stated for
" "
dynasty, making that, add thirty-two kings of the XVIth ninety-two, double " is theredynasty, XlVth no the this (for fore so which get 184 years of and reason) likewise, about a period let us play with numbers artificial (627). Now dynasties known. XXVIIth The are XXIInd well each 120 years ; both and
"
is sixty-one foreign in origin ; evidently a duplication in history. The XXVth foreign but foreign. one was Therefore there years, also period of sixty years Egyptian (XXVth) ; that doubled, for the reigns of the contemporary rulers,
made 120 years, and that is the origin of 120 years for the fictitiousforeigners of better than the dynasties. This really fits much the XXIInd and XXVIIth numerical games played on the Hyksos Period ; and aU being foreign dynasties the for the whole, according to Capt. Weill's Theme of disorder would account
" "
cordant of historical records is what is set against the contwo Papyrus, or Turin three the centuries statements written only of drawn from the material after the age in question, and the record of Manetho is had an unbroken available while Egypt still continuity of literature. What
treatment
The kings
,600
. .
to
:
"
Upper
and
Lower
Egypt
Later Sebekheteps
'
'
Theban
years there must be compressed 133 kings of the Turin Papyrus, Several of these kings dynasty. the great and lesser Hyksos and the XVIIth know to have had long reigns, enough of them to fill we up the whole 210 years. Mermashau is placed as a Delta king, though his statues are of black granite from
210
In these
Upper
Egypt.
agreed to have whole of the great Hyksos suppressed, though The wholesale reigns stated
Khian and reigns recorded for the Hyksos reigned over all Egypt, p. 207) alone occupy in kings total to 259 or 284 years. it is certainly Manethonian histor}'.
The
Apepi
(who
are
disregard of the records, the suppression of the lengths of (both in the Papyrus and Manetho), the fanciful theories of
Reviews.
77
construction of the texts, the unhistoric treatment of the records of disorder and invasion, all prevent our regarding this work except as we regard the Egyptian history in Josephus, very valuable for reference, but without any reliance on the This seems to be the best that can be done to destroy Egyptian conclusions. history in favoift of an arbitrary shortening that has no support in documents or in probabilities. Le
20
Musee
2
du
Louvre
pendant
the back
la guerre, 1916-1918.
"
Edmond
Pottier.
pp.,
pis.
1919.
have mob of statues clustering in the have and who read of the strange holes in have been secured from air attack, will like to hear how the With them it was more a risk of plunder than of destruction.
seen
Those
view
of
which French
our
treasures
have
fared.
met his colleagues of French mobilisation the director of museums to put their treasures in safety for fear of Zeppelins. The and instructed them German before troops the a the orders rapid advance of month end of changed to removal, in Toulouse the was centre, packing and placing southern cities.
On the day
shows the rows photograph of cases and of railway wagons run into the for cover. Then, when immediate risks were less,the public church of the Jacobins demanded France could do its business without taking as their museum ; and,
and
for offices as in London, re-opened after February, several halls were bomb Paris, to began Gothas the 1916. all valuables were put under the floor. Next the Bertha bombardment began, and solid vaulting of the ground
museums
When
the pictures and marbles were sent off to Blois, and When the last struggle threatened at the Louvre.
a
more
scramble of museums and dealers to get packers, boxes, cotton and straw or hay to clear off everything, and near a hundred cases were got off in the last fortnight of June. After the armistice, in December and January,the cases
were
was
gradually restored.
and Monuments Academy, (British 1918.)
to preserve brutal, have
of Art
8 pp.
Treasures
"
Sir
FiLippi.
We
treasures
yet wished taken to protect were active measures The bronze horses of St. Mark's were taken down monuments. and placed in The culty the Doge's Palace in a single day, sand-bagged great diffiand waUed up. in Venice is the quaggy foundation, which prevents adding any great weight for fear of displacements. St. Mark's was covered with sand bags and sea-weed months
froni modern
barbarians
to destroy.
the
Two
war,
light,elastic,and almost incombustible, also very effective for glass or mosaics. Canvas curtains are also a useful screen of explosions. All portable At the Doge's were removed. and the stained-glass windows
mattresses,
case
which
are
in
objects
Palace the portico arches were pillars,and the loggia with supported by masonry the wooden props ; the sculptures were sand-bagged, and water pipes laid all over on buildings in case of fire. Venice was the bombarded times, specially eleven churches. At Padua
the Giotto frescoes
were
the
Colleone
Cross.
buried in sand bags ; the Gattaburied and boarded up, like were cities, Verona,
Bergamo,
Brescia, had
to
Bologna,
the
pictures, and
treasures
be
protected.
28
Reviews.
Ravenna
use
was
an
There
was
no
trace of military
no any population to be destroyed as civilians; there was ideal destroying in Germanic that the all of gives national purpose attack, except is a interest and historic sense to a people. To attack the churches of Ravenna by development is the depth of savagery scientific of only reached which
there, hardly
Nuovo, broke which fell into S. ApoUinare psychological cruelty. The bomb did destroy in the corner happily the basilica,but the not mosaics. The of for protection, and whole tomb of GaUa Placidia has been completely enclosed heavy At Ancona throughout. Vitale and the Baptistery strengthened it. The fired at the Duomo, high on the hill, and severely damaged shells were
San
Arch of Trajanhas been thoroughly built up with sand bags. After their hideous depth of savagery, against allart and history, the Austrians A letter reached London lately from a Viennese stating that as he are unabashed. in British work there. he would be glad to join had excavated in Mesopotamia The reply was that the destruction of the library and apparatus of the University That in British work. of Belgrade made it impossible for any Austrian to join
the clearest case savage attempt to root out the intellectuallifeof a nation, was be no degradation person could civilised associated. of the with which F. P.
The New The
Catalogue
ofBritish Museum
in the British editing of Section II of Part IV of Greek Inscriptions has been carried out by Mr. F. H. Marshall Hall, M.A., and the texts Museum from 1063 to 1093 are those acquired from Egypt and the Sudan, numbered including one inscription obtained as late as 1914. beautifully printed and the facsimiles,or photographs (withthe exception of that of the Rosetta Stone) finely executed ; it will be a records readily great advantage to scholars to have this series of Egyptian available, and to know where the originals may be inspected. The volume
is most
in the collection is that from Syene, or Aswan, upon a column of red granite, which originally was erected at Elephantine. Much of the wording has been lost, but by the effort of several specialists a good deal has been restored, and it is found to comprise no less than ten documents
One
of the most
important
texts
concerning the later Ptolemies and their relations with the priests of the Chnoub Nebieb temple at Elephantine. The records are either petitions from the temple servants to the king, or grants of privilegesfrom the latter to the priests. The Syene quarrymen also put in their plaints ; probably, as worshippers of Chnoub, they also had their residences upon land leased from the temple, and thus sacred soil. Although kings as late concern the documents
as
Ptolemy
VIII
and
Ptolemy
X, the latter in
Dasios, month Epiphi. Two generals commanding at Elephantine are from known Phommus. They are other papyri or and
a
letter dates
it in the
Macedonian
inscriptions as being
Another
over
the forces in the Thebaid. which was erected by of Tiberius Claudius Balbillus, prefect of Egypt the dining hall of the Weavers' Guild at Theadelphia is that found
at Gizeh,
as
The text from under Nero. interest by the evidence has been made of more by Oxyrhynchus Papyri. the supplied
to such
associations recently
a
the roadstead
of Abukir,
containing
dedication
Reviews.
29
of
of the Phoenician deity Herakles Belos to Sarapis. The donor was not but a native of Askelon. One inscription is incised upon a gold Egyptian an deposited been have under the temple of Osiris at Canopus. plaque, and must
a
statue
It is
dedication of Ptolemy
was
III Euergetes
and
Berenice
II, whose first wife was daughter son of Ptolemy of II subsequently married his sister,Arsinoe, who adopted Ptolemy III, as her son. her stepson, afterwards This historical fact is now by Euergetes this son memorial, which calls of Ptolemy substantiated and Arsinoe."
Lysimachus.
Ptolemy
"
A similar votive plaque is in the Alexandria Museum. to Philopator and belonged to the Alexandria temple.
It preserves
tion dedica-
inscription chronologically is No. 1514. It is an offering to Ares, Ptolemy IV, dated about 206 b.c, and gives a text of as a deity of hunting, by It to lines. refers elephant hunting, which sport the Macedonian monarchs six The
next
much
favoured, as it also supplied them with tame elephants for war equipment. In this inscription Pisidian soldiers are mentioned, being another instance the Ptolemies secured mercenaries. countries from which of the numerous be considered as the final edition of the Rosetta Mr. Hall provides what may
Stone, but does not refer to its partial duplicate of the Egyptian text, known It is a decree of the Council of the Memphis the Stele of Damanhour. priests V. documents light Ptolemy All that throw this recent upon superbly under
as
are
utEised.
Thus
is cleared up, by noting that that was Egyptian instead of version of the stone ancient royal 5e^ -festivals. The " " Se"f thirty years reads -festival." The allusion to the priestess of Berenice Euergetes, the child of Magas alluded in to above, is illustrated by the Amherst papyri, whilst the financial matters
"
text
are
the review time ago, because is to to Lesquier for Otto, or concerning priestly privileges, given reference The worship of Arsinoe is illustrated by ostraca and a demotic military matters.
no
compared with the Tebtunis Ptolemaic of the Rosetta Stone was written some
revenue
documents.
document. inscription concerns the record in a British Museum letter It from Paphos, in Cyprus, Lagides. a comes the and quotes eleventh of was appointed who governor of of Alexander Grypus to Ptolemy Alexander, Its BasUeus in text. Cyprus by Cleopatra III. He is, however, the styled
The
last Ptolemaic
A single line king in Egypt till 108 b.c. I, Egyptian the liii) {Memphis, statuette upon river god Nt'Xwt entitles yovin(i)Ta(^T This expression is easily explained by the deity's statues depicting date
is 109
a
B.C.,
though
he
was
not
base
w)i.
him
numerous
justbefore
said to
have
the
war,
a
was also a councillor, for fortunate was their the ones erudition maintained at, who of by, Museum. the and Other epigraphical records and papyri refer to people so supported, including a text from Thebes and a Rylands papyrus. " Oceanos," There is one text from the Sudan which entitlesthe Nile making
been
the river
3"
Reviews.
Several inscriptions, allshort and fragmentary, are from Naucratis, including died just previous poem poorly-composed upon a certain Herakleides who
I, xxxi.) (Naukratis, which he was to have been married. These inscriptions, of pride to any great museum, which would be a source have been obtained by voluntary gift,purchase, or expensive explorations, and mation They form such a corpus of inforwars not as the loot of of conquest.
to the day upon
unjust
history of that country in Graeco-Roman times will be complete without fullconsideration being given to them, and their editor is to be congratulated upon his work, which is a model for such a treatise. regarding Egypt, that
no
Joseph
Cronologia Egiziana. This essay
attempts
"
Offord.
LuiGi Peserico.
to
8vo, 71 pp.
Vicenza, 1919.
link various astronomical results with historical Results from Greek and Italian statements which would not usually be accepted. here Parian sources, connected with Egyptian dates. chronicle, are especially the
a great victory The eclipse of 141 1 B.C. is the date when the Pelasgi near Spina won in Pelasgic Sus the over the natives. Eighty years after, 1331 B.C., reigned, called by Greeks. Then Perseus by the Romans the we Evander read of the and
invasion under Merneptah taking Tanis, a Pelasgic captain violating the queen of Merneptah, the plundering of the store citiesof Pithom and Ramesses, a Pelasgic I. We may only son and co-regent of Meneptah captain killing Seti Meneptah, it in be is the Parian is found none to ; there of wonder where all this detail
Chronicle.
to be set out
course we
If it is in the author's translations of Etruscan documents, they need In due be applied to history. and established before they can " some whom reach the immigration of Abisha in the Xllth dynasty
"
After going through Assyrian and Noetic Rubble drift," which we usually call the the there comes in four deluge," beginning at some the time years 3048-3045 B.C.
"
father of adds that Ab-ram " Ab-sha. father of height," which was Biblical chronology and the birth of Phaleg,
a
footnote
"
or
it need hardly be said that the writer has never heard of the Egyptian chronology, Meyer depends for the and upon possibility of a deluge at that date. As a minor matter, the reign of Ramessu II is placed as beginning in 1325 B.C., impossible. The date of 1300 B.C. agrees as well with the occurrence which seems of
a
full moon
16. As the relation of lunations to Egs^ptian years of be easily worked except by compiling of 30 days, cannot for any question of lunar dates, it is well to put it here on below are 30 days. years 365 days, months
on
Mekhir
5 years 8 years
II
la
months
7 months
2
10
: : : :
2185-22 3130-23
4075-19
74 lunations.
106 lunations. 138 lunations.
years
months
months
19 years 25 years
III
o 2
months
months
years
245 lunations.
=
day of the Thus, every 25 years the lunations of a given month recur to the same 8, day. At shorter intervals of 5, 11 year, within -05 and 19 years a lunation day of some occurs on For reducing longer periods the cycle of the same month. be III years 2 nionths may used as correct to -oi day, in the Egyptian kalendar.
3"
PERIODICALS.
Acaddniie
des
The stele published by M. Legrain in Dieu. is It has at the top a scene here retranslated. 161, of priests bearing the barque of the divine Aahmes and Nefertari, and a priest Pasar standing before it adoring and praying " Oh judgewho dispenses justice,
"
MoRET,
A.
IJn
Jugement de
the Annales
du Service,XVI,
let the
Below is " Year 14 (or thanks to thee." of the house be justified, 18, or 26 or 34),25th day under the Majesty of the king of South and North Usermaa-Ra, son of Ra, Ramessumeriamen, possessing life, the day when came the priest Pasar with the priest Thay to enquire before the good god Nebpehtira.
owner
"
Came
As to this fieldit belongs to Thay, the priest saying to the children of Hayu.' The god remained unmoved.
'
son
He
god saying 'It belongs to the priest Pasar, son of Mesmen,' with his head very strongly, in presence of the priests of the good god Nebpehtira, the prophet Paaru, the front priest Yzanubu, the front priest Thanefer, the back priest Nekht, the back priest Tahutimes. Made by the priest, artist-scribe in the temple of Osiiis,Nebmehyu." of the temple of Ramessumeriamen This is a couple of centuries before the various other judgmentsknown under the priest-kings. The from Saqqareh. Pasar is son
Mesmen
of Sedemnef
named Nesha tried to partition the descendants of Nesha, and some quarrels had arisen among Mesmen, had succeeded but in father the property, the direct line Huy, the of in keeping possession. II the collateralsattacked with Again under Ramessu
in question is connected with other documents I an ancestor of of Mesmen, and under Aahmes In had received lands from the king. the time of Horemheb
case
false deeds, and got a decision against Mesmen, Here in in favour of Khayuy. is the sequel, that Pasar, son of Mesmen, this stele from Abydos got a divine decree in his favour, against the claims of Thay and the children of Huyu. The dialectic change. to H in Upper Egypt is a known modification of Kh at Memphis The name Thaui is known in the Memphite family,"corresponding to Thay in the Abydos text. Beside the conclusions of Prof. Moret, that divine decrees long there preceded the priest-kings, and that such could supersede civU judgments, is another extremely important It has been usual to sneer at the conclusion. Here decrees by the signal of the god as obviously only a trick of the priesthood. have believed that have two priests appealing to the god-king. They must we neither priest would have agreed to be bound interference, but was by it. In some way the decision did not depend on human for an appeal to King Aahmes equivalent to drawing lots for a reply. The reason there, being recorded on a stele at Abydos is doubtless because his pyramid was
the decision
was
not manipulated,
or
and his worship would be carried on by the priesthood image to which the appeal could be made.
with
32 The
Periodicals.
SculpturedStones found at Hal Tarxien, Malta, in their relation to Lexow. Cretan and Egyptian Decoration. Einar 4 pp. 14 pp. Norwegian, Aarbok, Museums, in English. (Bergen summary 1918-9.)
"
no spirals before the Xllth dynasty, that is 2000-1800 B.C. according Hence he concludes that the spiral patterns originated long before in This isvery doubtful, according to the dating used the Balkans, and not in Egypt. Next he proposes that the beautiful branching patterns found by the Egyptians.
the stones in Malta, were the earlier stage of the spirals also found there, Certainly it is very improbable is that the such origin of spiral ornament. and that the formal spiral would give rise to the tree patterns, and therefore his to bring in the dating to the likely. There is no reason thesis seems main
on
that there
was
when
of the Manchester
plate.
(Journal
This seal of limestone has a rudely cut figure of a man and antelope. Seals likely that this is before the Xllth of similar design are quoted, and it seems The limestone stamps of the Xllth dynasty, and perhaps of the Old Kingdom. dynasty are less distinct in style and show a later stage of such work, which is
clearly foreign. 16. The interest scope. of the papers here is almost entirely classical,and so rather beyond our Lieut.-Col. in Tubby Col. the The James of suburbs of excavations and is Ptolemaic Alexandria unfortunately miss the main question, as to how much
Bulletin de la Societe Archeologique d^Alexandrie.
No.
and how
are
much
over
Roman.
as
This might have been settled by the coins found, which "a "unrecognisable," few coins hopelessly oxidised." and coins could say within a century what their age was by the fabric
alone. The pottery, lamps, etc., would likewise have to have been searching for notable only idea seems historicallythe age of what was found. Clear statement whether the
were objects
settled the
and objects,
date.
The
contemporary
not settling be to as made should in the surface with the graves, or only
rubbish. Dr. Granville gives an interesting biography of Henry Salt, the consul who figures largely in the early discoveries in Egypt. A thoughtful looking man,
with something that recalls Burns and Blake in his expression, he went to India and Egypt with Lord Valentia in 1802-6, as an artist and secretary. In 1809 he was sent on a British mission to Abyssinia. In 1815 he was appointed ConsulHe there fellin with Burckhardt and Belzoni, and employed for latter the many years in excavations, from which come many of the older in bad health, Salt Collection." He was entries in the British Museum marked
"
General in Egypt.
but could not leave Egypt owing to his duties. He died in 1827 at the age of forty-seven, and is buried at Alexandria. He was one of the valuable men who interests of his times, and was in to help to the newer the rose thus early able growth of research in Egypt.
"^
r.
jTHE
MALLON
DEIR
STATUE, EL-BAHRI,
4.
2.
[
'
FROM EBONY.
5. ) 6.
THE
VIENNA
3.
MENTUHETEP
"
ANCIENT
EGYPT.
A There
has
MENTUHETEP
STATUE.
Paul Mallon,
has
some
lately been
including
kindly allowed the head The pose of the standing position is more twenty-seven inches high. thrown back The head has had inlaid from the waist upward. than in the Old Kingdom, eyes, now missing. The expression is marvellously vigorous and full of vitality,
figures not only thus, but also in the type. and it differsfrom other Egyptian The very wide jaw,short chin, and high cheek-bone have hardly a parallel in
of Paris, a portfolio interest, and he of these is of much to be reproduced here. The figure is of -ebony,
It is clearly
one
rare
style of
period can be assigned for this ? So far as external evidence goes, it is stated to have come from the Xlth dynasty temple of Deir el-Bahri ; and looking at the large slabs of sculpture which passed from the work there to the dealers, such a figure might more easily be taken surreptitiously. The nearest stone. parallel for it is a head in Vienna, nine inches high, of green metamorphic
from Hissing's Denkmdler) here placed parallel are views of this (borrowed Allowing for the differentschool, working in different to the Deir el-Bahri head. loss in the inlaid see a we the the material, and close resemblance of eyes, features. The wide short jaw, the proportion of the outline of the nose on the
The
face, the high cheek-bone, the slope beneath the jaw, the squareness of the The limits. temple, all agree within near sternness of the work in polished stone naturally makes a different treatment and expression to the vivacity of the wood is by Bissing, head concluded to be of the Middle Kingdom carving. The Vienna
who points out that the uraeus firstwore it as in our Fig. 6.
on
it shows
it to be after Mentuhetep
II, who
Which of the Mentuheteps might the ebony figure represent ? We wiU to accord better with the here follow the arrangement Gauthier, as it seems of than that of Naville, which puts Neb-taui-ra after Deir artistic development is as follows,stating The temple. el-Bahri order of Gauthier for the Mentuheteps
the distinctive Aa-name and Ra cartouche
:
"
V. Sonkh.taui.f
VI.
Ra.skho.ne.
34
-^
Mentuhetep Statue.
Of these I is found at Deir el-Bahri, on sculptures from Gebeleyn, the head IV is the king of the Deir el-Bahri Hammamat. here No. 6. II is at Wady by the oar temple ; according to Naville divided into two rulers writing the name VI is Sonkhkara. V is the well-known and by the square, two homophones. is here last king The by Legrain. from a statue found at Karnak not placed
by Gauthier. from the portraiture, though over ninety plates have been pubUshed the temple, the royal portraits, unfortunately, have not been collected and the reproduced efficientlyon a full scale together. The complete heads on For British Museum that
are
to have
Temple of
The heads
are
in Vol. I,
to have the seem of them xii, xiii; Vol. II, v, vi ; Vol. Ill, xii. None in having a figure, as these all agree pretty closely prominent nose of the ebony in some now a type seen with littleprojection, sUghtly aquiline, massive nose, Deir have the Sudanis. Vienna head, The agreed with when perfect, may
figure. el-Bahri type. If so, the nose would not accord with that of the ebony The Fig. 6 of Mentuhetep from Gebeleyn appears to be that in Xlth dyn. Temple, I, xiiA. The general resemblance of this type to that of Ra.neb.hept shows that Ukely it the family seems, that then, was a there type ; and most ebony figure,
by its resemblance
who
to the Vienna
head, belonged to
successor
of his ancestor. is taken away found, much for the without any not well rewarded objects If to knew its we the which position record of original place and connection. the famUy shrines the royal shrine the burial chamber this figure belonged
in the temple
"
"
"
"
elsewhere we might have fixed the historic value of portraits known from Egypt.
or
"
one
of the most
striking
W.
M. Flinders
Petrie.
35
ON
THE
USE
OF
BEESWAX
AND
RESIN TOMBS.
AS
VARNISHES
IN
THEBAN
mixed for this purpose with the colours used for the wall-paintings. The use of wax has not been mentioned before, to the knowledge of the writer, but on turning fragments of mud over plaster from the walls of the tomb of Antef (No. which had been buried in rubbish for some considerable time, he found that many the were colours of covered with a thin grey coating or skin. A brief examination on the spot proved this to be a wax, investigation further a by and
In
some
of the tombs
in the Theban
Necropolis it appears
that
wax
was
155)
close examination of the fairlyfrequently used was walls of other tombs as a fixative or as a varnish in tombs from I to the time of Amenophis ranging II. That the use of wax that of Amenophis should be limited to this short period is interesting, but up to the present it has not been detected in tombs of either an earlier or a later date. remains upon the tomb walls as a greyish and partially opaque skin which is readily detachable from the colour beneath, and thus gives impression at firstsight that it was merely applied as a kind of varnish.
wax
Mr. Robert
Mond
in London
gave the same result. A then revealed the fact that wax
found in the sample submitted to him that the substance in the plentiful middle and bottom layers of the colours as on the surface, before being applied to which suggests that the paint was mixed with the wax the walls. The melting-point of the wax in the samples examined 64" C, was
was as
Mr. Mond
has however
the melting-point of beeswax is 61" to 64" C, it seems probable that it beeswax was Beeswax is. one which was of the materials imported employed. into Egypt from the Sudan at the present day, and doubtless was in ancient days. The wax produced in Egypt is of a very poor quality and dark in colour.
and
as
is strong evidence that in some cases was the wax applied to the surface of the colours instead of being mixed intimately with them. In several tombs, and notably on the walls of the inner passage of the tomb Kenamun (No. 93),the wax has been applied in this manner rather carelessly, of
scenes.
There
and slightly darkened, the white ground of the painted the painter did not trouble to go round of Antef (No. 155), the small patches of the grey ground to avoid darkening them, but covered them also with wax. There is no doubt that the application of wax found greatly to improve was
and
on,
The re-melting the brillianceof the colours, especially the reds, blues, and greens. on of the wax small painted fragments leads to the colours brightening up in an extraordinary way.
c
2
36
On
the Use
of Beeswax
and
Resin
as
Varnishes in Theban
Tombs.
in a hot climate The question arises how this wax was applied, for even in like that of Egypt it would never be a more naturally melted condition than just solvent, such pasty. It is, therefore, probable that it was mixed with some to the walls, as a volatileoil like turpentine ; the process of applying heated wax of the Hawara portrait panels would have been extremely tedious and uncertain. It would also take a considerable time to cover the walls of a tomb in this manner. held close to the portion of It is possible,of course, that an open brazier was
as was
done in the
case
the portion thus then rubbed over the wall to be treated, and a lump of wax heated. A second application of the brazier locally to parts thus prepared would If this method to be well absorbed by the paint and plaster. cause the wax
were a
being found right through adopted, it would perhaps account for wax as the limits intended. overrunning colour and not only on the surface, as well The following is a listof those tombs in which the waxing of colours has been the
one
:
"
observed Tomb
179. 251.
Nebamun Amenmose
Hatshepsowet.
III
(?).
155.
39. 81.
Antef
PUIMRE
Anena Amenemhet
Menkheperrasonb
III.
82. 86.
93.
Tuthmosis Tuthmosis
Amenophis
are
Kenamun
an
The colours in the tomb of Puimre intervening coat of plaster. In many tombs the wall paintings from
some
made
as
yet. In some in tone, but in others it has either scaled off through being applied too thickly, a badly cracked or it shows or fissured surface. Instances also occur where the has in become blackened more those tombs through varnish much age, especially have been inhabited, a resin varnish apparently having a great affinity which for smoke. applied to the whole surface of a wall, but more treated with it, these being principally usually only certain colours were to distinguish between colours so in some cases yellows and reds. It is difficult to the varnish darkening in tone (Tomb 150 and others). treated, owing
varnish
was
were covered with a varnish, which was kind of resin,whose variety cannot, however, be ascertained of these tombs, the varnish is well preserved, though darkened
Sometimes
to
as
suspect that
as
well
slight gloss combined with a is totally unlike that of a colour which has had a varnish applied only to which its surface. It is to be regretted that up to the present only a few samples of varnished colours have been examined, owing to lack of material. It is highly undesirable to obtain samples direct from the tomb waUs (which has been done in the past)and the only way is to obtain them from fallen fragments found in the course of excavating a tomb, which are either too poor to replace on its walls or whose proper position cannot be determined. For those interested in this special question there is given below a list of
some
was varnish or similar medium colours applied to their surfaces, as some hard the surface, appearance of peculiarly
a
tombs
mixed
varnished
or
possibly had
varnish
On Tomb
"
the Use
of Beeswax
and
Resin
as
Varnishes in Theban
Tombs.
37
Amenhotpe
Nakht
Whole Varnish
walls varnished.
some
Hekerenheh
applied only to limbs of female figures. small Reds, blues, and greens, varnished.
130.
Varnish applied to some of the greens. Yellows appear to have been treated. Whole walls varnished and others waxed. Reds and yellows varnished. Reds varnished in places. Many
Reds colours varnished. and yellows varnished.
(Name lost)
mentioned above belong to the period of the late XVIIIth being of the time of Tuthmosis IV. dynasty, the Up to the present no majority been in have found Necropolis the examples of tombs of an earlier date that have been varnished wholly or partially, with the possible exception of yellows. compound was a white of arsenic (orpiment) generally applied over ground owing to its It thus acquires a glazed appearance transparency. which to the casual eye suggests a varnish. There is not any known
or
Necropolis which
was
made
from
of the employment of varnish for the purpose in Ramesside tombs, with the one exception of protecting enhancing colours Probably varnish was found to be unsatissoon of Tomb 23, of Thoy or To. factory for tomb decoration, though it was as a medium extensively used in the XlXth-XXth dynasties and later, for the decoration of coffins and funeral
case
furniture.
The
question
now
arises
as
to where
the resin
or
resins
were
procured to
not produce any resin-bearing trees, manufacture such varnishes. with the exception of the acacia, and the nearest source of supply would be Syria and the North Coast of Africa, from which places sandarac and mastic are
Egypt
does
obtained. Prof. Laurie has examined the question fairly closely in his Materials of the Painters' Craft (p.31),where, in discussing a certain varnish found on a dynasty, he concludes that the varnish used was a natural coffinof the XlXth from tree, like as Venice Canada the or our turpentine obtained semi-liquid resin balsam, probably laid on He also states (p.30) that a solid after warming. by heat be liquified cannot resin evenly spread on a surface,and it at once cracks in Tombs Now female figures are thickly on cooling. 52 and 139, in which some coated with a resinous varnish, itwould appear that this was the method employed ; for the varnish, besides being laid on coarsely, is now covered with numerous
fissuresand cracks [see Nakht and Pere). In other tombs, also, the appearance is the to suppose that here again the of very similar, which leads one varnish resin was applied to the colours hot and not mixed with a solvent. On the other
hand, there are tombs in which the varnish is fairly evenly spread and quite free from the blemishes mentioned above. One is, therefore, forced to the conclusion that in some tombs the resin was applied to the walls after being liquified by heat, and that in others a solvent was used with the resin to make a varnish
it is impossible this solvent was mix with the colours. What If,as seems in is or turpentine resin only soluble alcohol, petroleum. been have likely,turpentine was the solvent used, it could only procured from c 3
either to coat
to say,
as
or
38
On
the Use
of Beeswax
and
Resin
as
Varnishes in Theban
Tombs.
of Europe, while petroleum, which is present in Egypt, have been obtained in an unrefined state. could only dynasty was Egypt's strong trade connection with Syria in the XVIIIth decoration in tomb for the marked at change observable probably responsible Syria at that period' and for the introduction of the use of resin as a varnish. to the that time was exporting a quantity of material which may have been new The Egyptians, and of which they did not properly understand the uses. for the or as a means pose purperhaps of protecting colours, employment of varnish last very long, did a radical change was brightening them, not which of fact that owing perhaps to the inborn conservatism of the Egyptian, or to the
S3aia and
the North
it
was
found it.
that
varnish
darkened
Mackay.
of may be seen, mixed with dark green colour, as a filling III in the Louvre ; also in on the red granite coffinof Ramessu incised figures on the wooden coffins (Univ. CoU.). This was probably the earlier of the hieroglyphs
[The use
wax
over for portrait painting. The use of clear wax stage of using coloured wax Hawara Ankhrui this late on the ; at suggested sarcophagus of colours was noted hence by the wax, the excavators' system of using stucco and melted securing to a As as the use a turpentine as solvent for wax of preservative. paraffin wax
resin, the natural turpentine would be useless, being a thick syrupy resin. It Pliny describes two is only the distilled oil of turpentine that would be of use. it is pitch an oil is extracted rude methods of distillation. From
or
"
...
made by boiling the pitch and spreading fleeces over the vessels to catch the steam, tar is extracted from In Europe out." (XV, 7.) and then wringing them The wood of the tree is chopped the torch tree by the agency of fire into small billets, and then put into a furnace, which is heated by fireslighted on
"
.
.
steam that exudes flows in the form of water into a reservoir every side. The first made for itsreception ; in Syria this substance isknown as cedrium, and it possesses such remarkable strength, that in Egypt the bodies of the dead after being steeped
in it, are
that this it seems preserved from all corruption." (XVI, 21.) From in Syria for in the later times, at least, an was turpentine prepared oil of " From the to coat paintings is described thus : Egypt. The resin employed
colla (Penaea SarcocoUa, Linn.)a gum exudes that is remarkably useful to painters similar to incense dust in appearance, and the white kind is preferred to the red." (XIII,20.)"F.P.]
sarco
. . .
the
a
other
on
things
"
ornamental
that
ceilings and
was
the
use
of
as
top
of the cheker
when
ornament
employed
( 39
THE
KINGS
OF
ETHIOPIA.
The
Sudan journal
devoted
Notes and
mainly The help to administrators. history of Ethiopia by Dr. Reisner, which is mostly familiar ground to our readers. The important new is the list of Ethiopian kings, as discovered and statement Expedition. Those with arranged from the excavations of the Harvard-Boston
an
to the customs
1918, is quarterly since January, folk-lore a tribes, most needful of various and only articles touching Egypt are a series on the issued Queries,
asterisk are
newly
found.
The
The
blances order has been settled by the principle of sequence dating, the resemone indicating to their of group of objects another order of connection. lengths of reigns seem to be approximations years, or of ten or twenty
five or fifteen,arrived at apparently by the amount sometimes of work observed in each reign. The beginning and end of the list is fixed by contact with Egyptian
sources.
Any
can
student of Ethiopic history will need this number Railways be obtained (3s.) at the Sudan Government This journal Avenue, London, W.C. may well be the
of the Sudan.
C4
40
NILE
BOATS
AND
OTHER
MATTERS.
[Continued.)
We
must
now
describe how
a
of many
pieces into
continuous whole,
"
and transverse strains without yielding, was Our wooden boats, whether carvel
"
or
cUnker
built,depend
to
the ribs which, however, would not maintain their verticalitybut for the skin of planks nailed to their outer sides : the ancient boat is a unit, a shell. The method made use of for holding the short planks one to the other becomes The keel plank (asI will call it) therefore a matter of the firstimportance. in the case of the Museum boats is made of but few pieces, so as to avoid the
extent
upon
weakness of joints. as that made The wood of which these ancient boats are built is the same hence in lengths, to but impossible hard, use procure straight of to-day, very the method of building up and fittingtogether of the parts as here described. of, perhaps not available in sufficientquantities. We might have expected to find pins or pegs driven into holes prepared for them in the upper and lower planks, but if they are present in these specimens In the present case we find only of ancient boat building they cannot be seen.i Iron
was
not made
use
use
of
will presently
half through
specimens. In the volumes before referred to on Beni Hasan, Part II, Plate XII, we see several boats differingin shape from those usually depicted. The hulls are deeper ; the greater draught must have enabled them to take considerable cargoes.
always on fastened together with large dovetails. I venture to suppose that we should go wrong were boats of the period were built precisely as are the Museum
prepared along the long sides of the planks and cut their thickness (seeA) ; into these the dovetails are forced, the inside of the hull. The butting joints of the keel planks are
we
to
assume
that all
In such boats the method of joining plank to plank with long pegs instead of with dovetails which pegs and dovetails are now replaced by long iron nails, cUnched, But, have been on the may employed. other hand, it must be kept in view
"
that
one
may
difference between
of the ancient drawings are to scale. In constructing a great barge such as that which is depicted at Deir el-Bahri 32*0 m. in length, the and capable of carrying two obelisks, each of them some construction of the hull must have been a matter of great care and no little science. Denied the help of iron, and without the command timbers ; with the cross strains the structure must straight
'
None
In
our :
oak pegs
we
Hall.
Other Matters.
41
monoliths on board ; in taking the chances of down a on the way the river, and finally in sand or mudbank running on hull have been a the must needs really scientific combination unloading ; of in supposing Whence came the large timbers ? Are we at all justified timbers. that there mi|tht have been more science displayed in building a barge in the XVIIIth
We
immense
dynasty than in the Xllth ? should bear in mind that long before the Xllth dynasty
were
brought
down
at Saqqara.
As regards ship construction, it would probably be less difficultto support in the case of obelisks, than as a large area, great weight distributed over be to support
a
similar weight concentrated, as in the case of a block, It would seem impossible that dovetails alone could have over a smaller area. held together the planks of the hull. The main strength of such a structure have been merely in the skin, but must have been within, by making use cannot it would skin. of trusses and similar methods, clothed with the cleverly combined I may be pardoned if I make a short extract from a letter written me by Construction to the British the late Mr. Francis Elgar, Director of Naval
Government.
He
on
could be carried
water
The two great obelisks of Karnak, 97 ft. 6 in. long, says, ft. long and 69 ft. beam, upon a draft of 220 a boat about
or
"
of about
4 ft. 6 in.
not
exceeding 5 ft."
on
He
was
much
interested in
this question. Some of the largest passenger steamers but differ exceedingly in beam, they move
considerably diminished ; but except at in navigation. As of 69 ft. beam and 5 ft. draft would present great difficulties have already said, merely to construct a vessel of such beam and yet of so we shallow a draft under the limitations which pressed upon the ancient Egyptians Whence came the necessary knowledge, matter. must indeed have been a difficult did begin to the experience which the people at what remote accumulate period
the Nile approach this length on the river after its volume has the very crown of high Nile, a barge
porting weights, lifting them, transculminated in their power to deal with immense in Xllth XVHIth or the them, unloading them, and this not only dynasties, but in the IHrd or IVth ?
to deal with
figured dimensions
to
of feet, how large a thing a of numbers realise merely by reading a statement barge would be, such as that mentioned by Dr. Elgar. Let me give an example. James Fergusson, in the monumental work, his History of Architecture, gives Hall : 68 ft. wide and 239 ft. long. the following dimensions of Westminster When dimensions we these with the compare required for the barge 69 ft. wide realise what a serious business it must have been to and 220 ft. long, we can build, to load, to tow, to navigate and finally to unload such a structure even under the best conditions. To return to the boat in the Museum, which would be of very light draft
and not intended to receive cargo. The dovetailing has been already described (Fig. 5). There is, however, another method by which the planks were held Fig. 5). together, more effective (see akin to pegs and perhaps more from the are Sometimes two tongues of wood one, sometimes projected in into the to them holes made plank below. receive plank above and driven down in length, 0.08 m. in thickness, and 0.15 m. In one case the tongue is 0.20 m. in
projection.
43
Other Matters.
1
cnij
4.0
nt.
Nile Boats
and
Other Matters,
43
section of the boat (Fig.i) shows that there is not, as we might have 6). expected, a stout rim, or gunwale, forming a top rail to the hull (Fig. In this we by the boat-builders to see the ingenious method adopted tie together in their length the planks which form the gunwale such as it is.
The
"
bound tightly round the central tongue. The No doubt a rope of fresh hide was hide contracts in drying and in result an exceedingly close and strong junction is stillmade The method is secured. use of. The great yard of a dahabeah, in in length three than 33.0 m., has the usually made pieces and averaging more
largest pieces covered at their junction with a fresh hide, which, contracting as it dries and assisted by rope, withstands easily the great strain to which the is boat was yard exposed under the tension of the sail. The yard of my own fully 35.0 m. in length. This yard was on one occasion broken in half by the
two
strain, but at the junction of the two heaviest pieces of the timber, one broken, and which junction fortified as usual by hide, no was of which was
wind
appeared. It will be observed that the hull of the ancient boat is assisted to maintain its shape by eleven thwarts or cross-pieces, which are the carried through thickness of the skin of the hull and firmly fixed in position. They are visible
damage
support the deck planks. of the way in which the thwarts were made use of in be observed in the sculptures at the temple of Hatshepsut at
we see a
considerable number of large rowing boats, which being made use of to tow the barge which carries two obelisks. The ends of are the thwarts are seen see we the great barge piercing the hull. On PI. CLIV itself The thwarts are in three ranges, one above the other, carrying the obelisks.
in the inner important proof that they formed most members large hull. construction of this In the case of the boats in the Cairo Museum, planks are laid, their ends forming deck. on the thwarts and thus a movable resting
which
is
This is a very usual method of forming a deck to-day. on the plan. Fig. 3, are indicated the places occupied by two posts to which Steering paddles the steering paddles were not rudders, attached. as we CLIV Deir Pis. CLIII them are on understand clearly shown el-Bahari and hX AA
"
"
above referred to. The steering paddles were attached by the upper end of the vertical poles (see PI. CLIV). In the Museum boat there is no indication that they
a
ropes
or
thongs to
were
provided
bottom
must plank such of the boat. It is to be regretted that another illustration of boat building, in addition to that already referred to, is not known Of boats already built and in use to us.
we
mast.
Had
there been
we
find sockets
on
the centre
with at the
have
many
not
short and
We must take refuge with Herodotus, who gives a examples. in the book illuminating built boats description how were very of
Euterpe.
Of the passage in this book relating to boat building, various readings have been produced, none of them very helpful. Let us refer to that by Sir Gardner Wilkinson, The Manners new the Ancient Egyptians, edition and Customs
of
"
The
Temple of
Deir
elBahari,
by
Ed.
Naville.
Part
VI,
Pis. CLIII
and
CLIV.
Egypt
Exploration
Fund,
1908.
44 by Saml. Birch.
Nile Boats
and
Other
"
Matters.
Vol. II, p. 207. The Egyptian boats of burthen lotus to are a the thorn of Cyrene, from which a tear wood very similar made of Of this tree they cut planks measuring about two cubits, exudes called gum. like bricks they build the boat in the following manner. having them arranged and They fasten the planks round firm long pegs and after this stretch over the
Murray.
surface a seriesof girths, but without any ribs,and the whole within is bound by bands of papyrus. A single rudder is then put through the keel, etc., etc." Wilkinson then gives a small woodcut (to which I refer the reader) which Museum boat above described, nor with does not at all agree with the certainly
On p. 209 he gives a drawing of a boat naggr is built now. is constructed with thwarts as in the Museum specimens. so beautifully sculptured in the reliefs at Deir el-Bahri,above referred to, suggest a method of construction such as that evolved from Herodotus by Wilkinson.
the way in which the hull of which None of the boats
a
pretend to penetrate the mysteries of Greek texts, I have of Oxford. referred the question to my kind friend, Dr. Griffith, He refers to a commentary Herodotus by How on and Wells, Oxford, 1912, Vol. I, p. 214. These commentators translate the passage in question as follows :
As
I do
not
to speak, the string on in driven vertically to the layers." strung, they were which the short pieces were The words are not to be taken in the sense of tied string strung and but find the word frequently used to-day. together, attached," justas we The bolts at frequent intervals were driven in vertically,as we see in the
were,
so
"
"
"
The
intervals
"
"
Museum
If
"
boats.
"
"
layers assume that the word may should be taken to mean horizontally laid planks," we find ourselves to be very near to some parts of the boats, and also near to the method construction of the Museum shown at Beni
we
Hasan.
Furthermore,
we
are
very
near
to
the
method
of construction
as
practised to-day, as we shall presently see. How Carey's translation is as vague as that of Wilkinson. any boat can be bound within by bands of papyrus," it is hard to say, but if the translator has
"
bound word and has translated as which should really be caulked," he then describes that which is done have been done or the boat would not float. and must always
put
wrong
value
on
the Greek
"
"
"
word to-day
The Fig.
"
example
most
"
of
2)shows
building before referred to from Beni Hasan (see formed the of short pieces of wood and the clearly planking one so distributed that, like bricks in a wall, no joint joints
boat
below. In this the description given by above the joint is Herodotus completely supported. Seeing how fast many are handicrafts making use of traditional methods in it interest how I dying out Egypt, to describe saw a naggr built in may be of
in use The way differsnot materially from the methods the year of grace 191 r. in the Xllth dynasty. I had the good fortune to see the business carried through following for Sweet brotherly love does not always the reason. eyes under my
flourishbetween
The two are the inhabitants of neighbouring villagesin Egypt. very ready to fly at one another's throats. If harm cannot be done on a large scale it can be done on a small.
are as thoroughly and lofty principles inculcated by Mahomed is difference Christianity There home. the the neglected at precepts of that the Egyptian is but emerging from the infamous misrule of the Turk ; he
The
noble
as
are
Nile
Boats
and
Other Matters.
45
places but littleconfidence in the administration of the law ; he prefers to administer hand. He begins with his tongue, his hands quickly the law with his own With us, happily, the law has a much greater follow, and violences are enacted. We are forced to behave better. power than in Egypt. In consequence of the above state of things and fearing that the wood, tools, etc., etc., might be stolen by way of revenge (no doubt the other side would call
it it was justice), suggested that below my house which, being just
the naggr
at
a
villages and having about it an aroma both the materials and the operations. halo of safety over I thus was introduced to some or less local,connected more customs, carrying through the business which are not without their interest.
should be built on the river bank considerable distance from the contending there would be cast a of the Government,
with
When
necessary
that
a
boat of this type shall be built, it is first carpenters craftsman who is classed amongst
a
and confines himself chiefly to boat building. The carpenter, being instructed in length the boat is to be, agrees on a price. The how many dira (yards) dira balady dira is 58 centimetres in length or country 23 inches. The carpenter is paid at per dira of running length. Nothing is said about
" " =
"
"
The carpenter carries in his head certain of the boat or its draught. proportions of beam and draught in relation to length : a traditional system. Judgingby the clumsy tubs these boats always are, whether we meet with Dongola, Asw^n Assist, we in believing or them are at Omdurman, justified the beam that the lines
two
masts
on
as
which clumsy
they
are
built
is
in its proportions
to describe,-taking
altogether traditional. A boat to take I am as a boat the building of which The proportions differmaterially from those
are
The draft and beam are, in pronaggr is built entirely for capacity. portion far length, boats. Of the greater than are those of the Museum drawings or ancient boats there are countless models from tombs and as many is In a considerable there shown sculptures upon the walls of tombs. all cases bow both The difficulty hull, the the the the at stem, water. out of part of and The
to
have been great (we have all of moving such a boat against a head wind must doubtless experienced the difficultyin a chandise, gondola).The boats to convey merwe see so of which examples carefully depicted in the Temple of Deir
el-Bahri,
are
built
on
the
same
lines.
The
naggr
of these days
differs considerably
I would In any case the existing form is evidently of very long standing. like to ask whether we are really justified in supposing that the models of boats in the Museums I do not believe that they are more than are at all correct. sketches.
or
The
same
remark
unquestionably
may
be made
as
They are symbols. sculptures. know the on All students of Egyptology the beautiful sculptured scenes The of workmanship at Deir el-Bahri before referred to. walls of the Temple the sculptor is so fine, so exact, and many details are set forth with such manifest
accuracy that the impression at firstreceived certainly is that here, at least, we drawings: everything must be drawn to scale as in the stand before measured drawings of an architect.
But the more the sculptures are studied, the more manifest it becomes that it is the method of dehneation that produces the effect ; these beautiful works are, to the same in fact, not to scale. Dr. Elgar told me he had come conclusion as
4"S
Otlur Matters.
stated above and more especiallyis this the case with the dehneation of the great barge bearing the obelisks, and he gave his reasons to me, which were, quite but too here long to too are technical. state conclusive, and To return to building what I will call our There are sundry naggr."
"
which cluster round the proceeding. The carpenters go forth up and down the river to buy the wood. This is, in form trees, the are in of standing very usually, carefully examined which regard to the possibilityof cutting them into useful and handy pieces.
customs
bear in mind that none bent ; all the of the wood is artificially curved pieces, such for example as the planks forming the bow, must needs be cut to shape by the skilfulcarpenter with an adze, and wonderful it is to observe With the saw the certainty with which he wields this instrument. also certain
We
must
is obtained. The wood, trees or planks, are purchased by the slight curvature All brought belongs to the carpenter. surplus wood employer. upon the ground The carpenter is, further, entitled to be fed by the employer during the
progress of the works, and that not with ordinary everyday durra bread and such like,but pigeons, chicken and other luxuries must be provided. The neighbours of the employer are also placed under contribution ; they are supposed to consider that the building of a boat is a matter of interest and use
common
to all, so
they frequently
as
a great amount visit the work, consume of presents to the employer, but for the use of the
the case under consideration a as complete receive outfit two) of clothes, such people of their When the boat is ready to be launched, the carpenters degree usually wear. being freely administered to the receive a second suit. Coffee is, of course, during the time carpenters and visitors whole of construction.
carpenter, eatables of various sorts. Custom further dictates that the carpenters there
were
in (for
The employer, in addition to the wood, has to find all necessary nails and bring them to the site. The wood made use of is that of the acacia Nilotica, known on the Nile as sunt," a slow-growing tree hard and close in grain. The tree can grow to a it but A in a diameter stem seldom gets chance. of a metre considerable size,
"
is thought very large. After purchase the whole tree stem, large branches and small, is brought to the river side after being in part, cut up to facilitate transport. Having arrived, the pieces of wood are scientificallysorted, all the
timber to be used for the naggr being laid on the slope of the river bank, just within the water, so as to be kept always damp. The carpenter brings his own hammers, saws, adzes and big augers, also a pair of gibbet-like affairs which are used with much craft to prop the timber for sawing. A spot having been selected close to the river side (it be undermust stood
that the work is usually undertaken during the going down of the Nile : if the Nile is rising the spot selected is high on the bank, so near as to facilitate level, the naggr a sufficientpiece of land is made the floatingof the finished boat) built hut of durra straw being parallel with the stream. Justnorth of it a little is made to form a shelter from the prevailing north-west wind. In this the interested live keeping is finished, thus the parties until the work watch over materials and the progress of affairs. Let us say that the naggr, when finished, will be 24 ft. long over all. A straight line is laid down on the levelled surface of the selected site,by
the aid of
on
either
Nile Boats
and
Other Matters.
47
is fixed in the ground. In the side of it, alternately, a small stump of a branch is is before-named to on being keel, the the rest stumps, which prepared.^ meantime From small tree stems of a suitable size the longest available pieces are got : let us say three. These are, with the adze, worked smooth along the top. The two sides are drtesed vertically but not very true : the under part is left rough
and
shapeless.
The
three pieces
are
halved
from and mighty spiked nails procured is on keel thus formed the stumps and is fixed to them by long nails. placed It will be observed that in establishing a keel we have departed from the boats and it may be presumed, of the ancients, for neither method of the Museum in models nor wall drawings do we see anything that suggests a keel. As soon,
together, drilled with the auger Cairo are driven in and clinched. The
however,
as
paddle, a with this change the keel also was hardly have been made firm at the bottom.
The
it was
hinged rudder and not of the steering be presumed a that necessity. It must introduced, as without that the stern post could of
a
prepares the stern post. It consists of a straight piece carpenter now of the adze, and halved at the bottom worked square in section, by means end to the keel. A spike nail or two is driven in, a fixing which seems very inadequate it not that by the method of building the hull and indeed would be so were
8). every part of the structure assists in supporting every other part (Fig. imposing The bow of the naggr is a more Having affair than the stem. from knees lying bank, three on some the the curved pieces are wood selected
by the adze : they form when set together a somewhat halved and nailed together in the way already are described for the keel and the stem post, are quite neatly fitted, being finally and then shaped imperfect quadrant.
cut
They
piece projects it thus. I could not ascertain that the carpenter knew It why he made him but long imagine a one can tradition, that seemed with matter entirely of When was the keel strikes since the advantage of such a projection observed. island, a or a the upon would make groove in the yielding sand mud projection surface, through which the keel would more easily follow. Before procured, fixed, a piece of string is permanently also a piece of red ochre, which the sandstone hills in Upper Egypt The ochre, in water, provides a red liberally. It is called moghra." the stem post
or are
"
with the adze after they are fixed in position from the curved pieces for the bow start upward below the keel some four inches or downward
(Fig. 7).
the keel, the bottom
more.
bow
provide
so
The string is held sediment : this is the pigment in which the string is soaked. The along the middle of the upper surface of the keel and then plucked. is in deposited line. In lines a same thus the way straight ochre straight
times, as hundreds of tomb made, both vertical and horizontal, in remote interiors still show. By eye the stern post and rib for the bow are set up, a string is stretched from the top of the one to the top of the other, and by means of a plumb bob made of a heavy nail and a piece of string, the centre line or axis of the hull is established.
were
It is not a littlefascinating to watch these effective but primitive methods in the presence of the iron nail, there is Excepting being put into operation. not one of these methods that by a study of the ancient drawings and buildings to have been in use four or five thousand years ago. we see cannot
'
In Fig.
2,
from
Beni Hasan,
we
see
so
as
48 The which
screw
Other
Matters.
Egyptian knew
how
to execute
work, when
our
he
as,
in its perfection has never been exceeded, in some Great Pyramid. Except of masonry of the
called upon to do it, for example, the external finestmetal work of to-day,
was
gauges and
materials, what stubborn precision and of the mouth and cheeks of a statue did he not attain ! We are still modeUing he reached this perfection. at a loss to know with what means In other pieces of work where such accuracy was not required, he worked far more in a manner rough and undoubtedly the handiwork was, for the most part, guided by the eye alone. The naggr we are now engaged upon tests what the carpenter has done When one
comes
we
never
approach
it. What
absolute fineness of
by
and observes the tools and methods made how so considerable a degree of correctness hand, a naggr of but a few years old wears Worked,
as
use
the last category. under twentieth century standard of, one is not a little astonished
a
all the surfaces have been, by the adze, the surfaces being or varnish, they acquire a silvery hue and distinctive without or plane never texture that wood from the saw gets. The rudder, although not ment belonging to the old order of things, is so rough in its make as to suggest a frag-
for wear. door, whilst the sails are usually the worse keel them connecting standing complete, a little post and flagbearing the name of Allah is set up at the highest point of the bow and remains there during further building operations. A reciter of the Koran, for a consideration, also attends occasionally : it is of an old bam The bow, stem
success
comes already mentioned as brought by the carpenter now A trunk of tree, after the adze has reduced it to a section more or into work. or less parallel. This is less square, is marked with slightly curved lines, more the done by means (red string charged with moghra which is held of ochre) in by one of the carpenters short lengths of perhaps 9 ins., and then plucked.
" "
freely be
made.
direction of the string is slightly changed after each plucking until, at last, a long line somewhat curved is clearly marked. Two fairlystout branches, to the erection of the sawing frame. We now come from have been the stock of wood, set vertically, their ends buried deep selected The in the alluvium of the river bank ; a cross piece joins them at the top, they are is tiltedup against the cross firmly roped together. The piece of a tree to be sawn piece. The "gibbets" above referred to are placed under the other end of the
on.
The diagram
are
and is rested on the cross piece of One it appears, keeps steady. ricketty as whole affair, man the other stands below. A handy stands on the trunk or log to be sawn, is but The the established without pit. contrivance can be set up almost saw-pit
cross
Fig. IX shows how the gibbets are used. together tightly. The trunk or log to be sawn
The
below observes the curvature of the red ochre lines which along these lines,three or four stout planks above him ; directing the saw produced to the shape intended. In the and
as case as
are are
long
about 4 ins.
10
cm.
thick
Nile Boats
and
Other Matters.
were
49
were
Sundry
bottom
The
some
metres
long,
obtained which
planks are not nailed down on to the keel, but fitted against the sides have said above, were we got to shape not by sawing but by the adze. which, is The keel finished, but littlebelow the skin of the hull. when all projects, be supposed that by the somewhat It may rough method of work above described, the sides of the keel are not very true. is got over The difficulty in as it was done by the masons. The piece of material the old Egjrptian manner,
as
of the keel is cut away. The way in which the of the planks to the keel is made is as adjustment follows. The sides of the keel are painted with a hquid mixture of Nile mud. is held in position against the Before this is quite dry, the plank to be adjusted mud paint. Where that paint comes off on the side of the plank, the discoloured
None
surfaces are dressed away, very deftly, with the adze ; the process is repeated until the two fit very closely. The same process is repeated for all the joints throughout the hull. ready way in which the demands skilful hand is delightful to watch.
The
of the eye
are
responded
to by the
The plank, ready for fixing,being held in its allotted position, the carpenter himself with a small paint brush made from a piece of fibrous stick chewed arms the at end.i He dips this in the red ochre and marks the places for the nails Fig. X, A.) (see
and a small circle indicate that the nails are to be driven or below at B, which when the hull is complete will be A the inside, B the outside (Fig. being The on the ground, set up edgeways plank lo). have for bored In this respect we the holes the nails are with A. large auger. straight mark in from above at A, A
come
The
far from the pegs. the ancient dovetails but are not removed is This by the adze. of the planks necessary curvature gained entirely in most statement applies to those of less than two metres in length, which were away
cases sawn
as
from
before described.
The nails are of wrought iron, not very hard, tapering in form and with large mushroom heads : the nail must not be so stout that it cannot at the small as all nails are ease, with some chnched. end be bent over is prepared as at A, Fig. XI, giving greater facility In some a recess cases
to drive the nail diagonally
board B.
the top planks of the hull, pieces in the nature of thwarts half the area set across Quite side to side and carrying a boarded deck. Across of the hull is thus covered in and the rigiditymuch strengthened thereby. There
are, near
from
the hull, just about the middle of its length,is fixed a stout beam, usually made from the stem of a tree, smoothed with the adze, but following all the inequalities The thwarts above named are passed through the skin of the hull of its shape. and are visible on the outside. The stout beam or tree stem is for making steady
to
strap
or
The
of the naggr is
now
complete.
The
next
duty is to
of the
Levant, by
the Hon.
Robert
Curzon.
Murray,
D
1850,
p. 96.
50
Nile Boats
and
Other Matters.
to boats being caulked from the outside, but in the accustomed find the same case of the naggr we method employed as mentioned by Herodotus, byblus the caulking is done from within ; but instead of old clothes are in hull To is do it, this S5retem. as we a great merit caulk a preferred. There the boat must be on land and attacked from the outside, but in the case of the naggr the traveller remedies the leak as he travels along, which indeed I have
We
are
"
"
assisted in doing. or camesa," by The proprietor sacrificesa strip of his or gallabea is clothes. This vigorously pushed into the preference, a piece of the traveller's becomes boat that the the remarkably water-tight. This crevice, with result
"
"
"
method of ca\ilking adds to the ancient and ragged appearance of the hull. Little bits of rag are seen flutteringon the outside. In these da}^ the carpenter occasionally fortifies the hull by a few ribs, but these are in no way parts of a system attached to the keel, but are fixed to
httle extra
strength where
"
The sail is always latine. to be set afloat, but this is not a great piece of business The naggr has now in inequaUties the surface of the sloping bank left by the retiring waters any
The boat, its long axis parallel with the stream, is eased down. smoothed down firstat the bow, then at the stem, and so it wriggles its way until at last it is afloat : imperfections in the caulking are made good ; the mast and cordage are set up, the sail is attached, and the new naggr at once takes its place amongst
are
plays a not very prominent part ; pegs and dovetails have given place long since, the most important cutting to iron nails. The adze is now as it was has by Steering a tool. paddle given place to steering by a rudder. and shaping The progress of this type of boat, primitive as it is, depends stillalmost
The
saw
the sail,punting with a midra was, universal. The oar, when it is used, is flat at one end. little entirely
on
"
"
or no
the sea paddle, like the crocodile, has entirely disappeared between Kareima, however, Gebel to Cataract. At Barkal, Second below the just close and being in I have had Cataract, Fourth the pleasure of the the ancient propelled it in the models and on the wall sculptures. The side of the manner see as we traveUing rose to exactly one metre naggr in which I was above the waterThe Through
was
some
loop of rope, twisted round a thwart and outside the naggr, projecting the the passed shank of paddle. The loop acted as a rowlock. The paddle consisted of a fairly stout stick two fixed the blade (Fig. one long, XII). The metres and at end was
a
The paddle was blade was tied to the shank. used nearly vertical. Observing how the Kareima people used it,one understood the ancient models in the Museums with the extreme verticaUty of the paddles as there to be observed. When in a swift stream additional strength was men required, two or more
pulled at a rope attached to the paddle shank immediately above the blade, the and thus, drawing the paddle towards them they very much augmented force of the man held the paddle. who
Nile Boats
and
Other Matters.
Across
from
51
Asia Minor
on
I ask permission to insert the following from I take the paragraph by W. J. Childs, Blackwood.
Foot
March
the
Spectator of
3rd, 1917.
right place,
"
It
we
seems
to
see
me an
may
"
of peculiar interest as it shows that, if we go to the ancient type of boat on the sea at the present day,
one
the coast of the breast, put Her hull from the shore. stem above the and was curved into a off projected form resembling roughly the head and neck of a bird preparing to strike. Upon the mast, hanging from a horizontal yard, was set a single broad square-sail,
summer
square rigged A sight of this kind I watched Black Sea, when a long boat, whose
"
bow
was
on
swan's
foot could be seen five or six the black heads of rowers, bare-legged in the high a them men on steersman placed above either side, and Mr. Childs sees in this, with great reason, the direct continuance stem." of Greek tradition. May we not go further back and see the picture of this very Egyptian an tomb of far greater antiquity ? ship in many and under
the arching
There is yet one more machine for floating on the Nile which, exceedingly in It is called "ramus." It is very general use. primitive as it is, is still more than a raft which is merely a float ; it is shaped to a certain extent and can be propelled, indeed it usually is so, by an imperfect paddle.
the straw will take at least two people. It is made of boose length The half, two, two boose or metres. and a of of durra, which grows to a is tightly tied into long bundles, circular in section, diminishing towards one end, Three or more the bow of the machine. sticks, A, B, C, Fig. XIII, are tied The
ramus
"
across,
so
m.
as
0.90 about
in length.
m.
I have
It is not
The largest of these sticks are 0. 80 or all measured the length of several of these ramus, from bow The the the water at end. curved upwards
whole very rigid by being roped together, as shown in the sketch. A view of the fishermen working from these floats is given in the Journal of EgyptianArchaeology, IV, 255. thing is made passenger propels himself with a paddle made of a short piece of stick The thing is primitive but sufiicient. piece of flat board at one end. and The ramus is much in use when cultivable islands appear above the retiring
a
The
waters
of the Nile.
SoMERS Clarke.
in England frame
was
on
not
so
very
different to
the shore of a river or Stocks. A the Egyptian erected method. harbour whereon to build shipping. It generally consists of a number of wooden blocks, ranged parallel to each other and with a gradual decUvity towards Britannica, 1797). Had we the facihty of a rising the water" (Encyclopaedia have been stillmore float to river off our shipping, no doubt the methods would alike." F. P.]
. . .
52
REVIEWS.
VrvES de Ibiza. Antonio Estudio de Arqueologia Cartaginesa. La Necrbpoli EscuDERO. Madrid, 1917. 8vo, 189 pp., 175 figs.,106 pis. (Juntapara
"
pesetas. for the extension of study"; noble work of collecting materials Museum, Iviza though based on the very varied contents of the all kinds of collateral materials from Carthage, and some other sites, are brought in, and The plates, 7^ by 4I ins., are all brieflyillustratedby sketches for comparison. tunately photographic, fine-grained half-tone or collotype, bright and clear. Unfor-
Ampliaci6n
de Estudios, Moreto
i,
Madrid.) 20
This is a
"
the industry of the author has had indefinite material to work upon. data ; The Iviza Museum appears to be a chance collection without any scientific a is in a single not single tomb-group, or association of objects evidence, not It is of the dating is known beyond what may be guessed from appearance.
curiosity stage, hke the Naples Museum, where no locaUties or groupings are stated. What might be done in a single season's work by an archaeologist who knew the dating in Greece and Egypt, would be worth all that is yet known and collected. which The
a
we
"
"
here do
In the absence of any dating, it is only possible to note comparisons, on the Eg37ptian side.
dated material is in the curious pottery made This finished above. off with head and arms and XXI) ; also style of figure is known from a tomb of the Xlth dynasty {Dendereh, Museum figures hands to breast from Cyprus the 5501(Cyprus with similar Seeing how Httle is found in Iviza before the 5542, Sandwith Collection).
on
with
Carthaginian period, it is very unUkely that such figuresare of the Xlth dynasty They seem to belong to some age in Spain ; nor are they indigenous in Egypt. in the Xlth Cj^rus into as Egypt brought were they centre such whence
" "
dynasty, and into Iviza perhaps a couple of thousand years later. Probably a similar connection accounts for the resemblance of the bird vase XII) of about the XVIIth d3masty, and the similar bird vase from {Qurneh, Gades
XLVII, {Estudio,
an
4).
echo of the early prehistoric Egyptian style in the bone XXX, 7-9, i);when spoons with circular bowls, and the long hair pin {Est., Algerian is considered, the close relation of the pottery of that age to the modem
There is perhaps
style of ivory work lasting on in North Africa, and passing thence to Spain, long after it ceased in Egypt. Another similarity is in the multiple vases with Hathor head and cow's head,
no
there is
improbabiUty
in
found at Carthage {Est., head and and the group of vases p. 130), with the cow's disc, from the deposit of Tehutmes XIV, 7). The Carthaginian III {Koptos, is also evidently related to the multiple vases ring as found in Egypt a on
XVI, 4) about the XVIIIth dynasty, and known in Asia Minor later. This tjrpe is foreign to Eg3^t, and may have been brought in there rather
(AbydosIII,
Reviews.
53
at
borrowed
in Africa.
equal dates.
fe^
DENDEREH
IV
I 2
CYPRUS
Q.U
IV
I Z. A
of Carthage.
are
is different when we dynasty, the early period reach the XXIIIrd known in Egypt Jarsof this period are well (theparallels here the nearest pubUshed, but others are as found in and are the same closer),
case common
The
in Carthage
XLIII, {Est.,
21-23, P-
with variegated bands of colour found in Iviza later period of such glass, well known from the cemetery of Cumae, and The glass beads, coarsely made assigned to the ninth century B.C. XXXIV, are common colour {Est., about the eighth century B.C. 1-7) Cylindrical beads of coloured glass covered with knobs {Est., XXXV)
the
same
factories and period. A cowry of glazed pottery from Carthage {Est., Fig. 84)has the cartouche of Shabaka of the XXVth Thus before the dynasty. famiUar Greek age of the XXVIth dynasty, there are plenty of connections with to be of the ninth to the seventh centuries B.C. ; but there the remains known is no direct connection before that, only joint borrowings from uncertain third
centres
clearly to be that it was the Carthaginians of trade. The conclusion seems not until the Phoenicians had who brought Egyptian things westward, and it was that regularly traded from an5^hing was connections estabUshed the western
D
S4
Reviews.
common. In the XXVIth d5masty the Egj^jtian products and influences were Fig. Glazed pilgrim bottles with new year wishes are found at Carthage {Est., 78); XV, XI, i, 4, 5); alabastra circularmirrors {Est., 5); triangular arrowheads [Est. Fig. 50)as found in Sardinia Fig. 62)found at Carthage ; a finger-ring {Est., {Est.,
Fig. 83)and scaraboids with glazed ball with an uzat eye {Est., both from Carthage all of these show the general (Fig.
77),
"
in the seventh century. became familiar, and coarsely copied, in the West. That glazing was actually done at Iviza is probable from the occurrence XXXIV, exactly such as were produced of a lump of littleballs of frit {Est., 27), blue glaze. Perhaps, in Egypt, for the glaze factories to employ in making
however,
this may
it shows been for making blue paste amulets ; anyhow locally. A square amulet of bronze from Carthage of amulets shows a Phoenician adaptation of Isis and Horus, distinguished have
and sun respectively. Coming later, the series of lamps from the cocked-hat tj^e of a flatpan
through all stages as at Naukratis folded over into a spout, through the central
runs
"
"
pivot-hole type, to the closed-in top, and then the addition of a side handle. There seem to be very few of the types with figures, only the two cupids and of the multitude of frog or palm t5:pes which negro's head ; and there are none This seems to show that abound in Egypt in the second to fifth centuries a.d. Iviza decayed after the firstcentury, and ceased to import foreign goods, however There is no trace of the Byzantine types of lamps, so frequent at common. Carthage and in Sicily.
some
Carthage
(XVII, 3-6), glazed dish bone hairpins (XXX, some (Fig. 82),
a
XI, A square metal mirror {Est., 4), lions on the edge, from with littlefigures of cast glass
10-14),
(XXXIV, 20-23), and what may be are (Fig. allof them early Roman 36),
surveyor's mark, like those found in Egypt how flourishing rather than late. Knowing
in late Roman Carthage and Spain were does not times, it is strange that more to be of Byzantine One single earring from Cadiz, seems appear in this volume. Roman The is that purely work had so completely age (Fig. only conclusion 17). driven out local or national style, that nothing remains but entirely Roman
has
rightly discarded
from
"
work
dealing with
indigenous pottery." good plates (XLI-XLIII) are given of the far it This differsfrom what we know of the Italian, Greek or Egyptian. How in be Of ginian CarthaAlgerian Spanish is common or the the may not settled. with forms drawn there is but one The which accords with the Iviza forms. pecuUar products are the large masks of pottery, about 6 to 8 ins. high, mainly from Carthage, but also from Sardinia and Iviza. These have no descent from the Greek Silenus and other types ; they can scarcely be intended as
most
merely
comic
to these.
great characteristic of Spanish work in aU ages has been a fulsome The terracotta figures are examples of this,with headdress spread of ornament. LXXXVII, LXXXV, i ; and tunic covered with rosettes and spirals {Est., LXXXVIII,
so
The
This taste is what renders the mediaeval fatiguing in its details to those bred in plainer styles.
3).
architecture of Spain
Reviews.
55
The scarabs of the terms used here in classificationare hardly exact. Mykenaean by are means no so named early ; those called Egyptian are all Phoenician imitations ; the scarabs of so-called Assyrian style are rather the Persian edition ; and those termed Carthaginian are mostly local variations of Greek design. The figure (XCVII) seems neo-Punic rather to be pure Greek in a local called, Cyrenean. school, probably
Some
KDPTOS(SiMPuriED)
A B y
OS
C ARTHAGE
r\
\J
Q,UR,NEH I
\J
" VIZA
EGYPT
XXII
IVIZA
( Z
The general position then seems littleintercourse of the to be that there was East with the Western Mediterranean tillafter the Trojanwar ; the traditional drift of peoples westward in the reputed Trojancolonies, and the that, after
foundation
in 1050 B.C., began the movement of Cumae which the Phoenicians their trade that spread the taste for copies of Egyptian carried on, and it was Scarcely was work. traded West (thebust of anything make of Egyptian Sekhmet, Est., VIII, 2, is about the only but there was a wide fieldfor the
piece),
Phoenician much
as
sixth centuries. Then liferemained after the Roman conquest there was a great collapse, and what little in Carthaginian regions was completely dominated by Roman works. D 4 and
imitations, in scarabs and glazed ware, Naukratite imitations spread in the seventh
which
flooded
the trade,
S6
The Tomb
Reviews.
By A. C. Mace and H. E. Winlock. 4to. York, 1916. At last we the firstvolume of the results from the Expedition of welcome York, begun ten years before. The New MetropoUtan Museum Art the at of scale and style of the present volume is delightful, but if one tomb claims such
ofSenebtisi at
Lisht.
"
treatment,
years ?
cavators. to work
will the Ufe of the explorers suffice to bring out the results of ten ex to be forgotten by most Respice finemis a motto which seems They
be
seen,
scarcely regard the fact that no one else is likely to find time selves. up and publish their discoveries,if they do not find time to do so themdoes not issue of his own Whatever a man will work probably never left be It been will useless to science, undone. and might as well have
and lost to sight, hke the plunderings by the European consuls a century ago. This volume is a complete account of a burial of the Xllth dynasty, which had been attacked anciently, but was saved owing to the plunderers being been had done. The chapters deal with the interrupted before much mischief
the ceremonial general conditions, the clearing of the tomb, the coffins,the jewellery, large lower The to dating. the the oblong pit, enough stores, pottery, and recess are a coffin, chamber, all of the and about 16 feet deep, and the narrow
The cemetery. usual t3^e, like dozens of such burials in any Middle Kingdom in burial a complete contained, showing what great value of the account is hundreds tombs now former the contents of of similar empty. and explaining Over the coffin,far from the loose rubbish that had fallen forward into This seems to have been a pile of bricks and the chamber, there was stones.
over the attempted attack on placed there by guardians of the tomb, to cover the coffins by the plunderers ; the same careful hands had filledup again the The down hole the shaft. coffinhad been considerably decayed, but plunderer's
carefully preserved by treating it inch by inch with inlaid eyes of alabaster On the outer coffin were shellac with paraffin of the usual rectangular form, with raised block and obsidian. This coffin was began in the third djmasty. Around the edges as top, such ends and rounded the original decoration
or was wax.
were women,
firstname, the
case
down the axis of the lid an inscribed band, naming two Senbtas ; there is no explanation of the occurrence of the for two names the same person, as was often whether these were
for
men.
of the bead girdle, the collar and careful tracing of the arrangement It is to our stock of information. other parts of the outfit, has added much be burial irony damaged more an that the minute record of a much worth should by incompetent diggers. The burials found the than the accounts perfect of The detailed discussion of the coffinsand fittings, with those from other compared important tombs, makes this volume a text-book of the subject. The inner coffin is claimed to be the earliest definitely datable example yet known of the anthropoid coffin. Two questions are involved here. First,
" "
the style of the decoration of bead collar and tresses of hair (frontispiece and from a starting point. The similar form of the PI. XX) seems to be far removed spiral at the end of the tresses and the marking of the breasts, shows that cop5dng
had gone
on long enough to lose the originalidea : the formality and want of attachment is below bead the the evidence of repeated of work collar, again, rectangular Second, how early is this coffin? Unhappily the evidence of date is cop)dng. to be dated with great certainty to the not given : it is only stated (p.114)
"
d3masty,"
and
to be connected
"
with
Reviews,
"
57
in whose tomb buried she was (p.49). Sometimes relatives are buried in a family tomb considerably older ; and here it is agreed (p. 32)that the technique and appearance of the coffin of King Hor is identical with this. Such resemblance takes
us
dynasty,
or as
more
class of pottery. application of white edging and is usually dated as after the Xllth dynasty ; occurring here, it is claimed as beginning early in the Xllth dynasty. The styles in this burial which do not agree with what is usually
The
d5masty,
not
are
yet generally copied. We need very certain proof can we thus formulate a difference of fashion of several generations between the styles used in different classes of society. Such social viscosity has not yet
were
fashions
however periods ; within a generation or two copying or a new takes through cheap style all classes. rough Let us hope that workers will devote their energies to publishing all their if less luxuriously than in the present volume. No one ought to results, even be allowed to turn up more is three years behind in publishing. material who
been
proved
in other
"
"
Etudes
sur
Primitifs,
1919.
I'Inde, I'J^gypte,
i2mo,
Rich.
Kreglinger.
Bruxelles, Lamartin,
370 pp.
6.50 frs.
This work is primarily written from the point of view of the study of recent It gives nearly half its exposition to these, then long sections on Egypt peoples. the other great religions, including and India, and a shorter part on Persia ; Christianity,will be studied in subsequent volumes." If all the work is similarly it be The a text-book. most will carried out, welcome present volume is clearly logical development treatment. arranged, well written, with and sympathetic
"
It aims at reaching the point of view of the primitive thinker, and realising by those who are without our accumulated the aspect of life as seen experience. It is well documented, giving a reference for almost every statement, and quoting important passages in full.
primitive ideas, realism is firstconsidered, concluding think or perceive as we perceive and think ; with the more complex kind of life, experiences are multiplied and individualised,knowledge is widened, all the state of mind and mentality expands." To the savage mind impression constitutes reality, dreams are as real as waking impressions, drawings
on
"
or
statues
same
are
of the
can basic idea of all these, is that man control Under his reach by imitative actions. the head of Materialism are collected the instances of eating powerful men enemies or friends to acquire their abilities. The bones of oxen placed with the dead in ^inorder Egypt are taken as being likewise to provide strength ; but as goats and other likely small animals are also buried, and offerings of bread and drink, it is more The transference of sin that the ox bones are also part of the food provided. The possibility of lands. or disease to an animal is also quoted from many
sun.
is the equivalent of the bodies which they represent, the name effect as the person, and may give control of the person, the word directs it. Magic rites are next described: of or creates the
object
The
"
"
sympathetic influence is fully accepted, and examples of physical contact in teaching and conferring powers.
telepathy and
are
quoted
58
A
Reviews.
or the pervading influence section is that on mana, influence This be transferred, and can and tabu. sacred objects of it is as a fluid or wind which passes from the possessor to
New Hebrides, the recipient. The notion is found in Australia, Borneo, Annam, Madagascar, South Africa, and North America ; it also lies at the root of familiar also in Egypt as the sa, It should be added that this was Brahmanism. imparted by the god laying his hand on the back of the power, which was kneeling ruler. There was a class of sa-priests,who possessed this influence and imparted it. The essential value of it was protection by the gods, literally
or
influence." All kinds of well as the fire, trees and weapons. stones, wind, mountains, may contain mana objects The Dionysiac rites, and the eating of sacred animals, are parts of this system. The next section deals with the rites of contact with the earth, of fertility, and backing,"
as sa was
"
the
"
back
"
"
as
"
the marriage system. tions Totemism is a valuable section, comparing and criticising the various definiThe conclusion is totemism is a belief that, in a society, of the subject. or clans are connected, or identic, with species of animals or certain persons
"
marked vegetables ; and it implies all the rites resulting from such a belief." It is rethat nearly always a whole species,and not a single animal, is the totem. Here Egypt helps us by the names of early animal divinities being all in the bau khnumu rams, plural, anpu jackals, herons. The animal standards of tribes
prehistoric times, later fixed as the standards of the Nomes, seem footing as the animal standards of the Hebrew tribes and of the in Italy and Greece. The eating ceremonially and rarely of the various peoples in order to maintain is a totemism, the bond of unity rite of sacred animal be the it : to the examples annual eating of the with quoted may added that of in Egypt, from
to be
on
the
same
at Thebes, and the eating of the Apis bull at Memphis, of which only Some interesting points cases. fragments of bone were left to be buried, in some of primitive thought are quoted, showing the savage, like the child, disregarding his individuality and thinking and speaking of himself as a part of the species ;
ram
this further may throw light on the aspect that animals bear to each other. The social institutions of the present world find in these fundamental characters cation." of ancestral mentality, their distant explanation, and often their sole justifi"
The second part, on Egypt, deals with the soul, the king, and the gods. for fear Here the author follows the view that the disseverment of the body was in its true it This some impiety. an return, and he calls of act of view, coimtries, in Egypt. The dead were never was a motive with often provided weapons,
unbroken and effective, proving that no dread of their action was felt. Moreover, constitu carefully reafter dissevering the body and cleaning the bones, they were in their original order. To prevent any action they would have been left in confusion. In the early texts it is stated that the body was cleaned
in order to prevent decomposition, and to preserve it. The funeral prayers do be not pray that the head may not be removed from the body, but that it may it, to that the the bones this the returned shows unfleshing of and replaced ; body was not looked on as impious, but as part of a needful ritual of preservation. It is not the fear of division that prompts these prayers, but the fear of not being rightly re-united. The old idea is repeated that the contracted attitude of burial was embryonic ; there is no ground for this, as the attitude is that usual in sleep, and the dead were together as they lay in order to merely wrapped
Reviews.
59
bury them.
usual A
faced
entry
djmastic people brought in full length burial, and that is the the Egyptian times. peasants in modem attitude of sleep among is Gizeh Sphinx was the that given, without reference, curious statement by another on the east bank of the Nile, forming a guardant pair to the This needs to be verified,as it would clear up the of UppAr Egypt. The
meaning of the Sphinx, if correct. The division of the hieroglyphs of animals, at the legs or neck, is supposed to be intended to prevent their injurious This will not account effect on the dead. for the removal to show that of the feet of the harmless birds, which seems
mutilation was to hinder the animals from moving. The earlier type of the ushabtis, as single figures of the deceased, is ignored, and only the later modification as servant figures is stated, though that did not
The idea of giving one for each day of the year dynasty. begin tillthe XlXth case, was a late view in any and only rests on one or two having days named, which may be the day of death or of burial. The ka being the family spirit, of which all descendants partake, is briefly
family spirit should be quoted, as it stated ; but the African beUef in the same is the strongest evidence of such a view. In describing the gods, the local origin and worship of each is well enforced, and their local and tribal origin might be further illustrated by the compounding A worthy summary mixed. of gods together when different tribes were of the The usual wellgreat advance of Akhenaten concludes this part of the work. fixed lines of Egyptian belief are stated, and need not be repeated here, beyond
the matters just named, which require further consideration. The third part, on the Rehgions of India, is a clear and well-arranged historical account of the changes that can be traced. Several long extracts give authoritative of belief. The gods of the Vedas and their origin are fully the system of Brahma, and the philosophical subtleties into Lastly, the revolt of Buddhism, and the new morality and which it developed. it in. brought philosophy which
statements
discussed.
Next
The fourth part treats the kindred development in Persia. of Zoroastrianism The essentialof this is the duality of the conflict of good and evil,which pervades The date of Zoroaster is the deities, the spiritworld, and the actions of men. discussed, concluding that it cannot be later than about 1500 B.C., and that in invasion of before the Hindu the movement the Aryan homeland originated India. it reveals a violent antagonism Though so closely akin to Hinduism, in the opposite characters of the spirits. The Asuras are the good spirits in Persia, evil in India. The Devas are the evil spiritsin Persia, the good in India. in is the great god of primitive Hindus, Andra is the worst of demons Persia. Varuna the god of heaven in India is the demon of luxury in Persia. Vata, whose wind is the breath of lifein India, is the demon of storm, snow, and destruction to Persia. The religion of Zoroaster is one of the grandest doctrines Indra
"
been conceived, and which shines not only by the depth of the principles which the prophet discovered at the base of the world's evolution, but also by the admirable vigor of logic by which he subordinated all the details
which have
ever
eschatology to the first principles." After describing the We find thus in the religion strugglesof good and evil for the possession of man, Zoroaster is a of not met with either in the Egyptian grand conception which and
"
of his morals
The world has a history, in the profound speculations of the Hindus. it obeys the laws of evolution which from its present state lead it to an ideal
beUefs, nor
6o
Reviews.
it. Neither in Egypt stage toward which are tending all the forces that move in India is the world conceived as progressing or developing ; each man nor only future his own happiness or thinks of his own the annihilation survival and
"
"
which he seeks either in Paradise or Nirvana is only a distant future which he For Zoroaster the world obeys a plan, it is in historic waits to realise. battle field a growth, of where a passionate struggle is waged between opposing
.
forces,
one
the eternal and unquestionable opposition of good and evil, with It is on this foundation, solid hope that of the victory of the good. only and simple, that his entire morality rests." This littlebook, by its clear and sympathetic style, is worth more than history the most of the pretentious and of works which encumber
. . .
"
prejudiced
reUgions.
the Garden ofEden to the Crossing ofJordan. Sir William Willcocks 8vo, 4 maps. 93 pp., 1918. 5s. Cairo. When any work appears deaUng with a large number of debatable matters, the first question is whether we must accept it as a final statement, or as material for consideration, or as suggestions to be criticised. What value are we to assign to the statements of the author ? 6, There We are met on the firstpage by a strong statement. On Gen. ii,
From
"
"
went
up
mist from
this Hebrew word occurred in Job xxxvi, 27, For He also maketh small the drops of water, they pour down rain according to the vapours [or free flow irrigation']thereof which the clouds do drop and distil." Now But
told
"
"
The
word
translated
"
what
has irrigation to do in
" "
went up a mist word irrigation. Were all this merely a but it "undoubtedly means" what Now are no even told, mist, not
"
up,
garden alive." are the hills, grown entirely by dew, without crops of sesame more may this be the case in a low and damp situation. On p. 4 we rain ; still to our day the tree of life" ; how the date palm has remained even read that then could the idea arise that the tree of life was not eaten ?
primaeval
one,
will keep
Yet in Palestine
"
on
The letter E which precedes the names of the undoubtedly." is undoubtedly as iheyeh which every Arab uses the same Babylonia) shrines (in house Now or E temple, the yeh is the common as a vocative. means the the the lakes the salted lands near of the vocative Oh ! On p. 54 we read of Another
"
"
"
"
"
Delta
lakes at that time, as the sea broke in at the time of Justinian ; till then there were marshes of the Nile these must reduce us as stream, but no land under sea level. Such statements
in Ramesside
times.
But
there
were
no
to considering each
point
on
its own
merits, without
relying
on
the author's
judgment.
The be summarised. of this discursive work will now four rivers position assigned to the Garden of Eden is traced by identifying the line from be Euphrates flowed is to from it. The Pison the old which said Hiddekel, the Ramadie to Kerbela : the Gihon, the Chebar or Pallacopas ; the Tigris ; and the present Euphrates passing Niffur. The site of Eden, whence The main
matters
these streams
Reviews.
61
garden
could be placed which could be irrigated by free flow irrigation all the But ? how much of this depends on the above views on the mist year. is The rise of the flood waters fifteen cubits taken as showing an unusual Euphrates flood, which swept over the country, and stranded the Ark on a desert
" "
mound told.
Why or where a rise of desert is so named we are not named^Ararat. Arab gebel, meaning Much is said about the modem but not a mountain is but beside it land kind as desert does this the ; only not touch of any point, the meaning of the mountains named in the account of the Flood ; they are har,
a mountain, means while there is an entirely different word midbar for desert. a always used wilderness or Reaching the times of Israel in Egypt we are told of Josephand Potiphar being at Zoan, but there seems no proof of this. The Auaris or Ha-uar camp of in the Fayum the Hyksos is identified with Hawara this, and ; but
which always
probably
from the Howara A strong are tribe of Arabs. named other Hawaras, point is urged that the control of the Delta and Nile irrigation depended on holding the entry to the Fajmm, into which the Nile could be turned, and so cut many
from the country to the north of it. But the possibility of this view, the setting aside the ancient acceptance of Ha-uar in the Delta, depends on In Egyptian Ha-uar immediately that campaign they account. after taking besieged Sherohan, Sharuhen in the south of Palestine, and fought the Menti of
off water
Satet, or Bedawin
and not far away The plagues of Egypt are compared in detail with of the country, as Osborn did sixty years ago. The course traced in a northerly route on the Palestine road, and Mount
that Ha-uar
was
near
Palestine
Kadesh
Bamea.
We
"
read
Elim
is undoubtedly
Katia,"
in the view of a of the main difficulties Paran, Wilderness as the modern of mention of the which is obviously the same Bamea, Feiran in Sinai, and carmot be the same as with word which the author its be This by name identified one seems can connection. site which suggests
to make
decisive. One
that
Sinai
more
and
untrue.
The sites on any other route. objection more by Egyptian strictly garrisoned garrisoned soldiers hostile to the wandering tribes of Asia than the Delta itself,"is entirely There never was a garrison in Sinai, only armed expeditions occasionally
was
. .
Further, whatever Egyptians went there were only visited the land for mining. a small handful of labourers and a few soldiers, and they only occupied the actual for the northern mines, and never controlled the desert. The only valid reason terranean. to pass far south of the Mediroute is the flight of quails, which are said never But Paran.
that is not
enough
to gainsay
name
of
irrigation and water control often appears here in different conideas, and such it is disappointing that a writer with so many but ; flections experience of the East, should not have seriously taken stock of the facts ; thus involved. he has missed making a valuable aid to understanding the many
Of
course
subjects
62
PERIODICALS.
Journalof the
Mercer, Dr. S. A. B.
"
Society
of Oriental
Research.
Sumerian
Morals.
careful study of the practical morals, as First the family lifeis considered. Marriage
distinct from
This accords of showing that it had any specificreligiouscharacter." dealt Egyptian the as contract with with property usage, where affected by a legal The had no status. other union, which apparently penalty for divorce
means
is no
it could be performed at any time but Polyandry was being possible unusual. extinguished at the time of Urukagina, before 3000 B.C. on the shortest reckoning. had an important position, the kings having the queens' At that period women names often with theirs in decrees. This looks as if an earlier matriarchal system
was
fixed, as in Egypt,
by the husband.
Polygamy
still respected. In the matter of repudiation of a parent or a son, no notice is taken of the that these included cases Civilisation) observation of Miss Simcox (Primitive of adoption, and the separation of a child from his natural family by legal process
.
was
as
caused the rulers acted in war and compacts made by the gods, under whom high according to our peace. The ideal character attributed to the gods was ideas, much higher than that of the Greeks. So far as this reflects the ideals of
" know. the people, it puts the Sumerian above most races that we Their gods were holy, righteous, just, truthful, pure, good, perfect, compassionate, merciful,
injuryto
detailed, and fully punished acts of between Treaties others. peoples were
to the need of change and repentance, just were subject " In the summing in spite of the presence of much materialism up, in their social life, their and of much regard for ceremonial in their religiouslife, ideals high." were moral singularly
"
mighty
men
; but they
"
as
are."
A similarly exhaustive statement of all the passages of texts referring to Early Babylonian Morals (Vol.II, 2) seems to show very littledifference from the earlierSumerian ideas. The older population had set the standard adapted to the climate and the conditions of lifein the country, and little difference
some
great
new
ideals arose.
S. A. B.
"
Egyptian Morals.
(Vol. II,
; Vol. Ill,
i.)
In by
these articlesthe general character of the Egyptians is discussed, as shown to the ideal as to the relationof the practical life their ideals of life; the difficulty
is hardly touched. If the idealsof a people are pitched much above the average is too there much hypocrisy ; but if there is no suggestion of hypocrisy, practice, or a double standard, this points to a fair correspondance between the ideal that we may fairly give the and the practice. From this consideration it seems There credit for most of the virtues that he claims or commands. is another line of evidence, not touched in these articles, the physiognomy of the kings, is known to times the the thanks early nobles and which great art of Egyptian
"
"
Periodicals.
to
63
In these faces of the familiarly as the portraits of modern statesmen. is best leaders of Egypt we see unmistakably and noblest in their ideals all that the dignity, foresight, patience, and vigour, with usually kindliness, of action
us as
"
We feel it would be an inspiration to worthy lifeto be and sometimes humour. led by such men; can we credit them with allthe virtues that they claim. The different standards of action are duUy realised by Dr. Mercer as limiting
He must be commended or the quality of the individual. not on condemned the basis of our code of morals, but on the basis of the morals of his own nation Yet it is said of the standard itself that we must judge of it as better and times."
or worse
"
than
our
own.
Here
there should be
more
reserve,
conditions,
climate
and
necessities of
circumstances. proportion different builds of character are now needed in New York or an English village, is a virtue in one What in Russia or in Spain, at the present time. country in be The a vice of character morality of the ancient Egyptian might another. is so closely fittedto the nature of the country, that it seems impossible to improve it for the present day ; all the faults of the people are so exactly reproved and countered in the admonitions, all the needs of character are so strongly stated in the claims to excellence, that any judgmentof the moral standard by that of upon ourselves is inapplicable. After classifying the various evidences of family qualities,social qualities, international and religiousqualities, the general idealsare dealt with, the standards of good and evil, of free will and of right. The early Egyptian is concluded to been " devoted to goodness, truth and justice have Considering the limitations of his time, he cannot be too highly praised." is on the same The second article,on the morality of the Middle Kingdom, lines. The main development since the early times is in the individuality, the feeling of personal right. The decay of society at the close of the Old Kingdom,
relative Entirely
left a strong sense of of the course of the hollowness, insecurity and injustice life. The strong rulers who insisted on a high standard had disappeared, and those who sought justice which stood alone. Falsehood, and the insecurity of life to The evils of lifehad driven men it produces, were the great evil of the time. look for future compensation, and the ideas of different kinds of future existence grew and spread. to take its place as
Dr. Mercer's
The
a more
Kingdom
began of Osiris, with the personal judgment, haunting of the graveyard. reasonable prospect than the
a
which will be especially useful to those It might be an advantage to lands. who make comparative studies with other to extend the bring in the sidelightsgiven by art and by ideals of the future life,
articles give
summary
view of character.
Report upon Archaeological Research in the College of Literature, Kyoto this does not concern Imperial University. Vol. II. March, 1918. Though
the rise of archaeological work in Japan. There are of 24 76 pages of Japanesetext, 24 plates, and then mercifully a summary Plans in thorough. English. The seems the and pages excavations style of fiintimplements are photographed, sections are given, the varieties of pottery and This detail in the the are photographed. skulls and and measured skeletons we is laying an excellent foundation for comparative congratulate studies, and has He director Prof. Hamada, is the the entirely also published of work. who
Egypt, yet
we
must
welcome
"
in
Japanese
"
photographs,
250 pages
in all.
64
NOTES
AND
NEWS.
troubles which have befallen Eg3T)t and the rest of the world have much of excavations undertaken here, though the conditions of reduced the number Prices of labour and of food are high, lifein Egypt are better than elsewhere. The
Gold and silverhave vanished, as in England. not risen quite as much is All to feel how the depreciated currency. classes of natives seem paper and in the outburst of a year ago, organised by Germany, and they misled they were do their best to regain their character for reason and politeness. The familiar
but have
station of Bedrasheyn to Saqqareh. The American
is
heap
of brickbats, and
there
are
no
tourists going
Qurneh,and
Mr.
work continues with Dr. Reisner in Nubia, Mr. Winlock at Fisher at Memphis. is represented by Mr. Carter, England
for Lord
Carnarvon
and Gurob. Museum. British for the pap5n-i The work of the British School has been carried on by Prof, and Mrs. Petrie, Captain Engelbach, Captain and Mrs. Brunton, Mr. Miller, Mr. Jefferies and
on
of the Kings, and by the British Dr. Grenfell has been out on a mission to acquire
at
the Tombs
duty of fully working out and recording ; and in clearing and planning the cemetery excavators found the Xllth dynasty tombs were exhausted, there was Miss Hughes. 1st to Ilird dynasties. A hundred
The
a cemetery of the the this stages of graves of period show development, from the prehistoric open pit grave, the pit divided for offerings, the shallow shaft and chambers, the stairway tomb with stone door slab, to the
which
Many stone vases continued through all later times. found which will jdeld precise dating. One great tomb had been broken up ; but the fragments of inscription
left were
for Anpy, noble and chancellor, over all royal works throughout the Strange to say, he was a devotee land, the store of produce. whole and over of Sneferu, though living under Senusert II. At Gurob the sebakhin have removed so much earth that graves are now found ranging from the XVIIIth dynasty back to the prehistoric, with many have rewarded the work at both scarabs. A few large and important
objects
sites. Captain
is going to take up his duties as Inspector of Upper Captain Mackay Egypt. is in the army at Jerusalem, awaiting the development Service Antiquities, to fire, the hang seems though destruction is of of which in the Hauran. The weather at Jerusalem has been as wild as elserampant where,
Engelbach
with two
feet of
snow
and
great icicles.
G'
I : 1.
GOLD
URAEUS JAR
OF
OF
SEMUSERT ALABASTER.
II.
LAHUN.
1 :4.
MAGIC
LAHUN.
ANCIENT
THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF
EGYPT.
ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT,
1920.
five years of absence from Egypt, the conditions seemed to be suitable last winter. No difficulties to resuming the work at Lahun occurred, thanks has been kind enough to honour us by to the goodwill of Lord Allenby, who becoming the Patron of the School. The official world, both British and native,
After
The party comprised stay in the desert at Lahun. later Mrs. by Engelbach, (who was joined and went on
our
Mr. Eustace Miller, Miss Hughes, Mr. and Mrs. Brunton, It seemed impossible to realise all that Petrie and myself. huts. We had left there, when we sat at mess in the same three absent and doing other work. interesting discovery before reaching the winter's of Cairo, where the track strikes off for Gebel
or
opened with an At the north-east comer work. Ahmar, there are wide clearances of gravel, which has been used for road making. The flints are very large, mixed with blocks of fossil wood, much roUed, evidently from by floods down Forest Petrified the about twelve miles away eastwards. washed The high polish on these palaeoliths shows long washing with sand. A few very rudely flaked flints are among these, with large irregularshces knocked These seem to to be the earUest form. obtain an edge, without any definite away in Eg3^t. When arrived at Lahun, we visitedthe gravels, worked flintsknown full of boulders, which cap the hillsbetween the Fayum and the NUe, all cut to pieces with sharp denudation valleys through 80 ft. of thickness ; but not a single worked fhnt could be found of that age of High Nile. The working seems
the present level. about 100 feet over On the edge of the desert at Lahun our best digger, Aly Suefy, had found a patch of ground about a couple of hundred feet across, thickly strewn with broken flints evidently in position and many implements of Mousterian age. These were
to start when
the Nile
was
as
therethe surface, and had not been buried under deposits. The Nile, fore, has not been above its present level since then, and the fluctuations have all been within the 50 ft.or more filled up with deposits. of the valley now The entrance of the Nile waters into the Fa5mm was obviously a favourable find that from place for fisheries,which would attract a popvdation. We now
left on
prehistoric times onward there have been settlements on both sides of the valley, to have been poor, but by the The early people seem at Lahun and at Ghurob. 1st dynasty a wealthy class had arisen here, and the graves have a full allowance of offerings, and vessels of alabaster. At the edge of the Lahun desert, close to the station of Bashkatib, we found a cemetery which had been partly attacked in modern times ; on the lower ground, covered by denudation wash, there were
a hundred still graves which had only been attacked anciently. These burialscomprise the whole series of forms, from the plain open grave of the prehistoric
66
"
of Archaeology
in Egypt, 1920.
The primitive grave then sub-divided by lined with brick, as a was brick walls, with the body at the northern end, head north, face east, in a contracted from one to four in number, contained position. The other compartments, a continuance were of the prehistoric ritual stacks of offering jars.These jars in the grave, many containing black ashes, but of vegetable ash -of placing jars others having only black mud as a substitute. The next stage was that of making a side recess to hold the body, instead of a roofed grave ; this form began in the
to the deep shaft tomb
which
"
it
was
carried
"
opening from a originalopen grave. This form was placed where a thin structure of harder rock lay over a softer marl, thus a hard roof of a foot or two in thickness covered the Not only was a place for the body provided, but also a second recess chamber. for the offerings. it was When the burial took place in a chamber obviously useless to make A was an deep over. therefore entrance made down to the all slope pit equally Thus a stairway formed into steps for easier access. chamber, and this was
here into the stage of providing a the successor of the shallow pit, which was
on
"
"
into a cruciform chamber, developed, which expanded with side From for burial vases the the stone and pottery, and the offerings chamber which are well dated to a single reign by the Royal Tombs of Abydos and allied groups, the age of these developments of the tomb can be fixed. The open grave
tomb
was
in this cemetery
was
The made during the earlier half of the 1st dynasty. tombs are of the second half of that dynasty, and the stairway age.
was
sometimes closed by a thin slab of stone over the secured by easily pulled forward by plunderers, so it was This into in type, though being let the rock at the sides of the pit. grooves
stairway tomb
doorway.
This
was
to the close of the as early as the middle of the 1st dynasty, lasted on in Ilird dynasty, as at Meydum, was the even archaistictomb of the copied and The deep shaft,with one or more chambers chief architect in the Xllth d5masty. by begun bottom, This the was the was the type type. at next middle of also
begiiming
probably continued here to early in the Ilird d5Tiasty, by the form of the offering bowls and the head-rests. After that the judging Thus, cemetery declined, and nothing can be dated untU the Xllth dynasty. by the forms of pottery and stonework, which we know to have undergone rapid all started changes, we learn that the various developments of the grave were
the 1st d5aiasty, and
the middle of the 1st djmasty, and continued side by side,until the greater security of the deep-shaft tomb caused it to supersede the other types ; it was favoured also by the increasing wealth of the country which enabled more
as
early
as
This sudden appearance of several types of tomb development that had taken place elsewhere, and that the the rather suggests belonged to differenttribes,alliedin the dynastic invasion. various stages costly tombs
"
to be made.
of these graves are of the usual forms of alabaster, basalt and in the shallow The stone is mostly in the open graves, rarer pottery vessels. This chambers and stairway tombs, and absent from the deep-shaft tombs.
The contents
in the tombs of the Ilnd and Ilird dynasties found: an alabaster vase were surrounded objects with lotus petals of slate and alabaster, the forerunner of the glazed lotus vases of Hierakonpolis and later times ; three pottery vases of foreign origin, like those found in the tomb of King Den, and a small vase with black band, like that in
The
of Archaeology
in Egypt, 1920.
as
6^
"
Tarkhan
II, ix,
11.
confirm
djTnasty.
on measuring the skeletons, that the group which invaders showed a stature 8 per cent, shorter than that appeared to be that of the Though the not many skeletons could be obtained in suffiearlier people. of ciently Lahun, the question was good condition at examined on six of the open-
At Tarkhan
it was
found,
The result was that the closed burials grave burials, against 18 in closed tombs. in leg, 6 As these the were per cent, shorter in the arm. and 7J per cent, shorter differences were three or four times the amount of the probable error of the contrasted
to accept them as quantities, there is good reason veritable. This burials being those of the prehistoric race, points to the open-grave and the invaders, dynastic those the thus the tombs of suggestion and closed corroborates that the various types of burial were already in use before they were imported.
The large cemetery of the Xllth dynasty was Much remained to be done in exhausting year.
work this discovery, chances of and in completely examining and planning the whole site. The interiorof the pyramid the dust and chips completely searched ; in turning over of Senusert II was found, which must have Ijdng near was the sepulchral chamber, the gold uraeus of object It is a massive casting, with inlay of camelian the front of the crown. a head of lazuli,and eyes of garnet in gold setting. Two stone lamps and lazuli, found in besides two three or the were pyramid, already obtained from there. also
the main
been
on
The
tomb
1914, was found, containing common was pottery and the great alabaster jarfigured in It bears a magical the frontispiece. Perhaps this is the finest jar known.
found in was of Princess Sat-Hathor-ant, where the jewellery further examined ; behind the fine hmestone lining a recess for offerings
inscription stating that the princess would have everything that was produced on earth, and all she needed, in this jar. Such a form of magic provision is' before ; it superseded all the offerings,the models, and the scenes not known of which carried magic and the power its to the extent. utmost word of Outside of the pyramid enclosure a great tomb was opened up, the tunnel beneath the enclosing of which ran toward the pyramid, ending in a chamber This a wall. splendid panelled sarcophagus of red granite, and a contained canopic box of granite. The sarcophagus, like that of Senusert, and of one
the tombs,
one
by
comprehensive
formula,
of the princesses, wels of exquisitely accurate work, with an average error of less The position found in this tomb. was than a hundredth of an inch. No name of the tomb shaft, 100 ft. outside the pyramid enclosure wall, suggested that other shafts might be hidden as far out as that. The whole ground on the north of the of chips pyramid wall was therefore turned over down to the rock, moving a mass to into a depth been there, had thrown of sometimes 15 ft., which old quarries found. In the face of the enclosure round the pyramid but no other shaft was inserted stone, resting on another block inserted in the rock floor ; an there was it proved all solid rock behind these. Opposite the queen's pyramid, a if it had been filled as length of the brick wall was separated by vertical joints, in later ; this was removed, but solid rock was behind it. Then the whole length cleared behind, to search of the brick wall, as far as the great stairway, was but the rock, which was in the position most in the rock, 40 ft. deep, likely to intercept any gallery leading to tombs under the cut from this to rock mastabas north of the pyramid ; and cross-tunnels were had Egyptians in both elsewhere made of the strata where the north and south
all solid. Lastly,
a
shaft
was
sunk
68
of Archaeology
in
Egypt, 1920.
galleries. All of these trialsnot reaching any passage, there only remains to be tried an extensive rock-drilling, to see if any chambers were actually cut imder the small pyramid and mastabas. While searching further in the platform built up of chips to the south-east found, running diagonally to the of the pyramid, a stairway of brick was This before was the comer. cut great enclosing wall which P5Tamid made
for the high officials during the course the approach of building, to avoid the inconvenience of climbing over the waste-heaps. On the top of the hillbehind the pyramid, the foundations of a large building
across
it, and
it
was
At that time, and in 1920, many pieces of diorite statues limestone sculptures and architectural fragments, were and of a circular altar, found scattered about here. A most complete search failed to show any tomb
were
found in 1914.
Considering not like those of the mastabas. shaft,and the fragments found were was on the top of the that the sed-heb chapel of the apotheosis of Sonkhkara hill at Thebes, it seems was that this the sed-heb chapel of Senusert. probable At the comers foundation deposits, with pottery, trays of reeds, and of it were bull'shead and haunch. further searched, on the was The town of the pyramid builders at Kahun in been few had a not 1890. A large number of cleared roads, and parts which to have been a place clay sealings were found, and a curious portico which seems of domestic worship. a On a hill in view of the pyramid stood a great mastaba of brick, over for sarcolowering a the tomb with a steep entrance great shaft phagus, passage, and The tomb-chapel on the side like the Vlth dynasty tombs of Dendereh. This curious of the hUl, in front of the sepulchre, was like those of Beni Hasan. Egypt, Anpy, who was combination was due to the taste of the chief architect of to the chapel by a deep pit, right across buried here ; he also cut off public access the court, and too wide to be jumped. Only some pieces of the inscriptions
for stone. Another and of two statues remained, for the place had been ravaged be Sneferu to to he is devoted is his statue, where seen on ; said curious preference this devotion to the firstpyramid builder may have been due to the architect's interest in building the Lahun In the XVIIIth dynasty
some
kings.
of scarabs were hetep I ; with these are several scarabs which are clearly of the earlier time by. The near dynasty, probably obtained from the mastabas of the Xllth II. cemetery at Ghurob continued in use down to Ramessu
Groups
found
dated
is a granite sarcophagus puzzling monument lord of the two lands, the king's son, Pa-ramessu." A
the
was sarcophagus entitled the king's
"
one nearly finished ; then on son (Ramessumery Maot) neb uben maot kheru." Here a ; while on cartouche is assumed, and the addition neb uben, "lord of shining has been an there Pa-Ramessu occurs, all the other places where the name it. On the lid, the middle band has erasure, and neb uben has been put over Pa-Ramessu, man with the squatting and whip determinative ; this is doubtless The lid,having some spare space, was altered what has been erased on the body.
"
heir of the of a prince his This was style until he is body the panel of
"
by
putting
on
each
"
Amen)
and
the king's son side of the middle band It seems then that with a cartouche.
to the throne
"
(Ramessumery
an
heir-apparent
had
justbefore his sarcophagus was completed, Yet he caimot have reigned with cartouches.
The long,
or
British School
of Archaeology
in Egypt, 1920.
69
his burial
can
Who of
a
filledthe highest officesof state under be taken to be 1916, 35-6), and who may justly Raifiessu I. father same His the as was named Sety. He cannot be the prince Ghurob, known is as his Thebes, tomb Looking at of and he was not a king's son. later, there is no prince Pa-ramessu, and if we accept the shorter from Ramessu
who
was only in the outskirts of a small have been it is difficult to decide. There
(Ancient Egypt,
son
on the there is no prince Ramessu except the second sarcophagus) Ramessu II, died between the twenty-sixth who of and thirtieth years of his father's reign, and who therefore have succeeded to the throne. cannot The later Ramessu III to XII, and therefore princes reigned fully, as Ramessu be known Their this obscure prince. tombs are cannot at Thebes, except
occurs (which
It is thus possible that this is the sarcophagus VIII. of Ramessu of Ramessu VIII, but unlikely, as his second cartouche does not appear. The IX, whose is unknown, is really Saptah II, son tomb so-called Ramessu of Sety II, and he would certainly have had Saptah in his cartouche. So far as that
we
know
was
who
belonged to some at present, then, this sarcophagus prince unknown the heir to the throne, and who hardly succeeded before he was overthrown. Possibly he was II. The sarcophagus an elder brother of Ramessu
as
sledge beneath it,carved all in one piece in the granite. work has thus given some entirely new results both of objects and of inscriptions, and the steady clearance of sites that are not reserved has been carried as far south as the entrance to the Fayum. now
a
is unique
having
The
season's
W.
M.
Flinders
Petrie.
(jKA.Mlh,
aAkcoPHAGUS
AND
CHAMBER,
LaHUN. E
( 70
THE
ETHIOPIAN
SOVEREIGNS
AT
MEROE.
Dr.
Reisner
us
period.
the history of Ethiopia during the Napatite in the province of Dongola has been a remarkable
achievement, and it has settled the chronology of the Sudan from the time to the epoch of Alexander, as well as when it began to be a world-power town But Ethiopia. over dynasties the racial affinities who ruled at the time of the the work done by Dr. Reisner at Napata mented and its neighbourhood, can be suppleby the work done by Professor Garstang at Meroe. Owing to the war only a bare outUne of this has as yet been published. A
discovered in the course however, were considerable number of royal names, of the excavations which carry back the history of Meroe to Dr. Reisner's Ilnd Here is a listof them : d5masty.
"
(i)Atlenersa
Ra-khu-ka,
"
king
of Upper
"
and
Lower
Egypt." Lower
On
blue
: faience found in the Great Palace. (Reisner B.C. 650-40.) king Ra-sekheper-en, Senq-Amon-seken (2) of Upper and
Egypt."
On
Also
on
blue
discovered object
640-20.) at Memphis, (b.c. Egypt." On stones king of Upper and Lower (3)Aspalta Ra-mer-ka, Sun-temple from he on a the Great Palace or the stela which restored enlarged, of which he built,and on blue faience, (b.c. 590-70.) (4)The
Horus
Amtalqa
Ra-uaz-ka,
"
the Palace which he restored or enlarged, on small gold pyramids and on blue faience. is sometimes (B.C. 550-40.) He never has his Throne-name, but the personal name
(5)Mal-neqen,
"
king of Upper
and
Lower
Egypt."
On
stones
from
is almost always attached written Mal-neq, and the determinative nefer in Meroitic.^ first indicating that to the malna signified good syllable, the to be Dr. Reisner's Netaklabat-aman, seems (6)Amon-kalbat, who
"
"
leader of his Ilird dynasty, (b.c. 535-15) On blue faience from the Palace. the second king of his llird (7)Amon-kalka, Dr. Reisner's Karkaman, On blue faience from the Palace, djmasty. (b.c. 515-495.)
(8)Sa'heri
of his
^
p=z^
Ilird
dynasty.
This must be Dr. Reisner's Saasheriya, the fourth king On blue faience, (b.c. 475-55)
(9)Amon-stykal.
This must
the third
{ba).
495-75.)
be malna,
the Osiris
'
The
must
"
Pyramid
of
in the North
The
Ethiopian Sovereigns
is not
at
Meroe.
71
dynasty
represented at Meroe.
But
we
have"
To
Han On blue faience. (10) who may be a queen. blue faience On from the Southern Palace. (11)Amon-ardu[s]. (12) Amon-matleka[n]. On a stone from the south side of the City wall. be distinguished from (4). Ra-khnum-ab, king of Upper and Lower Egypt," whom (13)Amon-ark
"
I would
identify with
as
I believe, of the
king of Upper and Lower Egypt." Southern Pyramid sand blue faience from tomb 298. On Egyptian a hieroglyphs (15)Ra-neb-kheper. scarab with deformed
in Latin letters.
Ra-nefer-ankh-ab,
"
and AUG
On yellow faience from the South Palace. On blocks from the temple of (17)Neteg-Amon and Queen Amon-tari. Amon It it. is the and sanctuary south of probable that Amon-tari also restored
the Sun-temple.
(16)Neb-hotep-...
Neteg-Amon
was
(18)Agini-rherhe and Queen Amon-renas. of Meroe, and on blocks from the Sun-temple. invasion of Egypt, (b.c. 24-22.) (19)Queen
was
buried in the Northern Pyramid 22. On two stelae from shrine south The stela records the Ethiopian
an
She obelisk in the temple of Amon. 6, where Ferlini found jewellery (now at
period. the Lion
Berlin) of the late Ptolemaic or early Roman Toqrerhi-Amon. On blocks from (20)
Pyramid
27.
Temple,
and
Northern
plaque
from of
the
He appears as crown temple of Amon. prince at Naga, fragment On a (23)Ya-baleq. of stone (920).
"
son
(17).
To these may be added (24) Amon-khabil, the Sun-god of Qash,ever-Uving, the Horus of the Reservoir," at Basa, the site of a reservoir and temple, a day's from Meroe on the road to the Red Sea. journey Dr. Reisner has shown that the Napalite dynasties were of Libyan origin which explains the fact that in the sculptures of the Sun-god temple the Meroites high foreheads, Greek noses, are represented with the features of the blond race
"
are later sovereigns from Neteg-Amon negro or onward and negroid, and it is at this time that the queens take precedence of the kings. After the end of Dr. Reisner's Ilird dynasty (b.c. 450, according to his chronology), Napata Meroe either became independent of or, more probably, was destroyed by
foreign invaders. be obtained from the form or position of the Little chronological help can Each of the three groups contains pyramids of very different existing pj^amids. In Western the periods. group of those that remain, six are stepped ; the rest have straight and, in six instances out of nine, fluted sides. In two of the the art belongs to a good period ; another with fluted sides was stepped ones
The chapel of another plastered all over, and surrounded by a walled court. In two other fluted pyramid contained three seated figures instead of a falsedoor.
instances
inserted in the centre of the false door, the tablet in one tablet was A Greek case of Amon-tari. (No.15)being in Meroitic, and recording the name In the Southern group all bronze lamp was found in one of these pyramids. E 4
a
72
The
Ethiopian Sovereigns
at
Meroe.
stepped, and the chapels have false doors, solar disks Kaltela the joint tomb of the Priest (No.lo), [kdni)
"
" "
Lord of the Lake-land," and of Kalka, the Ra-ar-ta(?)a, date ; another (No. is daughter the tomb of a of the 41) the Sun-god of the South (No.4)is the pyramid of Kenrethr,
"
king king
"
"
"
to another
pyramid
adjoining
is of considerably
Amongroup the pyramid of queen Kentakit (Candace) Srti (No.i) stands apart by itself. That of Arkhenkherel Ankh-ka-ra (No.5), himself Malna-NEFER," king, The i.e., Osiris an who associates with older Malneqen, is also intrusive, and has straight sides of peculiar form. It may have
"
In the Northern
are
been the firstof the group to be erected. The other pyramids with straight sides No. 2, with four great bulls on each exterior side of the chapel, three images instead of a false door, and a representation of Hathor standing on the lotus ;
No. 6, that of queen chapel of which has his jewellery, the arched vault ; No. 8; No. 11 which is very late and barbaric ; No. 12, with late reliefs and blank cartouches, a standing figure of the king taking the place of a false door ; No. 13, with late reUefs ; No. 14 ; No. 17 Neb-ma-ra ; No. 18, with a court, of Amon(late) of king Amon-ton-m-Mari
an
Amon-shahet
(19), where
FerUni found
khetosen ; No. 19, of Triginal with full-facedking in place of a false door (very Amon Kheper-ka-ra, with seated king instead of ; and No. 27, of...tera (?) late) The a false door (very late). sides of Nos. 16, 17, 18, and 19, though straight,
are
not
fluted. The
; No. [Ra]-...n-ab)
seems
No. 3; No. 4 (ofAmon-...akha Ankh-zeto-mer-Ast "lord of the two 7, of Alu(qa)-Amon to have been a contemporary Ptoleny IV ; No. 9, with a of stepped pyramids
are:
with pylons and winged bulls ; and No. 22, of Neteg-Amon, with the bier of Osiris in place of a false door. That the Sun-temple the first stage on the road from Meroe to the Red built by Aspalta, we Sea was may conclude from the fragments of his stela
10,
" "
that
tion, subsequently restored, after partial destrucby Agini-rherhe (18), perhaps with the spoils of his Egyptian campaign. But it is probable that the list of conquered or tributary provinces which adorns the work of Amon-tari, since when the the eastern front of the temple was it first I to was was the able characters cartouche accompanying uncovered read
were was
discovered there.
It
the list was not quite correctly read from the photographs it, in Mr. Griffith's publication of and has since suffered severely from exposure, it it is worth while to give as it appeared immediately after excavation.
?]r. As [A]m[on-t
are
: (orwere)
"
That
is
fl
"
"
Since
-g and gi
plural suffixes.
do
"
not
names,
but
"
are
merely
an or
countries
{awar' =gi)
The
Ethiopian Sovereigns
at
Meroe.
73
: the geographical names (or followed) (6)B-r-i-ha-a ; (7)P-t-r (?) [or kh ?]-'-! (5)T-'-s-n-a ; ; (4)G-m-t-a ; A-n-rh^-' ; (9) ...-rh-y-rh-y ; (10) ...-wa-sh-' ; (11) ...-...-n-q; (8) A a word signifying ; (13)... [perhaps (12) cities "] ; (14) ;
"
Then
follow
"
...-t-r-a
-rh-
...-g-to-'
-...-a.
Nastosen, who is placed by Dr. Reisner, B.C. 330-310, But no trace of his name Beniat, was a native of usually identifiedwith Meroe. has been discovered there. Can he be the Amon-khatosen of the Northern is further be Aktisanes he identified to the Ethiopian," PjTamid 18 ? And with
One
word
more.
"
Amasis the counted among and was according to Diodorus, overcame Ptolemy in kings ? We know V, Egyptian the troubled earUer years of that Ethiopian kings, Harmakhis two and Ankh-m-khu, ruled at Thebes, and the
who,
discordant medley of excerpts which take the place of Egyptian history in the pages of Diodorus would make anything possible. A. H. Sayce.
'
The
names
r
character
which
I transcribe
occurs
rh is represented
by sd in the transUteration
karhake
of
some
of the
and (M-rh-e-u-i) of Meroe and interchanges with remains Hence we Meroitic inscriptions discovered by Prof. Garstang. might corresponding in Greek to Anrh'. in the
name
in which
it
Merul (e.g.,
Mandulin,
and
it
the have
in two
Uke A nd
74
NOTES
ON
THE
JEWELS
FROM
LAHUN.
The
by the British School of Archaeology or rather all of it except those pieces retained by the Cairo Museum recently arrived it New Art in York, was at the Metropolitan Museum where tion placed on exhibiof in December last. Without exception, those who have seen the treasure
at Lahun
"
"
found jewellery
by
have been struck almost as much by the conscientious care and ingenuity shown Prof. Petrie and Mr. Bnmton in its reconstruction, as by the marvellous
skilland taste of the ancient jewellers who diffidence that I suggested two
was therefore with considerable in changes stringing. I would not to dignify these suggestions with a published note, were it not that both care Mr. Lythgoe and Mr. Mace, who mounted for exhibition, have the jewellery This being the case tested them out, verifiedthem as correct and adopted them.
made
it. It
it
for the changes should be put on record in Ancient Egypt, especiallysince the articlewhich Mr. Lythgoe prepared to appear in the Metropolitan Museum Bulletin, December, 1919, at the time the jewellery to be the appropriate place to explain was put on public view, did not seem
seems
reasons
in New in detaU. These two changes, adopted in exhibiting the jewellery York, involve the stringing of the Senusert II pectoral and the cowries, and I have added a third, tentative, and as yet not finallyadopted, change in the stringing This last is not susceptible of the demonstration which I of the lions' heads. them
beUeve To
can
be presented for the first two changes. Mr. Mace I am indebted not only for many
details
on
but jewels,
for numerous references and suggestions embodied I finally, that this note is written before the arrival in pages. should state America of the definitive publication of the Lahun excavations by the British be to Prof. Petrie's School, and that, therefore, reference can only made preUminary descriptions^ with the consequence of interesting points.
The
that I may
have missed
number
shells. double rhombic beads should be strung, eight large gold cowries, sixteen gold two in each interval. This arrangement is assured by the distance between the is beads a distance which thread holes in the cowries and in the rhomboid
"
the string of gold cowriepoint of departure for these suggestions was Prof. Petrie has demonstrated the that in the intervals between
"
"
"
"
cases.
were
Now
there
can
intended to be strung tightly together, and if cowries and rhomboids this is dene they make a string 20J ins. in circumference, clasped. Because of impossible the corrosion of the bronze cores of the cowries, threading them is now and the only photographs of them which can be taken without the dangerous deceptive. Each cowrie has two operation of re-drillingthem, are somewhat
Times, May
1914,
20,
1914;
News,
June
20,
1914
Ancient
Egypt,
p. 97 ; Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 1914, p. 185 ; and held at University College, London, 1914.
Catalogue
of the Exhibition
Notes
on
the
from Jewels
Lahun.
75
thread holes through it, one shghtly shorter than the other, but the difference in lengths between these two holes is so slight that it would take a string of inches in length to make a complete, cowries and of 40 or more rhomboids In short, closed circle with all of the beads l5^ng flat as in the photographs.
" "
string, when the clasp was with this 2oJ-iri. closed, the beads would all be standing If worn or less vertically. on about the neck such a string of cowries edge, more have for an the one, appearance would of upright collar, but a very ill-fitting the circumference of and this collar would
a
woman's than from 12 to 14 ins., neck is usually no more therefore have hung almost upright an inch or so beyond, As all Egyptian necklaces were flatlying, except the tight
I.
Girdle
of
Cowries,
as
arranged
in
the
Metropolitan
Museum.
to look for
some
inevitable that
one
with
the
"
drop-pendants."
"
Prof.
should turn to those other stone which had been strung bination, already considered this com-
but gave up the idea on two grounds.^ beads is such that, strung side by side, First. The size of these rhombic the space between the two threads would be greater than that between the two
'
Ancient
Egypt,
1914, p. 98.
76
Notes
on
the
"
frontLahun. Jewels
"
is true This in many cases threads of the cowries and gold rhomboids." ^in In fact these hard stone show a marked variation others itis not. rhomboids in size. While the gold beads were made mechanically either from dies or moulds, was tolerated in these stone beads were cut individually, and a larger error
" "
gauging them
made
not
than
was
to be expected
in metal work.
Some
of them
are
accurately
to take the strings of the cowries ; others will overlap shghtly, but
"
Fig. i). Finally ^and to the same on threads {see is is me the personally, this rhomboids conclusive the variations among not as great as that which exists between the big and Uttle lions'heads from this find. Although of gold, variations in the distance between string holes of from 2 to 3 mm. these heads, and yet there is no question but actually exist among if strung objectionably,
"
"
"
that they belong together. In Prof. Petrie's consideration the Second. for drop-beads," making the suspension of the needed
"
"
"
stone
a
This difficulty can below and outside of all the other ornaments. worn I feel sure. be met satisfactorily Two pectorals were found and one of them has been suspended on a string I suggest as Even if these latter are not employed ball-beads. of amethyst for, however, to be provided below, the second pendant is still and there can be
to be
littlequestion that the drop-beads," combined with the 20 gold and 12 green ball beads not otherwise strung, belong to it. Examples of such suspending 2 and on the drop-beads are uncommon monuments^ (Figsat not all strings of 3), Dahshur, it were is to find interesting that at associated pectorals and extremely such strings. De Morgan found in the First Treasure, with a pectoral with just lapis of Senusert II, 30 gold ball beads and 37 drop beads of gold, camehan, ^ lazuli and amazon stone, and in the Second Treasure two pectorals, 43 drop
"
and 98 ball beads, all of gold.' I suggested, therefore, that the drop and ball beads of the Lahun treasure made a characteristicpectoral suspender. the drops Variations in the arrangement of spherical beads among and number left found in all examples, and therefore the arrangement of this string was are beads
to experiment.
There handed
were over
and
one
other
fringe-necklace," 73 drops strung together in the Graded separately to Mr. Mace by Mr. Brunton. evident that
one
more
"
by colours it was
camelian
and
one
more
and those two needed to make any consistent arrangement, beads was an The ball enigma, but restored. obviously small number of there is precedent for the omission of them between the drops, and they therefore is a double string of were strung provisionally at the ends. The result (Fig. 5), length lower to support the pectoral just over the chest where it exactly the
'
few
examples
at random
are
Xllth
dynasty
Griffith, Beni
Hasan,
drop and ball beads, coloured blue, green, blue, yellow ; XVIIIth drops alternating of Yuaa and Thuiu, PI. XII, double string of III, balls in L.D., pairs ; 77A, triple string of drops alternating with balls in pairs ; with double string of Mon.. RoseUini, M'on.. II, PL LXXX IV, PI. CCCCXXXII, Champollion, single string of alternating dynasty : Quibell, Tomb
=
Reisner, drops alternating with balls, coloured green, blue ; Daressy, Annates, 1901, p. 5 ff. Amulets, 12196-12201, double and triple strings of dark and light blue, red and gold drop dynasty : Caulfeild Temple of Kings, beads alternating with ball beads in threes ; XlXth
=
quadruple
Bijoux, 52005,
alternating
with
balls in threes ;
XXth
dynasty
De
'
Morgan, Dahchour, I, pp. 60, 63, Pis. XV, Ibid., pp. 64-5, Pis. XIX-XXII.
XVIII.
Notes
on
the
Jewelsfrotn Lahiin.
77
0 A
I
2.
mmmmmt}
with
3.?Pectoral
with and
Drop-Beads.
(Tomb
of
Yuaa
Thuiu.XII.
Lisht.
Pectoral
Gold-capped
from
Drop-Beads.
4. Glazed
Figure.
(Fragments
Tomb
226.
Thebes.)
(Metropolitan
Museum.)
78
should hang.^ lazuli,cameUan
Notes
on
the
Jewels from
Lahun.
of which it is made gold, lapisare exactly the same stone and amazon materials as those used in making the Senusert II pectoral. This identity of colour scheme may be taken as evidence that the drop beads and this pectoral of Senusert II together make one jewel. If no other use be admitted for the amethyst string, it may be
the materials
"
Furthermore,
"
III pectoral, now in Cairo. assumed to have belonged with the Amenemhat Thus, with the drop beads provided for, we arrive at the point, where (i), in size of the be explained by the conditions the slight errors can rhomboids
" "
the stone beads are no longer ; where (2), of their manufacture rhomboid for drop beads the the threading they are in turn ; and, where (3), necessary of looking for a place. It becomes a matter of necessity, therefore, to try them
"
"
with the cowries, the previous stringing of which has resulted in an ill-fitting collar. beads, 31 of camelian and 30 of green amazon Sixty-one rhomboid stone, drop beads were one more the amazon stone, presumably and of strung with
It does not seem turned over to Mr. Mace by Mr. Brunton. totally beyond the bounds of possibility that, even the most conscientious work with in the tomb, two more likely, should have escaped detection. And stillmore by the Princess in life, if these beads were worn that the strings might have broken
at
some
found later,was
they
time, the beads been scattered, and two were restrung again. I see no strong
having been originally 64 in all, made up equally of red and green. Admitting this number, they divide readily into eight lots of eight each for the eight intervals With the double gold beads they make a total of 96. between the eight cowries. is left to For experimental stringing there was further guide, and one no
of gold attractive arrangement pair of gold cowries is : green, gold, Such is the arrangement be shown in Fig. i, and it may red, red, gold, green. in its it in one makes original colours of the most said passing that charming Egypt. in found e ver jewels
own
"
personal
tastes.
An
extremely
"
rhomboids
between
each
resulting string, when clasped, has a circumference of 33 or 33J ins. If actually threaded, the beads, and particularly the cowries, would stillstand more or less on edge when the clasp was closed, because experiment shows that there is not enough variation in the size of the rhomboids to make an inner row The photograph of the beads lying flat appreciably shorter than the outer. is therefore still deceptive, and there can still be no question of the string being In fact the one part of the human body intended either for a collar or necklace.
where
or
The
it would fit naturally and lie smoothly would be above the hips, for 33 a slender person around the top of the on 33J ins. is a normal measurement
pelvis. In other words, the cowries strung with the rhomboids girdle, and a very little research supplied the confirmation Metropolitan Museum
possesses
a
dolls of number of Xlth and Xllth dynasty faience and limestone, most of them from the excavations in Lisht and Thebes, of Fine Arts, possibly and I have found another of wood in the Boston Museum Boston date The doll (Fig. same the bead 6) all wearing cowrie of girdles.
"
"
"
is
There can be no hesitation in recognising remarkably striking example. the cowries, because they are both modelled in relief and painted yellow to In number identical they are represented gold. In scale they are correct.
a
1
Newberry,
Bersheh, I, frontispiece.
5- Pectoral
and
Bead
Necklace.
As
Strung
in
thB
Metropolitan
Museum.
8o
Notes
on
with the Lahun girdle, if in addition to the three shown in front and the three were behind, two more supposed to be hidden under the hands on the hips, which are unnaturally narrowed on the flattened doll." Even the distance blank between cowries is as it should be if we are to suppose that the spaces now
"
If filledwith dots of paint to represent smaller separating beads. that the dots we were must sometimes cowries suppose such of paint, were worn with bare threads between, a method of stringingbeads or shellswhich dolls represent the cowries is not without parallel.^ Most of the New York in very rudimentary form, but all are perfectly recognizable in the hght of the
were
once
there
never
"
"
Museum is already figured. The clearest example in the MetropoUtan is faience, in doll This museums. in Fig. like those of 4, other shown in black under has in this like the accessories shown material, all others of and the glaze. Here, not only are the cowries drawn to scale and properly spaced,
"
doll
"
"
"
To strings of separating beads are plainly marked. forestall a possible criticism, I should explain that the marks on the legs are Behind, one of them fallsexactly between the two legs in a way that pendants. intended, and as far as the belt itselfis would be impossible if tatooing were its doll Boston modelling in reliefdemonstrates the fact with concerned, the that the cowries are not tatooed. leads to its recognition The recognition of a girdle among the Lahim jewels but between
them
two
"
"
at Dahshur.
"
there
were
beads of gold (in camelian, lapis lazuU and amazon rhomboid pairs), ^ In the interesting in the light of those from Lahim. The numbers are stone. Second Treasure,* there is no mention of rhomboid beads with the cowries and,
98
if none
forced to conclude that these cowries were as worn, (Fig. 6) may represent them, without connecting found nearly 100 Khnumit there were beads. In the Tomb rhomboid of be beads, but no cowries,* which probably should reconstructed as a bead girdle Buckles Uke that of Senebtisi. This last was only.* rhomboids made up of Tomb from Ita,* the in Tomb found the for two bead girdles were of of and buckle a girdle of the type the an comes Nubhotep not of which, while
were
we
are
"
"
"
"
"
object
here dealt with, was seemingly the fastening of a kind of cloth scarf, or sash, which crossed the shoulders and encircled the waist.' thus was a girdle,and A regular item of a Middle Kingdom court jewel-set to have usually been made this girdle seems up of cowrie shells and rhomboid
or
separately.
Furthermore,
even
the drop
was
Senebtisi, p. 63, and the ivort beads described in Mace and Winlock, PI. IV. III pectoral in Cairo, Vernier, Bijoux, suspenders of the Rameses " De Morgan, Dahchour, I, p. 60, PI. XVII. " Dahchour, " Ibid., II, Pis. VII-VIII. p. 65, PL XXIII. ' Mace The other girdle XXII-XXIII. Pis. Winlock, Tomb Senebtisi, 68, p. and of Osirian. purely
As for example bead
' '
Dahchour, Dahchour,
C.
No
to be identical,
to the colours,
with
description is given, but the illustration shows it the sash buckle of Neferure', in Rosellini, Mon.,
I, PI. XIX,
"
23.
Mace
sometimes
necklaces the MetropolitanMuseum, 1914, p. 17, Fig. 8 ; Garstang, Williams, Jour.Egypt. Arch., 1918, p. 173, PI. XXVIII.
Small silver and gold cowrie shells are Senebtisi, p. 68, note i. and Winlock, they are found in the Middle Kingdom, but it would be difficultto say whether Winlock, Bulletin of : See De Morgan, 1, p. 66, PI. XXIV Dahchour, or girdles. Burial
Customs,
p.
222,
and
Notes
women
on
the
fewelsfrom Lahun.
the fashion passed
"
81
over
the jewellery pubUshed of buried at Thebes during the Hyksos Period around whose waist, a girdle of electrum beads, 26 of semicircular outside the innermost cloth, was
a woman
Kingdom
and girdles/
Thus
from
the Middle
6. Wooden
Figure
with
Cowrie
Girdle.
Boston
Museum.
form, copied from a disc of leather folded over and stitched ; the spaces between beads. these had two threads of six beads each, and in one case a space of seven Three spaces had been gathered together by a tie of thread, so as to shorten the
"
Mace
10
belt
Parva, p. 41, from Pit 90, which was : one published in Diospolis beads faience disk of and shell with a fringe of real shells ; the other
two
at
Naga ed-Der, which was twelve strings of disk beads of the same a belt of materials. XVIIIth Several others of the Xllth XVIIth Xlllth dynasties the early and and and of A preliminary report on his dynasties have recently been found at Thebes by Lansing.
excavations
is appearing
82
Notes
on
The whole girdle was 31 6 ins.long, and was circuitof the girdle to fitthe body. later, ins."i A to little 284 shortened about the middle of the XVIIIth dynasty,
a
young
woman
found by Passalacqua
" "
in Thebes
wore
his description, it girdle of gold, lapis-lazuliand camelian. to little the similar square-knots consisted of a series of gold clasps found at Lahun, spaced at intervals along a double string of smaller beads.* Finally, in modem even times Nubian girlsare occasionally seen wearing belts of cowries by their ancient ancestresses.' and beads very much like those worn charming
what From
must
have
been
in which the girdle was Personally, I worn. way her have never bas-rehef or statue of a woman seen a wearing a girdle over from Before Empire descends woman's the the tight-fitting chest clothing. shift line. In the Empire a cloth sash is often bound over to ankles in an unbroken it about the hips, but the many representations of bead girdles are always on To consider
now
the
by girls next their bodies, under transparent girls or occasionally worn The dolls," which, whatever their purpose in the graves, unquesgarments.* tionably Kingdom represent dancing girls, are striking Middle examples ; naked
"
bead belt at are so girls and maidservants shown attired in a woven in the XVIIIth banquets dynasty ;* swimming girls on the toilet ;* and it constitutes the sole article of apparel of the spoons wear nothing more be that all of these ridiculous caricatures of negress slaves.'^ It may
dancing
innumerable
objected
little persons can hardly be compared with propriety to the Princesses of Dahshur Lahun, but at the time that the dancing girls and servants were and wearing such girdles two of the young princesses of the royal family, Neferubiti and Neferure, daughters of Thotmose III, respectively, appear clad I and Thotmose in identical jewellery
"
with
that from
more.*
Lahun, And
like
On
one
then there is the very well-known little (Fig. girl of good family who is clad 7) of a charming Like Neferubiti and Neferure she has not yet passed adolesway. cence. the walls of the belvedere of the harim at Medinet Habu, where no
and nothing
women
full-grown see the royal family could penetrate in ancient times,* we in to the tell court represented whether of sufficientlyscanty clothing III are These decorations from the harim of Rameses they wore girdles or not.
but
" "
Petrie,
Qurneh,p.
having
9. PI. XXIX.
Passalacqua,
it
as
Catalogue been
describes
The
as
girdle
was
his necklace
Goldschmiedearbeiten,
"
Roberts,
Egypt and
seen
Firth, who
called my
attention
Roselhni,
years.
II, PI.
CLXXV
Prisse,
Mon.,
PI. XLIV,
and
a
L'Art
worn
PI. (Dessin),
over or
VII
What of
a
appears
to be
girdle
under
I, p. 501, Fig. 261. the dress in L.""., Ill, 42, 1 take for the hem
;
Wilkinson,
Manners,
of
frontispiece and
L'Art
and
plate XV
are
examples
of
scene.
PI. XLVIII,
Mace,
Maclver
and
and El Amrah
Pis. (Industrial),
Abydos,
Jour.Egypt.
Arch.,
are
the earliest
Mon., (Rosellini,
are
23-24, and
Champollion,
; L.D., III,
II, Pis.
CXCIII-IV). The
I, CXII-III
later copies
208
Manners,
Holscher,
Hohes
Tor
von
Medinet
Habu,
Figs.
8, 40-42.
Notes
on
the
from Jewels
Lahun.
83
7. Wooden
Figure
with
Girdle.
Turin.
84
Notes
on
t/u
from Jewels
Laliun.
in fact unique, but if we to take them literallywe are must conclude that in the seclusion of their private apartments the Egyptian ladies laid aside their hobble skirtsand disported themselves at their ease, clad only in their jewellery, in diaphanous garments, which were or at most represented in paint only and
have since been washed completely away. The fact that the ladies of this particular be harim wear no taken as proof that they, were not girdles, need not by higher-class women Empire.^ worn the of
Having, as I believe, estabhshed the existence of girdles among the treasures conof Lahun and Dahshur, I should like to conclude this paper with some sideratio It is a on some diificulty, the string of gold lions'heads. of
subject
purposely avoided in the preceding pages. With the exception of the similar set from the Second Treasure of Dahshur, these heads are unique in Museums and, In so far as I am aware, there is no representation of them on the monuments. fact they appear to have been jewels whose vogue lasted so short a time that into Egyptian found their way they never pictorial art, and thus for any forced to rely wholly are we on their explanation of wearing practical
consideration. In the firstplace, their condition is such that Prof. Petrie was able to have done, This them. the they clasp closed, every appearance string of and making an upright collar, and such they have been unhesitatingly called. Only,
when
in New
of normal
never
actually tried of putting them on a woman enough to convince everyone present that they collar. Again it is a question of circumference.
was
on should be worn do, as on they standing upright chin in a most unbecoming way.
Clasped they
a
an
throat measuring
i6|
they
ordinary
an
wearer
woman
upright collar, to be attractive, should of this collar had a throat of such a size that the collar fitted closely, the uneven surface on the iimer side would make it most uncomfortable, and to draw it in if to 2 ins.,while clasping it, would be a painful operation if it was an5rwhere near the snug fitwhich one would to have been seems expect. The tight,upright Egyptian collar of the monuments Now
be
If the
designed like a bead bracelet and must have been clasped hke in to be fastened. a buckle which does not have to be drawn
bracelet, with
Actual experiment, then, makes it seem improbable that the lions' heads should make a collar. Immediately one wonders how they could have been worn. The neck being practically eliminated ^arms, wrists and ankles being out of the
"
question ^the head and waist remain the only parts of the body to consider. This is assuming with Prof. Petrie that the large and small heads belong together an assumption which can be taken almost as an estabhshed fact. The suggestion was to made that they constituted a circlet. The answer for features both a this appears to be that they present circlet, uimecessary Egyptian known are, found Egyptian All never circlets and among circlets.
" "
having a clasp, and being modelled nor practically speaking, hoops, not jointed head is thus eliminated decorated on the outer surface only. The wearer's or to allintents and purposes, and there remains only her waist to consider. tion For the idea that the hons' heads constituted a girdle,naturally the inspirawas
"
class
Were
by grown women, worn customarily under the garments be shown sometimes at Tell el-Amama, where the bodies are
shown
through
the clothing.
Notes
on
the
from Jewels
La/tun.
85
them
with the cowries. And finally,it is only around the waist or hips that it anything that has to be shortened almost 2 ins. to would be comfortable to wear be fastened. To be sure, it is impossible to advance arguments as convincing in
this
case
of the cowries, but stUl it is an idea which has a great deal of probability. It remains necessary only to discover some method of stringing length a that the which would give approximating cowrie girdle. of
as
case
in the
The experiment was tried, therefore, of lengthening the strings and spacing Knots were the beads equally on them, leaving bare thread between. made to heads intervals, for as hold the this arrangement the fact at equal authority and
8. Claw
Necklaces
and
suggested
order
of
Lion-head
Girdle.
doll and the Second Dahshur quoted that the cowries of the Boston Treasure may have been so strung. To me, personally, however, the double line in keeping bare did seem threads not with the fineness of the other jewels. of The suggestion was that small beads, such as are used in the also made
was
"
"
But of the littlebeads there bracelets and armlets, may have been employed. are hardly enough for the requirements of these very bracelets and armlets even, could not possibly and a double string, of the required length of twice i6 ins. more, have escaped the painstaking and conscientious search of the finders of the tomb.
'
'
86
Notes
on
the
from Jewels
Laltun.
been used. The solution that I suggest, therefore, is that the lions'heads were threaded with the amethyst beads which formerly were strung with the Senusert II and one which is for pectoral. This is a solution to be accepted with all reserve, The latter, the present, at least, held in abeyance by Mr. Lythgoe and Mr. Mace. because of the size of the for instance, to this particular arrangement objects amethyst beads, in relation to the smaller lions' heads especially,and raises the point that up to the present no ball beads have been found strung in any way Nevertheless, since there appear to be except as necklaces, in Eg3^tian tombs. grounds for considering that the lions' heads cannot be a collar,and are probably
to be some point in setting forth in this place the girdle, there seems beads. At least result of the experiment of stringing them with the amethyst by so doing I may be inspiring others to settle the matter one way or the other.
parts of
puts the amethyst beads (on which was formerly between the lions' heads, a girdle is made up pectoral) The length is near enough to that of the cowrie girdle to
one
in the same worn way and the beads divide up excellently into sets, in each interval.^ For this arrangement be can no mechanical objection raised. The diameters of the beads are such that they go perfectly on the threads between passing through the lions' heads, and they stand, in thickness, midway the big and little heads. Secondly, when laid beside the claw necklace there is
which gives a wonderfully sumptuous of colour and workmanship S).^ One gets the impression that the multicoloured cowrie girdle effect (Fig. to be worn was string of beads, and that with the pectoral and its polychrome
a
harmony
worn with the gold from sideratio of effect,aside all other conbeads lions' heads the stringing of the and amethyst results in an incomparably magnificent jewel. Finally, the girdle so constructed conforms in type with the of those already quoted in having a series of large elements
this gold lion-head and amethyst girdle was As a matter claw and amethyst necklace.
intended to be
strings of smaller beads. As has been said already the lions'heads from Lahun are paralleled nowhere It is practically impossible, therefore, except in the similar set from Dahshur.
to demonstrate
either the truth or falsity of this suggested stringing as a girdle. There is, however, one circumstance correctwhich is at least favourable to its ness. The Second Dahshur Treasure, among lions'heads were the other which
ball beads.* Accepting 252 gold claws and 252 amethyst it is a minimum as (theactual number may have been considerably greater) lions' to head same the reconstruct quite possible combination of girdle and claw necklace in this case as well. Of course amethyst ball beads and claw necklaces enough without such girdles, and right in the First Treasure, 240 And found without any lions'heads.* amethyst beads and two gold claws were is Second from Treasure, be derived to there no the yet, while positive evidence at least it is suggestive to find that in the only two cases where lions'heads have
are common
same
combination
is a possibility.
' This One more takes up 140 beads. was strung with the pectoral, but there is a place for that in the claw necklace, making beads in the latter. a total of 152 amethyst " Showing If they the effect of a purely experimental stringing of the lions' heads.
were
thus
"
*
Hence in the photointended to lieflat on the hips. strung as a girdle they were graph, they lie flat on a table, the intermediate beads present an irregular appearance. I, p. 66, PI. XXIX. Dahchour,
where
Notes
on
the
from Jewels
Lakun.
'
87
In conclusion, I should like to repeat that while I feel that it is possible to the new the the rigidly pectoral and stringing of existence of the cowrie girdle, the proposed reconstruction of the lions' heads as a second girdle to go with the claw necklace, is purely tentative.
demonstrate
H. E. WiNLOCK.
"
for of cowries in a girdle, seems good reason in the Lahun series. The close similarity between accepting that arrangement the cowries and the lion heads, in size and fastening, leads also toward these
[The evidence
for the
use
having
girdle. The suspension of the pectoral by long drop beads is, however, a difficult The dates of the examples quoted should be observed. matter. From Ilird down to to be no example the the Xllth dynasty, there seems of
a
been in
long equiterminal are in funeral offerings the ; and the belt fringes are all of long and ball beads, (Lacau,Sarcophages, xlix-liii) In no case is there a drop bead in a long the strings for collars are the same. threaded
a
in
balls ;
in Beni
there
dynasty there was string. In the XVIIIth III ; then the old ideals after Tehutmes Tehutmes IV. The effectof the broad masses
great fall in taste, and a loss of drop bead strings appear, with of drop beads close to the minute is it to believe that the refined taste of killing, is hard the work of pectoral and dynasty a Xllth have the mistake. made such would
a
As to the absence of clothing along with jewellery, note the account by Lady Turkish large company Wortley Montague baths, a the of where of ladies in social functions, clad only in their jewellery. We must also remember will join
Mary
earth, but for lifein a future state ; even we should hesitate in a picture of heaven to introduce knee breeches, hobble-skirts. At Deshasheh or crinoUne (Vth dynasty) the actual dresses long buried for a woman were with tight sleeves like a modem ghalabiyeh, and not that the Egyptian
scenes
were
not
of lifeon
age.
of W.
a
The
festive
scenes
with shoulder straps figured in the tomb scenes of that d5masty XVIIIth the tombs joys represented of the in true be this as not accepted completely world. need
"
88
GENERAL
MAUDE'S
PROCLAMATION.
has been responsible for many things ^not allof them bad, and among the good ones in which archaeology has may be counted the wholesale manner been brought to the notice of the nation. Many thousands of men, who otherwise have thought of such a have found themselves among would never ruins subject, sent East with the various and other relicsof past civilisations, when they were
"
The
War
visited these remains, and have larger have been towns, and some the of to lectures in hospitals and elsewhere on the history, civilisation and subjected in be. to While doubt happen no the then they art of particular country which
men
armies. A large proportion of these even been conducted round the museums
have
such men exciting fare, there is always a could wish for more is keenly full interested a thirst for information on little minority which and of have before come their notice ; as for instance, where the points which happen to from, and when he firstmade his appearance in history ; whether it horse came the
of majority
possible to cut hard stones with copper and emery, and so on ; and it has been the writer's pleasant lot at the Cairo Museum to be searched out by even in his to members of previous week's audience, order certifythemselves on various
was
points, which had been so hotly debated during the interval as to have become somewhat confused. This unexpected spread of interest in archaeology has its dangers, as the preservation of the past is essentialto understanding it ; and no one is competent be observed without to know a must most what proper training. It was fully August 6th, in to Basrah Times see as as a the satisfactory 1917, early May It Sir by late Stanley Maude on the 22nd. conclusive proclamation signed reads as follows :
"
Whereas
it is convenient
to take
over
ancient monuments, and ancient objects of vertu, and relics movable immovable antiquities," and also of ancient times, hereinafter styled for the prohibition of traffic in forged articles falselyasserted to be antiquities ;
K.C.B., C.M.G., D.S.O., in virtue of the His Britannic General Officer Commanding do hereby proclaim
as
follows
:
"
(i)Throughout
monuments,
the occupied
ancient objects the property of the Ottoman times, which formerly were of ancient Government, or shall hereafter be discovered, are the property of the
territoriesall antiquities, to wit, all ancient and immovable of vertu, relics movable
Territories acting
on
behalf of the
(2)The
for the purposes of this proclamation shallbe deemed to signify antecedent to the year 1500 a.d.
term
"
"
ancient
General
Maude's
Proclamation.
89
(3)Whosoever
a
the nearest
having discovered any antiquity fails to inform accordingly Assistant Political Officer in charge of a districtwithin period of 30 days shall be liableto a fine not exceeding 50 rupees. having
to his
{4)Whosoever
the
same
discovered any
own
(5)Whosoever
damages
negUgently any
or
mahciously
monument
ancient
any
rupees.
(6)Whosoever
trafiicsin or abets the trafficin antiquities,except under a licence duly issued by the Ofiicer appointed hereto, shall be liable to a fine not exceeding 10,000 rupees. whether
(7)Whosoever,
licensed
or
not
licensed, sells or
reason
to
fine not
or
10,000
confiscated. Whosoever (8) tration reports the discovery of an antiquity over which the Adminisdecides to exercise its right of property shall be duly sated compenis relinquished by the ; and when any such antiquity Administration, the Administration shall deliver the said antiquity
of the person appearing to have the most proper therein, together claim with a certificate enabling the said antiquity to be transferred in accordance terms the with of this Proclamation.
to the possession
The (9)
vested in the Administration under this Proclamation together to perform with power all necessary acts subsidiary thereto are hereby delegated to the Chief Political Officer or such person or power
persons as he may appoint to act on his behalf. Signed at Baghdad 22nd day of May, 1917. F. S. Maude,
Lieut.-General,
of Occupation.
Commanding
the Army
in conception and it is to be hoped that it may be effectivelycarried out. Apart from the depredations of the mere plunderer, who goes to obtain saleable loot. Article 5 is framed to combat the ravages caused by the ignorance of two distinct classes of destroyers, at whose mercy antiquities only too often lie. These are, firstly, the ignorantly callous ; and secondly, the ignorantly keen. The wrecking of the earliestsculptures a of Egyptian history in Sinai was case the They were destruction by modem sad men. wanton of practical too ignorant to know historic the or the either value market value of what they
" "
The
law is admirable
The late Inspector without any benefit to themselves. Antiquities had great trouble with some of at Luqsor engineers practical no for what they knew nothing about. use At Silsilehthere is the who had great bed of sandstone which the ancients largely quarried, leaving numerous examples of their methods, and inscriptions of historical value, etc. Extensive
" " "
"
deliberately destroyed
90
as
General Maude's
Proclamation.
cover the whole these records of the world's doings are, they by no means Yet when these engineers needed sandstone for for quarrying. available area in declined starting on a fresh piece of hand, they some had they work which
the cliff,but insisted on quarrying on the ancient sites, thus quite needlessly be replaced. destroying for ever records of the world's progress which can never interfered in Antiquities Most fortunately the Department time to prevent of doubt the necessary sandstone was being done, and no any serious damage
obtained from the immediate neighbourhood. Another kind of danger is also to be prevented by the clause about any who in anyway damages or destroys any site." The negligently information than he preor destroys more serves, amateur excavator usually damages
"
. . . ...
for something pretty or valuable is as destructive when done for the profit of a dealer. A quantity as when an done to amuse amateur printed, with the melancholy of hunting is reported from various sites, even
working at, could not in the least date what they were or give any useful account of it ; while the date and proper record would have Even if everybeen an elementary matter to anyone thing educated in the subject. is preserved and put in a local museum, the value of it is destroyed if there
no statement whether record of the relativepositions and ages of the objects, found in original position of deposit, or in ancient rubbish, or in modem tip-heaps. Action such as this,while excellent in itsintention, isdeplorable in its results,
is no
for the novice full of his search all unwittingly does what is probably furthest than he saves. removed from his mind or wishes, he destroys irretrievably more facts be observed have to a It is not generally understood what great range of be all promoted in excavating, how many together, how varied must
subjects
be the interests and view of the excavator, how ready he must be to succeed in preserving all he may find. Recently some who were not great scholars figures, bead-work some as trained excavators of coloured splendid ^found
must
" "
they could not preserve it,and it all fellto pieces. Anyone who knew his business would have easily preserved the whole of it complete ; but the great scholars heard of using paraffin wax. even had never is
The encouragement of plundering by the purchase of antiquities from dealers The to buy anything that is not difficult a only proper rule is never subject. of great importance to be preserved, where the information must not be lost. The ordinary recently broken, and specially any pieces of monuments objects, The encouragement of the chance finder should be left on the dealers' hands. his accidental discoveries is most important ; it will put all honest notice to the Government, and provide possession on a legal basis, give the earliest The foreign to museums. tourist the the an and above-board supply of
to proclaim
objects
law in Palestine also recognises given for the new recommendations officially fully the rights of every chance finder,and encourages the open sale of all that be honestly sold. can
activitiesof the forger are also heavily penalised. Large quantities of cylinder seals and cuneiform tablets have been produced in recent years, and a be put on such frauds. The manufacture of false antiquities stiff hand must in Egypt, that it may be considered one of the has reached such proportions now Thp
of Technical Education includes national industries,and indeed the Department its exhibits of the crafts of the a collection of modern antiquities among The is that are there result numbers of antiquity shops throughout country. Egypt in which a very large percentage of the exposed for sale are
"
"
objects
General
Maude's
Proclamation.
trade in forgeries has not only reached extreme has improved proportions in quantity, but also in quality, for the workmanship in line a heads that new in or some so statue recent when years much other is likely it to deceive he has the comes the on market, quite expert novelty until The it long one writer well remembers accompanying examined and carefully. forgeries. Moreover,
the Egyptian leading experts on Before long two dealer. up-country of the caught his eye. date, but after They purported
a or a visit to antiquities on three fine alabaster vases
a
or of early dynastic, long and detailed study of their form, material, and workmanship, by a criticalcross-examination of the dealer, the prospective accompanied Twenty purchaser passed them over years ago I would have with the remark : but I it." for dare to-day them, not risk given you "25
"
to be of late pre-dynastic,
The most obvious lesson of the whole wretched heavily to encourage the destruction of monuments
the loss of all archaeological excavation
museums
or
our
history, is that properly recorded observation and is the only right channel for either of certifiedand objects The moral to those who stay at home, the public to draw upon. dated
local and national museums, is that every effort should be made to and train excavators and to carry on the largest amount of proper excavation in to to history little us the save what of order and treasure of the past. remains
to
G. A. Wainwright.
92
REVIEWS.
Frangaise d'Archdologie Orientate. Cairo, 1918. Bulletin de I'Institut friend, regret that this will be the last contribution of our good He did to Mr. Joseph Offord, who died at the beginning of this year. much spread the knowledge of the French works on Egypt ; both for his work and his genial personality he will be much missed and
[We
much
regretted.]
An
important
some
It contains d'Index
au
princes, to each
fascicule of the Bulletin is that of the firstof Vol. XV, 1918. 140 pages, with about 25 hieroglyphic titles of Pharaohs and Repertoire Pharaonique pour servir page. It embodies the
"
of M. Henri Gauthier, that is to say, his Memoires de I'Institut Fran^ais great five-volume work in the series of the By issuing Caire." this Index in the comparatively d'archeologie Orientale du inexpensive format of the Bulletin, with every royal name again reproduced in
Livre des Rois
d'^gypte
"
"
its hieroglyph form, the Institut has placed within the means of many the opportunity of acquiring what is practically a catalogue of Egyptian
from Menes
to the Emperor
students
royalties,
Decius. Read
has
a
In Vol. XIII
paper upon
the precise
sense
of the word
"
^-
^as
Gardiner,
"
Dragoman,"
had rendered
teacher
Mr. Read's view is that would be a nearer scholar for basis this rendering is a passage in translation of the title, and his main Chapter 125 of the Book the Dead, wherein it is applied to Thoth the Scholar god
par excellence.
Another
Gauthier,
is that by M. Henri essay of interest in the thirteenth volume tions La Necropole de Thebes et son Personnel." This refersto the inscripbelonging to a considerable number attached to of personages who were
"
certain
"
priestly and
lay
offices for
site near
Thebes
known
as
buried in the hill of Deir elMost of these people were The place of Truth." Medineh, and a quantity of funerary and records of them have for many objects been Museum. in the Turin years In the spring of 1917 the French Institut at Cairo carried out excavations at hill the site and found further tombs of members of the association or fraternity of the Place of Truth, enabluig M. Gauthier to explain who and what they were
more
years ago, when treating of able to do, some completely than Maspero was them chiefly from the material at Turin. I, and Many of them were attached to the cult of the deified Amenhotep it appears that his worship was certainly the origin of the confraternity of the Place of Truth.
Reviews.
93
Many They
wore
of
the
office holders
and
were
oshu
i
^
depicted upon the sepulchre the domestic for simply servants of Amon, paintings and for weighing silver and gold, and so on. hand washing, aod the official One was la de de I'administration bois la de au du (?) serviteur cuisson patisserie palais," which reminds one of the chief baker in the story of Joseph.
special garments
headdresses
steles. Some
were
"
M. Gauthier's researches show that the members of the Place of Truth were in Pharaohs, living the administration and temples, or at least permitted to serve as being sotemu so. that those determined oshu were As far
as
we
at present know,
M. Georges Arabic
Daressy, in
work, which Precieux," an edition of which, based upon three manuscripts, Ahmed fourteen years ago. Bey Kamel some
been a member. long article, makes excellent archaeological use of an he entitles the Livre des Perles Eufouies, et du Mystere
no seems
a
"
female
to have
was
published by
Among
a
pupU The
sun
of M.
are
object
the articlesin Vol. XV of the Bulletin is one by Mademoiselle Chatelet, Loret, which is entitled Le Role des Deux Barques Solaires." Monzet and Mesketit of the thesis is to prove that the well-known
"
the vessels Ra occupies from sunrise to midday, and from noon is used for a complete day, and the other for night. to sunset, but that one The first evidence is from M. Jequier's Le Livre de ce qu'il version of ships
not
"
dans I'Hades," which states that at the twelfth night hour the great god departs Monzet." from Hades that he may embark the upon From the inscriptions upon the tomb of Sety I, close to the representation This god in the of the events of the firsthour of the night is a line reading
"
"
Mesketit barque which navigates in the arerit of this domain." Another literary proof is obtained from the phrase in the Book ofthe Dead^ XV, PI. He in Monzet, Chapter he ties up Papyrus Ani, 20, reading the sails in Mesketit." the {amarre)
"
A final proof is given from three of the pyramid texts given by M. Lacau Thou passest the night in Mesketit, thou passest (Rec,XXV, 153), which read in Monzet." for so rendering this sentence Good day are cause the quoted,
"
was that the exchange claims that the real myth but that, of vessels occurred at sunrise and sunset, modestly adds perhaps accidentally have at certain periods in variant theological schools, other views may been current.
up
is that by M. Gustave interesting essay in this fifteenth volume Funerary Ritual." The first Some to the J^quier Objects upon appertaining Piquets d'amarrage or the mooring of these symbolic relicshe treats of are the Another
"
"
"
Illustrationsof these are to be foimd upon pegs for the dahabeahs of the dead. the Sarcophagus of Sa-Uazet, published in Riqqeh and Memphis VI, Plate XXIIL These special pegs thereon depicted, instead of having merely a knob, or spreading
a
flattened top to support the driving blows of a mallet, terminate in a human head and bust. It seems manifest without any literary proof that these sepulchral form They are to be seen in the same sense. mooring posts are deified in some the firstas tombs, but in two connections of emblazoned upon Theban objects due to the funeral cult, secondly, as accessories at a ceremony some relating In the Book the Dead, presentation of the deceased to the gods of the dead.
"
of
as
in
some
down
illustrated papyri,
pickets is shown
securing
94
A
more
Reviews.
frequent picture of these is to be found in the representations objects (afavourite Theban theme at the XlXth of the Nile-boat voyage of the mummy d5masty to the shrine of Osiris at Abydos, of Anubis at Siout, and Amentit
era),
In the rubrical texts for these scenes two pickets are mentioned, into driven They are the that shown and of the poop. Then another scene soil,and priests are rendering offerings unto them. shows the boat being moored with ropes to the pegs, and libation offerings being made that of the prow
to them.
in Lower
Egypt.
In these
heads to them, but the rites the pickets do not have human as they are worshipped are the same those for a deity, and without Deesse-piquet these the are Jequiersays, of the Pyramid
scenes,
objects
limit
(L
^^"^A
ci
first recognised by
M.
Lefebure,
the
great
Menat
" (J
"
"=".
are inscriptionsidentifiedwith Isisor Nephthys. also in some Finally, these mooring pegs are as might be anticipated, in mentioned, descriptions of the voyages of the Solar barque. M. Jequier called at also writes upon the regal item of decorative costume
by the worn various times Uatet, menkeret, and khebset, that is the animal's tail, Pharaoh upon ceremonial occasions, as shown in so many paintings and reliefs. He proves by careful consideration that these tails are so accurately drawn that the usual idea that they are intended for lions' tails is erroneous, and that
of a bull. This is confirmed by the frequent assimilation in Egyptian literature to a bull, and especially so by the figure of the king as a bull upon one of the prehistoric slate palettes from The tail is always shown being worn as Hieraconpolis. suspended from a
they
are
undoubtedly
intended
for those
waistbelt. derives from a root sed or The syllable set of its name Khebset, M. Jequier The Feast It forms heb-sed,festival. tail. the moiety of the word set,meaning Sed Festival, so often alluded to in Egyptian writings, and poror trayed of the Tail
" "
seems
act of enthronement. article upon the title given to various and its diverse attributions. The question of personages of Ami-Ra-Akhnute as title of Ami-Ra interest he deems to have decided is not so much the official
of the assumption symbolical ceremony the putting on at that function of the belt and
a
to be
to
an
Henri
Gauthier
has
lengthy
that of the complete significance of the term Akhnute, which many years ago a or a definition for a particularly private chamber, Egyptologists decided was generally that of a royal palace. select portion of some edifice, M. Gauthier agrees with this rendering, but is also able, by carefully collected
a number textual quotations, to prove that there were of other places, such as known bureaus, deposit chambers, which were registrar offices,and safe official In fact, he succeeds in citing from inscriptionsthe to the Egyptians as Akhnute.
titles of
belonging to as many differentdepartments of Ami-Ra officials qualifiedas an A khnute chamber, or department, in buildings of various characters. The Akhnute, of which this personage was presiding officer, or custodian,
some score
Selamlik," and so not a saloon of such a private nature, to the public, as the word usually signifies. For it is for some special certain that as a rule admission to an Akhnute was only obtained It should be mentioned it was or by privileged people. reason, sometimes used
a access
"
as
name
Reviews.
95
M. Loret wrote upon the he only enumerated four or five some subject from the Hood-Wilbur different Akhnutes, but starting papyrus, edited by Sir Hierarchie," M. Gauthier gives some Gaston Maspero as the sixty instances of but to the nature of their as these of"cials, without any distinctive statement Akhnutes.
When
"
he gives those whose names followed by determinative are Ami Ra Prepose Pays du Nord," as au the qualifications, such of and White House Golden House." those of the and to us is that of the Ami Ra Akhnoute of the Kherp hatu, which One titlenew In his second
"
chapter
"
"
"
further special palace apartments. M. Gauthier thinks applies to some texts, to define what of numerous chapter endeavours, by a comparison duties of the various grades of Ami Ra of Akhnutes.
Another
were
the
The second fascicule of Vol. XVI, 1919, of the Bulletin de I'InstitutFrangaise d'ArcMologie Orientate of Cairo is mainly occupied with the completion of Mr. K. A brief Chronology of the Mohammadan ments MonuA. C. Cresswell's articleentitled
"
of M. Henri Gauthier there is a description of a inscribed Funerary Cones, found upon the eastern slope of the large number of The inscriptions upon them hUl of Goumet at Thebes. and upon el-Medineh museum now or those previously edited in various journals catalogues present Of these no less than six are derived from some thirteen variant types of texts. He for the firsttime reproduced by M. Gauthier. specimens now de bureau, Amonemapit (or Amonemat), who, named reproduces those of a chef Egjqitian importance, like many of people other especially officials, enjoyedthe the
numerous
[p^^and
M. Gauthier thoroughly
"
to say, he had
That is of it, rendering it khrd kep, child of the nursery." in youth been one of the playmates of the royal children, or perhaps to a royal infant, he mean that his mother having been wet nurse
"
also reared in the court nursery. Pour la Conquete Two very valuable essays are provided by M. Jean Cledat, firstis The ITsthme de a full account de rfegypte," Notes Suez." sur of and
"
methods of defence and offence upon the present Suez Canal route frontier, in ancient times, including the Ptolemaic and Roman periods. The Delta and Palestine geographical peculiarities of the district between the eastern are explained, quotations from papyri and inscriptions utilised,and notes upon
Egyptian various campaigns which opened or closed within this area are given, as well as frontier officers quotations from the reports and diaries of travellers and ofl"cials, and fugitives,such as Saneha.
is profoundly impressed by the splendid British engineering is conveyed fresh across the desert mounds and water achievement which It carries the precious fluid to El Arish. valleys, all the way from Kantara times. for 150 kilometres, and is one of the most beneficent works of modem
M.
Cledat
by
Yet British-like we have never described its design and equipment, even much less boasted of the matter, though the French journal Illustration has done so. importance than their The notes upon the Isthmus of Suez are of much more titlewould suggest. The firstis upon a Persian stele at Qabret. But few words bore ; one of these is that for Satrap, and some remain of the inscription it once The remains of a Byzantine fortress at others refer to the Tamahou country. the same locality are illustratedby a plan.
g6
Two steles of Rameses II deitiesof Sutek, Anta, Baal and
a are
Reviews.
Sopdt,
described ; they mention the semi-Asiatic master of the Orient land," who in
"
presents those countries to the Pharaoh. relief Section 4 of this paper gives a ground plan and a detailed account watch tower fort,the innermost of three halls in which was employed in the time of Rameses II. Part was used as a storehouse, seven
of
as
Migdol
being provided for holding grain. Section 5 refers to the Israelitepassage of the Red Sea, and because of M. Cleat's special knowledge of the districtsconcerned, is of very great value ; He has been impressed by the very excellent work he gives an exceUent map. but M. Cledat addresses and traveller, of the late M. Leon Cart, a Swiss archaeologist himself to ascertaining the true situation and the Egyptian titlefor every placein the Bible narrative. His work is additional to the previous attempts name of this kind by Lieblein, Naville and Daressy, and previous to Dr. Alan Gardiner's treatiseupon the City of Rameses, published this year in the Journal Egyptian of Archaeology. M. Cledat does not mention the topographical papyrus in the
Cairo Museum
him,
nor
The
by Dr. Spiegelberg, but it is doubtless well known to the geographical details in the Arezzo manuscript of a Palestine pilgrimage, but he gives every important old Egyptian record its place. final paper is by Prof. Edouard Naville upon the First Words of summarised
"
"
After a long and convincing argument of the Book of the Dead." I Atum, I was for he decides am alone (orthe imique one) rendering them from Nu. I I rose am the (yesterday) and I know what shall be past when up The resemblance of the phrase to the I am yesterday, the future (to-morrow)." Zeus was, Zeus to-day and to-morrow," and the priestessof Dodona's dictum,
Chapter XVII
"
"
is,and Zeus is to be," will naturally occur to many. M. Naville takes the opportimity to enlarge upon the manner as well as He Egyptian monumental and matter manuscript writing. concludes that of because inscriptions were or executed vertically engraved wall painted from a ladder, and shows by the arrangements when copied upon papyrus, that the roll was placed upon the knees of the scribe,as is the case in Egypt to-day. He also gives valuable information as to the method and the results of the adoption of Demotic scripts. What he says about the appliance used for scribes or sculptors writing upon chamber or temple and palace walls is interesting,because if the Hittites used scaffoldsgoing the whole length of the space to be covered, instead
of ladders, it might accoimt for their boustrophedon plan of writing. The scribe having got to the end of the wall, instead of walking back and recommencing at the other end, simply continued his text, working backward beneath (or above) the previous line. The final essay is by the veteran
M. Loret,
"
irr^;ulier."
Joseph Offord.
NOTE.
regret to say that owing to the length of negotiations about the division of discoveries at the Cairo Museum, it has been impossible to have an exhibition our but we hope to this year. The boxes have not yet arrived by the end of July, from include the this year in next year's exhibition. We
objects
W. M. F
P.
0\
KHEKER
FRIEZES.
W -ttir
1.
XU, LATE XX
XVIII
DYNASTIES, XIX
p. III.
2.
MID
DYNASTY,
3. 5.
XVIII;
DYNASTIES,
p. IIS.
4.
6.
TOMB TOMB
LATE
MID
DYNASTY,
p. 118.
XVIII,
ANCIENT
EGYPT.
THE
GENESIS
OF
COPTIC
TWISTS
AND
PLAITS.
is as decorative motive a of the development of plaited ornament in interest, full has the one and one which, past, of occupied the attention of far too few. Work is often useful, and may by-paths these research along of
STUDY
always
be
considered
as
legitimately supplementing
of the
one might almost term it epidemic spread of the use of in Europe been the has, throughout motives early centuries plait of course, But Prof. Lethaby is,I think, the only one who upon. noticed and commented
"
"
has suggested^ that it is to Egypt we truly wonderful development. This considered opinion of a man evolution of design needs no support certainly lends insomuch as we
a
must
who has made a life-long study of the But, on from me. the other hand, it interest to our art, study of Egypto-Roman
are
we
at work
upon
things
more
rare
than
usual, the early links of a chain of rich fancy, which has given us the beautiful interlacing of Celtic and Scandinavian art, the knots and borders of Longobardic pavements and Byzantine panels, no less than the sculpture, of the Roman clever grotesques of the MSS. of the Slavic races. It is really a matter of regret that the Professor left his enquiry where he did, for clearly there must be an origin for the elements which are so frequent in the art of Coptic times.
The present paper, then, is an attempt to glean a sheaf of scattered vestiges from more though imperfectly, will nevertheless ancient times, which, even from indication sources the whence the Copts drew their early give of probable
ideas of plaited ornament. That the invention of the plait is not to be ascribed to the Copts themselves Nevertheless we are here but a step removed from the centre must be premised.
art, and an enquiry whence the plait went forth to the enrichment of European Coptic frequently found on into the origins of some of the forms as they are time deal with the broader question of the cultural cloths, will at the same influences at work in Roman times in Egypt.
from which it would seem obvious that simplest motive, and the one is twist developed, have originally the simple the plait must (Fig. i). It is The
so
obvious
and
simple
decorative contrivance
The Burlington
should
Lethaby,
W.
R.,
"
The
origin of Knotted
Ornamentation,"
Magazine,
X,
1907.
G
98 be
so
The Genesis
that it is entirely persistently absent from archaic art. Not, of course, for frequency but, the of, example, the meander great and absent ; considering fret in Greek, and even dynastic Egyptian art, it is notable that examples of the twist are curiously few and far between. in preNevertheless, there are well attested examples of the occurrence Coptic times of twists not only of single strands, as in Fig. i, but also of double in Figs. 2 and triple strands that parallel the two twists of Coptic age shown
and
3. It is significant that, although not very frequently, it is found in Greek as well as Egyptian design, as witness Fig. 4, a twist of single strands from an New York (first half of the Vllth early Attic vase in the Metropolitan Museum,
in the Louvre (Vlthcentury, Fig. 5, from a Corinthian vase The be exampled a twist of double strands. single twist in Egypt may B.C.) by Fig. 6, found rarely on scarabs of the Middle Kingdom, and Fig. 7 from a Hyksos 8, Kalum dynasty). Fig. a scarab of the period may pot (Xllth-XIIIth be looked upon as a link with the Xllth dynasty scarab. Fig. 9. century, and B.c.)^
it is to the Cylinder seals of ancient Babylonia the earliest examples of the twist. In Syro-Cappadocian
But
that
we
must
look for
is of frequent something
more
occurrence.
Yet
here
we
are
significant than a mere the cylinders on significanceone cannot tellat present, but usually when it occurs it is not as a border. It is a complete figure, a twist of several nodes, the number varying from three to eight. Fig. 10, a twist of five nodes, is from a Sumerian
and Sumerian times it with confronted, it would seem, is What decoration. the exactly
cylinder^ and is therefore at least as old as the Vlth Egyptian dynasty ; fig.12 is from the cylinder of the pre-Hyksos king Khandy, and 13 from a scarab of Apepy. As Having found no twist of earlier age than these we are compelled to pause. it be for its ultimate origin and symbolism it would seem that may closely probable Of the Fig. 11) from a Sumerian vase.^ associated with serpent worship {see At Figs. to more we I have say. something present may compare serpent shall 12 with Figs. 14 and 10, II and 15 from Coptic cloths. I think the deduction
is inevitable. of influence, the twist in Greek art would suggest it. Fig. 16, from Medailles, Bib. Nat., Paris,* is of Vllth century,
occurrence
of the complete des a plate in the Cabinet from Fig. B.C., an 17 and
we
dating from the Vlth century, B.C. amphora in the British Museum, Passing from the twist to the plait one must recognise that therein
have
evidence of a distinct advance, not only in conception, but also in designing skill. This cultural step being obvious, it is all the more surprising to find that, if not cylinders, the genuine plait is actually on Sumerian, yet on Syro-Cappadocian and 19)^. Strangely enough, except for one example, be to the true plait seems quite missing from Egyptian decoration of pre-Roman dajre. As in the case of the twist, the vehicle of its introduction into Egyptodoubtless the art of ancient Greece ; for it is not infrequent on Roman art was already evolved
(Figs. 18
occasionally
on
pottery.
Jour.Hell.
Delaporte, King,
Stud., XXXII,
1912,
L. W.,
Sumer
and
Akkad,
PI. XIII,
* '
"
Delaporte,
Bull. Corr. Hell., 1895, p. 74, Fig. 2. L., Cat. des Cylind. Orien., 1910, PI. XXIX, Hell., 1895, p. 81, Fig. 5. Bull, de la Corresp.
425.
The
Genesis
of Coptic Twists
ana
Plaits.
99
^ Fig. 24 from a Proto-Corinthian vase of about the same I give here a century. four-strand plait from a cylinder from Aiden which is perhaps a trifle older and Fig. Phoenician for {circa 25 origin, 700 probably and comparison illustrate B.C.), four-strand from threeand plaits taken E^ypto-Roman and Coptic specimens of
(Figs. cloths in the Victoria and Albert Museum 26-28). Vladimir Bok in his monograph Coptic Textiles ^ states that "The plait on is met with on ancient Egyptian monuments beginning with the Xllth dynasty."
This statement it published in any would be more misleading than it is were less difficult inclined to think that he must language than Russian. As it is I am have had in mind the twist rather than the plait. And yet there is one undoubtedly be Egyptian can seen that any genuine example plaitwork of ancient day
at
the
British Museum.
as
it appears
on
the
'
Jour. Hell.
1912,
'
yjopHamua
MocKsa, 1897.
G
2
100
and
Plaits.
fragment
Fig. 29 gives the scheme of plaiting which of the beard of the Sphinx. is clearly visible on the specimen. frequently on We will next consider an interestinggroup of figureswhich occur Coptic date, they textiles of Egypto- Roman and which, although and vary in many ways, are yet apparently all related. A typical example of the Illrd-IVth
is shown in Fig. 30. A portion of a similar design century on a fabric from Akhmin in Fig. 31, while Fig. 32, although quite dissimilar, of IVth-Vth century is given its less pronounced is most probably a derivative from the same parent source,
cruciform shape being probably due to its earlier date (Ilnd-IIIrd century). The relation between these forms and the quite simple form. Figs. 33 and 34, will, But I imagine that in this simple form we have it in its I think, be apparent. pagan aspect. For it has persisted and is found in Celtic and Scandinavian
ornament,
where
corners.
it
considered by Worsaae^ to represent the earth with Surrounding this Danish example is a serpent with its tail in
was
To revert the great sea-serpent lying in the all-surrounding ocean. to the Coptic examples. Figs. 30 and 31 have this form interplaited with the cross, no doubt used as a Christian symbol. For the origin of this motive we must, I believe, again look to Sumer, although there are practically no directly connecting links, that I know of, if we except Xllth dynasty), and I scarab designs of the type shown in Figs. 35 and 36 (after
think these
are
inconclusive. symbol
or
An
shown
interesting comparison may, however, be made in Figs. 37 and 38. This is one of the Eight
auspicious symbols frequently figured in Buddhist art It also occurs Srivatsa,the symbol of the as the lucky diagram and iconography.* knot (Chang), in China Buddhist or as the tenth Jina (Sitala) and of the Jains,
the sacred entrails (Fig. 39). This Chinese sign was doubtless introduced by the Buddhist
China
can
a.d. one
How
cannot
missionaries who the symbol arrived in Buddhist help remembering that Buddhism
inroad, stillin its infancy when, in 329 B.C., Alexander made his momentous Also Indian we impressed decoration an most strongly. art and event which know that commerce was carried on between India and Babylonia from quite early times, and we find that in the Ilird century B.C. the famous Buddhist Emperor
had resulted in that missions sent by him to Greek kingdoms intercourse facts Buddhism. These an amount quite conversions of prove And although apparently sufficientto account for the passage of this symbol. not to be found in Greek ornament, yet if we look from these examples to that Asoka claimed
to
shown
Moreover, I in Fig. 40, we cannot but notice their striking resemblance. that in this Sumerian figure we think I may suggest (with probability on my side), have the prototype of even the Coptic examples. The figure is taken from one ancient specimens of of the three most Sumerian glyptic art yet known, one of the seals of the patesi Lugalanda (about Vlth-VIIth tation The somewhat laboured attempt at an interpreEgyptian). It is far be I Allotte by M. de la Fuije^ think, put aside. may, of this sign Ukely to be the expression of a religiousidea than a cryptic rendering of the more It may even contain the idea of Worsaae of the four corners name. of the artist's dynasties
'
"
Danish
"
*
Waddell,
The
Genesis
of Coptic Twists
and
Plaits.
lOl
earth, but I believe that all these knot figures embody at least, longevity.
There I have
is one more motive found on Coptic textiles of which I must speak. left it uijtil the last because it is perhaps the most interesting of all. Figs.
41 and 42 show it as it appears on Egypto-Roman and Coptic textiles,and it will be recognised immediately as a familiar motive not only on these fabrics but also Roman It is also of frequent on mosaics from the Ilnd century a.d. onwards. later among Celtic and Scandinavian plaitwork as noticed by Dr. H. occurrence Colley March. in fact, is found
World Ravishing Gems of Buddhism, of the seven and, far afield as among builders of the American the Mound continent. in English, It is sometimes the duplex, in French I'entrelac, called, and
so
"
It is one
Lieblingsmotive." Sarre enigmatically terms it the in This motive, more archaic art than any, has yet I believe a history elusive For it that may well be said to be more ancient than any other known symbol. is, I am from directly derived days, Swastika. that ancient of the convinced, That this is so can best be demonstrated by examples. Figs. 43 to 46 show the
be proven stages of development in as simple a form as can be. It could, of course, The Swastika is, of at greater length, but the present is hardly the occasion. a universal symbol of fireand motion, i.e., course, the sun ; and its derivative must be allowed to have, in some measure at least, a similar significance in pagan
Roman on mosaics, and this is most significant right thus art swept past Coptic and Egypto-Roman enquiry. without touching it,so to speak, and we find it on a 1st century mosaic at Pompeii in the Isis temple, which was (Fig. rebuilt after the earthquake of A.D. 63. 47)^ For
we are
itsoccurrence
entire absence of this motive from both Greek but I give an illustration of a gold ring from ornament, and Selinous^ {circa which is sufficiently like to afford comparison 1500-1000 B.C.), There would seem ancient Egyptian from latter
to be an
Egypt
I give an impression of a Kahun sealing (Xllth is between Swastika form half the (Fig. way 47) certainly
figure.
for the identical motive we must last. Again we go to ancient Babylon for
But
indeed the simple duplex, but an same theme (Fig. 50). Incidentally it may be observed that this is,so far as my It might investigations have gone, the earliest example of knot work yet known. Celtic from so be Scandinavian be cross some or thought to excellent is it. well
in the circa 1926-2225 B.C.), seal (dated the than fact that this is a design more complex But it. period, have preceded simple duplex argues that the latter must, at some Crete. to find it in an earlier age we must look to pre-mykenian European Sir Arthur Evans* tells us that of the origins of our complex
times than this illustration,and we find here not our artistic conception obviously based upon the
come
to
more
recent
Syro-Cappadocian
The
Nationale.*
"
at least can
on
which
it drew
be confidently stated. The earliest extraneous lay respectively in two directions in the valley of the
"
1 * * '
'
From
Riegl, A.,
1893, Stil/ragen,
p. 310.
1910,
p. 42. Delaporte,
PI. XXXVIIIt
PI. X, No. 190. M. F., Illahun, 1889-90, E., Guilde illus.du Cab. des Med., 1900, p. 32, and
Fig. 649.
*
New
Archaeolog.
Lights
on
Smithsonian
Report, 1916.
G
I02
The
on one
Genesis
of Coptic Twists
"
and
Plaits,
side,and in that of the Euphrates on the other." This being so we doorstep of European civiUsation need not be surprised to find that here on the the duplex may be traced a step further back into the past. Fig. 51 represents the design of a steatite seal from Hagios Onuphrios,^ and considered to date from
Nile
"
will be seen that this design consists of the simple duplex with the addition of an interlaced glance at the next figure we shall observe that the figures square. If we now identical, are ment paveand yet this latter is from the IVth century Romano-British the Early Minoan
III period
(Fig. 52). That the Cretan example is the prototype of A seal of ivory found at Hagia Triada, be there cannot any doubt. and dating from the second part of the 1st Minoan period, is illustratedby Mosso,* which appears also to be inscribed with this form.
at Wellow
near
Bath
the Roman
be referred to. It is shown in an asphalt reliefdiscovered by de Morgan at Susa.* idea, and it must be Dr. Capitan considers this to be an expression of the same it is composed than probable, for undoubtedly of two admitted that it is more
more
illustration must
representation of two serpents is, too, in my opinion, a point in favour of this. It is ascribed to the epoch of Naram Sin, equal to the IXth dynasty. Looking back over the field of enquiry that has been covered it seems interplaited ovals. The fact of its being
a
obvious that certain general conclusions may be deduced. before them, derived these decorative The Copts, and the Egypto-Romans from Roman in if sources, their art, at any rate from a not actually motives In this connection the significance of the evidence with Rome. For we know be overestimated. that the the mosaics cannot provided Romans obtained their art of mosaic from the Greeks about 80 years B.C.
common
source
by
of inspiration was rule at that time. passed under Roman The decorative features we have been considering
Moreover,
we
know
that the
source
Alexandria, which
are
town
in Egypt
greatest frequency on the textile fabrics. But in Roman So much closely identified with the mosaic pavements. from derived them, with the art itself, practically no doubt that the Romans Alexandria. We must therefore conclude that Egypt obtained her art inspirations from
but much to Romano-Alexandrian thence, also owing nothing to purely Roman is more influence. What natural than that the city of Euclid should be the designs should proceed, designs which, these advanced centre from whence based upon the symbols of archaic cults, were revivified and developed in the it a focus of influences hands of skilled artists. Alexandria's position made Not only Greeks, Romans from East and West. sentatives and Egyptians, but repreis doubt There its no lands eastern precincts. within of
congregated
that many ancient cults were tolerated, and may have brought into itsdecorative the art the symbolism of archaic faiths. Of these quite the most popular was Isis. Serapis to Uraeus, Agathodaemon Serpent, the the and sacred and cult of Shrines existed there whereat the cult was practised, and the two serpents are frequent features
on
*
" "
Evans, Mosso,
A.
J.,Cretan Piclographs,1895,
A., Palaces
de Morgan,
PI. XXXVII.
The
Genesis
of Coptic
30
1,04
of Coptic Twists
and Plaits.
a prominent that serpent worship was cult in the reUgious back to Fig. and with the ancient Persians system of the Sumerians (refer ii), Hnked into two the were have seen that the we prototype of the duplex. Space
know
will not allow of exhaustive proof, but I been considering all originally embodied
am
some
convinced
we
have
The
the interplaited
cross
phase of the cult of the serpent. all part of the of ovals were
ritual of the archaic counterpart of Isis and Osiris. lost their pagan On Egypto-Roman and Coptic things they have, of course, decorative as are motives with one probably used merely significance, and This, by virtue of its being cruciform and dual, was exception, the duplex.
"
March
sajre,adopted
as
an
emblem
early a date is not certain. But it is certain that both in pagan and Christian art these non-terminate plait motives had the Particularly idea the of good-luck. power of auspicious symbols, conveying its in these days, this the case was popularity with the duplex ; but we find,
so
at
so
has waned
"
G. E. Bunt.
being the earliest forms of the twists facts distribution. The formula which their of and plaits accords with other is that the twist and plait is a Central Asian to agree with all the cases seems in Kirghiz tents) the wickerwork screens ; that from there it passed motive [see
[Theseconclusions
on
the Sumerian
down
the Euphrates, also into Syria, and firstinto Egypt under Hyksos influence. brought in Italy until the Dacian captives were Plaits and twists were unknown into from brought the basketin and set to mosaic work ; plaits were the north work capitals of true Gothic work osiers.
in the round plait in architecture only occurs in Italy, the Lombard and not plait being angular, rushwork In Ireland the spiral is alone in the pagan age, and the plait only comes
Justinian, and
in after Norse
"
W.
M. F.
P.]
( 105
THE
SPHINXES
OF
TANIS.
In the Annates du Service, 1917, M. Daressy opens the question of the peculiar in the sphinxes of Tanis, the fish-offerers type of art fouj^d statue. and the Fayum For figuresof these see Ancient Egypt, 1916, pp. 188-192, and plates. He points out that Zon or Zoan is distinctfrom Hauar or Avaris in the Memphitic list, and
; and that the absence of any mention of Tanis, on the monuments of and of any works of the great XVIIIth dynasty in early times. Suddenly to show how unimportant there, seems the place was dynasty it was in the XlXth as a II, and started northern capital by Ramessu filledwith sculptures brought from other places. Of the early statues five have
reason
to identify them
dedications belonging to Onkhtaui at Memphis, the laterworks of Ramessu II were made for the Heliopolitan gods, and a statue is dedicated to Upuat of Siut and Hathor of Dronkah by. From El Kab has come a near sphinx in white silicified limestone exactly like the Tanite sphinxes in work and dimensions. All these facts result in detaching this peculiar style of work from Tanis, and suggest that it is more probably southern.
Head
of
Tanis
Sphinx.
Head
of
Galla
Woman.
ground is thus cleared of an hypothesis that has confused the subject for fiftyyears past. The southern source of such work at El Kab paves the way in Maspero's for our recognising in the head of a Galla woman (published Struggle of the Nations," p. the same type as in the sphinxes from Tanis.
The
"
"
"
233)
and limits of this type in the south. bodywas struck by the similarity to the Tayesha, who were the guard Osman Semitic African Dagna, a tribe. of If now to regard these sculptures as representing a Sudani people, it we are is clear that they belong to an invasion between the Vlth and Xlth dynasty, as
We
an
enquiry
as
to the
sources
other period likely before the Hybros age when these figures were pressing appropriated. The break-up of the Old Kingdom was due to Mesopotamians from the south, Sudanis to in from the north the button-badges, and using
there is
no
"
who
took up Egyptian
own
second prehistoric civilisationwas Bubastite age was invasion from Ethiopia and Libya.
both
purposes. Elamite
seldom
come
single.
W.
M.
F. Petrie.
106
ALEXANDRIAN
WORLD
MAPS.
As
of geographical learning where the world maps 200 were {circa of Eratosthenes {circa 150 A.D.) and Ptolemy published, B.C.) it may not be out of place to insert a short note on the possible survival of the former. The question of the authenticity of the actual maps accompanying discussed, but no one so far as the text of Ptolemy has recently been much
was
Alexandria
the centre
possibility that a copy of the earlier Hellenistic world scheme may stillexist. There is in the Harleian collection in the British Museum a very remarkable map of the world drawn in the gth or loth centuries. It seems to be the work of an Anglo-Saxon that is,it must be his copy scholar has suggested
the
"
I know
The way the cities are represented within their walls has earlier map. mosaic plan of Palestine, and the prominence of resemblances to the Madeba Constantinople a Alexandria was that as there all show such places and of
an
Hellenistic original. Another point of interest is the fact that or the of places in North Africa, to which Prof. Petrie called attention as being mentioned in the old tradition of the peopling of Britain, are named on
Byzantine
some
this map. as The map of the world given in Prof. Breasted's Ancient Times (1916) to have to me more than an seems the world according to Eratosthenes, In it we have an to our Saxon map. oblong world accidental resemblance
; India is at one end, and the Mediterranean Sea enters surrounded by ocean It is more at the other. still remarkable in comparison with the Harleian map by an inlet from as that the Caspian Sea is shown connected with the ocean this Sjnia Mesopotamia the are near the north. centre of world, which and on lies on the ocean the Saxon map as a rug rests on the floor. Furthermore,
of loosely-drawn lines, which are frequently roughly parallel, The names another. of countries and cities seem and at right angles to one in relation to these lines, which indicate boundaries or to have been set down His map of the known position. Now Dr. Breasted writes of Eratosthenes : world, including Europe, Asia and Africa, not only showed the regions grouped the first geographer with fair correctness, but he was about the Mediterranean latitude and able to lay out on his map a cross-net of lines indicating who was Harleian in the It seems longitude." collection must evident that the map be that the a map have had for its source with such lines upon it. It may there
are
a
number
"
less in harmony or with the map follows some original constructed more Alexandria his Cosmas, the 6th century traveller,who published at theories ,of It is probable, however, that Christian scheme of geography about 550 a.d. Eratosthenes Cosmas reverted to the flat-land of rather than inventing it afresh, to depend and in any case the Saxon map is too detailed and, indeed, too correct is There a on photographic reproduction of anything but a classical source. Encyclothe Harleian map in Trail'sSocial England and a small text block in the paedia
Saxon
Britannica
("Maps ").
W.
R. Lethaby.
107
THE
Ancient
SUBTERRANEAN
Aleppo
PASSAGES
Khalebu,
OF
the Greek
ALEPPO
CITADEL.
to have
(the Egyptian
is supposed Bercea)
known now as the stood entirely on the partly natural, partly artificial mound Citadel, which measures m. the X m. at 275 160 summit, and about 40 above the This seems level of the town. probable since no pre-Arab remains are to be from Egyptian in the town, although Aleppo is known and Babylonian been have to of extreme records antiquity. fortified, or more Under the Arab rule of Malik ez-Zahir, the mound was deep it dug was ; a moat round probably re-fortified and a strong defensive
seen
The wall of Ez-Zahir still stands, but the built round the summit. wall was interior of the Citadel is in ruins, the only modern building of any size being barrack. The remainder is a mass a Turkish of debris of Arab and Roman age which
could
easily
be
excavated
now
and
would
well
repay
thorough
examination.
Aleppo
Citadel
from
the
S.S.W.
The
Arab
Commanding
Officer told
me
that he had
was the barracks, and invited me subterranean passages near Lieut. Lee-Bross^ I accordingly called on him with not keen on doing it alone. He first to a chamber Spahis. led the us 1st (A)close to his quarters, at the of
found
to
large rectangular well, the top being solid masonry and by m. west. east and 3.75 north and south, to a gallery built against the Officer then showed us the entrance
was a
This gallery was almost stopped up outside of the east wall of the chamber. It soon 20". downwards turned an at with rubbish, and sloped angle of about to the left at right angles, and began to follow round the outside of the well in a opening into the well at intervals counter-clockwise direction with windows in each circuit. At first this gallery was in a very bad condition, but became to a better and freer of rubbish as we went down. After two circuits we came now much small vertical shaft which we climbed down, after which the passage, larger, and with a well-cut staircase the whole of its breadth (about3J m.) longer built no At 16 m. depth the gallery was continued to wind downwards.
Io8
The Subterranean
Passages
of Aleppo Citadel.
in the rubbish, but cut in the soft limestone. This gives an approximate idea deposit on the Citadel. Although the passage was now of the depth of artificial in the rock, its tendency to crumble has necessitated arches and patches to hold
up and hold back the dangerous portions. As we went stilllower, the patches to be were made in pottery bricks, 0.23 m. long by 0.03 m. deep, which seem The level of the commencement Roman. was 26 m. of the pottery revetting below the ground level of the Citadel. About this level a gallery,now obstructed, appears
masonry
to
run
southwards.
At
30
m.
we
again
came
to
is now
arch at the entrance, and then apparently running totally stopped up with stones and rubbish. At 37.80 m., a very small passage opened out on the right of the main passage ; the roof had fallenin many I crawled in for about 25 m. almost due north and places and was very rotten.
found the end. It apparently was a trialgallery leftuncompleted. A few metres farther on the main gallery ends in a pile of rubbish, though it may continue littlefurther. Here we went a down a small vertical shaft, which could be covered by stone slabs which lay beside it. At a depth of 3.50 m. we reached a small horizontal passage (H) which went back under the main gallery for about Here a larger gaUery ran left and right. We firstturned to the right, 1.50 m. to the well, being now almost at the bottom of it and after about 3 m. we came
into it and could see straight up the shaft ; this was 41.34 m. below the surface of the Citadel. The curious part of the shaft was that the four sides were corrugated, and gave the effect of looking up the The bottom of the well was concertina extension of a kodak. partly filled with
(i.e., within
I was ft.).
lowered down
stones
above, and beneath the shaft the depth of the water varied from a couple of inches to a foot. On the east, south and west sides of the bottom of the well, large galleriesabout 2 m. high and i"50 broad, distance. The entrances of these had masonry arches, ran away for a unknown
and
filthdropped
down
from
keystones, and the galleries themselves were well rendered I could not follow these more as the water than about 10 m. with cement. became deeper owing to there being less rubbish the farther one goes from the well-shaft. The stench was bad, but with thigh boots one should be able to follow made without
these passages to their ends wherever they may be. These are shown at (M,N, O), in accompanying It seems if these were as gigantic water conduits for plan. With sufficient time I believe that the exits of these the supply of the town. be discovered even conduits could without following them internally, as they
must
"
"
We
We only had three days at our with the river somewhere. for to us the search further, as we had other out of question then returned to the branch passage at (B)which, as has been
remarked,
about 2 m. above the water level of the well, and followed the The section of this gallery is shown at (Q), and the whole of it being obviously a water-channel. rendered," its primary
object
m.,
it is paved with large blocks. Below these blocks there is a small channel, 0.35 by 0.35 m. protected by a strong iron grating running forward. The whole gallery is obstructed about 1.30 m. At this place further on, and no jnore progress was possible without excavation. found a limestone block 0.75 by 0.60 by 0.28 m., having a cufic inscription we
turns
m. on
it turns west for 31.40 m., and then southwest at (DE, EF and FG). At (G) the passage
it in relief, the block being upside down and not Lieut. Brosse copied this as far as he could, and I can
The
Subterranean
Passages
of Aleppo Citadel.
109
who specializes in this class of inscriptions. At the point (J)there is a small hole opening out of the gallery. I squeezed through this, and found myself at i m. the bottom diameter, of a circular shaft running vertically upwards (about I by m. found large this the top high). 5.10 climbed up and and covered slabs of stone which
T could
not
shift.
crumbling and earthy, which distance below ground level. This shaft, 1.20 diameter, opening led into another shaft running vertically upwards. At m. high. the top was the on the there was a sort of 7 of north shaft doorway of limestone about 0.80 m. wide, the jambs being smoothly dressed. We could not
rubbish.
see
I noticed the soil here was softer and more that top the the no shaft was of showed great We then returned to the point (G) where a small
the height
owing
to
its being
a
partially filledup
mason's
with
stones
and
the
The
right
jamb
mark,
much
resembling
IS
MOftT
"
O
m.
20r
V"*L".
Of
M""-'"
"2
^""'"
A-Sm.
tnlntut.
BflRR/"CKS
w"B
fMooCRN)
MoSyuC
(Ruin)
CITADEL OF ALEPPO
'onkh, 0.23 m. could easily be cleared.
;^ooo
The chamber was almost entirely^filled up, but the other side of the shaft running up at an angle of a large gallery roughly cut in the earthy about 50" and 150" east of north, was limestone and 10 m. long. At the top of this, turning to the left,we could just long. On
Egyptian
(H) This was separated from an squeeze into a small masonry antechamber apparently larger chamber by a heavy basalt door, leaning at about 60" outwards from its frame which consisted of four blocks of basalt. The dimensions of the
.
door
were 1.38 m. high ; 0.75 m. wide and 0.17 thick. On the west and on the inner side there is a cruciform recess for a bolt. Above this lock recess is a hole for the door pivot ! The roof of the antechamber consists of a circular column
was of basalt. The inner chamber very much obstructed by rubbish, but by crawling in I could see that the roof by the door consisted of basalt 0.42 m. The inner chamber diameter, and a square sectioned block of the same material.
smaller chamber roofed with slabs. This place was thoroughly, unsafe of clearing and without a certain amount examine shoring, which we had not time to do. In the accompanying chart the dotted parts show the buildings, etc. above been ground ; they have enlarged from a military map, and I do not vouch for
seems
too
no
Passages
of AUppo Citadel.
their accuracy.
compass
and
are
surveyed by us with a prismatic passages were It will be seen that the chamber at (H) comes Arab tower, in now ruins, on the small square
must
more
however, (H),
a
be at
the connected to the north Tower was Citadel. This was blocked up, and
entrance
ancient side leading straight up into the we could not find itsother end in the Citadel.) At the point (J) the level of the moat is distinctlyhigher than elsewhere, and I level. It is very do not think that the gallery at (J)is very deep below moat town. probable that the passage runs out under the
on
be
to
foundations
of its south
This the moat. I think the function of the gallery (B D E F G J) was to fill in to height rose the well. sufficient would be done automatically when the water to The subsidiary passages and shafts (J and H) were cut connect probably double serve a Citadel, the buildings then standing with the making conduits is That danger of invasion from these passages was apprehended purpose. obvious, since in the spiral well passage small shafts, mentioned earUer, were be easily blocked. constructed, so that the passage up into the Citadel could have Arabs the date, As to the added and adapted certain parts may although It certainly would repay this was I their think that it, work. cannot original of be basketed as the a detailed examination, along into the well all rubbish could and removed from there. chamber before ; information as to whether this has been examined no I can
get the local inhabitants
are
that the Citadel was war may have possible that the Turks or Germans during the hear if anything is known passages. I should be very glad to
matter.
entirely ignorant of it, except that with the Bab connected underground
one
(T.R.).
III
KHEKER
FRIEZES.
Topographical Catalogue of Private Tombs of Thebes," by Gardiner and Weigall. A.E., Ancient Egypt, C.F.Y., Carnarvon, Five Years' Explorations Thebes. Davies, Ptah-hetep. K. King's Tomb. D.P., at
to the
"
Q.,Queen's Tomb.]
in the Xllth
upper portions of the walls of painted and sculptured tombs dynasty, and also more and XVIIIth rarely in later times, were finished form decoration, a known as the off with usually peculiar of commonly Kheker ornament. glyphs and in later hieroin form Khekeru, as the plural with the toilet, and also has figure Kheker its determinative. the a as ornament, meaning which word of It is this word for ornament to this distinctive variety of that has given its name
occurs
ornamentation. form of the Kheker most often thus employed in the Theban Necropolis is that shown in Fig. i, where it seems to represent a series of reed or plant tied the tops together at stems and gathered in again close above the base, below The Another suggestion for the meaning of this more. which they spread out once decoration is that it represents the fringe or tassel of a carpet or mat, the roundel The plant theory is probably the more above the base being a knot. satisfactory form first Prof. Petrie, by was the explanation of who wrote : and suggested
a screen of papjTus stems, the roofing stems tied on to the uprights and the loose wiry leaves at the head tied together to keep them from straggling Here we have all the details of the Kheker ornament over and looking untidy.
"
Egyptian
Suppose
simply resulting from structural necessity. The leaves are gathered together at the lower tying ; and there the end view of the concentric coats of the papyrus stems of the roof are seen as concentric circles,above which the leaves bulge out (P.D.A., and are tied together at the top." 101-2.) This view of the origin of the Kheker ornament finds support in the fact that
the Kheker
occurs,
found
a
at the top of
doorways
(iii and shrines when such and Q. 36, 44, 52, In instances Amunezek, Menkheperasenb, and perhaps more), three (Puimre, 55). however, a row Khekers kind a as serves of low square fence or enclosure in the of It funeral in inner scenes the of 39, 84 and 112. ceremonies chambers of Tombs is also to be seen running down one side of the interior of a shrine in Tomb Q. 52,
Thyti.
is known no example of the use of a of the Old Kingdom frieze to ornament the upper portion of the walls of a tomb, although it is employed to decorate the tops of shrines and doorways, etc., when such are depicted
depicted
In the tombs
Kheker
on
the tomb
that shown
walls. The Kheker is always of the pointed variety, very similar to in Fig. 4, in shape but not in colour, but usually with two roundels
112
Kheker
Friezes.
below the other, of which the lower one takes the place one ii, base an the of of ordinary Kheker (L.D. loi). In the tomb of Ptah-hetep. however, a Kheker with the base as shown in Fig. 5 is used for the sign WSHT I, {D.P., xviii).
by dancers in scenes in the tombs A peculiar headdress sometimes worn of the is also suggestive of the Kheker ornament, Middle Kingdom its especially upper portion (C.F.Y. viii; A.E. 1914, 126). the Khekers began to be employed as a frieze form was in use (Fig. that most commonly walls, the splay-topped i). in tombs of the XVIIIth This variety is also the most common dynasty in the Theban Necropolis, though the pointed variety is still employed in minor positions. During Ramesside times, the pointed form reappears again as a frieze, but only in when
for tomb
the Royal
Tombs,
the splay-topped
are
form stillremaining
in
use
in the private
alwa)^ drawn at the top of a tomb wall in a row, The colouring until with their bases touching, or almost touching, one another. XVIIIth is beyond dynasty the the constant, namely, blue outmiddle of rather side, bands being similarly coloured with bands red inside and green between, the tie of blue and green above and below a middle band of red, five bands in all. The roundel at the base is also painted with
one an
of blue,
an
inner
of green and a red centre. Towards the end of the XVIIIth dynasty and also in the Ramesside period, were the roundels of the Kheker ornament commonly painted of one colour Kheker or was only, red yellow, though the remaining portion of the coloured in
the old way.
have, however, six exceptions in the Necropolis in Tombs 38, 76, In the last of these tombs the Khekers forming the frieze K. 22. 77, 91, 147 and are at the northern end of the outer chamber coloured blue, green and white. It is possible, however, that it was intended to eventually add red, and thus give the frieze the normal colouring. In the roundels of the Khekers in Tombs 76, intended and used, i.e., 77, 91, 147 and K. 22 only two colours were red and blue, the red being in the centre and predominating. In some of the tombs of the end of the XVIIIth dynasty, and in most of those of Ramesside date, instead of being painted with the usual stripes of blue, green and red, the tie of the Kheker is painted entirely in yellow and the stripes or bands are indicated by lines of red or black (Fig. 2). The earliestdate at which the yellow tie first appears in Khekers in the Theban Necropolis is the time of Thutmosis
it appears more frequently in the time of Thutmosis IV, as may be seen in Tombs 58, 75, 76, 77, 89, 90, 91, 116, etc., though in some tombs of this date, and even later, the usual five coloured bands are still In three tombs (76, 84, Khekers with the usual blue, green and to be seen.
We
III
112)
red ties are found on some of the walls, while on others the ties are coloured sent yellow. It is interesting to note that the linesdrawn on the yellow ties to reprethe former bands of colour are not always true as to number, showing that the old features
already being forgotten. In most cases, as shown in uncompleted tombs, the Kheker pattern was set mined ones out with the aid of six horizontal lines,the top and bottom of which deterThe two lines below the top one marked out the the height of the Kheker.
were
proper width of the tie,and the remaining two fixed the position of the roundel These lines were always set out with the aid of a at the base of the ornament. in 22, red ruddle (21, 43, 78, 82, 112, King Haremheb). cord soaked
Kheker
Friezes.
"3
Owing
were
drawn
in
some
tombs,
five of these horizontal lines the usual top line being omitted, with the result that frieze varies considerably on the same wall. The usual
7, Tomb
8, Tomb
255; 9, Tomb
51 ;
10,
11,
Tomb
45.
reasons
for this
a
prevented
were
or
114
Kheker
Friezes.
82 there are seven horizontal lines provided for the proportioning frieze, the extra one running through the middle of the roundel. of the Kheker lines in Tomb There are also seven 78, the seventh line marking the width of a In Tomb disc
over
the Kheker.
to these lines. The top of the that the artist kept strictly line the the top roundel is frequently below above and projects fore, the space provided for it between the two guiding lines. It would appear, therethat these horizontal lines sometimes served as rough guides only and not as Hence the great variation in the position of the roundel and definiteboundaries.
Kheker
tie that is often met with in the Khekers on the same wall. The distance between the topmost and lowest horizontal lines is found to of these distances and averaging them, it has vary greatly. Taking a number been found that the three heights for the Kheker in
use
friezethat
were
most
commonly
on
180, 196, and 204 milhmetres. In careful work, three, and sometimes the proper width tomb wall to ensure
were
In every case these lines were fine brush, which lead to their being easily obscured when three lines were used the middle one painted in. When
Kheker.
five vertical lines were also drawn and proportion being given to each carefully drawn in red paint with a the background
ran
Wcis
down
In
cases
of the Kheker and the remaining two fixed its outer limits. lineswere employed, the additional two marked the inner edge in cases top of most splays outwards at the extreme which in lines were these that most vertical of the utilised probable
better workmanship, background, which but, if so,
tombs which show in been have cases they most obscured by the as a rule was painted in last, doubtless for this purpose. be seen are Nos. 22, 87, 88, 112, 201 and 251. Tombs in which these linescan still in in be seen can Lines for the spacing of pointed Khekers (four
number)
be noted here that as pointed Khekers have no ties,four lines are sufficientto set them out. the Kheker On one wall at least in the inner chamber of Tomb 42 (Amenmose), for to the drawn on similar squares frieze was those used purpose of figure Necropolis, and This was a very unusual drawing. proceeding in the Theban
Q. 38,
and it may
there is apparently only the one example. In rough work, the whole Kheker was merely outlined in red before the but in more the were carefully finished tombs additional lines applied, colours
were
added In most
to
89, mark the limits of the coloured bands (Tombs 42, 72, ']'],
201,
etc.).
painted in, a white line after the colours of the Khekers were was and also placed over the edges of the stripes of colour to hide their junction to emphasise their colours. These white lines were very carefully put on in some tombs and in others very roughly, so that they vary much in thickness and
cases
regularity.
rarely outlined in white, with the outside of the Kheker was exception of the margin of the roundel. In one tomb (42) the artistevidently ran short of red paint when drawing the outlines of his Khekers and employed blue instead for the purpose.
The
few of the better finished tombs was figures. For instance, to definite proportions, as in the case of human subject from the tie upwards should be equal in height to that the top of the ornament from the bottom of the roundel ; also the of the base as measured downwards
It
seems
ornament
in
same
as
base.
The
diameter
Kheker
Friezes.
115
of the roundel was generally half as wide again as the height of the upper portion, base and tie of the Kheker when drawn perfectly round; in most tombs, however, it assumes The body of the Kheker appears not to a sUghtly ellipticalform. have been to any definite proportions, hence the Kheker in ornaments
subject
tdu
apparent divergence in proportion, some in form. appearing slightly attenuated and others the reverse The Kheker friezes in Tombs 45 and 260 present a peculiar feature which various tombs"
comparison
show
an
the writer has not been able to find in any other tomb, namely, three small black spots placed above the three middle bands of colours at the apex of the ornament and also a series of five similar spots down each vertical edge of the tie (see six
on
was
left of Fig.
i).
It appears
to have
been
very rarely carried out, as, in the two in which As the two tombs treated in this manner. not all the Khekers were Khekers these spotted than a mile apart and, curiously enough, appear. are more it does not seem he together, near tombs nearly always probable that similar they
were
artist,neither do they agree in style. A curious addition was to the splay-topped Kheker at the close of made dynasty, namely, a round ball placed on the top of the ornament the XVIIIth The earliest date at which this is met with in this Necropolis is that (Fig. the work of the
same
3)
.
and Ramose,^ and of one tomb in which the name of the tombs of Surere Ramose is erased, the first III, and the third and fourth two being of the time of Amenophis IV. As this addition to the Kheker is not found in any of that of Amenophis above, it might well be possible that of earlier date than those mentioned There seems foreign influence had something to do with its appearance. no doubt that this ball at the top of the Kheker represented the sun, or rather the tomb disc of the
was
sun,
and
always and into general use in Ramesside addition to the Kheker came shortly before ; the new times, when the Kheker ornament, with other friezes,was used in conjunction II. feature in tombs, especially in those of the period of Rameses a common
it
was
was
or
yellow, influence
in the period of Amenophis It would appear that it became the custom III-IV to colour the roundel of the Kheker either red or yellow and no longer to decorate it with the usual circular bands and centre of blue, green and red. are The sculptured roundels of the Khekers in Tomb 48 (Surere) unfortunately in but, incised as are the they not painted, concentric rings, it not chisel with intended to be painted one colour only. The would appear that they were
however, both sculptured disc form of the roundel This and ornamented with coloured concentric rings. was tombs, with the exceptions that in Tomb 216 the also usual in Ramesside 220, is in blue, Tombs 112, roundel 148 and 259 the 19, 35, 134, 135, painted and from the graceful shape of the old colouring is retained. A marked deterioration early Kheker is noticeable in Ramesside times in the Theban Necropolis, not only in For instance, probably important ones. the smaller tombs, but even in the more owing to the non-use of the usual five or six horizontal lines which helped the
in Tomb
192
were, (Kharuef)
"
There
are
two
with
In
the
name
of RamSse.
Dr. Gardiner the
One
of these
be
but
has
period of Amenophis
with
by
in consideration
yellow roundel
chamber and
with a yellow roundel and ordinary Kheker the former in the outer both disc are employed, yellow (Nos. 48, 46, 55 and the latter in the inner chamber.
H
2
188.)
1 16
Kheker
Friezes.
the Kheker tends to become more artist to proportion his ornament, and more in it is in drawn by the tie. slender appearance, especially at the top, where Sometimes, also, the very order of the colours which was insisted on in the
altered by inserting an extra band of colour, as in Tombs 19, 31, 45, 106, 134, 135, 255, etc., or by the reversal of the greens and blues, being found in only one tomb (No.30, Khensmose). the latter error There are two interesting examples in the Necropolis of Khekers outside XVIIIth d5Tiasty
was
In every respect the later periods, with those the corresponds with of blue the one exception that the outer band, now almost faded away, is outside the tie and not within it. The second example is in Tomb 36 (Aba), which is of XXVIth Kheker to dynasty, where the the the usual shape but the conforms
XlXth
The
firstis found in
Kheker
ornament
in this tomb
being coloured arrangement of the colours is different. Instead of the ornament blue, green and red, reading from the outside, the order of the colours is in this blue, red and blue, the roundel being correspondingly treated. In other case, tomb the Khekers are painted entirely yellow. parts of the same It has already been mentioned that the Kheker ornament ran along the but found in a to be Tombs top are there extreme of wall, 35, 161 exceptions is placed below a floral frieze and and 254. In the first tomb, the ornament separated from it by a broad band of blue. The second tomb, on the western end, also has a floralfrieze with a Kheker frieze beneath it, and the last tomb has a broad band of Chequer pattern above the Kheker frieze, consisting of seven
rows one
of small coloured squares alternating with white squares, each row being of colour only, blue, green and red. On the two side walls of the western end of this tomb there is also a band of yellow above the Kheker frieze. A similar use of yellow may be seen above parts of the frieze in the inner
owing to the irregularity of the roof, a in places between the top of the frieze and the ceiling. Rather wide gap occurs than leave this bare, the decorator of the tomb coloured it with yellow. In the tomb of Queen Nefertari a border painted to resemble sand is placed above the Khekers on some of the walls. chamber of Tomb
147
(noname),where
below
64, 76 and (40, 253)there is a thin band of ornamentation just line, f Tail-edging." This form of decoration is known as ceiling as though it is common very rarely placed above a Kheker ornament, vertical bands for the corners tombs. of
the
In four tombs
the Kheker frieze is painted on the walls supporting a barrel-shaped or arched roof, it is sometimes put wholly or partially above the spring of the it vaulting, which makes appear to be part of the ceilingdecoration and not that of the wall. In such barrel-vaulted chambers, it should be noted that the
When
friezefollows
height as on the the two end walls at the same straight line across of the ceiling, side walls, no attempt being made to make it follow the curve left in is, A the therefore, above the except shrine of 93. semi-circular space
a
friezeon
is generally filledin either with two figures of the was made, adoring a figure of Anubis couchant on or with various figures pedestal of gods and emblematic signs. is In a few cases the Kheker ornament (38, 40, 43, 75, 90, 253, 254 and
258),
of the walls of a tomb, the corresponding portion of the only found on some walls being decorated with floral friezes. Both the pointed and splay-topped
forms of Kheker
are
42, (Nos.
106 and
253),
Friezes.
wj
be
seen
on
the
being especially interesting because the two kinds are actually to same wall. In this connection, it should be noted that on one a length of the Kheker frieze is found end 75 (Amenhotpe-si-se)
but there are white or grey background, in thirteen tombs exceptions, which may (21, 26, 40, 46, 51, 55, 76, 89, In these tombs the colour of the background 106, 130, 147, 253 and 259). of friezes is either red or yellow, in spite of the fact that the scenes the Kheker
be
seen
below
or
have
or
light-grey ground, except in the inner chambers in which the background is yellow (21, 26, 40, 51,
some
tombs
same
in the
both coloured and white backgrounds for the 89 chamber, though not on the same wall (76,
253).
pointed form of the Kheker was the only form used in the Royal Tombs Ramesside date, except in that of Sety I. It is also met with in nine of the of tombs but, with the 40, 42, 78, 85, 93, 106, 178 and of the Nobles (39,
253),
a a
exception of four of these tombs (42, 78, 106 and 253)it occupies position. The pointed form first appears in this Necropolis as
,
II (42, 85 and of Amenophis 93). colouring of these pointed Khekers varies considerably, and in no case does it resemble the colouring of the splay-topped, or ordinary type of Kheker, K. 22 and Q. 52. In with the exception of Tomb 106 and the two Royal Tombs five of the tombs of the Nobles (39, the 40, 178 and pointed Khekers are of about The the time
253)
only in two
blue, yellow (or red in 40) and blue, red being or the a broad mass yellow and green, and green of one of arrangement in Kheker, bordered by a narrower the middle of the these colours on all the edges The roundels are band of a second colour. treated in the same way, the colours, either red
(?) and
centre
of
tombs
colour being surrounded by a thin band of another colour. In two (106and 178)the roundels of this form of Kheker are painted wholly in
one
yellow. The
78 (Fig.4) deserve special attention as the nothing colouring is known elsewhere in the regards Necropolis. The middle portion of the upper part of the ornament is coloured in horizontal bands or rather blocks of blue, red and green separated by thin lines of yellow. The outer portions of the Kheker are painted yellow and the
as
in Tomb
base is coloured in alternate bands of blue and yellow. The roundel, as will be noticed in the illustration,is a very elaborate one and consists of a blue centre surrounded by a ring of red with decorated with white radii. The of those belonging to the roundel, In the Royal
as
was
Tombs
ring of blue outside that again ; it is further various bands of colours, with the exception are edged with thin lines of dark red. the pointed Kheker is coloured in much the same way
a
those noted in the tombs of the Nobles, that is,in two colours, one of which These are, however, two variants which are not to be found used as a border. in
a
used
of the Nobles, the first being decorated with thin vertical stripes of blue, red, blue, green, blue and red, the last being in the centre. The roundel and base are similarly treated with these colours. Here we have an arrangement of colouring very similar to that of the ordinary
Kheker
that
there
are
eleven
vertical bands
of colours
H
ii8
Kheker
Friezes.
The second variety is that shown in Fig. 5, a blue Kheker ornamented with fine lines (either dark blue or black) and edged with yellow. This can be seen in Tombs K. 11, Q. 43 and Q. 55, except that the colouring is in the first of these
yellow, and in the second and third blue and red, green In the tomb of Amenophis III, and blue predominating in the respective cases. Khekers in are are the columns and pointed only present on ornamented exactly the same way as the ordinary Kheker, the roundel being painted red and edged
two
tombs
green and
with blue. As a general rule, the colour of the roundels of the pointed Khekers agrees but in seven with that of the remaining portion of the ornament, of the Royal Tombs the roundels are coloured red, III) (Q. 42, 43, 51, 52, 55, Siptah, Rameses
in three of these tombs (Q. 43, 51, K. 11), and edged with yellow in the remaining four, the body of the Khekers being painted either green or blue and In the case of Tomb Q. 51, however, the Kheker edged with yellow or white. is blue and edged with red.
wholly
so
It is curious that
Tombs
are
purpose dominant
In
as
of the roundels of the pointed Khekers in the Royal so popular for the wholly painted yellow, seeing that this colour was in the splay-topped Khekers. Yellow was also never used as the
none
colour in
case,
no
is so
common
pointed Kheker, but was solely employed as an edging. a ball or disc placed on the top of a pointed Kheker, either, was the type. with splay-topped
a
the former
pointed Khekers are provided with either red or grey being the most never popular colour. Yellow was background for this form of Kheker, though it was so used with
Tombs
are the scenes the tombs of the Nobles, carved among is ornament usually either merely painted on the smooth rock face or the bare outlines, and sometimes the divisions of the colours, are incised. In some cases the frieze is carved in relief,as may be seen in Tombs 48, 57, 55,
sculptured tombs, the Kheker friezeis merely painted on some tomb is both carved and then painted. walls and on other wails in the same for this was The reason the as probably necessity of finishing a tomb as soon found the cost of sculpturing the whole of the possible,either because the owner decoration of his tomb too much for his resources or because he died before his
106, etc.
In many
tomb
was
completed.
are very heavily plastered, the Khekers are of the Royal Tombs frequently found to be cut in this plaster as well as being merely painted. This in the tombs of the Queens. is most common
As
most
Tombs
Tomb.
in
which
Khekers
Colour Disc.
of
are
found
with
Disc
at
the
Apex
(asFig. 3).
Seti I.
Haremhab.
Yellow. Yellow.
19.
23-
Red.
Yellow.
Yellow.
Red.
Red.
It will be seen from the foregoing list that out of a total of 25 tombs, after excluding the five, which are either blackened, uncoloured or doubtful, there are eight tombs with friezes of Khekers surmounted with a disc that stillhave blue, green and red. In their roundels painted in the old colours, namely, in the tombs the that nine of roundels agree colour with of their discs, and in five tombs the roundel is painted red if the disc is yellow or vice versa. It may be gathered from this list, therefore, that the colouring of the new feature of influence disc did the the colour of the roundel. not always In two of these tombs (Nos.148 and 189)it is difficultto tell whether the for the discs was colour employed originally red or yellow, owing to the tombs having been badly burnt, thus causing a possible change of yellow to red.
At the close of the XVIIIth
in
with other symbols. conjunction the splay-topped form that is the 51 (Q. and
new
Ramesside is
so
tomb
ornament often appears it is always it is used in this manner two but being one there examples employed, in Thebes where the pointed of Foucart,
dynasty When
the Kheker
1918)
used. design in friezeswhere Khekers are used with other figures is a Hathor a head alternatingwith figures of Anubis couchant on pedestal, Khekers. the figures and heads being separated from each other by two or more Next in order of popularity is a row of figures of Anubis being divided by groups of Khekers. Only
one on
a
heads has up to the present been found where Hathor example the southern wall of a frieze on as appear alone with Khekers, and this occurs frieze is The Kheker form a Tomb to ornament with the symbols also used 45. H 4
I20
Kheker
Friezes.
frieze, other a 65. Sometimes and Thet in the inner chamber of Tomb in Kheker floral the a was than one, any way, as made up without employing With the exception of one tomb (No.71, be seen in Tombs can 14, 16, 45, etc. date, and for convenience Ramesside are sake the Senmut),all such tombs of appear are given in style of ornament and the order in which the ornaments Khekers are list, which also deals with those friezes in which an appended Dad combined
with other figures.
Kheker
Ornament
in
conjunction
couchant
with
on
Representations
a
of
the
God
Kheker,
I
Anubis,
Kheker,
etc.
Kheker,
Anubis,
2
31.
"
Khekers,
Anubis,
Khekers,
Anubis, etc.
35. 189.
(Inner chamber.) 3
Same
as
Khekers,
Anubis, 3 Khekers,
Anubis, etc.
"
..
Q- 51-
3 pointed Khekers,
Kheker
Ornament
couchant
on a
in
conjunction Pedestal,
with
with or
Hathor
without
Heads Vertical
and
Anubis Bands
of
i Kheker, (Shrine.)
Kheker,
Anubis,
Kheker,
Hathor
"
head, etc.
Anubis,
i
51.
Kheker,
I
Kheker,
etc.
Anubis,
Kheker,
Hathor
head,
Kheker,
Anubis,
Hathor
"
135.
Khekers,
Anubis,
head,
etc.
Anubis,
Khekers,
Hathor
head,
3 Khekers,
"
148.
3 Khekers, band of inscription, Anubis, band of inscription, Hathor head, band of inscription, 3 Khekers, etc.
3
"
157.
Khekers,
band of inscription, Anubis, 3 Khekers, band of inscription, Hathor head, band of inscription, 3 Khekers,
etc.
,,
158.
3 Khekers, band of inscription, Hathor head, band of inscription, 3 Khekers, band of inscription,Anubis, band of inscription,
etc.
"
159. 178.
Same
as
No. 158.
"
"
255.
Anubis,
2 2
bands
tion, Hathor head, 2 bands of inscripof inscription, Khekers, 2 bands of inscription,Anubis, etc.
Kheker Tomb
Ornament
used
in
conjunction
with
Dais
and
Thets.
65.
(Inner chamber.)5
2
Khekers,
Dads,
Thets,
Dads, 5 Khekers,
Dads,
etc.
Kheker
Friezes.
with
121
Kheker Tomb
Ornament
used
in
conjunction
Hathor
head, 3
Heads
(Fig. 10).
Hathor
45.
(South wall.) 3
head,
etc.
Khekers,
Hathor
Khekers,
"
58.
(Inner chamber.) 2
band
2
Khekers,
2
band
of inscription,Hathor
etc.
head,
of inscription, band
Khekers,
"
163.
Khekers,
head,
Khekers, band
Kheker
Ornament
used
in
conjunction
Anubis.
with
Figures
of
Deceased
Adoring
Tomb
134.
Frieze
made
up
of
Figures
of
the
Deceased
Adoring
Anubis
(Fig. ii).
Tomb
16.
(Northwall only.)
3 bands of inscription, deceased adoring Shen sign. Anubis, 3 Nefer signs, Utchat eye, incense jar, length the the (Thesesymbols occupy wall and whole of therefore not are
repeated.)
"
(? 7a). Anubis,
45.
band
of
"
(Eastern and
western walls of southern end of tomb.) Band of inscription, figure of deceased, band of inscription, Anubis, band of inscription, figure of deceased, etc.
Frieze
made
up
of
Small
Anubis
Figures
and
of a
Deceased
Head.
and
his
Wife
Adoring
Hathor
Tomb
221.
Band
of inscription, deceased and his wife before Anubis, band of inscription, deceased and his wife.
made
up
of
Daci Signs
only.
(Two walls
2
in outer
etc.
chamber.) 2
Dads,
bands
of inscription,
Dads,
Frieze
of
Anubis
couchant
on
Pedestal
alternate
with
Hathor
Heads.
Tomb
58.
head, Anubis,
"
166.
(Jamb of
Hathor
entrance
2
to
Same shrine.)
as
58.
bands
"
149.
head,
bands head.
of inscription, Anubis,
tion^ of inscrip-
Hathor
122
Kheker
made
Friezes.
on
a
Frieze
up
of
Anubis
couchant OTHER
Pedestal
with
Dad,
Thet
and
Signs.
Tomb
14.
Frieze
of
Hathor
Heads
and
Coloured
Cones
6). (Fig.
Tomb
71.
(Outerchamber.)
Frieze Tomb 6.
of
Hathor
Heads
with
supplementary
NeferSigns.
(Secondchamber.)
three tombs 13, (Nos. first one Anubis is
an
There
friezes
are
are
destroyed.
The
an
166 and 184, outer chamber)in which the has only a vertical band of inscription figure left of its frieze. The sole remains eye on a Neb sign. In the third in groups of three formed part of these Khekers are now symbols between Utchat
tomb
see
tomb
it is
justpossible to
intervening
that Khekers
or
signs
entirely gone.
Numbers
and
names
of tombs
mentioned
in this article :
"
User.
22.
Wah.
Huy.
by
123
1^
REVIEWS.
und
die zeitlicheFestlegung des Alien Reiches der Agyptischen Borchardt. 1917. 64 pp., 6 plates. (Berlin, Behrend.)
In this study of the Palermo stone, and other pieces of the similar Annals, there is certainly one solution of the problem ; but we must ask, is this the only solution ? The main idea is that the five rows of year-spaces, each of different in divisions, the can only rarely coincide and therefore the terminals spacing, of these different series can position. This will be seen Dr. Borchardt be found by continuing them Egypt, described in Ancient
up
to
coinciding
1916, pp. 116-118; doubt no already on that track before protests that he was English been had in The here the method 1902. of 1916 and already worked the irregularitiesprevent accurate conclusions that at verdict in 1916 was This been by Dr. distance. has ignored Borchardt, the who states any great
"
"
"
"
breadths of spaces to five places of figures,while his actual measures were only in 83-6, in 83'0, in 11 11 to three figures (11spaces in 78-25 mm., 9 yo-i, 8 in by the lower four registers, the firstlength was 63*5 ; and, judging 77-25 and is Much in more the was the variation serious regularity of the
misread).
spaces, which vary as 65 : 70, 53 : 58, 45 : 50, 57 : 62. Hence there are several solutions fairly possible for coincidences of the lines of the registers; such as the numbers 24, 18, 22, 26, 21 ; or 81, 61, 75, 89, 71 ; or 146, no, 135, 160, 128 Herr There is yet more or 122, ; (nearly Borchardt's) 162, 150, 178, 142.
uncertainty there is an each Until being derived from photographs. all the measures accurate direct measurement made of every line and thickness of is for The best determination to it try refinements. wasted time of the stones, between the various possible number of spaces is the general character
due
to
of the spaces
on
the back,
agree to the length which the front ; so although in favour of the probability A
source
These belonging to the kings of the Vth dynasty. is proposed, of 146, 112, 138, 163 and 131 spaces on be various solutions, there is a strong there may
one
here
set out.
of dating which is developed here is the high Nile being recorded in the latter part of the year, when divided between two reigns. As the times more 18 September of high Nile are usually between and 7 October, and never have than three weeks beyond those limits, hence that part of the year must
This gives the most effective coincided with a few months before the New Year. dynasty, in Vth thus dated between 3120 and the reign of Nefer-ar-ka-ra, result has been made Objection 3460 B.C., or perhaps a century further either way.
due that this writing of the high Nile in the second half of divided years was to convenience ; but that could only be true of one case in the four which occur, the other three could equally well be written in either space. This date on the
124
Reviews.
"
Sothic period eariier would be 4580-4920 B.C., or the one system limits of 4480-5020 B.C., the first of which would justagree with extreme Manetho's history. The result of the spacing of the Annals deduced above is
Egyptian
"
also shown to be closely in accord with Manet ho, and Dr. Borchardt concludes Manetho had really good sources, that and his copyists have not altogether him." however from the 1st to Yet he much rehabilitates Manetho spoiled the Xllth dynasty, he will have none of him from the Xlllth to the XVIIIth,
"
but keeps to the arbitrary setting of eight contemporary period, to bring it down to two centuries.
One
evidence against shortening the time stated for the IVth dynasty is Even if those kings built twice the prodigious amount of building quoted.
quickly as Sahura, they would need 50 years each to get through the tasks Khufu or Khafra. The mention of 955 years in the Turin Papyrus Sneferu, of is inconclusively discussed. The uncertainty of reading (755,955, 1755 or
as
and 1955)
more
prevent
than An
is the
recurrence
of
zet heb.
It appears
70th, 190th and 350th year-space. The 70 and 190 being 120 years apart give rise to taking this as the festival of a shift of Sirius by one month ; and the 350th would be 400 from a hypothetical start at 120 before the 70th, and thus
festival of the shift of 100 days. But there is no sufficient explanation of here Uazet term the ; and as regular zet may be thus written, it would be more to take these as festivals of Uazet; the last example being also side by side with Nekhebt, the parallel goddess, would bear this out.
a
doctoring serious shadow on this work is the has the two A tablet one on gratuitous p. 53. second version of of insertion of TT put in for the sake of argument, of which there is no trace on the original. A second version of another tablet has a break smoothed out, and A
which ivory tablets
matter
casts
a
"
"
perfectly clear incised line obliterated along with it, in order to make out a Neither of these proposed readings has the least similar hypothetical group. fictitious readings only throws a shadow on all the rest ground, and to propose
a
of the material. We may say then that there is here put forward ; but it is much
some
fair case
less exact the omission of passages would have position. The dating concluded from all the
for the rendering of the Annals and certain than it is stated, and in a stronger left the remainder
sources
4186 B.C. [or5646]; Ilnd, 3938 Vth, 3160 [4620] ; Vlth, 2920
Egyptian Collection I.
"
B. A. Turaeff.
Sq. 8vo, 84 pp., 12 plates, 10 Figs. text. Petrograd, 1917. that emerged A melancholy interest attaches to the last works of civilisation As the 48 heliogravures are the part easiest for from the welter of Russia. I 3, a half-length reference,we note the inscribed and important pieces in order. III, like the Karnak statue, of a king of Xllth dynasty, attributed to Amenemhat the other statues redeem this king ; also four anonymous a bad style from which heads. II, a gracious seated figure of a Vth dynasty priest of the Sun temple, Pernerek, larger than the man A pair of seated figures,the woman Uzot-oher. child between them, legged figure,holding a papyrus across
Sneferu- men,
Ill,
name.
Reviews.
125
a tablet with adoration to Seated figure of and prostration to Horakhti, by Tetares, early XVIIIth. IV, two boys wrestling, Xllth. Ren -onkh -em -o. Small figure of Amenhetep III Squatting figures of Asek, XXVIth from a group. (?). V, four wooden figures,
Sen-nefer, Xlllth
dynasty
(?). Seated
figure holding
Amen,
on
in very front.
VI, cross-legged figure,papyrus on knees, Xllth. Statuette tight ribbed dress. Statuette of a Xllth dynasty woman VII, pair of figures of Mut. worn ; amulet mid XVIIIth
fine pair of late XVIIIth his sons Userhet, of ...akhu, naming hour Aay, At-uah Tu-uaa, ("the and multipHes "). VIII, three wooden Pu, Rennay by Raher daughter aa. kheper- ka- senb, statuettes of and Amenhetep These last two by the same. are good examples of the transition from the early XVIIIth style. figure of Maot worn of Hor-sa-ast under Nekhtnebef, with X, head, as an amulet. probably of Ethiopian queen, Upper half of statue of XXVIth. Squatting statue of XlXth. Head of Nekhthorheb, nose unfortunately battered, a front view is to be desired. XI, Ptolemaic
torso
and Another
IX,
Basalt
headless figure of Imhetep, Naophorus son kneeling. of Sam and Heronkh. Horusa. Thent Squatting figure,headless, son -ua, mahes, wife of Horkhab ^Peda XII, anonymous heads, and Roman for statuette holding robe, of good work is text in Russian. The the that age. There is a full index of names ; entirely
"
collection so far is what any dealer's shop for historic or artistic importance.
might
supply, without
any selection
The
Magic
"
B.
A.
Turaeff.
Petrograd, 1917. A discussion and complete translation that Prof. Turaeff may survive the present disasters, and his contributions to this journal, which would be most welcome.
Chronology Brief of the
Muhammedan
Monuments
A
"
Capt. K. a. C. Creswell.
d'Archeologie Orientale, T.
xvi.)
For the work of the Arab period of Egypt this study will be an invaluable tions guide. The inscriptions and architecture are here viewed together, and the quesof the development of structural forms are placed on a firm foundation by the dated The buildings are noticed in historical order, with the dates in The author states : I have seen and examined A.H. the margin. and in this list (with four in chronological order every monument exceptions) in order to acquire a true historical perspective. In this respect Cairo
monuments.
A.D.
"
.
.
...
is unrivalled by any other city in Islam. What town, indeed, can show a series of before in IXth over 220 the monuments which, commencing century, numbers More than half of these monuments are actually dated the year 1517 is passed ?
"
by
date of alterations and rebuilding are here collected and discussed ; for instance, 11 dates for the Mosque of 'Amr, 8 dates for the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, 20 dates for El Azhar.
an
inscription. Every
we journal, may interest such as the use of pillars as projecting roundels due to requiring bonding for a wall with a rubble core
Though
not
note
on
:
bearings
tion, buildings are 1300 a.d., a time entirely under Central Asian dominafrom badges introduced there the the ; and earliestmonumental and perhaps date in figure is 1321, but on coin weights figured dates are found three centuries
on
1 26
Reviews. A matter
before.
of much interest,which the author does not touch on, is the close relation of style between Western Europe and Egypt ; the gateways of the Xlth century at Cairo might belong to France or England in almost all points ; the pendentives of the XVth century show the love of short vertical lines of our
century in colour perpendicular style ; the illuminated Qurans of the XlVth is like its Each be French. more line flow might century contemporaries and of in the West than like the next century. Capt. Creswell has shown what a diligent student can do in leisurehours of
two
have hundreds or three years ; what long that they have been in Egypt ?
as
Schmidt. 4to. og D"pde i del gamle Aegypten. By Valdemar frs. kr., or figures. 120 Copenhagen). (Frimodt, 1919 90 265 pp., with 1519 At last the veteran curator of Ny Carlsberg has put forth his great collection
Levende
"
Roman period, of material relating to burial in Egypt from the prehistoric to the immense While to on the from of value publications all extracted subject. details be to as to it be enabling styles and experts very useful students, will also The figures are very readily compared. description and reference to its source
which
may
as
Danish.
Such
collectivework
is the
more
needed
400 serialsand publications being listed here as references. The scope includes funeral figures and statues, the tomb-plans, coffins of all kinds, mummies, figured on the coffins. It will save many a weary and mythology and the scenes to be one the most useful works of recent of search for comparisons, and will prove times. Ancient Survivals in Modern Africa.By G. A. Wainwright. Soc. SuUanieh de Gdographie, Caire). plates. 1919 {Bull.
"
8vo.
46 pp.,
10
These papers amplify the comparisons which were made in this Journal, 1914, forms figured between The and modem ancient resemblances 159. 115, pp. here are (2) Bows with reflex curve, as in (i) Throwsticks, as in Monbuttoo.
(4) Leaf-shaped dagger of Greece, (3) Falchion, as in Monbuttoo. as in the Sudan. (5)Narrow leaf-shaped bronze spear-head, as in Eritrea. (6) the Baggara. iron Wide (7) Barbed arrows of ancient spear-head, as among bracing used anciently Nubia, as on Upper White Nile. (8)Drums with cross in Eritrea. (9)Harp with wide bowl, and head on the top, as by Nubians, now the Niam-niam. (10)Ljtc with diverging sides and bent top bar, as in among volving Head-rest, as in Eritrea, with pillar and Eritrea. (12)Resaddle forms. (11) basket, identical in Wide palm-leaf carrying fan, as in Nubia. still (13) in Nubia. lid, Sandals as The (15) Egypt. of (14) coiled oval store-basket with (16)Game trap of converging spikes, as on White palm-leaf, as in Somaliland. bag-bellows, as on White Nile. (18) Semicircular feather Nile. {17) Double fans on long handles, as in North Cameroons. (19)Black-polished pottery, as in Central Africa. (20)Cups and bowls with a small spreading stem, as in Unyoro.
Eritrea. Finally there Such papers
as
are
the composite bows, and bows reversed when these build up the study of the descent of civilisations.
notes
on
strung.
d Nag-Hamadi.
"
By
E. Vignard.
4to.
20
pp.,
Caire).
It is claimed the west side of Diospolis Parva. that the chelleo-mousterian work is only found on the plateau, and the aurignacian station reported
Reviews.
127
site is
the low desert. The aurignacian is stated to be also the age of many Ramleh Khan Yunis in Palestine. But we are told from and about pieces " in Egypt." were the solutrean, the magdalenian, the campignyan unknown Yet the very forms here published in pi. xiv 3, 4, have been found abundantly, found in the Naqada Ixxt; 31, 35, 40, 43 ; and these ovoid forms were see never
on
well graves, but only in a site with ashes on the desert. The solutrean seems knowTi already in the great quantity of surface flints west of the Fayum ; the magdalenian flake is the type found in the prehistoric graves. Though we cannot thus accept all that is stated, we welcome these drawings of 116 flints from this final remarks on the steatopygous site. In some in Tunisia. has found it still type, it is stated that Dr. Capitan
Bulletin
ofArt, June,1920.
(New York.)
is valuable as giving photographs of important specimens in This number A figure of Koptos ; a diorite Museum. diorite the group of Sahura with a nome basalt figure Osiris, holding an of Harbas portrait sphinx of Senusert III ; a
XXVIth
Fayum
not
head ; and sculptor's model of a ram's lines boy, of writing upon with three portrait of a
;
a
on
the
transcribed The
Museum.
or
noticed.
"
Margaret
Talbot
Jackson.
8vo.
mans, Long-
1917.
book for trustees and curators, much" or most of it and will appeal to any archaeologist. The questions of the site,buildings, fittings, discussed, besides the are matters about staff and students, which are exhibiting fully developed in America It is instructive to more than in Europe. so much
Though
this is rather
"
read of the
new
museum
"
in Berlin,
an
a
; it is on
on
been mistakes have probably never heavy be so cannot enlarged, and with express feet depth to 200 concrete of quicksand, requiring
"
So many
island
Some usual it, the digging out of which almost upset the next museum. fill Lighting should always be direct fallacies are not cleared away by the authoress. from sky, and not diffuse from ground glass or ceilings. Floors should be of tUe,
Picture galleriesneed dark screens placed so of slippery waxed wood. and never Labels bright so them, can that the pictures reflections. and avoid should reflect not spoil the effect by harsh contrast, a brown label with darker ink is quite clear as A dust-trap, with free ventilation is needful for cases, enough. all airtight
fastenings and
museum
are
fallacious.
frequenters
Though should
are
management.
8vo. 131 pp. Thirtieth Annual Archaeological Report,1918. (Toronto.) This is naturally occupied with Canadian history, and pre-historic remains. A long paper by Dr. Harris deals with the ideas about a lost Atlantic continent. The undoubted civilisation of Peru and other countries is only evidence of a The real difficultylies in the disproportion in remote occupation of America.
age of any civilisationor tradition with the hundred- or thousand-fold age of any geological connection of land. The traditions are quoted from Central America and the Antilles, from Plutarch, Plato, Proclus, Diodorus ; but all of these
cannot
cover
more
than
migration
of animals
The age when the 3,000 or 4,000 years at the most. is late Eocene or early indicates a land connection the
128
Notes
and
News.
or
ideas
can
evidence of
a
more an
that is a matter of at least three hopeless to look at the traditional than local disturbances of the coasts, unless geologists
more.
allow of
change of
now
granted.
"
8vo.
72 pp.
iii+ (Japanese),
we
8 pp.
this gratifying extension of archaeologists must welcome were research by Prof. Hamada ; the prehistoric tombs carefully excavated by him, the sculptures are reproduced in collotype with 5 plates in colour, and all the pottery is drawn accurately in section, giving a corpus of 173 types. The example by European has friends our to given started work equal it with their usual has also published his travels in Italy and France, with ability. Prof. Hamada large number of photographs, as a popular volume, unfortunately for us entirely in his own language.
a
As University).
NOTES
AND
NEWS.
have already returned to Egypt to start on rock drilling in search of any chambers in the queen's pyramid at Lahun. and mastabas Mr. MiUer and Mr. J.G. West will join the work, having obtained passages already. The rest of the party hope to obtain passages, namely Major Hynes, M. Henri
Bach,
Mr.
Montgomerie-Neilson,
southward
Petrie.
It is hoped
to
In Palestine the new School of Archaeology has begun work under Prof. Garstang at Ashkelon, where Minoan pottery has been found in the sea face of
the mound there is of ruins. Unfortunately Roman be before to the more removed material The
a
Egypt
Exploration
Society has left the great work at Abydos this winter. at Tell el Amarna
Chief Inspector for Upper
for the
Egypt,
Wainwright
has
appointed
Chief Inspector
of Middle
Egypt,
stationed at Asyut. It is to be regretted when societiescriticise as in a statement each others' affairs, in a recent presidential address ; this compels us to consider the facts. is practically alone It has been remarked that the Egypt Exploration Society in the'^studyof Egyptian archaeology, with the exception of the Egyptian Research Account, and the Egyptian wing of the Liverpool University, both of which perform
"
useful functions." Looking at the last fifteen years, since the Egyptian Research Account became the British School of Archaeology in Egj^t, it has published, 1018 plates, nearly all discoveries of antiquities, while the Society
is practically alone in the study of Egyptian archaeology," which it is said has published 654 plates, mostly copies of known monuments and not discoveries.
"
ANCIENT EGYPT
1921.
CONTENTS.
Part
1.
The
Alphabet Dynasty. W. M.
in
the
XIIth
Flinders
Fetrie.
2.
The
Lahun
Caskets. A. C. Mace.
3. Burial
Rites
of
West
Africa. Thomas.
N. W.
4. A
Negro
Captive.
W. M. Flinders Petrie.
5.
Queen
6. Reviews.
7. Periodicals.
8. Notes
and
News.
EDITOR,
PROF.
FLINDERS
PETRIE,
F.R.S., F.B.A.
Yearly,
7/. Post
Free.
Quarterly
MACMILLAN
LONDON
AND
AND
Part,
2 s.
AND
NEW
CO.,
YORK;
EGYPTIAN
RESEARCH
Boston.
ACCOUNT,
A -^
Egypt. Net price of each number from booksellers is 2s. Ancient are Subscriptionsfor the four quarterly parts, prepaid, post free, ys., received by Hon. Sec. "Ancient Egypt" (H, Flinders Petrie), UniversityCollege, Gower London, W.C. 1. Street, Books for review, papers offered for insertion,or news, Editor of Ancient Egypt,"
"
should be addressed
:
"
UniversityCollege,Gower
Street,London, W.C. 1.
Subscriptions, received in the United States by : Rev. Dr. Winslow, 525, Beacon Street,Boston.
"
/^
NEGRO
BRONZE.
XVIII
CAPTIVE
DYNASTY.
NEW
FROM
YORK
A
'
THRONE.
iSTORICAL SOCIETY.
ANCIENT
EGYPT.
THE
ALPHABET
IN
THE
XIIth
DYNASTY.
eight years ago that the Formation ofthe Alphabet placed all the materiar Mediterranean in Since the then further evidence alphabet of primitive order. has not appeared until this year, except on the much later Semitic arrangement. Two
seals of limestone
It is now
that
were
obtained
from
the town
mound
of Illahun
are
holding obviously of the Middle Kingdom, and one figured here bears a seated man four a bird, fret-pattern head, the over signs (fig. and with a rough i)which are repeated here enlarged (Fig. 3). When clearing and re-arranging all the unCollege this summer, University the box-full of pot marks exhibited material at collected at Kahun thirty years ago
was
sorted ; among
them
some
pieces of
Dynasty.
form
a row
2) 4). The word of five letters (Fig. in 1889 (Kahun xxvii, 85). published There are thus three inscriptions,each of which is dated Xllth dynasty ; Fig. i by the style of the limestone to the means
seal ; Fig. 2 in dynasty, Xllth known the by being cut on a wooden tool which is only and town, and on a jar found in a town of that age ; Fig. 4 by being from the same in the preknown historic certainly of that age. The signs are nearly all far older, being were owners' dynasty those they or times marks, ist ; at probably ages But it is now evident that the use of these as and may have acquired sounds.
letters for consecutive writing was dating, is, on the Egyptians' own them. three systems of writing in Egypt, fairly clear that there were The geometrical marks of known with a different race. and each of these is first to seem the alphabetic system appear with the firstprehistoric people, who the the source They belonged to the west, and were have been Libyans. of all
dynasty
as we are
"
that
after
It
seems
now
Mediterranean
have
come
group of which a word was spelled phonetically. The latter two systems mixed together became the later hierogl5q)hic sj^tem, while the oldest western alphabet continued in use among the foreigners settling in Egypt and perhaps among the lower classes. Long after all this, the Semite
a
which brought
to alphabets. Secondly, the later race of prehistoric times, seems in from Syria, and brought in the word-signs, or ideographs, several of Lastly, the dynastic race in later Egypt. common used by them were
by in letter-signs,
got hold of the alphabet and proceeded to spoil it. He degraded the vowels to stead be variable, owing to his phonetic inflections ; he used vague cursive forms infrom the similarities of the clear uncial signs ; and he invented fancy names irrelevant This to his the naming of the signs has signs shapes of of objects. but is like the Irish naming of all the lettersfrom nothing to do with their origin,
to to the Mediterranean names there are enough resemblances from common both a source. come show that How far is it possible to read these signs, may be asked ? The group. Fig. 2, has been read by Dr. Eisler, and accepted by Prof. Sayce, as AHITUB ; this
trees, in which
seems
as the middle sign is not known where, elsetended inFig. be to The seems name, consonant. 3, seal vowel either from B, V, BH(?),G; to be read on the impress, or the left on the seal, the third sign is not exactly known historic, elsewhere, but is most like a sign of the prerelated to the South Spanish B, perhaps and Xllth dynasty, which seems
rather
jump at
a
well-known
a
name,
as
or
The large inscription.Fig. 4, begins with a line of the usual aspirated form. "year the line of alphabetic formula then comes of Shemu"; 29, ist month is broken, TH(?) GOIF PORO ; below are Egyptian signs, the firstof which
an
hieroglyphics again, nes{?), per nesut ; Is this g. bilingual version ? Can PORO
"
belonging to the house of the king." be Pharaoh ? The O sign isfound with
this value in Karian and the Runes, and it does not appear in any other alphabet As there can be no question of the O and I, the third and with a known value. to prove that the signs are alphabetic and not syllabic fourth letters,this serves
at this period.
tion the long priority of the alphabetic signs in Egypt leaves the tradihow it is to hopeless case, Phoenician the as well point out origin out of of it would be to cling to it in any form. Even Diodoros did not believe in it,for he Although
Dynasty,
says
whom when
There are some from who attribute the invention of letters to the S5Trians, to Grecians the Phoenicians learned them, and communicated them the into Europe ; whence they came the Grecians called them with Cadmus letters. To
these
Phoenician
that hold this opinion, it is answered, that the Phoenicians were not the firstthat found out letters, but only changed the form into other characters, which many afterward using, the name them and shape of of Phoenician grew to be common (v. iv). This account which Diodoros prefers
"
is quite in accord with what can be traced. The Mediterranean alphabet by the vowel-endings of the names shown modified by the north Syrians (as letters), and the Phoenicians changed the forms from uncial to cursive.
was
of The
order of the short Phoenician alphabet of 22 letters,in place of the full alphabet imposed on the world by their being used as numerals which of 60 letters, was became essential in trade. how widespread When was the full alphabet, it is plain that the we see
There are 23 letters that Phoenician had only a small part of the whole. in Phoenicia. There were in Egypt, Karia and Spain, all unknown
letters which the South Arabian
were
used
10
with the Mediterranean in Phoenicia. It seems Runes of Northern Europe, yet all unknown obvious that later from a time the a very there was at much which widespread alphabet, formed. Phoenician selection was
common
had in
maintained a part of this in the five letters which followed the Phoenician other details, series. The evidences for these, and many close of the be seen in The Formation can and brieflyin an article in Scientia, ofthe Alphabet, fresh have proves fully how the The now December, that we material 1918. The Greek Mediterranean dynasty. alphabet
was
in regular
use
for writing
as
early
as
the Xllth
W.
M.
Flinders
Petrie.
) ;
THE
LAHUN
CASKETS.
The
caskets plates show the Lahun jewellery accompanying A few notes in the Metropolitan Museum, New York.
as as
reconrecently structed
to the evidence
on
based may be of interest. which the restorations were Ancient from Prof. Petrie'saccount of the discovery (in It will be remembered left Nothing was that the wood had almost entirely disappeared. of the Egypt) ivory broken mass the but handful dust, a a remains of and of of ebony caskets
the gold decoration. The preliminary sorting of the material was carried out boxes College, the University the and at and outlines of general character of first to in York, New Arrived the determined. there step was restoration was soak the ivory in water, to rid it of the salt which had already begun to work out
soaking greatly increased the work of mending, for the cases split into a number of thin slivers,and it was necessary to pieces in some the water very carefully into the soaking dishes to prevent the smaller siphon however, of fragments from floating out of position. It had the advantage,
to the surface.
This
according cleaning the surface, and making possible a much closer classification to colour and grain. It was estimated that upwards of two thousand separate involved in the restoration. pieces of ivory and gold were
Large Casket
(Fig. 2).
The wood had almost entirelydisintegrated,but the powdery remains showed ^ This particular variety that it had consisted of light streaky Sudanese ebony. has been used throughout known in the American trade as marble wood of ebony
" "
had
determined by the gold feet-coverings,which was been preserved intact. The length and width between corner-posts were Fig. 2), settled exactly by the dimensions of the ivory slabs above the panels {see were confirmed by the cornice ivory, of which and the over-all measurements hardly any had been lost. For the size of the panels themselves exact measurements by determined the 20 was in cases, some their were and number possible
for the gold dad signs for the larger panels, and the 16 gold and carnelian squares One of these carnelian squares was tops of the smaller ones. missing, but the in in the for it remained (filled with coloured plaster gold frame restoration). blue glazed strips that had filledthe smaller panels were stillpreserved, inserted. but they had lost all their colour, so imitations in coloured plaster were itself The width of the dividing strips of ebony between the panels worked out difference the into by dividing the number of spaces required automatically, between the slab lengths and the combined panel widths. For the height we The
had
as
certain factors the ivory cornice, the gold torus-moulding, the width of the
Recueil de Traveaux, few ancient 1897, p. 77. word that have The
"
"
"
ebony
come
as
of the
Egyptian
words
down
own
language
(m'^jT'i)-
Facitig
4.
FIG.
FIG.
I.
LESSER GREATER
CASKET, CASKET,
RESTORED.
I :4.
2.
RESTORED.
1:4.
Facing
^.
5.
FIG. FIG.
3.
LID LID
OF OF
LESSER GREATER
CASKET,
CASKET,
RESTORED.
RESTORED.
4.
4.
4.
The
Lahiin
Caskets.
slab, the length of the panel, and the height of the gold foot. The ebony strip below the panels was shown to be necessary by the fact that the ends of the panel left rough : the one above was ivory and of the gold ciaci" were needed, both for ajid for providing a space for the side fastening-knob. The height symmetry, Fragments of the legs was copied from a box of the same period in the Louvre. left of the silver struts at the bottom of the box proper, and the exact shape were was given by the rounded ends of the gold feet. The extra bars of ivory below
a puzzle for the ends of the casket were by the Louvre box (No. 1392). It was a
was
The narrow ivory strips at to be covered. that the ends of the bars were meant the top of the cornice could have gone nowhere else,for on fitting the pieces the on together a length was measurement any other obtained which exceeded
part of the box. The shape of the lid seems at first sight strangely unfamiliar, for on the the tops of such shrine-shaped boxes always have the curve monuments running There was, lengthwise to the box. however, in this case no question as to the for the ivory that formed the ends of the lid came together almost perfectly. The Hathor heads (Fig. 4)were spaced out on the lid,and the from the their tiny out shape of wigs worked strips of gold. The discs are of carnelian, with encircling rings of gold and silver. The blue of the wig, six of the direction of the
curve,
eyes, four of the carnelian wig-pendants, and the coloured part of the pectorals
are
restorations. In addition to the ivory already mentioned (i)Two slabs about 28 x 7-3 X -2 -3
"
there remained
cm.
over
"
(2)Two
(3)A
been sunk
Both
a
quantity of strip similar to that used at the top of the cornice. Of this at least 16 ends which showed marks of having been strip there were let into the wood.
no
place in the exterior decoration, and must have belonged to the inside fittings. The casket may very likely have had a tray at the top for ^ the mirror and razors, and a drawer to pull out below for the toilet vases. These had
There with gold
or were
also preserved
a
"
covered originally
Small Casket
Here there points frankly
was
(Fig. i).
less evidence to go upon, and the restoration is in some irregular and The bottoms of the ivory panels were conjectural. face be to a defined the on obviously meant showed clearly covered, and well ridge Similar ridges at the bottom of the strip panels the limits of the covering wood.
much made evident the position relative to the wide panels which they occupied. It then became manifest that in order to complete the design the introduction This we of a third element, in addition to the ivory and ebony, was needed. supplied by making use of a red wood, very similar to rosewood, which is common The covering of the bottom of the panels on other known twelfth dynasty boxes. called for an ebony framework, similar to that on the large casket. The gold torus-moulding involved the addition of a cornice of ebony this time, as there
"
For
an
example
of such
drawers
see
Carnarvon
6
were no
The
"
Lahun
Caskets.
pieces of cornice ivory and the ivory lid-ends determined the shape of The three ivory name-plates on the lid (Fig. seemed lost in the the cover. 3) dark wood, so the ivory and red rectangles were expanse of added, though their presence is purely a matter of opinion, belonged to the interiordecoration.
as
In this casket also there was a good deal of ivory that seemed in decoration-rthe place exterior
to have
no
The ends of this sheet were levelled thin sheet ii-6 X ? X -i cm. from This have the a tray. were come off,whereas straight. sides may (2)Two complete bars 14-5 X i-i X '35 cm., and two incomplete shorter lengths. Of these bars one have shown : the other end only can irregularly, have been buried. was sawn and must
(i)A
to that
on
the lid.
as
was
This must have been laid on edge, -5 X -35 cm. face One end of this strip was the the only regular one. irregular. cut straight to show : the other was
narrower
"3
cm.
-3
cm.
X -3 cm., oblong 7-2 X and remains of at least two They were more. to rough at one end, and were apparently meant be buried 2-5 cm.
Many of the details of these restorations were worked out in consultation with Mr. Winlock, and to Miss Cartland I am indebted for much help in the actual work of reconstruction.
A. C. Mace.
THE
BURIAL
IN
RITES RELATION
OF
TO
WEST
EGYPT.
AFRICA
very various in West Africa, as in other parts of the world, and there is no fieldin which the variations are greater than in burial rites ; this is owing partly to the fact that burial is largely a family matter in most tribes, to be seem and partly to the extraordinary facility with which burial customs
customs
are
Native
borrowed
people that will thereafter practise them unchanged for centuries A comprehensive survey of West African burial customs would be an enormous for information is for detailed areas which undertaking, many almost wholly
a even were
by
lacking ;
custom
this not so, the great number of of tribes, and the diversities is a an termed tribe, commonly within what such would make taking underof necessity encyclopaedic in bulk, for at a low estimate there are probably at least a thousand distinct negro tribes. The term tribe is a vague one in Africa and does not really imply any political unity
or
even,
in many
cases,
are
common
a
we
congeries of peoples so under diverse in language that two towns within a few miles of each other could hardly communicate with one another in pre-European days ; as the Ibo territory covers fom: millions, it is clear thousands of square miles and the people number some that the term commonly A cursory examination of the burial customs as recorded in the literature, old burial in new, the the the customs and coast, reveals of existence of elements able to be of very diverse origins. Some tribes practise rites indistinguishwhich seem from mummification as found in Egypt ; others formerly had similar customs
this head
tribe is, strictly speaking, a misnomer the sense given to the term in Africa,
none
but gave them up, sometimes after under the stress of foreign invasions, soon West Africa became known to Europe at the close of the Middle Ages. Side by find unwe side with these rites, but associated with them in a single complex disguised intrusion as an can older cannibalism, which we of perhaps explain tribal customs
the sphere of the borrowed rite. A third set of practices, often associated with burial in an underground chamber, and therefore, primd facie to be connected with the mummification the cf complex, is the custom portion of
on
orienting the corpse, usually facing east. Again, there is a large and important group of customs associated with the practice of removing the head of the corpse, before biu-ial take the form of exhumation or at a later period ; this may either
and storing the bones in a charnel house, of depositing the skull in a sacred grove^ where ancestral cults have their home, or of handing the skull to a king or chief as the emblem of sovereignty and also the visible embodiment of the spiritof his predecessor. In certain parts of West Africa we find associated with this custom a well defined practice of head hunting, that is to say, of taking the heads of enemies
A
The
Burial
Rites
to
Egypt.
powers associated with them ; how far these two independent, how far as associated, either both lineallyrelated,itis not easy to say.
as
means a complete catalogue of allthe burial ritesof importance no ; in have, human for Nigeria, a we ; example, widespread custom sacrifice of termed a totem is sacrified at the burial west of the Niger, what is commonly ceremonies, or at least killed and eaten ritually; and there is in most tribes a
This isby
custom of second burial, that is to say, the actual interment is followed at an interval of months or years by a second rite,in which there is a second interment It is a matter of great interest to of some representing the dead man. object determine the relation of this element to the features previously mentioned ;
ceremony possible that these two interpretations are in reality one simply two but further is same on the this needed. sides of rite ; point evidence in the cult societies, We come to a wholly different cycle of customs most
"
burial of the remains which were originally exhumed likewise be or bones for ritual purposes ; but it may intended to send the dead man to his own place ; it is,
a
frequent perhaps in Nigeria, where they form the germ of such powerful secret societies as Oro in the Yoruba country, and from small beginnings have spread beyond immediate area, their own growing in power until they have like the Ogboni, actually become the supreme government of the realm. In some tribes these customs take the form of dressing up the dead man, in others we get a stage further and find that for the corpse is substituted one figure takes the place of his relatives ; on another line of development a masked
,
of the corpse. All these customs practice of dismissing the dead house
to take
way with the appear to be connected in some to his own man place, or of calling him to his They are therefore the worshipped ancestors.
a wide area ; for over up with one aspect of the rite of human sacrifice in West Africa is found a custom of selecting a favourite slave or other person, in other being bound was with whose well up the life of the person concerned words as a double or human representative of the genius, which was on the Gold
bound
"
In view of the widespread Egyptian influence aklama. less in burial to traceable in reincarnation beliefsno than rites, this word seems be referable to the Egyptian ka ; there is a common suffix li, of uncertain meaning, its to that of the root ; the root vowel is not vowel which often assimilates
Coast known
as
kla
or
and
regularly formed
be mentioned the Kisi the reincarnation belief may or the custom grave steatite other statuettes, regarded as the of putting upon representatives of the dead man. I have mentioned may above the use of an underground chamber ; we with
perhaps regard as a variant of this the provision of a side chamber to the grave, often shut off,before the earth is put back, by branches or logs ; the usual native explanation is that it is intended to keep the earth from coming in contact with In a variant of body, but this may be of the nature of an aetiological myth. "the find what I propose to term a hood grave, in which a lateral we this custom Also connected with the underground chamber cavity is provided for the head.
complex sometimes of a hut. is perhaps the tumulus,
above In certain
the body
areas
commonly of earth, raised above the grave, or on deposited the surface and covered with the roof find monoliths and stone circles associated with we
The
Burial
no
Rites
of
West
Africa in
Relation to Egypt.
Provinces of Nigeria,
burial is found ; in others the corpse canoe certain number of cases in is placed a^pot, or covered with a pot. In a few cases, the Mandingo, notably that of the griot or musician among in is hollow tree, being a if it were the explanation the corpse that placed placed
in contact griot is an
mode of burial. bad diseases," or those who die in debt and in pregnancy, those who die of have no relatives who will undertake the responsibility of disposing of the corpse and shouldering the burden of debt, the dead body is exposed.
"
drought would be the result. It is possible that the that in this rite we have a reminiscence of his native In certain other cases, for example, those of women who die
a
of the Niger put cowries or gold in the mouth of the intended to as deceased the the custom corpse, and explain supply with ferry In cne case gold the river of death. money with which to pay his passage across were are or nose the the over and plates put eyes, mouth corpse ; but this is of
few
tribes west
clearly associated with a different cycle. As regards the position of the grave and similar questions, there is a good Some in his own it, deal of variation. house and abandon tribes bury a man
or
bury in the fields others bury him in the house and continue to use it ; many bush, some by the way side, some, in case the especially of chiefs, in the bed There may be a vault for all the members of a running stream. of a family, or
an area a
or
certain localitiesmay
of
of all these elements varies the actual position be extended on its back, upright, squatting, lying on of the corpse, which may its side in a contracted position or otherwise. It frequently happens that the body is for lack data to a the posias not ascertainable precise orientation of tion of the fact that we cannot compare, in respect the a tribe that lays the corpse on its back with those customs of orientation, of of a tribe that lays it on its side, at any rate without direct evidence as to what If a man is buried with his head to the view the native takes of the matter.
;
a
it may or may For to be facing the east. not be true that he is supposed if at one time the corpse was laid on its side, for which was substituted at a later burial on the back, it is clear that the orientation would be period extended a simultaneous changed unless the orientation of the grave underwent alteration.
west,
It is impossible
practices
even
here passed in review. It will be enough to deal small proportion of the customs four items, or decapitation, three with mummification, orientation and the like. Regarding mummification it is perhaps hardly necessary to argue at customs length the Egyptian
will account possible that one
gence origin as an alternative to convergence ; no theory of converfor agreement in non-essential details, though it is of course ever, howtwo or are such cases pure coincidences. A few cases,
as Bulombel, of mummification may be cited. In Sierra Leone, then known died his body was opened early in the fifteenth century when an important man at the side and the entrails taken out and washed ; the cavity was filled with sweetsmelling herbs like mint and the body rubbed with palm oil ; meal and salt were added to the herbs introduced into the body cavity.
This custom
disappeared
longer practised, so far as I know ; it seems invasion of the sixteenth century, which after the Manes
now no
is
to have
imposed
10
The
most
or
Burial
Rites
of West Africa in
Relation to Egypt.
on
all indigenous tribes paramount chiefs of alien birth, whose burial in that still use at the present day. This present system is the burial of the body in the bed of a running stream, and we may suspect that it was also accompanied with decapitation ; for in the or some present day the Temne chiefs, of them, preserve the head of their immediate rite was predecessors as a magical instrument. On the Ivory Coast the Baule take out the entrailsof a dead man, wash the introduce to a mixture of alcohol and salt cavity with alcohol, and replace the the eyes, of the body are plugged and gold plates put over entrails ; the orifices
nose, or are fied mummiof Ida and other potentates, were bodies is interest in for it their to the case that ; note of and preserved years latter, is bodies four Ata the Igara tribe, the who of of remain unburied ; of the for it is the custom, it appears, for the dignity to pass in rotation to four families,
and the Ata of each family must have in his keeping the body of his immediate family. predecessor of the same Among the Jukun, whose king is or was the entrails slain by his successor, are removed, and the corpse is smeared with butter and salt ; then it is dried
over
slow firefor two or three months ; finally the death is announced to the takes his place, stepping over the corpse people, and the slayer of the dead man in the course the accession rites. of
a
is inhumed for a fortnight after country the king of Ijeba being rubbed with alcohol ; this temporary measure may or may not be related to the custom The more of mummification. widespread practice of simpler and drying the body over a slow fire,recorded among the Gambia tribes, in several parts of Nigeria and probably elsewhere, is also of uncertain origin. I have alluded above to the hybridisation of customs ; this is very marked in in On the Gambia the case of some the the mummification complex. of rites the corpse is dried over a slow fire, then buried in a side-chamber grave, the
house ; a few days aperture of which is closed by the door of the dead man's later it is exhumed, boiled with rice and eaten by the relatives. There can be doubt that in this case there are traces of customs belonging to several very little distinct systems ; this is equally clear in the case of the Baya of Central Africa,
In the Kukuruku
bury the corpse in a stream after disembowelling it. In the present day we often find that smoke-drying the corpse is resorted to, if the burial is delayed for any reason, such as lack of funds for the necessary feasts ; in other cases the body is quietly buried and the rites postponed till
who funds accumulate.
This may
be
one
of second burial
of these rites are indigenous, but it seems possible that some hardly possible to maintain that the procedure of mummification disembowelling by a lateral opening, treatment with alcohol, sweet-smelling herbs, salt, honey,
"
At the same time there is scope for evolved independently. for is into there Egyptian origins ; the possibility that both sets of enquiry If the Egyptian origin of the complex so\irce. customs go back to a common to the is very different when we come case discussed above seems manifest, the decapitation rite ; there appears to be evidence that the same practice prevailed
etc.
"
^has been
early period ; but there is comparatively littleevidence that it to associate it in historic times. In any case there islittle reason was also common We cannot therefore argue that the ascription complex. with the mummification
in Egypt
at
an
The
an
Burial
Rites
of
West
Africa in
Relation
to
Egypt.
ii
of
Egyptian
as practised in West origin to mummification, attribution of a like origin to other customs, nor
associated with
those Egyptian
customs
have good primd facie the transmissiwji of which we evidence, merely on the a decapitation, custom of which outwardly resembled ground that at some period known in Egjrpt. that of West Africa, was
grounds have been assigned for the Egj^tian custom of decapitation ; to facilitatethe entry of the deceased into the other world ; it was intended firstly his So far as can be seen, neither of to this world. to return prevent secondly,
Two
these motives is operative in West Africa. The corpse which is beheaded is that of the witch, and the motive is to prevent its return to the scene of its malefices ; invitation is given him to enter his house an but in the case of the ordinary man,
to whom prayers and sacrificesare addressed. of ancestors ance admission of the negro to the other world is facilitated by the due performby Where burial including the corpse. sacrifices,not mutilations of of rites, the latter take place, they are associated with the preservation of the skull in
and The
jointhe
body
connection with the cult of ancestors. On the whole it seems probable that the Egyptian explanations of the custom for it If the are rite was practised at an earlier period, the reason secondary.
must
ideas. West
been forgotten, or lapsed with the introduction of a new cycle of It is virtually impossible to derive from Egypt the skull customs of the if we only include in our survey the rites that have to African area, even have impossible to associate the nected also of the ceremonies confar
as
do with the heads of relatives. It becomes stillmore customs with those of Egypt when we take account with the skulls of enemies ; for there is, so
that head
I know,
no
evidence
hunting
was
ever
an
Egyptian
practice.
As regards orientation, it is well to remember that the orientation of the from is different the the facing) necessarily of the body, grave orientation {i.e., unless the latter is on its back ; in the latter case the term orientation isused in
a
confuse this point ; one grillthe body with rice, remove grave ; but when side-chamber
that burial takes place with
means.
for the direction in which the corpse It is noteworthy were that some stood upright. authors for Mascagnes that the author example records of Senegal
anomalous
way,
the skin and bury it in a pot, which is put in a he adds that the grave runs east and west and the face to the east, it is not quite clear what he
Generally speaking, when the corpse lies on its side, it faces east ; this is the case with the Mosi, the Mandingo, the Wolof, the Serer and the Bambara in the west, and with the Dakakari, the Hona, the Kerikeri, the Nupe and other
tribes of Nigeria ;
west.
as
and
Marghi
bury
their dead
facing
on
Where we have to infer from the wording of the report that the corpse is its back, there is more variation ; the Gbandi bury with head to the west, The Dukawa so do the Mumbake and Mumuye of Nigeria. of Nigeria bury the body with head to the east, the Kamberi While the head to the with south. Miriam turn men's heads to the north, women's to the south, the Kajeturn men
to the west,
women
on
reverse
the positions. If it is true that the orientation of a corpse is in the direction from which the tribe originally came (orpossibly in the direction from which the custom
12
TJu
Burial
Rites
of West Africa in
Relation to Egypt.
came),it
is of much
importance
that, in the
is comparatively small collection of scattered notices, complete agreement found among the western tribes,and that the tribes of Nigeria should for the As to the significationof the direction in most part foUow the same custom. is laid, it is possible to speculate at length without arriving at First and foremost we need to know the native view on results of much value. If the statement to the direction of the dead was the matter. as made sua informant, it is one thing ; it is quite another if the answer was sponteby an which the head elicitedby a leading question. I do not propose to discuss here the relation of the ritesbrieflydescribed in desirable to note the close agreement this paper to those of Egypt ; but it seems of many of them with the customs of Indonesia, which has, on grounds of material
culture, been
First of all, connected with the West African area. the skull cult and associated head hunting finds itsexplanation far more naturally in this culture than in Egypt or North Africa, though it must be forgotten not regarded
as
that head hunting is also a Balkan amusement. The preservation of the body pending the performance monies of the final cereis likewise Indonesian ; and it is the practice to close the apertures of the body as a protection against evil influences of a magical nature ; we have seen
that this is also done in West Africa, though the grounds for the custom are stated. The treatment of the body by fire is practised in Timor as a means
not
of hastening the process of decomposition, i.e.,in order to separate the flesh from be performed, which send the the bones, without which the final rites cannot its to own soul place. Cannibalism, associated with rites of another order on the Gambia, is a of disposing of the flesh in Indonesia, and likewise a ritualrepast. The for not consigning the body to the earth before decomposition is ended, reason is that the earth is holy and may not be polluted ; this recalls the side-chamber method
This grave and the precautions taken to prevent earth from touching the body. is in interest interpreted West in Africa being as the ritual commonly of the corpse, but this may well be an afterthought.
In Indonesia
finally ended. death of the old chief not mentioned, These customs find their natural explanation has been mentioned above. case in the Indonesian rite and its explanation. An interregnum for the death of the king is also common to J)arts of Indonesia and West Africa. Finally, ossuaries,
to the Wolofs in the far west, which are known of the Lower Niger, are an Indonesian custom.
appointed till decomposition is chief is secluded for a period and the though it is probably no secret ; an analogous is not
and also to
some
elements of West I put forward like Indonesia. area comparatively remote the hypothesis tentatively in the firstinstance, conscious as I am of my ignorance Egyptian ; but if Egyptologists find it impossible to explain the rites of matters
bold
hypothesis
to
derive important
Indonesia by reference to well-established Egyptian date that makes transmission to other parts of Africa customs, practised at probable, I submit that the Indonesian hypothesis may be accepted as a working explanation of the data. I need hardly recall the fact that musical instruments, weapons, architectural
common
to
Africa and
a
features, and
to
Indonesia.
other elements of West Africa culture have also been traced For these the question arises whether they were transmitted
Negro
Captive.
We
have
13
or
coast
of Asia.
they
day
carried by people of whose they were transmitted as whether much manufactured from hand to hand. Architectural resemblances pass
were
goods
are
in
our
perhaps less than similarities in readily transportable material difficult to account for the transmission stillmore
of peoples, in large or small to be on the whole a favourable I put forward these facts and furnish valuable material for
independently of the movement of burial customs field burial The of rites therefore seems numbers. for arriving at a definite decision, and one suggestions the final solution of the problem. in the hope that Egyptologists may
NoRTHCOTE
W.
Thomas.
NEGRO
CAPTIVE.
Frontispiece.) (5ee
Pieces of royal furniture are so rare, outside of the Cairo Museum, that we should notice a figure in the collectionof the New York Historical Society. This figure behind him, evidently has been for of a kneeling negro, with his hands bound
some
II as a boy is shown royal footstool. The king Amenhetep five beardless feet his on a negroes and Hittites, and resting group of captives, four bearded Syrians, making peoples, often up the traditional nine subdued king's feet. The footstool, bows beneath this as the shown negroes of nine like a object figured in the tomb of Ra and are kneeling as here.
to provide
Denk. (Lep.
The
Ill, 62), have the elbows tied behind them, between the feet was bar doubtless a casting of
to be ranged for attaching them to the furniture round which it was with other captive figures. The casting, from its complexity, must have been modelled in wax, and cast it to be a to is be to "=eems It heavy show cire perdue. which exceedingly said
" "
The specific gravity would settle that. The head solid casting without a core. is left has been biu^nished, the front partly so, but the back between the arms knees From on the the the the with casting. absence of polish original skin of it does not seem to have been actually mounted ever and used, as any wear of Probably handling and cleaning would have smoothed the prominent this part. has been found as leftbehind in a workshop. The illustrationhere is of the actual
Williams, who size, for which I have to thank Mrs. Ransom describing the collection of the Historical Society.
W.
M.
Flinders
Petrie.
14
ON
QUEEN
TETISHERI,
GRANDMOTHER
OF
AHMOSE
I.
In
I recounts how he erected in the Sacred Land a mother of his mother and the pyramid-chapel Wife Great his father, Royal phant," the mother of and Royal Mother Tetisheri,triumin Theban Necropolis, the and whose cenotaph was already whose tomb was
a
well known
inscriptionfrom Abydos,
King Ahmose
to "the
King firstexpressed a desire to accomplish this his act of piety while talking with seeking the welfare of wife Ahmose-Nefretiri to how long the There is, it is true, no definite statement as the departed."
built in the Thinite
nome.^
The
"
had been dead, but one gets the impression that grandmother of King Ahmose she had died several years before, and that the cenotaph already erected in Abydos was either beginning to fallin ruins or that it belonged to an earlierreign and was In Ahmose as thought fitting for his ancestress. therefore not as sumptuous
fair to say that she was not only genealogically two other words, it woiild seem Ahmose, but that historically generations earlierthan she belonged wholly to that
earlier age. I must time ago in beginning a study of the XVIIth confess that some dynasty I started on this supposition, but I eventually concluded that such an impossible. About interpretation of this text was twenty years ago Erman
dynasty Book p. 150)that an XVIIIth ofthe Dead from in Cairo, had been written upon a piece of papyrus which had farm accounts. already, at the beginning of the dynasty, been used for some At the end of these he could make out :
discovered
{A.Z.1900,
now
Abusir, and
Erman judgedthat reference was here made to actual estates of Sitkamose Tetisheri rather than to their chapels or tombs, and nothing to the contrary and Taking this as the case, then Tetisheri and appears ever to have been advanced. Sitkamose were with estates presumably near Abusir, for it would not endowed be very likely that a scrap of paper of this sort would travel a great distance from its point of origin. I The interesting point is that the only villages to-day called Abusir in the Fa'yum and north towards base this statement on the Baedeker maps are
"
"
" "
records isdoubtless and that of these the Abusir of the Cairo Museum Necropolis. As late as the reign of Kamose in the Memphite the well known one
Memphis,
"
"
"
Gardiner
Urkunden
in Abydos III, pp. 43 ff ; Breasted, Ancient des iSten Dynasties, p. 26, translations, p. 14.
On
Queen Tetisheri,Grandmother
of Ahinose
I.
15
this region was well within the domain of the Hyksos whose southern frontier A., 1916, p. Cusae-Meir {J.E. was 108-10).Since Tetisheriwas a Theban princess have held titleto land in the North until after the expulsion she could scarcely
I was therefore forced to the conclusion that Tetisheri survived of the Hyksos. the expulsion of the Hyksos, or in other words, that she lived into the reign of The only alternative solution of the difficulty Ahmose. would have been to Kamose was leagueri pushed to the point of taking or besuppose that the campaign of Memphis and thus freeing Abusir and its neighbourhood, but of this there is other evidence. Having until the reign of Ahmose, it was
no come
unpublished fragment of a stelein University College,London, pointed out by Prof. Petrie, who bought it in Egypt some to years ago, and through whose courtesy I am able to bring it out at this time. by
an me
t^
^U
"
"Ag
.-.-,
" xr.j
"""
-;""
The stele has a semi-circular top with the usual winged disk in the lunette. Its width is thirty-eightcentimeters. The lower part is entirely broken away. The very briefinscription announced that IVth Month Year], [Inthe
. .
.
of
Summer,
,
tetre' Son
The King lyth Day, ofHis Majesty ofUpper and Lower EgyptNebpehRe' Ahmose, given life, to his anew thiswall as his monument built] [he
"
the Bull in the midst ofHermonthis." On the left Montu, Lord the the tops of plumes of of Thebes." On the right is The Good God, Lord by the peak of the White Crown worn ofthe Two Lands Re' [Ahmose] Son [Nebpehtetre']
be
seen
"
"
of
properly, shorter is given as The Royal Mother Tetisheri than that of the King, and whose name in which the firstd and the () are unquestionable, as Prof. Petrie demonstrated to me, lacunae impossible to fill satisfactorily and the except with another a and Here Tetisheriissurviving the coronation of Ahmose and participating in the The Abusir farm accounts show restoration of the Temple of Montu in Thebes.
"
"
Behind
Ahmose
there stood
Queen whose
figure
was,
"i.
expelled, and on that occasion received from her in the took estate royal grandson reconquered North. Her death, of course, before before the reign was out, and even Ahmose contemplated building place in Abydos ; because a first cenotaph was an extension monument put up there in her honour at the time of her burial at Thebes. It was only toward the end of
see an
the Hyksos
l6
On
of A/ttnose I.
the reign, while the King was erecting his false pyramid and tomb in the Sacred Land, that he erected the second cenotaph found by the Egypt Exploration Fund in In what we must presume was an point to be remarked. function, Petrie important official Stele shows the Dowager the Queen Tetisheri king to In the the the same reigning exclusion of all others. accompanying way built for his Ahmose Nubia, a temple on the viceroy has shortly after conquest of Queen Ahhotep alone (Buhen, caused the King to be shown with the Dowager
more
p. 87,
a
cally practi^ In short, the terms of the document shown himself. Temple of Karnak) sound very much like the (anendowment of the Amon declaration of a regency during the king's absence from Thebes, or a republication
the
same
that in Karnak Ahmose and one is naturally led to remember of which he decreed that Ahhotep be shown proclamation, in the course
xxxv)
,
set up
deference
as
was
of the temple. of the proclamation of regency on the occasion of the endowment Late in the reign this prominent place in affairs was taken by Ahmose-Nefretiri, It is she who shared with the King the honour of the wife of King Ahmose.
building Tetisheri'ssecond cenotaph, and she who appears with the King on a * dated monument of the twenty-second year, and following her husband's death I, the reign of her son Amen-hotep she occupies the place of honour throughout
I.* Taking the clue appears on the coronation stele of Thotomose by Ahhotep, we that these appear on the queen-mothers given may conclude This because they arethe regents or potential regents at the time. monuments Year would be Tetisheri'sposition in the of the Petrie stele, a year to
and
even
"
."
which we must unquestionably give Tetisheri must be looked upon therefore, as in every way a predecessor of that remarkable line of XVIIIth dynasty queens whose rights and prerogatives were Presumably it was in them so high that they were virtual rulers of the country. that the family strain was purest and through them that the inheritance passed. held enhanced influence. Most of them survived their husbands, and in widowhood to all intents and purposes a virtual For about a century the royal family was The active, warlike functions and the ritualistic the officeswere matriarchate. they took precedence, but a large share in actual government and officially evidently lay in the hands of this line of women. has survived Tetisheri is nut only the earliest of this line whose name she fur it, by birth a commoner have actually headed must she was whose parents
men's,
"
low number.
by the simple styles of the Honourable Tenna and the Lady Neferu {Ann.Serv., 1908, 137). Lowly as her origin may have been, however, she was famous in Egyptian history : Ahhotep, Ahmosethe ancestress of a line of women
were
known
Nefretiri, Ahhotep
and finally Hatshepsut with whose ambitions the female line of the royal family reached its climax and suffered its eclipse.
II, Ahmose
H. E. WiNLOCK.
' '
"
Legrain, Ann.
Serv. IV, pp. 27-29 ; Sethe, op.cit., p. 21 ; translations, p. Breasted, ^. R., II, pars. 26 ff ; Sethe, op. cit., p. 24 ; translations, p. 13.
Sethe, op. cit.,p. 80 ; translations, p. 41.
11.
17
^
Lemons
sur
REVIEWS
I' Art 8vo.
1920.
541 pp.
20s
This is the text for the 200 plates which appeared in 1911 as L'Art Iigyptien: in the world a special series of illustrations are when conditions improve is promised, and this called a provisional edition. After an historical introduction,
is described, the oldest monuments, the eaily civilisation the sources, materials, forms ideas The and of architecture, the conventions and of the Egyptians. temples, tombs and statuary of the Old Kingdom described. The architecture are Kingdom come next, and then a fullertreatment, on the lines, same of the material of the New Kingdom and the later period. New ground is broken by the to as the connecton of the scattered statuary without a enquiry history, which was dispersed by Mariette and others without record. The work is full of remarks or criticaldetail, which cannot be summarised, but need full consideration ; such reading will well repay attention, however much others and feel a different may appreciation of the questions. index, and only a scantj^ table of contents. Le
"
Unfortunately
there is
no
Pseudo-Gilgamesh
By
"
sur figure
Louvre.
Rendus
"
J.Capart.
Ins.
are
And
Acad.
1919). The
hunting
scene
on
produced as Egyptian Further, the personal names are Qesmer and Qes-em-hot quoted as evidence is, however, like that Qes was The phrase Cusae leads a deity. that of Memphis for ever," This a god. yet we do not say that Men-nefer was
"
"
here
the seal of Den, and the sign parallels to the hero and lions
endeavour to regard the hero and lions as Egyptian in origin entirely ignores the striking dress which is northern and not Egyptian, and the cold-climate fur of the lions. These alone would prove a northern origin, regardless of the form of the'
group. M. E. Pottier remarked that the aspect of the group was Asiatic, above all in the hair, dress and long beard of the figures. To this Dr. Capart replies inconclusively. replies that the qes figure is the old group of restraining the panther, as on the palette of Narmer, and is not a lion-hero : also that the royal figure in a quilted robe {Abydos II, is more Asiatic than Egyptian xiii) in style. He asks how can we escape from the fact that the more Egyptian art
long-necked M. Benedite
is seen
"irt ?
in its primitive aspect, the more evident is its relation to Mesopotamian In this, however, only the art leading to the dynastic age is considered ; the art of the true prehistoric is outside of this comparison. Bericht uber die grabungen By Hermann 1910-1911.
.
"
Siid. Winter
El-Kubaniehvon auf den Friedhiifen Junker. 4to. 1919. 227 pp., 56 pis.
Wissenschaften (Akad.
in
Wien).
The site of this work was the west bank of the on nine miles north of Aswan Nile ; the periods of the cemeteries described are prehistoric,Xllth dynasty, and
B
18
Reviews.
Of the prehistoricage 24 plates are occupied with views of 96 burials 8 plates are of pottery of dynasties o-i, all common ; 7 plates are of slatepalettes, ivory pins, comb, and falcons, finger rings, beads and shells,flintflakes,and a Byzantine.
two bracelets, tweezers, fish-hook and needle, all of rectangular copper axe, Of the Xllth dynasty are 8 plates of burials, 3 of beads, a few scarabs copper. Five plates are of and cylinders and bone armlets, harpoon, wand, and user. not such excellent and careful work was lavish importance, by a the concerning publication only rewarded single object of is a white-lined bowl (in the material quite familiar and usual. The best object with a spotted disc in the midst, from which radiate 23 palm branches. text)
Christian burials.
It is sad
that
A few pot marks are mostly of animals, and a few signs. The catalogue of graves is not in any order, so reference is difficult, typed. and the pottery is insufficiently shallow rectangular pits in the rock, graves of the Xllth dynasty were III, another of the XVIIIth lined with bricks. A cylinder of Amen-em-hat or found. There were dynasty were dynasty, and 5 usual scarabs of Xlll-XVth
The
of many cartormage masks, pottery, and four small alabasters, all as cartonnage, probably extends to the usual. The date, by the cylinder and one important sitesstill When XVIIIth dynasty. there are so many needing record, be here it seems that the care given where it is should and publication spent fragments needed, rather than to
a
Panchanan
Mitra.
8vo.
the professor of prehistoric archaeology needs notice, as it the pre-dynastic Egyptians and the chalcolithic Indians very Erythraean race to a common belonged ; the home of that ancient probably in Africa, located finally likely Punt in Ta Netar, which though was race most
'
'
had also a counter-part on the Indian shore of the Arabian sea ; and Ta Neter, southern India the land of gods, was probably an early colony from pre-' Aryan and Punt from the Pounnata of Ptolemy in Southern India."
'
in India, but as it is all existence of a long age of copper is recognised Iron is named in the pre-historic it attracts less attention than the iron age. does B.C. but this than as the Vedas are not 1200-800 not earlier earliest writings, iron age in South India was here is It iron in the that the west. claimed precede but no evidence of active in 1600-1500 B.C., and spread thence to Mesopotamia, so early an agricultural,had weaving, age is given. The iron-using people were
The
and kept buffaloes,sheep and goats. Iron lances, hatchets and spades. was wrought as swords, daggers, spears, javelins, followed ; were Rude modes monuments of burial were stone erected. Two by less in long cists, cremation. usually mostly urn-burial under megaliths, or The similarityof the pottery to that of Egypt and East Mediterranean, and a like series of owners tion marks, is the main ground for a connection. This connecdynastic, the Egypt, the be the not whereas and would with prehistoric
(?copper) ornaments,
linked with the was theory given is that the Sumerian (ordynastic Egyptian) is to rely in India The resemblance of Punt to Pounnata Dravidian. not much Teu Nodr Ta Neter the to that not work, as on gods will country of ; and of
" "
must
India, undated
Before granting an Egyptian-Indian connection god. on each side is specified, see clearly which of the races and how far be linked with stages in Egypt thousands before 1200 B.C., can
means
of years earlier.
19
^
PERIODICALS.
Aegyptus;
remsta
Italiana di Egittologia
di
Papirologia.
"
in Scientifico-letteraria
fresh activity in our science on the Itahan side, in this welcome is issued be to journal, which quarterly, to comprise 400 pages annually, though The classical the firsttwo numbers indicate more than 500 pages for the output.
age and the papyri are naturally the main interest to Italy. Prof. Calderini is the chief editor. LuMBROSO, Arrian's account GiACOMO. Comments on of the founding of Alexandria (III Heroeion i, to Hephaistion at Alexandria, and in and on the
"
Pharos
4) {VII23, 6).
Giulio.
"
This is a review of the various listsof foreign peoples. The analysis of the 87 articles belonging to the Keftiu, of which 60 are Syrian, is set aside because we do not know all the products of countries
/
Farina,
"
this looseness of artists may have made mistakes. It is just Wainwright by the that consistent, which exposed, artistswere showing The conclusions by the mistakes of commentators. and that confusion arose reached are that the Luku were of Lykaonia, the Shardena of Pisidia,the Pulosathu,
B.C.,
in 1500
and
treatment
Zakkaru
the coast of
Arangio-Ruiz,
Vincenzo.
as
"
shown
by
the Byzantine
papyri, published by
Jean
Ricerche sul regime delta acque nell'Egitto grecoThis recites the various attention to canals and water-works in Eg5T)tian history, beginning with the director of the inundation under Azab ; there is,
"
Aristide.
rotnano.
however,
an
earlier
under Den, and the mace-head of the Scorpion king, The reference to canals in canals before the 1st dynasty. of 50 canals, all collected and discussed, with a listof names
one
"
and restored plans of properties along the canals. NoRSA, Medea. deltaSocietd Italiana. Un nuovo prossimovolume di -baperi This volume will contain 140 more Zeno papyri, and 80 of Roman and Byzantine
"
age.
De Francisci, Pietro.
"
"
an abstract of the Staff of the Cairo Museum, Dr. Reisner's a museum recent work, of report of work and accessions, and results Reviews follow, mainly on papyri. Lastly the outline of a system at Alexandria.
of bibliography, and 361 entries classified, of recent publications. Part Lumbroso, On the letter of Aristaeus, referring to Giacomo. 2. to be accepted as genuine. now the Jews. This seems animals unclean among
"
20
C7n documentob
romano.
This Greek and Latin document initials, which is here amplified thus :
" "
egittogrecoformula of
e (x r(ecognitum)
s(scripto).
"
Scolii
testi non
noti. ^A fragment
e
"
of
text naming
Neoptolemos
of what Also a statement the cubit and systems of long measure. of Kite {qedet) not a tenth of what weight, with a few dozen weighings of examples known ; also an outline of the capacity measures. are So far this is familiar latter but dealing Ptolemaic the ground, part with the system used in papyri
"
A summary pretoletnaiche.
iswell known
"
will be useful for that period. Aristide. Calderini, (Continuation water of paper on works). A list and the system of maintenance, gathered from papyri. of the embankments, Hunt, A. S. P. Mahaffy. A careful appreciation of the great Provost of
" " "
New
In the days of Mehemet Aly, an important figure in Cairo was the American fine antiquities. This Dr. Abbott, who used his opportunities to collect many is New York Historical Williams now Society, the with collection and Mrs. Ransom has been publishing illustrations of the important January,1918. The Ushabtis include some
objects.
of the finest class, such as an inlaid coloured glass figure of a lady Sat-ta of late XVIIIth dynasty. Another Auy. fineone of limestone is in a model sarcophagus, name There are examples of Mut-em-hat; and, illustrated, Amen-em-apt, queens Mehti-en-usekht and Karama A mummy case chief artist of the temple of Amen, and a treasurer Psamthek.
with hope Egypt, 1920, p. 18. ushabtis and a roll has been given in Ancient a full catalogue of the whole series will be published. in the number April, 1918. The head of Semenkhu-ptah, appeared
We
just
A large piece of a temple scene of Sankhkara, with the upper part of quoted. figures of the king and Uazet, is of the same style as the sculptures of Menthu-hetep I, Senusert but as not historic interest. It is clearly the same and of artistic,
see
Brugsch gives {Thes. as his copy is incomplete, which shows that he did not 1455) it, owing to its being sent to America before he went to Egypt, and he only
a
obtained
"
copy. Bronze
"
Spirits A fine kneeling figure of one of the is 6'7 ins. high, cast cire perdue. A solid bronze Hathor standing, with of Pe head, disc and horns, was dedicated by Ast-resh, son (?) cow's of Penptah, about
July, 1918.
statuettes.
the XXVth
Figures of Bastet are cat-headed and human-headed ; a cat and kittens, and a standing Harpocrates, with a shrine before him closed by A lion-throne of Harpocrates was a hinged lid,are dedicated all without names. The kneeling negro bronze appears in this by Pen-khepra, son of Peda-amen. dynasty. in a kilt,head shaven, Egypt. A standing bronze of a man of Ancient are on, cast separately and dowelled may probably be of a priest ; the arms to seems date. a show which rather early number
statuettes 1918. Wooden of gods. The illustrations are of a figure ins. high, jackal-headed 13-6 with cavity for papyrus in the back; an
October,
Periodicals.
21
; a large Bastet squatting on a lotus, with cavity for a dummy serpent mummy for a mummy figures there were a case cat still in position. Of solid wooden Horus, Isis three of Osiris and two of and painted or gilded. bronze of seated Horus of Roman April, 1919. A cireperdue age, was thrown
defective casting, with the core in it and the mould round it. After removing more of the mould and cleaning it,the defect in the flow of metal round the back of the head is well shown as an instructive technical example. aside
as a
There are about 320 figures of gods in the collection, of which illustrateda seated Harpocrates, a tripleaegis of Osiris,Isis and Horus, in bronze ; and in blue glass a double-fronted Bes(rough) a seated Maot and a pantheistic Sokar-ram-hawk.
July, 1919.
are
there
descriptions given of these will spread the interest in them, and objects intelligible to the public. Let us hope the whole more make Eg3rptian matters for be benefit the of science, and not for the amusement collection will published The
extravagance
Bulletin
ofArt,
Oct.-Nov., 1918.
The well-known High Priest of Memphis under Shashanq I,Shedes-nefer-tum dedicated a stele which is figured and described by Mrs. Williams. The central figure is Harpekroti, seated on the lotus, perhaps the earliest example of this Adorations to the Memphite gods are made by Hora, x descended of
subject.
Psheri-mut, Senkhrenf
and
Yufonkh.
Bulletin December,
ofArt.
New
York.
of civilisation, which no museum has opened three dwelling sites lately, a town of the XX of this -XXIIth dynasties at Lisht, the palace-city of Amen-hetep III at Thebes, and the town of
"
and exhibition of daily lifeof Egyptians, by objects development, and the attention to the history museum country but America has properly followed. The work
Hibis in Khargeh
Oasis.
We
published. February, 1919. A pair of seated figures from about the end of the XVIIIth dynasty was found in a tomb The persons are Auy and his sister at Asyut. Rennut. His parents were Amen-hetep and Rennut, and those of his wife Aay
Their figures are in reliefon the back of the group, receiving offerings and Yaa. from a younger Auy, and a sister Hathor. It is a charming piece of best work of the age. The tomb chapel and another statue are in the local museum at Asyut.
August, 1919. A fine bowl of millefiori glass recently acquired, leads to a discussion of the nature of vases, murrhine and the conclusion that they were They from Alexandria, to this were come glass. of and this points to glass said work, and is considered to outweigh the statement of Pliny that murrhine vases
"
"
were
the Roman,
same
if morria, the Greek form of the name, myrrhites carries myria, a myriad, and the name millefiori on the
B
What
23
Periodicals.
Museum
ofFine
These 15 pages give a very brief account of Dr. Reisner's discovery of the burials of the Ethiopian kings in their p)n:amids. All the tombs had been robbed of their gold, but many pieces were accidentally leftbehind, and all the ushabtis. These bear out the view that the Ethiopians had a finer standard of work than
of the Vllth century, which is suggested before by the sudden rise Ethiopian rule in Egypt, both in ushabtis and scarabs. the of style under The tomb chambers were all inundated, but by diligentbaling the water was the Egyptians reduced, and the hundreds of ushabtis recovered. The group of pyramids is at The tombs found include that of Taharqa, Nuri opposite to the capital at Napata.
a thousand over ushabtis ; Tanut- Amen ; Senkamanseken, with blue ushabtis the and chamber walls covered with the negative confession ; Amtalga ; Hariotep; Nastasan ; Amlaman Tombs Astabargandu, ; and others as yet unknown.
with
of fifty-three queens and princesses were coffinof Aspalta is copied from the wooden and hawk posts, and a small jackal found at the corners the of pyramids,
as
The lid of the granite also found. coffinsof that age, with upright corner standing up on it. Foundation deposits were in the Xllth
hope
may we full publication for reference of all Dr. Reisner's undertakings ? The little sketches are welcome enough, but that is not what is due for scientific
to
see a
dynasty.
When
Prof. G.
Buchanan
Gray.
8vo.
10
pp.
1920, p.
167).
ancient, mediaeval, and modern statements about crocodiles inhabiting the river Zerka are here discussed ; though the reported views of the animals
were
brief and dubious, yet the general belief, and the production of to warrant accepting this as a habitat. one of the natives, seem
"
L'exode et le
Map.
passagede la Mer Rouge. By G. Daressy. Sac. Sultanieh de Gdographie, Caire). 1919 (Bull.
8vo.
23
pp.
This is mostly dealing with Sir W. Willcocks' views as to a northern route On geographical grounds, these views are firmly contradicted, of the Exodus. The papyrus listof traditional and the understanding of the route is upheld. twenty places in the eastern region is detailed in support of this.
Annales
du
G.
191 7.
Daressy,
Fragments
of Ptolemaic age were been published. That of Apollonias has parts of chapters 127, 133 of the Book of the Dead, also various figures of gods with brief legends. The coffin of Khayf
has many figures of genii with their names, scenes of the sun during the twelve hours of day alternate with the transformations of the dead in the twelve hours of firstis Peda...amen, son of Pama, Ymhetep, Rere, the third isTefnekht, a the the son second great judge of of A few geographical details here should be utilisedin dealing bom of Nes-nebhat. nome. this with
"
de deux cercueils de Saqqarah. Parts of two coffins brought by Mariette from Saqqareh, and have not yet
beside texts. night, altogether 178 subjects Daressy, The G. Statues de Mendh. bom
Periodicals.
23
Le lieu d'origine de I'arbre ash. The article debates the Remenen, identified Lebanon. Such permutations of I usually meaning of with As a final n is used for /, it is proposed to and of b are stated to be unknown. Ermil as the this name ; and read would be Hermil, the actual place of the forest on Lebanon. Daressy,
G.
"
du Grand Pretre Piankh. Les titres This priest-king seems to in have had only secular titles his youth, fanbearer, scribe, vizier,general, royal son of Kush, keeper of the southern lands, keeper of the granaries, commander-inDaressy,
"
G.
chief,as recorded in a letter on an ostrakon from the Tombs of the Kings. Daressy, G. Deux canopesprovenant de la Moyenne-Egypte. These
"
were
bought at Mellawi, probably from Meir, and are Persian or early Ptolemaic in date. They belonged to Pa-du-hor-mehen, son of Set-ar-bu, and give religious for Pedu-horen. was titles. A head of another jar Daressy, G. Deux grandes Statues de Ramses II d'HdracUopolis. South
"
Kom temple is a plain, on the east of which is the mound of the well-known al in Aqareb ; this the two statues have been found, with a granite building probably On one block is the name part of a temple gateway. of Queen Sebekneferu,
on
The statues appear to have been of the Ramessu II, and one later, by of them,
Merneptah.
Egyptiens. Three rough stone weights, inscribed in Kings, show units of 130-2, 145-9, 139-7 grains. the of The first is on the daric standard, though deben like various other marked The two a are standards, merely meaning unit. other of the usual qedet A bronze couchant bull from the Fayum standard. marked 5, is on a standard
"
Daressy,
G.
Poids
ink, from
the Tombs
of '^i7'i grains, perhaps a very light qedet. Daressy, G. Le Roi Tdos a Athribis. A re-publication of Sharpe's Inscriptions, pi. 43, from a copy by Harris.
"
Egyptian
Stele du roi Pefnifdubast. A limestone stele from Ehnasya is dated in the tenth year of the same king who dedicated the gold statuette {Ehnasya, It donation land a by Aruath, born of the royal daughter and front). records of Daressy, G.
"
The solar cartouche being Nefer-ka-ra, it is suggested wife Takhredt-ne-ast. that he was a vassal of Shabaka. If so, he would be the grandson of Pef-du-bast, of the time of Piankhy.
Daressy, G. Le Dieu de Toukh el Malaq. A black granite statue of a bull-headed god, with a disc and uraeus between the horns, has a prayer to Shu in the temple of Hat-amen. Tukh el Malaq is 12 kilometres from Benha, and the place Hat-amen Kom be Atrun, may 3^ kilometres west of Tukh.
"
Daressy,
G.
.
"
dedicated by
Imhetep-sa-ptah
Legrain,
Oct. executes a Louqsor. 1916-Mars 1917. After an account of the Thebaid under the Romans, and the Thebes, in the follows a statement there martyrs of cleariiag of work of the course by the Roman Forum Pedestals were found with dedications to Julian of Thebes.
G.
"
Rapport sur
les Nouveaux
Governor Aurelius Ginus, a.d. 360. A triumphal arch, and led up to the four pedestals, and the cross-road through Ramesside court at Louqsor.
Daressy,
G.
"
Legende
d'Ar-herus-nefer d Philae.
M.
Barsanti
inscription in 1896. It is an adoration of the god, dated under Tiberius, and should be considered, in disentangling the later mythology.
n
24
Daressy, of
was a
Periodicals,
G.
"
du Caire.
It small seated figure, with four signs like those of early date from Sinai. found west of Aswan, with of the XVIIlth dynasty, beneath a rock
objects
This represents
an
offering to
Osiris,and gives the complete titles of Horemheb. Lucas, Salt A. Efflorescent of Unusual Composition. Silky efflorescence terracottas from the Fajmm on of proves to be butyrate of lime. The source
i. Stele of Pa-haf, the first prophet Nes-Min had the same Ta-khred-tehuti. Nes-Min, and of Hathor, governor, son of office, and a notable point in the reading is that the nesut plant is used for writing nes. 2. Stele of a prophet of various gods, Her-taui, son of Pa-khred, son of
"
Pen-khred,
held by
son
of Nes-Min,
a
as
before.
He
went
to Osiris at
90 +x. pluralist of pluraUsts. 4. Feet of lost, with many name religious titles. 5. Stele of about Pa-nezem (?), engraver of Panopolis, in honour of Hathor.
3. Stele, name
lost, naming
a
Daressy,
G.
"
SarcophagePtoldmatque
A hymn
on
a
wooden
coffin of of Ra entering the underworld, apparently coffin from Qau,the variants of which are given
d'Assiout.
Hard
limestone
I. The upper half of a I. This is Amenhetep to II roll of papyrus, with offering mainly of interest in connection with other details of offeringservices ; comparison Of general interest are is made with those of Unas, Sety I, and Paduamenapt. of points in the Osiris legend, as that Isis was delivered by a negro wise-woman to a feeble infant ; and in the Greek legend a negress-queen, Aso, helps Typhon Daressy,
G.
"
Rituel des
a Amenhetep Offrandes
ritual of Rameses
G.
"
La
"
Demeure
Roy ale
"
en
A Basse-Egypte.
lintel from
El
a royal house ; it is supposed Damayin, 3 miles S.W. of Faqus, names been brought from elsewhere, and the final conclusion is that Faqus
to have
G.
"
du Inscriptions
Old
in Cairo, is here published. Kingdom mastaba, the inscriptions of which are now Mery-Ra-nefer, was a young man Pepy-nefer, with a good name under Teta, passes Aty in silence, and then became superintendent of the South, to the general over the supply of cattle from the benefit of the people, and especially in managing limestone statues Two one also found. nomad perfect were shepherds. This records four town sites de I' Oasis de Dakhleh. Elias, Girgis. Inspection
" "
"
one
of which is inscribed,with
names
of Nero, Vespasian,
Fragments des Actes du martyr e da I'ApaChnoubd. Though the canal passing through in Sahidic, this martyrology refers to Bubastis, and names but from is date, There indication the no the city. character of the persecution of Henri.
"
it was
or
Diocletian. Karnak.
Lampe Chrdtienne de
Loukios
on
red pottery is inscribed for Abba known and celebrated are names
i6th
Periodicals.
25
a Other lamps are corruption of Eulogios. quoted, as Archbishop," Alexandria was of who patriarch of 312-328 ; loudas and lakobos Apostles," from Thebes ; and one from Kom one naming The Saint Michael." Ombo, naming 'Notesur le Village de Hagd. MuNiER, Henri. Zawyet-el-Meyitin is proposed
"
Ekhmim.
Loukios
is
one
Alexander
"
"
"
as
the site of Hage, on the strength of that being the birthplace of the father of a man whose tomb is found at Zowyeh. Daressy, G. L'Art Tanite. Maspero recognised five centres of sculpture, Thebes, Hermopolis, Memphis, Tanis and Sais. The importance of Tanis is
"
attacked here.
It is shown that five of the statues of Tanis all refer to Memphis, Memphis II plundered to adorn that Ramessu his city of Tanis. Hathor Maz, Dronkeh, or names statue of showing that statues were from as far as Siut. Many from Heliopolis. Even came monuments
the well-known imported, as part of an exactly similar sphinx sphinxes were found M. Daressy of the same size was under the floor of a temple at El Kab. from Upper Egypt ; that some at Memphis concludes that these sphinxes came Apepi, inscribed later were by II. they were taken to Tanis by Ramessu and The bearers of offerings of this same type are placed by M. Daressy in the XVIIIth dynasty, and refer all the peculiarities of hair and beard to their He confesses, however, that the type representing the king as the Nile Hapi. face is does that of the sphinxes, and of not try to reconcile this with the type
The later artist'strial-piecesand small work at of the kings of the New Kingdom. Tanis is the same as such elsewhere. The conclusion is that there was no special We have dealt with this question with illustration in the school at Tanis.
last number. Chaban, Le puttsdu gindral Ankh-uah-ab-re-si-nit d Saqqarah. the of pillarsof the church of Jeremiah. When excavated found at 60 feet deep opening from a hall ; in this hall descended another pit 15 feet further to three more chambers, all anciently The pillaged. glazed ushabtis number 384, and give the usual chapter with
"
Mohammed.
one
and title of general ; 367 other ushabtis are for his mother Astkheb, bom Thet-Hor. The general's father was Psamthek, and his grandfather a general of Nes-aoh. A few small vases Near the mouth of and scraps were also found.
name
blocks of the
XlXth
dynasty,
with
inscriptions of Ptahemheb,
A stick of this form was observed to be used in hooking in bunches of dates for cutting, also used in carrying a bundle by a negro. If M. Daressy would visit Sinai he would find such a form
"
uas. Sceptre
of stick carried by
all the
Bedawin.
The
extent
of the
use
of it should
be
d'Athribis. Four pieces of a remarkable scene Bas-reliefs of II, supposed to be part of the Osiris mysteries. There are figures of Hapi, standing and kneeling on running in a tree ; water, offering to the Bennu Anubis preparing four canopic jars a pot by a syphon heads ; filling with human from a jar Papyrus drawing the (see of syphons on the Satiric of Turin, Auswahl,
"
G.
list of offerings the round-headed sistrum is distinguished from the Hathor naos-headed wand. Daressy, G. Stele de Karnak avec textes magiques. A text on pieces of a stele from the great pit at Karnak, differingfrom any on the steles of Horus : too broken to be translated. much
a
"
In xxiii).
36
Daressy,
Periodicals.
G.
"
Let
du formes
Soleil aux
heures diffirentes
de la
journie.Six
are
and
here
of early Ptolemaic papyri. This deals with kalendars, and the starting Egyptian the complication of the and Macedonian point of the regnal years, from the Zeno papjnri at Cairo ; but the whole of the One disturbing result group scattered in various collections needs to be used.
is that the provincial
two
"
On
the dating
was
often five
or
ten
days wrong
when
dating by the
de Qouss. A naos in red granite of a prince, Deux naos Kingdom. Shema is Old The the judge, and vizier of second naos is of Philadelphus, de I'Egypte, ChampoUion already published in Description and Lepsius. de MentuhetepIII d Denddrah. Daressy, G. Chapelle A small chapel
" "
calendars." Daressy, G.
found Neb-hap-ra It was of Mentuhetep standing in the rubbish mounds. had suffered from salt and corrosion, and was further damaged discovery. after The king grasps a papyrus stem twined round with convolvulus, apparently
representing Merneptah.
Lower
and
Upper
Egypt.
There
are
added
inscriptions of
Daressy, G. Monuments datant du May en Empire, i. A steleof a d'Edfou kher heb of Hor-behudet, royal son, Ab, son of luf, bom of Ab ; his wife Hor-mes, bom of the royal sister luf and the prince of Edfu Apu. 2. Altar of offerings for the same Ab, son of luf, and his wife Hor-mes. Stele 3. of a kher heb Hora,
"
son of Hor-any, son of Neferhetep, born of Senb ; his wife Hor-sat, daughter of Figures bear Sebekhetep. the prince Abaci, born of the princess Ast ; his son 4. Altar of offerings for An(y, other names, of luf-senb. Neb-ant, Nubududu. ? Senb bom Nubdudut his Antef-hetep ; ; ; and Anher. 5. Stele of luf. wife
of)
6 and 7. Statuettes of yellow limestone of Ayni. Daressy, G. Alexandre Barsanti. This Italian had
"
been
the handjnnan
of the Cairo
since 1885. Originally sculptor-modeller, he repaired and the removals of the museum, transported the heavy mounted managed objects, from various parts of the country, repaired buildings, cleared buildings monuments for all He organised a working staff competent and carried on excavations.
museum
these enterprises, and he wrote numerous accounts of work and discoveries in familiar the Annates du Service. In every part of the country the people were incessant Skander," as he was called. At fifty-nine with the work of years, such in brief heart The a heavy Service attack. work ended and will hardly find
"
another such active and efficient worker ; but we may hope that different men in these tasks of museum repairer, architect and excavator, will be employed which each require very differenttraining and abilities.
^gyptidndu Liban. This defends the old Seb. Sur le nam Remenen Lebanon, as and disputes the equivalence with Hermil rendering of proposed by M. Daressy. Ronzevalle, Notes sur les Statues No. 31919 et 35562. A figure of red Seb. inscription of Bel-sar-usur. On the front is with Aramaic granite from Aswan
Ronzevalle,
" "
Probably
as
having
like those of Sinai, is read as Gaash {see Jos.xxiv 30 ; Jud.ii 9). There is no ground for dreaming of Asiatic writing, as M. Daressy has suggested, seduced by the theory of M. Alan Gardiner, on the monuments yet undeciphered of Sarbut el
Khadim.
The
essay at decipherment,
attempted
by MM.
Gardiner, Cowley
and
Periodicals.
27
so
Paul.
De
"
d'Assouan.
Morgan
had
seen
le traitement mdtallurgique du fer aux limonite iron ore near the observed Now, up any workings. found, but fuel would
sent away. This name of the Arab
a
been
always
side valley, be a
was
treasure hunter
cover
is
now
acres
50
near
Abu
Rowash.
The
ruins there
about
Daressy,
at Beltim and Depu
names
La
on
the extreme
(Buto and
seem
el Ashaar Delta, bear to Uazet a dedication the north of of Pu figures ; Phragonis) of Isis and Nebhat adoring the Zad ; to refer to the coffin of Osiris having landed at that site
de Beltim. porte
TOME
Strazzulli,
XVIII,
1918.
"
a. ; Bovier-Lapierre,
hunters
Rapport
sur
the Persian
"
Now layer in search of papyri. the stuff has been completely sifted over with layers lower The also cleared, and all the houses planned. good result, the intereste history of the fortress of Yeb would have been perhaps possible, if entirely disexcavations
occupied the whole site, and ended in of uniform of the expeditions which have periods. None This is the criticism of the irregular have had such an aim." had methodically
object
on
for the site of the Search was made unscientific work that has gone on. On is : the the temple, Jewish position of each unsuccessfully. plan (i 500) noted discovered in place ; these comprise a wooden statue of the Old Kingdom, the rock, a prehistoric bird palette, a polished tombs and other of later periods.
prehistoric bowl,
and
some
objects
Barsanti,
Ai-EX."
Rapportsur
les travaux
Repairs
toration Resles travaux exdcutds au Ramesseum. Tombs Kings. of a column, and repairs at of the Barsanti, Details of small Alex. de la Nubie. Rapport sur les monuments damage are the collisions by boats overrepairs needed ; the most serious causes throwing of
" "
faces walls and columns when submerged, and the gradual decay of the suras by repeated wetting and drying, which will finally efface the sculptures by the Engineers. might have been expected, in spite of all interested assurances Daressy, G. Position de la Ville de Takinach. This city of the inscription
" "
an
The Samtaui-Tafnekht.
socket of
been found
him son of a royal son at Ehnasya, naming found with it. There is also a statue of him from Sais. He is named as the be I. Two may admiral of the fleet of Psemthek of this name other men descendants of the prince. found at Daressy, A lintelwith this name was G. La localityKhent-nefer.
"
near Qantir,
Faqus
; but
near
the
28
Periodicals,
lintelhas been moved in later times. nome of the Memphite mentioned in Shenbari, a village east of Ausim.
Daressy,
G.
"
La
de Psimaut chapelle
this chapel has shown the order of the dynasty to be as The inscriptions uncovered are not of importance. Daressy, G. Monuments d'Edfoudatant du Moyen Empire. 8. Stele of luf sumamed Ab, son of luf and born of luf. The title kher heb is reduced simply to the heb basket. 9. Stela of Ab bom of Ta-akhred, naming also Ada born of Ta-urt, and his son luf ; also Ab and his son Adu. 10. Statuette, seated
"
on
the ground with one knee up, of Adu, made by his son luf. 11. Part of stele of Nubu-ne-ab, daughter of the prince Hor-em-khau bom of Urt ; his son Sen-rau. Horemhat. Stele of luf, son of Dudunub, 12. by brother his made Daressy,
Nefrus, Any,
Near to it there is also a place El worshipped as Khnumu. Birbeh, where the temple of Nefms probably stood. Edgar, C. C. A further note on early Ptolemaic chronology. Continuance I think it will be found impossible to of the discussion with fresh material.
was
"
Seated figure of a prince of statues de Balansourah. figure Mahu. Seated by brother his of Mutnefer, wife of the made Nefrus was therefore at Balansureh, where one of the four sacred
G.
"
Deux
"
avoid the conclusion that at least two and more probably three differentsystems indiscriminate in use common at this period." of reckoning the year were and rather This text is MuNiER, Henri. Constantin. Un ^logeCoptede I'empereur
"
"
sequence of that at Strasburg, both being in the Sahidic dialect. For one finds, amid a sea of invocations and praises, the apparition of a cross to Constantine, the explanation of it by a Saint Eusignius, and allusions to the Council of
a
Nicaea."
Vestigeschrdtiensd Tinnis. This sitewas large,with many ; Arab writers describe it with admirachurches and mosques, baths and ovens tion. The bishop attended the councils of Epheseus and Chaleedon, a.d. 431 and
MuNiER, Henri.
"
451.
By 535 the sea had covered part of the land, forming the lake of Tinnis, the flooding of Lake and the extent of it increased every year. Then came Yet the town survived tillit Menzaleh in a.d. 554 by subsidence of the Delta. was taken at the Arab conquest, 641. By 11 93 the inhabitants were ordered to
The flooding of the catacombs at Alexandria is 9 feet,and they were Comp. Rend. Acad. Sci., probably well above water-level when cut {see best information we This the 16 June, possess on the gradual gives
remove
to Damietta.
1917).
though the flooding of large walls, and greatest visible been have in 554. A few columns of granite and grey marble areas, removed in 1912, and one has a figureof St. Procopios, the martyr of Caesarea in Palestine. A figure published by Griffith du taureau Mndvis. Daressy, G. "Une statue it. is here discussed, with reference to the chancellor Bay named on Daressy, G. La gazelled'Anoukit. On an ostrakon a gazelle is adored, with to Anuket, by the royal scribe inscriptionof adoration of Anuket, and nesut da hetep Ahayt. This the the quantity of mummies of gazelles in the ast maot, explains of subsidence, which
seems
to have
on
effect was
from
500 to
1200,
sea
"
hillsnear
Komir, between
"
QuiBELL,J. A.
and
was
by steamer
to Mersa
Matruh,
then south by military motor. of lifeand the physical details of the Oasis of Amon,
interesting account
conquered
Periodicals.
29
are
by the Egyptians
B.C.,
small temples of the IVth The century quarries, and much-plundered ground is too salt and damp for antiquities to be well preserved, unless gold. Worked flintsare found Regarding the retrocession of the fauna, the ostrich was only near the lagoons. generations ago. A Siwan extinguished only two vocabulary and sentences
a
hundred
years ago.
There
some
tombs.
are
Statue de Zedher the Saviour. This is a black granite squatting it base before a It is ; the whole is 37 inches high. with an altar inscriptions The texts. translations tion descripcovered with minute of magical and 46 pages of the Journal. This will be a principal source of these fill of texts of the steles of Horus on the crocodiles. They refer particularly to protection
"
added. Daressy,
G.
figure,fittingin
father Zedher had two wives, one scorpions and serpents. The man's Ta-khredet-ahet mother of Zedher-pa-shed of the statue ; the other wife Tayhes, daughter of Pedu-ne-hor and Ta-nefert-hert,whose children by Zedher were Pa-rufrom
This ahet, Zedher-pa-asheru, Ta-khredet-ahet, Khut, and Ta-khredet-ne-ta-asut. is given with vast prolixity of repeating parents' names titles time. and every Evidently the to is was on talk the figure. Why the name make
"
"
object
"
translated
"
"
the Saviour
is not clear ; shed might as well be the saved," or the reader." The latter is suggested by a reference to his by means of the writings of this shed who is in Ro-sat-zatu ;
"
"
no fault has been found before the master also he claims that of the gods (Khentiin all the things that I have done according to the books." These passages khati) to show his ability in reading the sacred books, and hence his titleof seem the is Another Uah-ab-ra son person named of Dun-s-pa-nefer, reader," pa shed.
"
Ro-sat-zatu, named Athribis, where this near above, was of Kho-s-bast. figure was found. The texts are, of course, essentialin any study of magic formulae, but are not of other interest. bom
Selected papyrifrom the archives of Zenon. A great find of papjTii of Zenon, who had been a private secretary of the State Land Agent, Like most was found in 1914-15 at Philadelphia in the Fayum. large finds
Edgar,
"
C. C.
it
split up, and the papyri are to the hindrance countries, much
was
date from
the time
of Ptolemy
scattered in Cairo, Italy and various other As they of a consecutive study of them. Philadelphos, they are the earliest large group
The more valuable part of the correspondence refers to Palestine yet found. four Syria,during a Carian Greek, and some and years. Zenon was of the letters Among find that he was refer to affairsat Kalynda. other business we away
east of
slave girl for 50 drachmae, and several from Syria to Eg5T3t. Another matter other papyri mention shipping slaves from a Jew named leddou, which only resulted in was trying to get money insults and blows. in getting in There is a description of difficulties officially
Jordan, where
he bought
young
plate
was
there
was
no
Stele of Padu-hor-sam-taui who in his 8oth year went to Osiris. He was in the those sacred writings, and wise which covered the wall of Heliopolis, and the wisdom of Safkhet are named. 7. Part of a stele naming Antefa, a governor of the South, in the Xllth dynasty.
8. Black
was of Pa-ashem, who general in At some time of the southern nomes, religious offices. and a great pluralist the base has been changed, as it has a demotic inscription naming the "great Ancient Egypt, 1917, p. statue of Kirgis the strategos {see 9. A group
Tentyrites. 6. Inscriptions
granite statue
of
Menkh-ne-ra,
son
"
132).
30
Periodicals.
of two nude figuresside by side has the limbs hidden by the coilsof two serpents ; is a child, Horus-Apollo, the other a woman one representing the moon.
Gauthier,
a
dupUcate
Les sUles de Van III de Taharqa. has been seen by Mr. Offord in London.
"
H.
Egyptienne de 20 hin. This has been put in the pit of Karnak. It has the name of III, but no mark of quantity. From Tehutmes the form it appears to be a measure standard of 40 hins, not 20 as described. It is estimated to have contained 1,231 cubic inches, giving a hin of 30-8 inches. Other marked These are only secondary examples vary from 25-0 to 33-0 for the hin.
Daressy,
"
G.
Une
Mesure
together from
fragments
found
markings inches.
on
vases
made
The best
mean
Chaaban,
Mohammed
of Heliopolis found 20 inches under the surface. was the stone roof of the tomb chamber Two walls could be traced on the surface ; these probably belong to the court or chapel for the worship of the bull, as the steles which were placed in the chapel found sunk outside the walls of the tomb, facing inward, so the chapel were
water.
G. Rapport sur la ddcouverte de la and Daressy, de Ramsh II. An interesting discovery of an unopened
"
however,
by
To
the
north
inside must have been larger than the tomb outside, or 25 feet wide. The tomb is 23 X 16 feet outside, the chamber 207 X 121 inches, or 10 X 6 cubits. The built, have been and repaired in parts, as the door jamb. walls are roughly is still blocked as originally. The stones used by Ramessu II The doorway building of Tut-onkh-amen, Strangely, re-used by Horemheb. the figuresof Amen and Khousu had been erased ; if the name of Tut-onkh-amen is not placed over that of an earlier king, this would show a triple conversion had
come
from
two sets of canopic jars, the order of which is usual, of that king. There were but turned with north in the place of east {Riqqeh, 31). The sculptured scenes II offering to various gods, and the burial chamber on walls are of Ramessu Two limestone ushabtis were found 8-6 inches the spiritsof Buto and Nekhen.
high, parts of bronze fittings of the funeral couch, which the walls, and various small amulets and pottery. on
Daressy,
is figured in
shrine
G.
"
La
tombe du Mndvis
under
de Ramses
VII.
is nearly
are
identical with
that
Ramses
II
(Rec,
xxv
29).
here
a papyrus It is Amen in favour decrees to Persian the analogous age. of Nesiof of the The assumptions of the high priests could not go beyond khonsu and Panezem. Amen Ra...'I divinise the august soul of Osiris Un-nefer, this: "Speech of I give well-being to his body in Kher-neter, I preserve his body, I divinise his
"
re-described with the assistance of the previous tomb. G. Un decret d'Amon Daressy, en faveurd'Osiris. This is
M. Daressy politely supposes This ! to Osiris, god of the dead. mummy.' dead his family man that tlHs only referred to a and under the names of Osiris being concerned in and his family. There is, however, no hint of any human this.
"
Selectedpapyrifrom the archives of Zenon. The system of The letters here published do not dating the Macedonian year is stillobscure. interest, but be intrinsic be to seem will valuable for combining with the rest of
Edgar,
C. C.
"
lifeday by day. of the group in restoring a full view of official duties the technical matters of and relations of ofiicials.
The
details are
Periodicals.
31
Fils royaux de Ramsh." The descendants Ramessides. the of various persons are as in Petrie, History iii, 242, except the last.
Gauthier,
Henri.
"
Les
"
This is
and
(i)NemartI;,
son
Pa-nreshens. Meramen,
of the daughter of the great chief of the mountains, Further, he is said to be a royal son of Sheshenq Sheshenq I. This name has been left unpresumably explaine
a
"
possibilityshould be here noted : nr is the Egyptian is The Leshenes," which is fairly mode of writing /, so the name Lissaenos, to the man of Lissos," that is, probably, equivalent Lissos in Crete. As to being a royal son of Sheshenq, it seems
"
but
married his mother the royal descent his statue at Miramar, nor on his bracelets in but only on his statue in Cairo. This seems
had
like the by adoption or officially, was a royal son If Kush we we this, royal and others. get a light of accept in Great prince of the dynasty, on the frequent title the XXIInd it from foreigner to a hill country, ; referred any and mountains that he
"
son
"
"
perhaps
was
Cretan.
made from
by
Zed-anub-es-onkh,
whose
(3)Zed-ptah-auf-onkh,
papyrus, of Sheshenq
known by mummy, coffins, boxes, his burial at Deir el Bahri, in the loth I.
ushabti
or
nth
{4)Uasarken
on a
(5)Auuapuat,
vase
name,
on
fragment of alabaster
versity (6)Pa-shed-bastet, chief of the Mahasu, on a stele from Abydos, at UniI. College, London, dated in the 36th year of Uasarken M. Gauthier concludes he is not the same Pa-shed-bastet, son of as Sheshenq III.
on (7)Ast-(em)-kheb
a
stele under
were
Uasarken
I, Paris, apparently
woman.
family.
brother Ymeru
Trois vizirs du Moyen Empire. Res-senbu and his Onkhu both viziers,and sons of the vizier Onkhu. married Merryt, daughter of Hentpu. Ymeru had a sister Senbhenas, who married Upuat-hetep, son of Khnumu-hetep Upuat-hetep's children were and Tahent.
were
Khnumu-hetep,
whether
Neshmet-hetept,
Onkhu, Khenzer
under Turin
as
papyrus.
Onkhu, as vizier vizier under different,or Khenzer was ; either they were not placed in the Another vizier, Hennu, has been omitted in A. Weil's Veziere,
"
Khensu
The
question
is
An
unpublished
report
le ddblaiement des tomhes 6 etgde Biban el Molouk. found, and the some small objects of 1888, naming in the Cairo catalogue.
trouvdes
a
Fostat.
from
the pyramid
temples
In
II ;
32
Notes Ptolemaic
and News,
son
(3)a
of Senti,
of Pen-sebek ;
(4)part
of
Coptic
given in
This town, which is part-successor of Leontopolis, is to be It is named by Maqrizi as Benu, and though destroyed sought near Tell Moqdam. before 1375, the name remains in Binnai, an irrigationbasin.
"
epitaph. Daressy,
a
Daressy, G. Une statue de Deir el Chelouit. Near this little temple, south Medinet Habu, black a dynasty, and red granite statue was found of the XlXth of Seta, treasurer. a of prince, royal sealer,and
"
MuNiER, of
an
Henri.
Arabic paper
Deux
Coptes. Written
stated,
so
on
seem
the
to
back
be
a
they
physician's prescriptions.
NOTES
AND
NEWS.
The work of the British School in Egypt began this season early in November Brunton Lahun Mr. Mrs. to to beneath the Queen's went search when and to Tunnels which no entrance had yet been found. pyramid and royal mastabas, been run diagonally beneath the pyramid and in other directions, so now in this work. f"ir without result. Mr. West joined The main party, consisting of Major Hynes, Mr. Miller, Mr. Neilson and Mons. Bach with the Director and Mrs. Petrie, assembled at Ghurob at the beginning of December. During a fortnight the work there showed how httle
now
have
remains to be done at that site. A black steatite cyUnder of Pypy of the 1st dynasty, some bowls of the Ilird dynasty, a few bm-ials of the XlXth with
at the great cemetery of Herakleopolis. This has been largely cleared by various authorised and unauthorised diggers, but been no plan or details are published. A systematic working of it has now dynasties are already st"irted, and remains of the 1st, Ilird, IXth, and XlXth
was
pottery, and some granaries with protective amulets, were Half a dozen graves at Zeribah, foiu miles south, proved to dynasty, all plundered.
then
formed
great tombs have several chambers on different levels, and seem to have been for families. One has yielded parts of sarcophagi, steles, figures, Rahetep his son, and canopies and ushabtis of the two viziers, Parahetep II ; another of the same age is of the keeper of the cavalry under Ramessu
in hand.
The
buried at Hibeh under Ramessu officeand name, of the same Sarcophagi of red granite are very massive III, was probably his grandson. black was one coarse thin and finely ; of granite of which parts remain and This carved. excavation continues the regular clearance of the western side of the Nile, southward from Dahshur ; in such systematic work the fat and the lean
;a
man
"
"
Pahonneter
must
be accepted
as
they
come,
but
promises to repay work on its cemetery. Of other excavations there is littlenews yet to hand, but the excavations for New York continue under Mr. Winlock at Thebes, and also at Lisht under Mr. Mace. Erratum. Hbyros,
In
Ancient
Egypt,
for
read Hyksos.
""y"i
i^--
" .,
^sji-viz
"
v-s
I*
14
Id
BORDERS
OF FLOWERS
THEBAN AND
TINT
TOMB-PAINTINGS. BUNCHES
YELLOW, GREEN,
LOTUS
COLORS
OF
BLUE,
GRAPES.
RED,
IN
ORDER
OF
BLACK.
TEHUTMES
IV TO
HEREMHEB.
1420"1330
B.C.
-i-
ANCIENT
THE The
EGYPT.
OF
BRITISH
SCHOOL
ARCHAEOLOGY
IN
EGYPT.
southward, in the course of the British School has been moving of a bank Nile At Lahun the the the search western of valley. systematic clearing of Senusert II Mr. Brunton beneath the small pyramid the of queen occupied of work
most
Tunnels and
as
were
cut
at two
It
therefore,
and
if the burials
were
pyramid
were
finally searching the party were found, including few Ghurob, a more some were graves cemetery of where of the Pypy. named earlier dynasties, one having a primitive black cylinder of a man XlXth dynasty. Several found, The other graves were were the of granaries
some
on the north were mastabas Lahun. also cleared at While this was going on, the rest of the
likely strata, found. no or chambers passages were on the the south side, and all small A few remaining tombs cenotaphs.
blue glazed amulets put in them for protection. One rare find was a perfect wooden sickle. This site,worked at by various diggers for over to be practically exhausted. thirty years, seems of which
had
then moved south to the cemetery camp of Herakleopolis, now been had which wrecked anciently, and worked by Dr. Naville and however, several later searchers, but without giving plans or record. There was, be done to by much careful and complete clearance, which well rewarded us, and main Ehnasya, history. The site has a remarkable after this it may be regarded as exhausted. In the geologic past the Nile had found an exit to the Fayum ten about miles The strata collapsed into the worn entrance. south of the Lahun channel, and This break in the ring of the Fayum lie tilted up at 45 degrees. basin gave later
an
The
waves
from the west into the Nile valley. Through this gap various have best known Libyan Libyans come, the are the chiefs of of of which Herakleopolis in the XXI Ind dynasty. founded at first Doubtless that city was
easy
access
by such In recent
for its unusual position, far from the Nile. invasion, which accounts it is likewise the seat of a large and unruly Libyan invasion, from times polis, Looking at the flatness of the desert opposite to HerakleoTunis and the Oases. Yusuf it seems Bahr likely that the two miles of mud between the now
an
and
the canal ran only recently been flooded, and probably This desert founded the was the the on city along old edge, and opposite bank. would have been in prehistoric times, as it is a city of the earliest class, having Studies, II, pi. ix). The firstcemetery the worship of the Corn Osiris {Historical is therefore probably below the present cultivation. Upon the desert the oldest graves are of the 1st dynasty. Of the Ilnd dynasty including large turning at there are many, tombs with stairways, sometimes found intact, with characteristic stone vases. right angles. A few of these were
The
found objects
to robbery
publish
objects
as, owing will be described in the next part of this journal, to is it Egyptian boxes last some on the undesirable year, of railway in England. until
34
of Archaeology
began
in Egypt.
in the Vlth
dynasty,
with
the
tombs IXth
was continues tilla maximum reached about the hundreds They were there of which age of graves. contained in instances bodies had been the principally pottery, and many spitefully burnt in the graves or entirely removed. hatred of these This points to an extreme
of dynasty,
nobles, and
people by later residents, and indicates that they were foreigners. No trace was found of the burials of the great men of the IXth dynasty which centred on Herakleopolis. It is certain that no large group of their tombs can have escaped
as if they lay in some there, and it seems other district. Strange to say, the flourishing age of the Xllth dynasty, so abundantly active at Lahun, has not left be dated by any remains. a single grave that can The site seems to have been deserted at that age. The XVIIIth dynasty began again here about the time of Tehutmes I or II, us
frequent and rich burials. Of II there were that age on to Ramessu left of fine quality. One of the earlier tomb chapels was were complete, finest four large a the with generations work, representing painted stele of
an of the family ; before it was altar inscribed, and in front of that a kneeling figure with a tablet of adoration. The whole group is now in the Cairo museum.
The
II, Parahetep that of the two viziers of Ramessu greatest tomb was and It had originally a large chapel on the surface, of which pieces were Rahetep. found widely scattered and reused. The various statues and steles of the family had been defaced, broken up, and partly thrown down into the tomb. The
extensive family
more names
Student's History, III, of these nobles (see added to it from these monuments.
the XXIInd
90) has
had
few
dynasty generals were so largely of Herakleopolite found. This suggests that their single fine burial of that age was like Prince Wales, our connection was purely titular, and not of local authority. of Only a few of the usual coffins were found, with illiterateinscriptions belonging titles, not
a
Though
to the period.
dozens very poor, and some age were of Roman is The that were this the site worked yielded nothing. prominence surprise of of the Ilnd dynasty, and the deficiency of the XXIInd. The number them with of well-dated skeletons gave opportunity to compare Tarkhan Deshasheh. The main on Medum, those of sites either side, at and longer and narrower than in the results are that the Ilnd dynasty heads were larger in all ways than skulls of other Vlth. Those of the Vlth dynasty were
ages and places, perhaps owing to their being those of nobles. In the IXth larger than others of that age. The dynasty the heads diminished, but yet were limb bones are larger in the IXth dynasty than in any other time or place ; the
The
late tombs
leg 3
longer than at Deshasheh, longer than at Tarkhan ; the arm 7 mm. longer than at other sites. The people of the IXth dynasty were over 4 mm. therefore distinctly larger than the Egyptians elsewhere, in head and in limbs.
mm.
The
M. Bach,
over
Mr. Neilson, party of workers this year consisted of Major Hynes, Mr. Miller, with the Director and Mrs. Petrie. Later Mr. West came for a short from Mr. Brunton's work, which he had assisted,and joined us
time.
and
Subsequently
Mrs. Brunton
Mr. has
Brunton taken
a
took
large
over
part it is be held during hoped, the four weeks exhibition will, at University College, London.
the
at
Herakleopolis,
W.
M. Flinders
Petrie.
35
"
ft
ft'
ORIGINS
OF
SOME
SIGNS.
variants in the form of the HN sign show that the root-meaning of the word is Young, The youth." sign represents the young leaves or flower-buds of a forgotten plant ; though the species of plant varies, the essential point is never
The
"
of Rahotep at Medum, and represents in the tomb of Nefermaat the sprout of a marsh plant ; similar plants occur (Fig. the slight variations being due to the drawing by different artists. The
2)
open flower, of which the hieroglyph represents the bud, is seen on the head of the boatman This example (Fig. shows that 3),also from the tomb of Nefermaat. Figs, i, 2 and 3 are taken a flowering rush, perhaps Juncus acutus. the plant was
from
half-size. Prof. Petrie's original facsimile drawings, and are reproduced drawn deal Figs. 4 and 5 appear to me to be the same a plant good with of artistic licence ; the tombs at Meir show that the artist's sense of the dramatic often his sense overpowered of truth, both in the scenes and in the hieroglyphs, and
these two
examples
seem
to be
case
in point. Fig. 6 is another flowering rush, it ; appears to be a form of the sign used
dynasty,
of its use
of
tombs
succulent in which
both at Beni Hasan and at Meir ; I am not Figs. 8 the at any other period. represent young sprouts 7 and the plant such as grows after rain in the desert at Saqqara, near
it is represented ;
are clearly representations of one but it also sugfor accurate identification. Fig. 9 may be one of the gests compositae, Cakile maritima. This is the form which was in common as a hieroglyph, use and became gradually conventionalised ; Fig. 12 shows the usual hieroglyph of dynasty, and 13 a slightly varied form of the XlXth dynasty. the XVIIIth Neith has two emblems is certainly two arrows a shield, and across ; one
to the meaning as suggestions have been made of the other. The most usual explanation is that it represents a shuttle, thus connecting the goddess But the shape of the emblem with weaving. shows that it cannot be a shuttle. A shuttle must of necessity taper at each end in order to pass freely between the
many
threads, whereas the emblem curving outwards shows two projections Such if thrown like a shuttle between threads, would an at each end. object, inevitably catch in the threads and entangle and break them. Again, there is The invented history no in so the proof that the shuttle was of Egypt. early
warp
use
of the shuttle presupposes some mechanical method was ; the earliestprocess of weaving warp threads at once a ball of thread in and out of the warp threads by hand.
even
after the invention of the shuttle, as the width of the cloth shows ; the cast of a hand-thrown shuttle is at most 4 ft.,while the cloth in the tomb was of the Two Brothers in the Middle Kingdom 9 ft. wide ; this must have been made by the slow and laborious method of passing the thread in and out by hand, but the skillshown proves that the weaver to the process. was well accustomed The emblem dom, in question then is not a shuttle ; the hieroglyphs of the Old King-
curved give the sign in detail, show that it represents two objects, The lashed back back to in kind case. a sharply at each end and only object of which at all resembles these things in shape is a bow of the type of Fig. 15, which
which
c
2
36
Origins
of some
is itselfa stylised form of the bow carried by the men and is carved on the scorpion vase of HierakonpoUs folding of the bow-string in the Hierakonpohs example
a by pulling. material was strip of thick leather, which became goffered Prof. Petrie, however, suggests that the bow-string has had beads threaded on it to be used as a primitive musical instrument, a kind of early sistrum for rhythmic rattling. Both emblems of the goddess are therefore weapons of war ; is the one the crossed arrows and shield, the other the two bows.
The
A -sign occurs
Tombs
as
early
as
it appears
on
stela
(Fig. 17).
It appears to represent a bead tassel, with a with later forms of the sign, and also with
object.The
sign as
phonogram
reads
dpr
"=",
The actual To equip, to provide." was an or and means, ornament object to two bead-collar tassel of beads which was the hung ends of the attached and
PI
down
wearer
as
an
ornament
it is called mdnkht
^\
/WWW
"""
the form
shows
two
ties
is without
the
characteristicpendant beads ; this example is from the monolithic granite falsedoor in the tomb of the Sheikh el Beled at Saqqara. In the Old Kingdom the is often represented, and always among the jewellery actual object with the necklaces it occurs Middle Kingdom beside ; on (Figs. cofftns (Figs. 19,
20)
21-24),
the necklaces in the representations of the property of the deceased, each necklace having an dper matching it in colour and material ; if the necklace has hawkhead or plain semi-circular terminals, the dperhas the same this may (Figs. 23, 24),
account
found
two
supposition is doubtful. In the same a model tomb there was of a collar with plain terminals, and a model dper in gilded wood, also with a plain terminal (p. 100). In the tomb of Nub-hetep have belonged to the terminal, which must there was again a third hawk-head On hawk-head necklace of the princess (p. statues of the Middle Kingdom 114).
; the greater number represented with plain terminals (Figs. 25-31) both finished on are a row statues coffins and with of examples of pear-shaped but hanging instead. Fig. 32 have beads, lotus-blossoms Figs. 30, 31 pendant
(de p. 100); terminals of the necklace, and de Morgan flagellum, though he acknowledges that
Morgan
of King Hor at Dahshur hawk-heads were obviously the supposed the third to be the top of the
the
dper is
is from
XVIIIth
a
found at Beni Hasan, probably of the early the remarkable cartonnage Later in the dynasty the hieroglyphic sign (Fig. dynasty. shows 33), (compare reversion to the form with a single tie,in use in the Middle Kingdom
Fig.
21).
blossom
the
a
des graveurs at Thebes, shows The long narrow lotus-blossom dper to match. tombeau in the Old
"
"
lotustype
King
Kingdom,
is found
is
On comparing of the amulets in the list at Dendereh. has from dynasty Xllth that the type the persisted
Figs. 37-40
are one.
it with Fig.
to
22,
it
the Ptolemaic
from bronze figures of gods in the collection at University Fig. 37, has the characteristic form of the dper,the others only possibly represent some other kind of ornament. The actual method of attaching the dper to the collar is not easy to understand. In Figs. 22 and 36 the strings are arranged in loops through which perhaps
era.
College ;
Origins of some
Signs.
37
STifrwi "U"a^.
CAISTOF"".
\-JJ
tKUOHitCriOB
BRONZE
OSIRIS
BRONZf
0"RI^
lO*.
U.C.t.. COLLECT
KARNM.
TMorHniillL
"""(
Pi
Tinut
j"vi
the strings of the necklace were passed, but the method of making the loops is in Fig. detail is a not shown. 27 shows what reef-knot with the ends presumably of two strings hanging down ; this can only represent an instance of the dper loop its a the own top, with at either made of string, or being actually part of the The strings of both the necklace and the aperare made of the threads on which the beads are strung ; the terminal is pierced with several holes along the base which unite in one hole at the top. The threads on issuing from the
terminal.
they form sometwisted together ; in the case of the aper, times in Fig. The two. 28 is string, sometimes of attachment method C 3
are
38
Origins of some
Signs.
inexplicable, the loop at the top serving no purpose whatever. Figs. 41-43 show the dperin use ; Thothmes III as Osiriswears an dperwith a long tie; is wide, is worn by the Horus-hawk as long as the collar a short-stringed
at Abydos
among the ornaments of men, very rarelyamong This is probably on account of itspositionon the person ; it would be easily hair or long wig would cover it,while on a man the woman's have by it been to seems worn only nobles of high rank ; visible. In early times it been in and afterthe New Kingdom confined to a few gods appears to have and to the King as god. Its amuletic quality is indicated by its dedicationto Hathor, who is called those of the
women.
The
at Dendereh
was
an
amulet it
from the assaults of spirit-foes, for protecting the wearer and was part of the great spiritual armoury by which evil demons were repelledand routed. With a powerful amulet placed between the shoulder-blades one of the most
"
the wearer against would be fully equipped unprotected parts of the body it survived as a small amulet, unseen and ghostly enemies. For this reason generallycarved in hard stone, down to the Ptolemaic period. The actual made in beads has never been found, but at the Ramesseum object found (Fig. a model dperwas 44). It is made of leather embossed to represent beadwork, and was attached to a leather menat and leather braces. Though this
"
"
"
dates only to the XXIInd dynasty, the use of the dper and braces together goes a Kingdom. Fig. Old to back the 45 shows processionof bearers of offerings, holds a necklace, the each carrying a jarand a personal ornament ; the first braces on his arm with the and the third has the wide beadwork second an dper, in fulldress Fig. 20, from the same tomb, shows a man strings hanging down. a necklace and braces, and standing beside tablesloaded with beadwork ; wearing
on an the lower table are laid a collar,
and dper,
two braces.
M. A. Murray.
39
THEBAN
BORDERS
OF
LOTUS
AND
GRAPES.
"^
A
VERY
(SeeFrontispiece.)
bunches of grapes, a design of lotus flowers and popular border was in 8, 64, is be twelve seen to tombs (Nos. 38, 49, 74, 75, 90, 147, 151, 175, which The simplest form is Ancient Egypt, 1920, p. see 181 and 249 ; for names
122).
found in tomb 175 (Fig. where open lotus flowers alternate with bunches of 12), in mid-air. be suspended On the western latter to appearing walls grapes, the it borders, but is are there that tombs 38, very similar probable 175 and 249 of intended is it to the was as there that they are unfinished, and stems, complete
a
trated blank space left above the flowers and fruit. On the whole this design, as illusin Fig. 12, is very stiff and uninteresting. improved, however, in tombs 8, 74, 75, 151 and 249 (Figs. It was somewhat 14, 15)by the addition of tendrils to the bunches of grapes. A further addition, and what appears to be an attempt to improve on Nature, is a series of looped the joining The lotus flowers and clusters of grapes together,
as
stems
may
be
seen
in tombs
16, 17). 49, 90, 151 and 181 (Figs. borders of this type in tombs 151, 181 and 249 differ from the others below in having a red spot just the tip of each grape cluster. As the bunches to represent the of grapes in tomb 181 do not show the spots which usually serve really intended to represent separate grapes, it has been suggested that it was on either side of the cornflowers, but the presence of the tendrils hanging down here represented to bunches makes as or are not grapes any question whether
The red spot below each grape cluster in tomb 249 has a black quite superfluous. base, and is probably an attempt to represent a poppy petal (Fig. 18). It will be noticed that in tombs 8 and 90 (Figs. 13, 14, 17)there is a border
which of another design either above or below the floral border, a circumstance fully dealt with later in this section. will be more The floralborder in tomb 8 (Fig. 14)has the additional feature of lotus buds lotus flowers alternating with the and grape clusters, and is the only example
in the necropolis, of lotus buds occurring in with conjunction lotus flowers and grapes. The end of a stem showing on the right of the The whorl pattern in this tomb. calyx of each flower is also only to be seen is between two rows border tail-edging this ornament curious, but there of above is some doubt as to whether it belongs to the ornamentation of the border proper
at present known
both
or
ornaments,
and
of crescent-shaped made up of a row fruit lotus leaves, represent which may alternating with mandrake The cornlotus below flowers row a flower cornflowers (?) of and grape clusters. is probably the species Centaurea depressa, Bieb., now only found in Asia
and
neighbouring countries. This species has been found dynasties and again in ancient wreaths and garlands of the XVIIIth and XXth Percy E. Newberry in the Fayum in the Graeco-Roman See by article period. Minor, the Caucasus, in Proc. Bibl. Arch., May, The
same
1900.
fruit, is to but without the mandrake crescent-shaped ornament, in tombs 147, 151 and 249 (Fig. The crescents form the upper 18). of of tomb part of the frieze in the inner chamber 249 and the outer chamber both above and below the tomb 147, while in the shrine of tomb 249 they occur
be found
C4
40
Theban
Borders
of Lotus
and
Grapes.
"
In tomb
151
they (onewall)
form
the lower
fruit and rounded red auxiliary band of alternate mandrake in be flowers identified as or petals, to be seen which may perhaps poppy objects, in is further the inner chamber the frieze of tomb 151, and the whole frieze
rows of chequers in red and black from which the lotus flowers depend (Fig. and grapes 20). The design on part of the north-eastern and north-western walls of tomb 151 from that on the remaining walls. The grape clusters have no differssomewhat
widened
by two
tendrils,and are connected by looped red stems with the lotus flowers on either side of them, instead of hanging down from straight stems as shown in the previous illustration (Fig. A narrow band of yellow on which is placed a row 20). of crescent-shaped again suggesting lotus leaves, also replaces the
objects,
petals, and
is repeated
above
it
147 has an effective border in its inner chamber which is,however, too be is blackened to It the much composed of usual alternate lotus flowers copied. and grape clusters suspended by short red stems from a single line of black the flowers and bunches chequers on a yellow ground, and between of grapes
in form as those series of red objects which are practically the same Below design is fruit on a row a the main 151. of yellow mandrake blue ground, and above the single band of chequers a green-margined border.
a
there is
in tomb
A very free treatment of grape clusters and vine-leaves as a running pattern in seen tombs 149 and 259 (Fig. 21); in the former tomb, on the northern wall of the outer chamber above the Hathor and Anubis frieze. In tomb 259 it is found above a Kheker frieze on the north-eastern wall at the northern end of is to be This design, therefore, can hardly be accepted as being a border in the tomb. the strict sense, for it was merely used to fill up a vacant space between the border In both tombs the design is painted on a proper and the ceiling of the tomb. forms distinctive a to be yellow ground and very ornamentation, all the more
account of its extreme rarity in the necropolis. There is also a very border, but similar coarsely executed, on the eastern wall of the inner chamber tomb a littleto the west of tomb 154, which belonged to the of an unnumbered
valued
on
XlXth
or
XXth
dynasty.
The
roughly painted and has rather more tombs are of late date, the former belonging to the period of Haremheb dynasty. or XXth the latter to the XlXth " Mackay
we [If
look at the historicalorder of these borders, the earliest is Fig. 15 of Zenuni, under Tehutmes IV, a simple and complete design. Similar, though is IV (?). Next come Fig. 12, of Tehutmes the group with a obviously unfinished, flower and seed border, Figs. 18, 19, 20 ; of these 19 is attributed to Tehutmes IV, but as Hcqerheh tutor to Amenhetep III, it is likely that his tomb was was
not decorated
Amenhetep III. Figs. 18 and 20 are dated to Tehutmes IV (.?) till ; but the flower and seed borders are scarcely as early as that, and seem to belong to the naturalistic schools of Amenhetep III. The borders with rows of bouquets later III, are Amenhetep these are 13, 14) ; of (Figs. obviously 14 and 17 of date. The loops connecting the lotus flowers in and 18 probably the same
Fig. 17
are
developed
dynasty,
Theban
Borders
of Lotus
and
Grapes,
41
style. Lastly, the old design vanishes and is obviously degraded in its Pompeian influence Akhenaten's the of realism, and Fig. 21 shows a degraded running under border, probably of the time of Heremheb, which continued in other examples into the XlXth
or
XXth
ran
dynasties. through
Thus
there is
consistent development
a
in these
borders, which
fRIEZES 1. WITHOUT Taab
" "
in about
century.
"
F.P.]
OF
L0TD3
GRAPES.
TENDRILS
Northern Northern, Western
PLATE
12
"id
eastern
58. 175.
249.
Ball
wall
of of
western
Bouthem
and outer
of outer nalla.
chamber.
Tutfamosla
IV.
"(T).
chamber.
2.
WITH Tcob
STRAIGHT
STEMS
ONLY; PLATE
13
wall.
Ameaophis
90. Western
TENDRILS;
end
of
eouthem
III.
5. WITH
Tcmb
" "
"
PLATE
14
of
15
vaulted
8. Side
walls
chamber.
outer chamber.
Amenophis
III(T).
IV.
74. Southern
end
wall
of
Tuthmosie
to inner 75'fight hand jamb of entrance chamber. wall 1^1.South-eastern of north-eastern end of inner
chamber
-(?).
17
Early
4. WITH
Tomb
"
LOOPED
STEMS
CONNECTING
FLOWERS
AND
ORAPES;PLATE
16
XIXth.dynaety(?)
.
and
,
western
inner
and
of
Southern wall.
Amsnophls
III.
"
" "
wall
outer
of
chamber.
Tuthmoais
n
IV(7).
n n
chamber.
Late
XVIIIth.
dynasty.
5. WITH
Tomb
" '
LEAVES(?);PLATE 18
false door
at
147. Above
southern
end
of
outer
.
chamber
Tuthmosie
R
II
IV(?J.
II R
n
151.North-western
249. Inner
LOTUS LEA chamber
chamber.
II
6. WITH
Tottb
FRUIT
AND
CORNFLOWERS( ?);PLATE
19
IV.
64. Northern
POPPY
Tuthmosie
7. WITH
Tomb
"
PETALS
MANDRAKE
20
Tuthmosie
IV(T).
n
wall
of OF
inner
chamber.
a. WITH
Tomb
"
PETALS(?)ATBASE
chamber. end and
THE
FRUIT;PLATE
16
18
Late
181. Outer
XVIllth.
dynasty.
151 .North-eastern
249. Inner
AUXILIARY
chamber
of
north-western inner
wall
of Tuthmosie
11
chamber.
"
IV(T).
MM
shrine.
9. WITH
Tomb
"
PETAL
BAND; PLATE
14
17
Ameoophis chamber.
8. Side
walls of
of
90. Ends
southern OF
end
vaulted wall
chamber. of
outer
III(t}.
10.RDNNING
Tomb
"
DECORATION
GRAPE
CLUSTERS
of outer
AND
VINE
LEAVES;PUTE
21
XlXth.-XXth.
dynasties.
149. Northern
wall
chamber. wall
of
inner
259. North-eastern
"
(?).(alittlewest
wall of of Tomb
Haramhab(7).
chamber.
XIX th.
-XX
th. dynasties.
42
HEAD
OF
BARBARIAN
FROM
EGYPT.
The
brought from marble head represented in the accompanying plate was Alexandria by Mr. Alfred E. Rand, now in the Architectural Department a student The in University College, Egypt during was war. the at who serving
following facts
thank him
sandy
to its discovery are kindly supplied by him ; we as also have to for his permission to publish the head here. The head was found in soil,about lo feet deep, whilst a trench was being excavated in connection
"
"
dump As far Alexandria. a short distance from at Mex with an ammunition further portions were as I could ascertain no discovered." There appears then to be no external evidence as to the nature of the monument or other work ; but there are of sculpture from which the head has come indications in the head itself. It is about half life-size. A thick iron some
cramp
background
been
is only roughly blocked out. part of a figure in high relief. Its portrait character is obvious, and from a tombstone tombs of Hellenistic or Roman ; many probably comes
and must have served cornice. The left side of projecting It is therefore clear that the head must
crown,
remarkable, chiefly for its heavy square This is, so far as my own the shape and moustache. of I shall goes, unique in an ancient work of sculpture. observation and memory be very grateful if any reader can point out a similar instance. It is true that Gauls and other barbarians a moustache often wear only, the rest of the face the peculiar treatment
" "
date have been found in this region. The head itselfis in several ways
being shaved. But these moustaches They are of a quite different character. long in famous Gaul drooping, Dying Ludovisi are as the usually and and the Here is bushy, the moustache short and group. and apparently brushed up at
"
"
Germans Indian races. the ends in a way familiar to us in modern and in some It therefore affords us no definite clue as to the racial character of the subject. The shape of the head itself,however, appears distinctive, and indicates the Armenoid to the so-called race,^ assignment of the man into in Asia Europe the early centuries of the western eastern in is familiar now to us the Prussian type. The most which firstbetween head this strikes one at and that of a Prussian
not fortuitous.
" "
probably many barbarians from northern and central garrison of Egypt during the second and third centuries And it therefore of our era, the period to which this head apparently belongs. in wearing the fashion to find us a a type such racial need not surprise and such There on a monument moustache erected to one of these barbarian mercenaries. There
were
Europe
in the Roman
about
art.
is an
Ernest
1
am
indebted
for confirmation
Elliot Smith
Head
of a
Barbarian
from Egypt.
43
as engaged by the Romans auxiharies in Egypt comprised the Franci and sub-tribes Sugambri and Chamavi, which are perhaps too western for the above type ; but it might represent one Alamanni, of the Germani,
[The peoples
or Quadi,
Sarmatae.
veteran
might
well have
None of these were stationed in Alexandria, from there the retired upper country.]
Marble
Head
of
Northern
type,
probably
Germanic
Roman
Soldier. Period.
Alexandria.
44
THE Surprise
TRANSMISSION
OF
HISTORY.
has been expressed that the various Greek versions of Egjrptian history should show divergences in the lengths of the reigns and the totals of dynasties, from the amounts of the Turin papyrus, and that these again differ so much
We must remember and the details that can be collected from dated monuments. to all the corruption found that all these Greek versions are manuscripts, subject in other manuscripts of such ages : there is no reason that in such manuscripts
early Egyptian history should be better preserved than that of any other period. To see what the actual state of manuscripts is for a well-known period we maylook at the various versions of Ptolemaic history. These are published in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Chron. Minores, where the later annalists are history : the volumes and pages are. given in full, leading on to European Column A, Laterculus, III, 448 ; B, Beda Chronicon, III, 275 ; C, Isidorus I, 52 ; E, Chronicon, II, 451 Computatiscccclii, ; ; D, Prosper Tiro, I, 398
"
"
"
of cccl, I, 137.
These known
names
The placed here in the general order of accuracy. in first in Variations the the reigns are stated with the names column. is in A, Alexander in are the : marked omitted, and 36 other columns
various writers
are
The
Transmission
of History.
45
years all given to Lathyrus ; in B, Lagus is Largus, after Euergetes II, Fiscon C 8, which is the latter half of Lathyrus. then Ptolemy Lathyrus), 17 (really Euerceta D Fiscon I follow E, begins In same the and and confusion order. with brother of Euergetes I 27 ; after this, Alexander 19, Soter 19. F gives a fictitious
Alexi
ii'years to Fiscon, omitting two previous reigns. G is the worst Sotheris 30, 26, Alexi 15, secundus 26, Fusci 25, Euergentis Ptolemy Dionisi Alexandri we a 20, jumble which need not 28, 17, 24,
"
confusion in some complete 350 there was authors about the reigns of some of the greatest line of rulers living only four Further, before. none of the centuries of the totals stated agree with the sum is Of all these writers there is not one which as exact reigns, except in Bede. duplication Lathyrus to beyond assigning the 10+7 a as Bede : called years of
a.d.
repeating the 7 years as 8 of a Ptolemy, cut away from Alexander's to Cleopatra, 20, and making up the total correct by giving the 2 years over later there is no other error ; in the complication reigns, with continual of the The it is far. have to thus surprising thing is that changes, pardonable strayed Fiscon, and
corner writing in the remotest of the former Empire, long after the other writers, and after the great breaks of the invasions, succeeded in getting a more correct version than any other chronicler.
Bede,
This is Egyptian
history, and
the conclusion
for
us
is that
we
must
not
be
the
the accuracy of the reflect do they entirely vitiate the general scale of history. The original writer, nor average errors of all these writers for the total length of the djmasty is 35 years, or less than one-eighth of the whole period.
on
W.
M.
Flinders
Petrie.
i^
46
CARTOUCHE
OF
AUGUSTUS.
which has been the one of some controversy. of the sacred subject better known bulls of Hermonthis, and is drawn up in the style of the much Apis-stelae. It begins with the date of the bull's birth : Year 33 under the
a
1
M. Daressy
published in 1908
of majesty
lands,
"M
We
then told that the animal was enthroned in year 39, and that he died in be year 57, having lived 24 years. The stela, as M. Daressy remarked, cannot Ptolemies is Ptolemy Roman no Emperor or ; and there who older than the
are
reigned 57 years. There is,however, a method of computation the starting point of which is the taking of Alexandria KpdrT)(n";) The years of this the Actian era. 30 B.C., commonly named
,
(theera
on era
order that they The year 57 according to this computation might coincide with the regnal years. would fallin the year 13 of Tiberius. M. Daressy calls attention to the unusual by which the words to stand by themselves are arrangement year 33 made in bull's first level fullline. As he well the a the the seat (on with above tableau),
reckoned
(theEgyptian
^
New
Year's
day) in
"
"
inseparable from the indication remarks, to the mind of an Egyptian a date was king's name, means a the took this scribe of and of combining the two ideas. We may now consider the cartouche, which is as follows :
"
inscription, it is wretchedly
engraved,
and
at
firstglance is
as
fl (g ^^z^
"" Autokrator, supplying the first o and correcting In the characters into "^^" first two the the together the at (misplaced) cartouche, signs, he sees with end of
.
(g ||
B
,
Augustus,
1 n
into
"
""
.
Prof. Spiegelberg sought to explain the puzzle in a wholly different way.* He admitted that Daressy was correct as to the era, but contended that in that case the year should not be followed by a king's name, and he pointed out that no His view was Autokrator known. Augustus as was that the such cartouche
to express in hieroglyphs the Greek formula : erov"; x scribe had endeavoured doubtfully equated with deov vlov. The signs Kaiaapo"; Kparrjcreco'i are T?)? _^_ the doubt seems T)j9, though rather out of place in view of the daring correspondence follows. The two bungled strokes, it is suggested, express which
Kaiffapo?.
The
whole
of the remaining
signs
are
for
(o (t)being (1 KpaT^ae(o";,
kr, and
ffi or
ew9,
perhaps
i.
A.Z., XLV,
p. 91.
Cartouche of Augitslus.
47
The last two words of the formula are to be found with correction into [qI. Son of the Sun-god," preceding the second cartouche. in the title Prof. Spiegelberg concludes by saying that the practice of the Egyptians in expressing
"
dates will explain why the era was treated as a king's name. The cartouclies have been again published by M. Gauthier in the final volume of his splendid collection of royal names, where he has for the firsttime ventured
to transcribe the second
cartouche.
engraved than the by the crowding of the characters specially illegible As, however, it begins with a clear ^3:as and contains there need be littledifficultyin accepting M. Gauthier's
more
This is even
badly
satisfactory than
He regards Spiegelberg's explanation as more Daressy's, but places Kai"Tapo"s as the last word in the Greek formula, in agreement with his reading of the second cartouche. to me, It seems to Spiegelberg's view on the contrary, that the view that
KaiVa/ao? is intended.
objections
are,
in their cumulative effect, overwhelming. before The titles the first cartouche (i)
"
of the
sun
as
are
"
son
" (2) (J
kr should require a helping vowel when the Ps unlikely that the easy combination Psammetichus Pt did not. the and oi" Ptolemy of Kaia-apo"; in the second cartouche, it cannot very well (3)If we are to see
"
"
"
leave two characters as we part of the first; and in that case also found besides from departing the usual order of the words in Greek. unexplained, (4)Instances have been found by Gauthier and Spiegelberg where the era
be
is actually expressed in Egyptian (notGreek), of the KpaTt)cyi'i while the second Emperor the cartouche of {Kaiaapos,) alone appears without any of the usual
2 These facts are clearly against the suggestion that the Greek formula titles. It may of course be argued that they also show would be put into a cartouche. indicate to some that the era ; but Daressy's explanation words were required done by placing the number that this was a of the year in a separate line seems
highly probable
altogether
"
one.
Not to speak unknown of the is the mention Stela of 400 Years is there (the doubtful), meaning of which still of year 59 of Horemheb, which is generally agreed to have been counted from the death of Amenhotep III.^
"
that
dating
by
an
era
is not famous
Whatever be
may
be thought
so
presumably admitted strange signs been satisfactorily dealt with. Daressy gives no account of them at all ; and it is difficultto attach much Spiegelberg's to value suggestion that they stand for Yi.alaapo"f, since they do not in the least resemble any known method of writing that word. If we admit Gauthier's much Kaiaapo^ that more reasonable view,
that the
following
is to be found
(asmight
be
in expected)
for. question are again unaccounted The suggestion I have to offer is that these two vertical strokes bad attempt (in keeping with the character of the inscription as
'
* *
"
the two
signs in
of the problem.
are a
simply
very
whole)to write
Gauthier, Gauthier,
Inscription
by
Loret,
A.Z., XXXIX,
p.
Gardiner,
Inscription of Mes,"
in Sethe,
Untersttchungen,
IV.
48
Cartouche
of Augustus.
are
the
common
phrase
I |, "deceased."
There
many
be readily supplied by the being reduced almost to mere reader) in better executed work than our stela.1 It is even lines, even possible that the first for two in bend in the the angle the lower part of of the strokes may stand
(whichwould
but naturally
we
cannot
lay much is
stress
on
If is the
the
above
argument
one.
valid,
Daressy's
then,
only
^
possible
We
should,
( ( (2 '^^^
will read
:
("
ffi
^111'
"In
the year 33 (ofthe KpaTt]"ji"i) and under the majesty of the king Augustus deceased, son north, lord of the two lands, Autokrator
F. W.
Read.
The
head Mr.
"
on
found
Thebes,
by
see
is from one of the bearers of offerings, of this journal in dynasty at Winlock the great group of models of the Xlth Notes and News," p. 64 here. Illustration and discus.sionof this
the
cover a
group
wiU appear in
subsequent
number.
'
Several examples
du
must
will be found
in Ahmed
Bey
are
Kamal,
(Catalogue gendral
both
of which
Nos. 22197 ('"ne worst written and 1), be very close in point of date to the Hermonthis stela.
Caire). The
(line 10),
49
REVIEWS.
Balabish.
"
By
G.
A.
Wainwright.
1920.
4to.
78
pp.,
25
pis.
42s.
(EgyptExploration Society.)
detailed account of a small site, on the east of the Nile, about Not much found that is new to us; was and Farshut. equidistant from Abydos but the careful working allows scope to Mr. Wainwright for two comprehensive
a
This is
people and the foreign pottery of the XVIIIth dynasty, which give value to the book. here The graves equivalent to those called Pan-graves" at Diospolis were deeper and of three forms, cylindrical and oval with contracted burials, and long
"
with full-length burials. Yet no exclusive difference could be traced between buried, which would show different dates or races. The burials of the objects Assiut, up to El Khizam, this kind are found from Rifeh near south of ThebeS. An the same pottery, found this year. The lying on the right side, with head to north contracted bodies at Balabish were facing The the west. and generality of material is already well known, old vases kingdom of the middle re-used, leather work, shells and shell bracelets, ostrichmuch
as new shell beads, and the peculiar pottery as at Diospolis. Two classes were, however, found ; the archers' wrist-guards of leather with incised patterns, and the curved horn implements, which appear to be strigils. Two copper axes that in the graves are the thin fighting axe and the stout, long-backed, carpentry were Some things were axe. probably continued in use like the kohl pots, from the worn the fly amulets, the much carnelian beads, the amazonite beads, and perhaps the blue glazed crystal and black manganese-glaze beads, all of which are familiar in the earlier period. There appear to be three
earlier invasion of probably the same people, with Herakleopolis in to IXth dynasty, the extended north
middle
kingdom,
such
as
it is difficult Pan-grave The to identify : classes of peoples whom people ; (i) fine the C-group people of Nubia ; (3) having their the Kerma (2) pottery people There are difficulties in connecting any of these ; and with trumpet mouths.
"
"
"
the XVI Ith dynasty and early XVIIIth fought against Nubia, it is also barred from being identified with (2) Whether or (3). there are connections or identities
as
of any of these contemporary peoples is not yet clear. The cemetery of the XVIIIth dynasty did not produce
except
an
anything unusual, alabaster figure-vase, of a girlplaying on a lute. One of the penannular found in position on the ear of a mummy ; this proves that white stone rings was a slit such rings were used on the ear, although other examples have so narrow tied on to that only hair could possibly be passed into them. If such rings were
a
hole in the
ear
the slitwould
have
been inconvenient.
It is certain, therefore,
for both ears and hair. that the penannular rings were The presence of types of foreign pottery gives rise to a useful summary and httle discussion of the extent of each variety and its limits of date. The bilbils,
D
50
Reviews.
straight-necked flasks, with conical foot and Up, were found in south-west Palestine III ; they do not belong and Cyprus, as well as widely in Egj'pt under Tehutmes Syria, Aegean. The Asia Minor, to north or the remark that this type has not been found to contain ointment is superseded by an example at HerakleopoUs. The long tubular bottle, otherwise cedled spindle-shaped, is found in Cyprus, Crete (Goumia), is unknown. and Gezer ; the clay is not Egyptian, but its source found at HerakleopoUs. example of double the usual size was The pilgrim-bottle type is found in south Palestine, rarely in the north, and is only in Cyprus at a later date. It cannot be dated in Egypt before the swamp III. The occurrence of Syrian influence under Tehutmes of a similar form in the is vases Asiatic in its source, the stone suggests of second prehistoric age, which
An As the form is probably author that the origin is probably eastern. from leather, it be it was that copied might seldom made in more permanent matericd until it was adopted by a stone- or pottery-using people. Thus it might
to
the
be native to Nabathaea and south Palestine without leaving a trace. in south Palestine, which were certainly ancient citiesby their names, in use. a scrap of pottery upon them ; only leather and wood were The and
was
The have
sites
not
false-necked
vase,
or
biigelkanne,is known
It
probably
brought
The (Univ.Coll.).
Tehutmes
and
XX,
narrower
globular forms with broad III and Amenhetep III (Naqadehand Ghurob), and the flatterforms bands are of the close of the XVIIIth dynasty (Illahun, xvii, 28 ;
and Cyprus, in blue glaze there copied bands are the earlier, about
was
in the Aegean
is not Egyptian, but is found in Syria and ring base to vases Troy ; also the hollow conical foot. The present position is tantalising ; we have several distinctive forms foreign to Egypt, and do not know the source of any of There is nothing more them, owing to our lack of enterprise in Asia. promising
7,
9).
The
in archaeology at present than a search over the early pottery of sites in Sjoia and Asia Minor, to find the extent, and trace the source, of the various styles of key to This the the will give relations of countries more readily than pottery.
"
By
B. P. Grenfell
and
A. S. Hunt.
Exploration
Society.)
This volume contains about a hundred papers on business and letters, and in mass of material now about fiftyabstracts, another large sliceof the enormous hand. Who will extract all the results that can give a social and economic view of the country ? Some interesting details appear at first sight. The very long
date-formulae, naming all the Ptolemaic priesthoods, were cut short by saying, in king formula as written at Alexandria." such a year of the and the rest of the both kept as holidays (p. The last day of the year and the new-year-day were 172).
"
the unbewitched," probably as a children it was usual to say danger, and A his to father son the avoid urges evU eye. prophylactic against if killed. A long list of all his he to have identity body were to an mark, verify
In mentioning
"
the operations of a vineyard is given in a contract (p.18). Christian phrases God and the sister and loan, but in to no a saying that there was witness appear by Didyme and her sistersin the and a letter is written jointly wife of a man,
"
depreciation of the copper substitutes for silver coin drachmae a day, showing a 2,000 appears again in a contract to pay a donkeyman in Russia. depreciation of at least 1,000 to i, only rivalled now Lord."
The
monstrous
Reviews.
yi
A. E. Cowley. 1920. 94 pp., 35 figs. 6s. (Schweich Lectures, 1918, British Academy.) This is the most valuable summary ing and study of the Hittite question, describthe history, the questions of race, of language, and of decipherthe localities, ment. The interest in this people started with the allusions in the Old Testament.
"
The
Hittites. By
This
tions greatly increased by the identification of them with the Kheta of inscripin Egypt. The discovery Hittite and sculptures of the capital at Boghazduplicate of the treaty with Egypt, keui, and the archives, with the cuneiform the many letters in Hittite language, and to crown all,the discovery of the names
was
this a gods there, has made of the highest importance. of Indo-aryan subject has urged The Czech scholar Hrozny Aryan the relationship of the Hittite
forms which can be detected in the cuneiform language, mainly from grammatical language To this Dr. Cowley the though the are roots of stillunknown. versions, barely assents, though it has been largely accepted by others. The whole question of the hieroglyphic inscriptions is entirely separate.
boss, as everyone else has done, starts from the Tarkondemos Hittite that the are tunately Unforthere assuming signs equivalent to those in cuneiform. linguistic the scholars have not had any technical knowledge of workmanship. The centre part of the silver boss was in never wrought metal ; the is in it is a silver cast from a stone seal. Then when this that stone ; cutting
Here
Dr. Cowley
silver
was
cast,
broad
flange
or
border
was
cast around
it, and
on
that
was
through on the back. strongly as to come connection of the two inscriptions, but rather a reason for a difference in age and sense between them. It is like the case of a Roman intagho being put in a mediaeval setting, inscribed for a seal. The whole of the structures of interpretation which have started from the six signs on the central the cuneiform punched There is thus no proved seal must
some
inscription, so
be proved. The guess hope best but the at ; city gives chance is in the immense if it must contain some as of Carchemish, which seems mound a Hittite hieroglyph cuneiform biUngual, or perhaps even version of the Egyptian
until
some
firm basis
more
can
names
treaty. At the end of the volume is a list of over a hundred is essential for anyone dealing with Oriental history. Ancient
signs.
The
work
Egyptian Fishing.
"
By
Oric
Bates.
1917.
73
pp.,
26
pis.
Vol. I.
Cambridge,
Mass.)
collection of materials is the last work of one who promised to be a leader in the organising of knowledge. His comprehensive study of the Eastern Libyans {Ancient be Egypt,1914, p. superseded in its will scarcely
181)
fullness of detail and reference ; and the present work systematises all that can be gleaned from the monuments, and from actual specimens, published in dozens Had his life been spared, doubtless he would have become more of works. facts, deal to than those the ou accustomed rather with with rely opinions of he was familiar. whom the prehistoric age, it is suggested that the animal form of palettes intended to convey a magic value to the paint ground on especially of fish" was the palette, as Pliny says that those who hunt crocodiles anoint themselves with
"
For
its fat.
to the
Thus
wearer are
fish malachite ground on a fish palette might convey power over ; and in support of this it may be noted that all the animals represented for food Barbary tamus, hippopohartebeest, used sheep, stag, elephant,
"
are
two
falcons and
crocodile
2
52
in later time.
Reviews,
The great royal palettes were for the war-paint of the king, to to figured him his as overcome on the palettes. The importance enable enemies, and the veneration of some of fisheries, species, are fully described. fishing by The means papyrus raftsand papyrus boats is minutely detailed. of
amulet sign is linked with the loops of papyrus stems, which are often fishers or worn beside by them over the shoulder. This agrees with its shown to leave no doubt protection," and the examples of it in use seem meaning of
The
sa
"
The harpoon is next discussed at great length ; the rise of the harpoon is copper placed too late, as it is certainly of the firstprehistoric age by The bident is described, and all the variety the graves where it has been found.
as
to its origin.
Fish traps, hand nets, casting nets and the seine, are next of fish hooks. in detail The late, lead dated too the are all net-sinkers considered of working. in dynasty. The XVIIIth towns as they abound of the curing of fish,the sale fishermen, fish, the the and social position of of complete this study, which will long be the work
subject.
,
"
by some Tribes. Worship of the Dead as practised African Vol. Studies, {Harvard I.) African 1917. 15 pp. This is
an
By
J. RoscoE.
usages, from the customs of from an English rectory Uganda so, as the writer recounts at present ; the more he The for a sick to Egypt. what observed without any reference great concern man, and the gifts and sacrificesat burial, are held to be due to a wish to stand
comment
on
illuminating
Egyptian
The cemetery is the property of the clan, and only those of well with the ghost. totem may be buried in it. In no case may two bodies even the same of mother be in infant in one as the grave, second prehistoric age. At the and placed
" "
head of the grave a small shrine is erected in which offerings are placed, like the On the death of a king the war drum is beaten, soul-houses of the Xth dynasty. with the king's and there is a state of anarchy, since peace, law and order cease follows until another king rules. The queen must life. Pillage and war be a princess, if possible a sister of the king and daughter of the previous king, as in Eg5^t. The body of a king is disembowelled, all the juices are pressed out into fibre is body dry hard tillthe takes six ; the entire mummifying and sponges of
is placed in a shrine, and widows, chiefs,and personal servants it stand around and are clubbed to death. In the second courtyard outside, four or five hundred This is like the burial of Hepzefa, victims are executed. burials and the rows of of servants around the tombs of the 1st djmasty kings.
months.
The body
An
is guarded by a extraordinary feature is that the shrine of a king's mummy his clan, group of widows, who are replaced when they die,by others of the same hundreds of years. A widow may, however, so that the worship is kept up for even to explain the frequent retire and marry, if she can get a substitute. This seems These were cases anciently of a wife being a nestit khaker, or adomer of the king. girlswho had been brought into the harem, and after the king's death had adorned At the back of the shrine lives the medium, the body, but married after a time. to the king's had been familiar a man king, and who is the who with
subject
passes into trances, can ask questions of the king, and receive the answers. spirit, This may be parallel to the neter-hon of the king. Ghosts are expected to be re-born. Each child when a year old is tested to find which family ghost animates it. Then the shrine of that ancestor is left to decay, as his spirit is reincarnated. Among
the Basoga, north of Lake Victoria, the new chief opens the grave of his a the takes predecessor after year, skull out, cleanses it, wraps it tightly in
Reviews.
53
to speak for the ghost. In common skins, and places it in a temple with a medium burials the buried are broken to free the spiritualessence that it may objects late to their like the broken offerings in Egypt. owner," escape
"
The
18 pis. The
and
Palediths
Desert.
"
By
F. H.
Sterns.
1917.
35 pp.,
Vol.
I.)
came
the Red
from
Qeneh
plateau of the Nile valley. flints like those which have in England ; as neither method in England.
already familiar in the flintsfrom the It is to be noted that there are scratches on these been attributed to glacial action, or to ploughing,
can
have
acted in Egypt,
so
Notes
on
EgyptianSaints.
"
By
R. H. Blanchard.
This paper
describes
and
some
of them,
that most
connected
with
new
+18
pp. The
Solution
M.
G. Kyle.
1918.
39
always
idea presented here is that there are three different types of law, distinguished by different names, (i)The Judgements are decisions of
new
old traditional law, expressed in a proverbial style, as a mnemonic The Statutes, which are man aid, and concerning law between (2) and man. decrees or regulations, of legal offences which are not criminal, but only mala
; prohibita
judges, often
mental also laws of offerings. (3)The Commandments, which are fundalaws and moral principles. A different style of writing naturally goes with each type of law, a brief proverbial style, or description, or hortatory, and this style belongs also to the narrative portions connected with each type of law. These styles are then found to correspond with the three main divisions The the Priestly and the Deuteronomic. already proposed, the JE documents, is distinctions for the then that this division of character accounts argument The already proposed, and is consistent with the single date for the Pentateuch. is name Yahveh Elohim belongs to the legal phraseology, while the name religious. Here is at least a fresh criterion brought into critical questions, and all such
are
welcome.
Die Griechisch-Agyptische Sammlung Ernst von Sieglin. Ill teil,Die Gefasse in Stein und Ton, Knochenschnitzereien. Pagenstecher. By Rudolf 1913. Folio, xi + 253 pp., 60 pis., 188 figs. (Leipzig.) This volume deals with material from Egypt in various German museums.
Sumptuous
or
as
important
vases
stone
Kingdom.
few unusual work. nine plates of purely Egyptian objects A few of all periods. good prehistoric are all catalogued as Old lation A canopic jar(p. has Bissing's description of it quoted as a trans-
this is
to find
so
in such
First there
are
2)
two of are Huy. The only notable vases palace official, alabaster with names of Pepy I and II. Only seventeen pages refer to the Egyptian Scarcely any to Hellenistic Roman are remains, and 225 given pottery. and dating is assigned to this material, which varies over six centuries. The only is a blue glazed flask with applied relief figures self-dated vase of importance D 3 ; it is really of
a
54
having the
name
Reviews.
of Ptolemy Philopator (225-205 which gives a fixed stage B.C.), from Hadra in The design Ilird the century vases of such work. variety of is the most artisticproduct, as given in pp. 34-52, pis. xv-xviii. There was a of form, and passably good decoration, without the late Italian work : it is the most vulgarity creditable result of The difficultyof trade during the war has prevented this work Alexandria. this year. reaching us till
school with good of the
sense
Untersuchungen Nekropolis,
und 4to. 216 pp., 127 figs. This elaborate work
ischen Grabanlagen
iiber Gestalt und Entwicklung der AlexandrinPagenstecher. ihrer Malereien. By Rudolf 1919.
"
(Leipzig.)
is the historical comparison of the and summing-up It is a kind of study Sieglin expedition at Alexandria. results of the Ernst von that is much wanted in all bringing together material from the collateral subjects, The wielding of and dating. examples, and drawing conclusions about sources classical material seems earlier matters complete, but in some have been useful. More use might also have been made of models of buildings, such as are in University College. The
some
firstchapter deals with the type of monument on the surface. This is The Attic stele is the source of three classes, Hellenic, Asiatic and Egyptian. of the Hellenic class. The earliest cemetery contains coins of the Satrapy and Ptolemy There seems, Soter, and cannot be placed later than 250 B.C. indeed, it should not be before 300 B.C., as there must have been a cemetery within a generation of the founding of the city. The stele, though starting with in very different conditions from the original. It was Attic tradition, was no
no reason
why
longer
but was only the decoration of a larger structure, This be due to the influence of the Egyptian tomb, in of an altar-shape. may which the false-door was only a part. Another large difference from the Attic was that the painted reliefsculpture was steles painting on simplified as a mere
a
free-standing monument,
flat panel.
In
the
earliest cemetery
"
painted steles and only eight sculptured. whole length figures ; later there are some and in the western
are
there are twenty-one of Chatbey The steles of the earlier date have
"
half-length figures in
naos
border,
busts of stucco. In the tumuli over the tombs cemetery there are small vases and statuettes in the earth ; these are supposed to have been deposited on the tumulus, and to have been covered over by disturbance of the soil. More accurate observation is evidently needed, to see if the positions agree to this, or if the the more were which seems placed in the earth at first, objects There likely course. The larger monuments have statues around them. are in by large the a tombs, the tombs, chambered commonly altars of size and square These suggest the continuance of small size and round, by the tumuli. incense in ancient times in Egypt. The for dead, food or as the offeringsof of first high base, it a on then upon was at placing of the stele varied considerably : base, or a square long on an or over the or on a grave, rectangular altar steps,
or
of
placed upon die cubic placed upon figured vases in such devoted
was
base,
or
The type ascribed to Asia Minor is the short column. steps. This began about 250 B.C., as dated by two blackis stated to be The stepped form of monument a grave.
a
The great cenotaph to gods and heroes. at Babylon of Hephaistion in five stages, probably borrowed from the ziggurat of the country (Diod. Severus; but XVII, xii).Next reference is made to the pyra of Pertinax and to Saloninus. such funeral pyres in stages are figured on coins from Antoninus
Revtezvs.
55
Another
as the stepped pyramid omission is the heroic character of the Mausoleum, had the chariot of Mausolos at the summit. If there is any precedent from early forms it is hardly in the solitary step pyramid of Saqqarah, times in these Roman
but rather in the ziggurat copied by Alexander for Hephaistiori. The Egyptian form of monument is expressly stated to be the horned It is called that is to say, with triangular elevations at the corners.
"
altar,
a
real form by which the impress of Egypt type," and said to be the first became This view is astonishing, as the form is unknown in perceptible." The example brickwork Egyptian work. towers, from Praeneste the of quoted mosaic, has nothing to do with this form, as the top edge is curved in a circular
Alexandrian
"
courses
the upright face, is in a open high has an open doorway, and triangular
on
a
of Egyptian brickwork ; the horned altar parallel to the grave-altar, with doors partly fresco where a tower some Pompeian 18 feet
comers
at the top.
Such XV,
pottery small scale Portraits, XV, 6, 7),and they have burnt marks on the top, showing that they have been used as fire altars. It seems times towers were clear that in Roman sometimes built
over
are
common
in Roman
tombs
Hawara, (see
altars of 8 ; Roman
graves, with a way to ascend to the top, for burning offerings; This form of monument was and small models were copied in placed in graves. first Saleh in degrees Medain Arabia the the tombs N.)of (26I reUef at century of
known It is not Babylonian, as the altar on to Semitic people. so it was flat loaves on the top (Hayes Ward, a the cylinders is a column with pile of Cylinders, 824, 826, 827), as a Persian altar or a bowl (876).It appears, however, {Cylinders, 1144). Long before that, it is figured in the seventh century B.C. as the altar of a high place, on an Assyrian relief {Botta, 114, copied in Ward,
A.D.,
Cylinders,
on
altar cylinder 1260. be separated from the rock-cut fire-altars of Nakshe Art Rustem (Dieulafoy, Antique de Perse, III, have three corners pinnacles along the which raised and v), sides. These are dated before Cyrus, as the earliest monuments of Persia, akin
to Assyrian work
intended by the rough figure of a firehardly can altar, being expressly a fire-altar,
form
(p. 8). All of these have their parallel in the horns of the altar burnt had no horns, offering and of incense ; while the table of shewbread of being probably like the Babylonian altars with a pile of round loaves. The homed fire-altarwas known to Sargon in the eighth century B.C., then certainly
adopted as the and probably used by Israelites centuries before that ; it was Persian fire-altarin the sixth century ; next, enlarged as a tower over a tomb, with an entrance to lead to the top, it was copied in central Arabia and in Pompei, the graves in Alexandria, while in the form of pottery and used in miniature over models
it
was,
down
a.d.
common
a
tombs
at Alexandria
painted
on
This appears in late was a tomb. the pyramid over Meroe, form fashionable, the cemetery seen as then time, of the steep at the pyramid (about68 degrees, Ro. Port. 19), of Caius Cestius (67 of Hawara frescoes. The pyramid form had attracted Alexander, degrees), and Pompeian loan Ptolemaic
of his who intended to build a pyramid equal to the greatest, as the monument father Philip (Diod. XVIII, i). Altars in the form of a tmncated pyramid found but were at Alexandria, only 9 inches high. An error should be noted on
p. 29,
as
the pyramids
represented
at
Qurneh are
not
on
columns,
but
on
tomb
chambers.
^
56
The Egyptian memorial, Such were from Egypt
with
naos or
Reviews.
made to Sardinia.
shrine, often with a cornice of uraei, was bust of the deceased person occupying a figure or in the second century B.C. to the firstcentury a.d.,
favourite
spread
The painted steles are classified according to the figures. There is a resemblance frescoes in some to Pompeian of the attitudes, probably both drawn from familiar. The work is but poor and careless, some celebrated pictures that were local limestone, or and without any background always upon accessories. A interesting census most of the origins of the Alexandrian population is given by
are recorded, and of these fourteen are Europeans islanders, four Thessalians), only three Africans, and eight Greek Asiatics, with ten Galati and Kelt. This prevalence of Keltic mercenaries is Philadelphos had 4,000 (Paus.I, mentioned when and later in 213 B.C., 13), Thracians Gauls from imported. were more 4,000 settlers, and 2,000 enlisted and
names.
Thirty-nine
That
was.
The doors ;
one
of the loculi are often painted, with various forms of double times Somewith latticein upper part, mostly with ring handles or heads. door is drawn The Egyptian ideas remain in an as partly open.
instance of a full-lengthfigure standing in a doorway, with groups of gods and the deceased down the sides. The plans of the tombs are classed as (i) the Oikos type, from Europe, with a burial chamber the Peristyle type, from the Egyptian ; (2) and antechamber house and temple ; and (3) the Loculus type of Roman origin. The Oikos type
with the Greek house, an example from Priene having a close agreement in Chatbey The decoration a the tomb the at with chambers. position of is elaborated at Ras et Tin, with the walls painted in squares of marbling, and Egyptian is niches and cornices. The use of horizontal divisions on columns
is compared
noted
peristyle the pillars. This is compared with the Egyptian buildings for the living ; but no tomb in Egypt has an open peristyle court, and doubtful if an Egyptian closed peristyle halls are very unusual there. It seems
court, open to the sky between
as
Egyptian
(bandsat
Beni
Hasan).
The
plan would be intentionally adopted as a This type appears in Cyprus, but whether the Greeks. Alexandrine tombs is not settled. In any case the open house
or
temple
new
and Italian houses as in Egyptian, and the Greek source is much more likely to have been copied by Alexandrians. Various other tombs is Meqs described, the are the greatest of which at ; the great hall catacomb having three tiers of loculi,while the there is 52 feet square, with side chambers least
as
familiar in Greek
with a cupola and side chamber, with places axis continues to a hall 23 feet across, Certain criteria are stated, as that there is neither peristyle for nine sarcophagi. in fixed to Roman nor tombs age ; also that loculi began to be made cupola any is placed to the firstcentury B.C. In A the Roman tombs the loculi are arranged in rows along corridors. summary gives the dates of tombs as Chatbey 320-250 B.C., Anfushy 270-200, Station
in Hellenistic times.
The
Meqs
catacomb
cemetery
Hadra
280-150,
Antoniadis
and
Meqs
first
century. The last chapter deals with Alexandrian painting. Chatbey, the earliest cemetery, has no colour left. The vertical division of wall surfaces into painted panels, by half-columns, began as early as the third century. Later the system
Reviews.
was a
57
became
usual, and there was blue At for Suk there is colouring, ceilings. great of especially el Wardian Greek late fourth At Anfushy the (Ras et Tin)the work of pure century style. surfaces are painted in squares of marbling copied from inlays. The ceilings are plain at Cbatbey ; at Sidi Gabr long coffering appears ; at Suk el Wardian
zones. use
by
Marbling
decoration in the coffering. is of value as showing the gradual swamping of purely subject Greek work by native style, in some respects, though hardly as much as the author The changes to the Roman Pompeian as in Italy, showing suggests. style moved The endeavours the unity of feeling round the Mediterranean. of the author to square coffering ; and The whole
at Anfushy
most
welcome. in
Catalogue
Kendrick. Museum, S.W.
of Textiles from
7.)
Egypt.
Vol. I.
"
By
A.
F.
1920.
5s. 6d.
(Victoria and
Albert
This catalogue is valuable for the historical and technical introduction which occupies half of it, and discusses the dates and origin of the decorated garments After an outline of the history of the period in question, age in Egypt. of Roman The nature of the the various sites where textiles have been found are described. burials, the various preparations of the body with cartonnage, painted cloth, or The technical weaving garments, are fully stated. portrait, and the dates of some
tion, for decorais noticed and the use of silk. The tunics, which are the main subject and the large hangings or cloths, are discussed, with other material for The tapestries are then catalogued in detail, comparison. of the woven
subjects
Portraits, Animals,
Horsemen,
Huntsmen,
Warriors,
Dancers,
Vintage,
Plants and Ornaments. The broad conclusions are that these patterned textiles were not peculiar to further A but belong Roman Empire. to the Egypt, evidence may equally whole the gold-in-glass figures of the third and fourth century, Italian The circular tapestry patches which apparently and not Egyptian. on these figures. The date of this work is assigned to on the knees are shown The main difference between the latter part of the third century and onward.
are
and that of Gayet is in the circular purple patches worked over in in interlacing square patterns. Here they are placed, like the figure
work, to the third to fifth century, while Gayet put them into the Arab period. This work by its complete discussion of the materials will be a standard textbook for long to come. We hope the succeeding volumes will be as thoroughly treated. The
Lifeof Hatshepsut. By
"
Terence
Gray.
r4s.
1920
(Heffer,Cambridge).
"
Pageant
Form."
using the actual documents that this is entirely clear of the illof the Great Queen. Let it be said at once informed absurdities which have been produced when trying to exploit Egj^t for the stage. The scheme is well arranged, and the various scenes reasonably less fulfil In this form the striking historic position will doubtthe actaal conditions.
A Chapter of of Court Life," and It is a serious attempt construc at historic rethat can be connected with the subject
With interest many who might not read the scattered records at firsthand. is not concerned ; but we the dramatic may quality of this work this journal in formulae long-winded difficulty note the of treating the pomposity of official
58
harmony
"
Reviews.
with a conversation. Some familiaritywith the talk of modern Egyptians Thou hast no further theory," or have likely phrases than given more might the magnificence of this great civilisation," which we cannot imagine put back into vernacular intimacy of talk. This alternates with too sharp a contrast of very intimate talk of royal persons. It does not accord with the XVIIIth
"
for courtiers to smell the earth," only foreigners did so then, and We may regret to see the Greek form of termination Tahutmosis courtiers bowed. in a form impossible at the mouth of an Egyptian, and Amen called Yamoun, put that time, and perhaps at any other. There is much thought and perception in dynasty the stages of antagonism could be better treated. Bantu Methods of Tahutmes
III, and it is hard to say if such episodes
"
1917. Everything
12
pp., 3 pis.,
that
can
have any parallel in Egypt find, especially those of prehistoric age. This description of the that we of the slate and bone apparatus and methods of divination may interpret some such as are figured in Prehistoric Egypt,xliv-xlvi. Mr. Roberts begins
that be gleaned from African beliefs and customs is a pricelesskey to understanding the mute evidences
objects,
with
an
Among all primitive people who outline of magic and its purpose. find however, belief a that we the practise magic, rapportexists between the itself fact, in are man a a name thing and the thing and his name often of in identical." This is known an Egypt, as where such weU regarded object, its had name, a walking as even and nothing really existed unless named. stick,
"
"
tribe is distinguished by the name of an animal or to all members is as or tahoo that and animal other natural object, object regarded This identity of man and totem is expressed of the tribe which bears its name. or less not only by vocal imitation of the animal, but also by gestures of a more
Almost every Bantu conventional type, which are supposed to represent the characteristicmovements into the ceremonial dances, so that These gestures are woven of that animal. be the tribal origin of a man may ascertained by noting his actions during the the animals representing the different tribes are well known ; lion falcon, the are on the slate palettes the standards jackal, and shown of include hare, falcon, later nome on, the the jacked, gazelle, signs scorpion, while
"
dance."
In Egypt
any of the gestures or other imitations of animals taking out offerings to the tomb in representations ? Certainly the women at Amarna. in El heard howl dawn a as imitate the jackal, 1892 at of early ibis and bull. Can
we
trace
The casting of lots for divination is fiillydescribed. The knuckle-bones toy oxen," astragali are mainly used for this, and they are called by Boers
"
or
dol-ossen,hence
As a rule dolosses for such casting pieces. the set contains the astragali of the totem animals of the neighbouring tribes. In the case of larger animals some other bone or part of the body is used to Thus in the case of the lion one of the phalanges is replace the knuckle-bone. usually chosen, and parts of the carapace of different species of tortoise are From what we know of magic and totemism, it is clear seen. commonly in the set represents the animal of which it once formed bone or that each object One end of the knucklebone which that animal is totem." part, and hence the tribe
"
of
"
is recognised
as
the
head,"
the
convex
are
side as head
"
the
"
"
belly."
When
the bones
or
"
away
other
Reviews.
of these faces uppermost may be generally classified as
....
59
by
the bones
(i)Anterior position.Head
"
away
from
the operator="
lost,"
"
strayed,"
etc.,
(2)Posterior position.Head facing toward the etc., generally affirmative character. indicates Back Dorsal (3) uppermost aspect.
"
"
^generally
will be found,"
etc. ; and,
"
health,"
"
by
success," grouping of ideas, prosperity," etc. Belly death," Ventral (4) representing uppermost, aspect. (5)Right pectoral aspect. Right side uppermost. Left side uppermost. (6)Left pectoral
"
"
"
failure,"etc.
"
aspect.
"
and
"
"
"
represent
sleep,"
sickness,"
uncertainty,"
Now
here
are
aspects, back, belly or side up ; or, with a pair, six of astragali for playing games is certain in Egypt, as a pair in the drawer of a gaming The three or six types of board.
three
how
all simply indicated by the players calling out that they have in throw, and by the game boards being three squares in width the six It is remarkable so that a throw of three gives an advance of one row. derived from Here have been divination. the throw of astragali, games here
were
or
and hence of dice derived from them, is for divination ; the throw of four arrows, the early Chinese divination, is the source of the four suits of cards ; the diviners' it, to bowl with divisions all round to which a floating may point, seems
object
be the parent of the roulette table. How to us, appears in the throwing a connection remote of ideas may seem of a plate of the carapace of the tortoise ; if this fallsback up, it is in the walking it rains," the the tortoise only walks when position, and as the proverb is
"
and that of a from Naqada and Ballas." The set of tablets used in several different districtsin Africa are of a zigzag border, rows a tongue of zigzags shape, with a guilloche twist on one, four hollows. These are across, rows types triangular associated, by the and of
"
Signs and Symbols." misled by from Egypt are clearly the labels of offerings, all from one queen of the ist dynasty, found by De Morgan, and not
for divination.
"
Unfortunately
The tomb,
Mr.
Roberts
tablets quoted
Malaboch,
We The need
the Mountha slightly varied by degradation among turn to recognise any parallels to this system that may and
be the degradation of the two serpents caduceus guilloche twist may fashion Eg. xlviii, on the prehistoric handles. {Prehis. 4, and Berlin.) The paper concludes with figures of two diviners' bowls, with signs around the
"
filledwith water, and seeds edge representing different tribes. The bowls were buttons thrown in to float ; the position which they took in relation to the signs on the edge served to give the answer.
or
PrehistoricArts and
10
pis. 1920. here The comparative studies of the author have India. is more a (p. of prehistoric systematic account and the present work 18), It is fortunate that zealous research is being given to these remains, though much is needed for so vast a region. The earlier chapters discuss the glacialperiod more
"
By
Panchanan
Mitra.
8vo.
66 pp.
Anthropological
6o
on
Reviews.
the north, and the contemporary river terraces, the palaeoUths, and the rock paintings of hunters. In this connection there are on pi. VI two pieces of decorated pottery obviously of Islamic age. Regarding the earliest date of pottery itmust be considered that the favoured civilisations of the warm river valleys of Mesopotamia
various and Egypt For the arts.
were
probably far in advance of savage Europe in starting Egyptian Indian stated between and resemblances
"
"
need to see a series of forms of each set side by side in plates, before can we weigh the evidence. The occurrence chess-board patterns of the in India, like those of Elam Anau, for a general Asiatic is fair and ground pottery,
we
connection
; such
pattern
is always
foreign to Egypt.
are
On
many
questions
on
in earliest examples primitive India," when the earliest assignable date is not before the early European iron India have date In in Africa definite 1200 B.C. as we a must of evidence of
No dates, even needed. approximate, are in India. It is useless to say that iron is known
origin of iron is to be set aside ; it is useless to speak It in of primitive age, regions developing later than the Mediterranean. is claimed that wootz name." where we get the very same steel is electrum,
a
"
? We Egyptian or uasm electron, shining like the sun, from in India imported Egypt as we think steel,especially wootz, was read (to) high in four to three those times thousand value early years of about objects before Christ." How is such date reached for Indian wootz, or where is it found
What
name
Greek
"
in Egypt
most
common endowment of early facies designs Mykenaean Asiatic culture," and he speaks of a and of a is for Mediterranean This looo B.C., remarkably about aspect." reasonable enough but it will not take back India to any comparison with early Egypt, stillless The author has a wide field of the to originating anything of Egyptian culture. information, and any to have exact all want greatest interest, on which we
" " "
A reasonable passage is quoted from ancient part of Indian art belongs to the
Dr. Coomarswamy
that
"
the
proofs of connection,
or
6i
PERIODICALS.
Journalof the
Society
of Oriental
Research,
Chicago.
In October, 1919, Prof. Mercer discusses the question Was Ikhnaton a Mono? The definition of monotheism is drawn very rigidly : there is but one theist God, whose being and existence pervades all space and time ; this involves
" "
Taking nothing to do with the denial of any other gods. looking for it is not the such rigid view, and any survival of notice of other gods, Akhenaten is a clever surprising that reduced to the position of and self-centered attributes which
a
"
have
individual
rather too theological a view of a change, which was about with continual difficulty,and which had to be carried sistencies If some out practically and not merely discussed in the study. minor inconif there were remained, political views on the suppression of the priesthood
seems
henotheist." hedged
This
of Amen, yet these cannot hide from us the intense fervour of the adoration Aten, The figure of Maot of the and the repudiation of tolerating any other god. be adduced as a divinity, as Maot was never used for truth cannot worshipped ;
not
belongs to her, she was only an impersonation like a figure Dr. Mercer not only denies the king the name at present. of Justice of monoNow insistence on theist, but also the all especially ethical monotheist." living in truth," utterly unknown before or since, occasions of his personal motto We cannot expect may give him the right to be valued as an ethical reformer.
a
stele nor
temple
"
"
any one of his age to have the keen sense of congruity which has been developed in us by centuries of dogmatic discussion of rival creeds and heresies. The
"
Eye
of Horus
"
in the Pyramid
Texts is studied by
Prof. Mercer
in
March, 1920. He concludes that the sun were and moon originally regarded as Later they were the eyes of Nut, the sky goddess. the eyes of Ra, and as named Ra, so the eye of Ra was Ra himself. Then the consuming the sun was eye of Ra
became
and the Uraeus. Here we must Osiris was popular at the early date and usurped the place of Ra. Osiride group for the a as the require strong evidence such sequence, worship of appears to precede the Ra worship ; no proof of the precedence of Ra is given. The loss of the eye of Horus, in combat with Set, made the Horus-eye one of the transferred to Hathor, Tefnut,
for every kind of offerthe synonym sacred symbols of sacrifice. It became ing. As the eye-sun became identical with the Horus-sun, so the eye was Horus ; In short, the vagueness of Horus, the eye was the king. and as the king was Egyptian thought and lack of consistency, led to the eye being taken as thing anymost
"
lived construed sacrificially ; it was conceived, born every day, his the king, and sat before the king as god. and addressed the king, avenged These views were the held but they never one, as meanings show all probably found that different worshippers might attach to the sacred eyes so abundantly
that
"
was
and the
scenes
62
1921.
18 +
The Egyptian article in this is The Problem ofAkhenaton, by T. Eric Peet. is discussed, and the In this Dr. Mercer's denial of Akhenaten's monotheism are that Aten worship general influence of that king. The principal matters
was
III, both at Thebes and as a transformed already started under Amenhetep Ra worship at Heliopolis. It is therefore the exclusiveness of Aten worship The attempts to show that other gods were recognised that was due to Akhenaten. Aten being the Nile, are all reduced to mere conventions of speech (as have The bull no king being the "), which religious authority. strong is rather hesitatingly attributed to the striving after truth, professed artistic reform by the king. It is surely late in the day to debate the unity of the religious,
by the king
the
"
lived in truth." ethical and artistic revolution carried out by the king who It is curious to note how nothing has modified the summary of dates and changes Nothing has been in Amarna Tell el twenty-seven (Petrie), years ago. stated
"
found
"
not even
of the king"
Bulletin York.
ofArt.
Part II.
October, 1919.
New
is a monograph This supplement on the statues of Sekhmet from the temple figures Karnak. so that they are found in many These were abundant of Mut at museums, and rather lose their attraction by familiarity. The whole history here put together is, however, an interesting outline of the general of them the temple of who remembers exploitation of antiquities in the past. Anyone line black know half buried figures, Mut some the zigzag of granite years ago, will in the salt soil,and tipped about at various angles in various stages of decay.
Mariete estimated that there had been 572 of them originally. They were set up III, as well as many temple at Qumeh. Later by Amenhetep others in his own II, on, appropriated by the pirate kings, Ramessu of these statues were many began in II, and Sheshenq I. The modem Panezem stripping of the place 1760,
The French expedition to a Venetian. sold for an exorbitant sum when one was The next stage in the figures. found, and removed to Alexandria, many of the Salt arrived in 1816 as British Consul-General. when clearance of Egypt was
He
had
known
Belzoni, who was then in Egypt Belzoni to bring down to Salt to employ
as
later presented by Salt and Burckhardt to the British Museum. Drovetti, the French Consul-General, was also employing agents to collect at a to Belzoni Thebes, so whole row of Sekhmet set earnestly work, uncovered
Next year, in 1817, Belzoni active transportation of them. Yanni Athanasi. from The Consulate, Greek the with a young
on on
with various changes till1819, when Belzoni retired from the employing Athanasi, mainly at the temple of Amenhetep
found there, also Sekhmet figures were bank. Many more the western in the British Museum. the two colossal heads of the king in quartzite, now found his work impeded. Salt died in 1827, and without his protection Athanasi in 1827. French Government It to Salt's were Much the sold gatherings of
appears that the sale in 1833 in London At this sale, Athanasi's management.
were
was seven
too heavy
to go into Sotheby's
Waterloo
Bridge.
placed in the and were which relic of this sale is the head of Sekhmet
rooms,
of for stood
Periodicals.
63
Of the seven figures, of the entrances of Sotheby's sale rooms. for one was bought twenty guineas (not the cost of transport), the rest were sold in. All seven however, re-united as a group in the great collection of all were, kinds in the hands of that eccentric virtuoso Dr. Lee of Hartwell. They appear
years
over
one
in his catalogue, published in 1858. By 1865 they were Mr. Tyssen-Amherst at Didlington, later Lord Amherst. they
were
From
acquired
mass
for New
York.
In 1823 he great of Salt's gatherings were gradually unloaded. British far larger to Museum. In France. In to a the amount sold much 1826 the firstsale at Sotheby's, followed by another in 1835, and a final sale 1833 came in 1837 was It is easy now to perhaps entirely of Athanasi's separate work. revile Lord They were Elgin, Salt and others who great benefactors ; they brought
away
The
saved much secured it for study and the education of western people, which would never have advanced They to some without striking appeal popular imagination. did vastly less harm than Layard and other explorers in Assyria, who destroyed
,
most
lost by moving
Little could be and remains from sheer ignorance. from the temples ; and until whole buildings were away statues pulled to pieces by French speculators, there was nothing to detract from the benefit of such salvage work. well be asked how it came about that such an immense number of III. They were statues of Sekhmet not placed should be made by Amenhetep in a temple of that goddess, but in temples of Mut and of the king. They were before row. sheerly stacked together, touching side by side and even placed row It may They
were
important
documents
not,
There
therefore, required for the place where they is no evidence in other remains of any
; her
name on one of fiftygreat scarabs, only occurs is if an It never as and smaller she named. would really seem unlimited order had been sent to the quarries of black granite, to make Sekhmet left to go on in forgetfulness, the never statues, and it was revoked, but was hoping that such a permanent official staff jobwould not come to an end They
hundred
turned out about thirty a year, and despatched them no stacked till further orders. Afterwards it was
even
one's was
them,
or
700
for piracy
quenched
by
Sekhmets.
64
NOTES
AND
NEWS.
excavations of the British School on April. The division of the heavy continued till
the desert of Herakleopohs were sculpture and most of the objects in March Keeper by was the carried out and the Inspector of of the Museum Middle Egypt, after which the Director and Mrs. Petrie left, and Mr. and Mrs. Brunton closed their work at Mayana The and took charge of the main camp. continuance of the work brought to light more of the groups of servant figures and boats.
then left, and three weeks later Mr. Neilson and M. Bach Mr. Brunton to see to the final arrangements concluded their work. remained The transport. a old system of weekly steamer is practically cut off; the of Italian line involves
The
Major Hynes
difficulty, much and the only certain and easy line, by Marseille, goes but once in three weeks. At El Amarna Exploration Society has been represented by the Egypt Prof. Peet and
on.
Mr.
Hayter.
We
hope
to give
an
account
York, has been brilliantlyconducted by Last year, in a tomb which had been recently cleared, and left he lower finished, detected as a chamber, and found the most amazing series of The four feet long, shows the dais under a colonnade, great group, about models.
work Mr. Winlock. sits with his scribes, while his cattle are counted before him. by sycamore trees and a portico, is of of a tank, surrounded Some be illustrated in these one of will exquisite work. of our future numbers. This year Mr. Winlock came to the conclusion, in studying Dr. NavUle's and Mr. Hall's publication of the Xlth dynasty temple, that there must be another where the owner Another model tomb
The
at Thebes,
for New
looking for it, the place was another obvious, and in that was Kauit, it,like Cairo, scenes on now that at great sarcophagus with carved of and a wooden statue and mummy of the Princess Aashait. Also in the northern shrine there.
On
Mr. Winlock
found a secondary burial with five silverand gold necklaces. Prof. Schiaparelli has been working at Gebeleyn, and brought much away. Unhappily nothing is pubhshed of the Italian work in the past, but it is to be hoped
of Antiquities will ensure
a
according to the regulations. The earliest example is a large lump found at Ghurob, of graphite known Mr. XVIIIth dynasty. C. A. Mitchell, who has been studying the probably of the history of graphite, has kindly supplied the following analysis of this specimen. Graphitic carbon and moisture, 37-4 per cent. ; mineral matter, 60 -6 ; of the
latter 47 6 per cent, is of silicates insoluble in acid. This is similar to Swedish graphite. The source this ; it is now of specimen is unknown College.
"
some
of the University at
free public lecture (without on the results of the year, English ticket) 25th May, at and will be given, with illustration,on Wednesday, Street, W.C. 2.30, at University College, Gower The annual exhibition will be at University College, during the four weeks American, of July,4th to 30th,
10
The
to 5.
YOUTHFUL
VI
FIGURE
OF
MERY-RA-HA-SHETEF.
SEDMENT.
DYNASTY.
EBONY.
"
ANCIENT
EGYPT.
DISCOVERIES
The British School
AT
HERAKLEOPOLIS.
in the past winter has made a complete the clearance over Henen-nesut, Henasieh Ehnasya now to or the the ; cemetery of city of owing known in Greeks identifying the local god Hershefi with Herakles, the city was The cause classical times as Herakleopolis. at of its position and importance in this journal, different periods has been noticed in the preliminary account discovered. p. 33. Here we are describing the
objects
The earliestpart of the cemetery on the desert is of the 1st and Ilnd dynasties. The tombs are cut in the marly rock, with descending stairways. The most tomb the vases the the at complete contained all offering end of chamber, stacked five together, the burial being in a recess at the side. These offerings comprised bowls of alabaster, one of porphyry, three cylinder jars, two large spheroid vases made in halves, a table, and a large disc table, all of alabaster ; also two bowls in and two ewers of copper, in all seventeen vessels. Happily, the copper was This is the largest and perfect condition, scarcely tarnished. most perfect known Ilnd dynasty. Another the seven group group contained of alabaster tray, in front of the vessels, and a copper basin and ewer, placed on a wooden
recess
where
the body
rested.
Another
of which happily remained intact. A rock chamber had containing two coffins of women been plundered, but a shaft in the corner destruction. forecourt had the of escaped At about 12 ft. down found, buried in the sand filling, there were three ebony
statues
and various others were also obtained in good condition. In the Vlth dynasty there
also found.
group was of six large alabaster vessels, More than a dozen skulls of this age were several important burials,
were
one
These
2 to
for the preservation of the coffin, but containing an alabaster head-rest of fine work, with an inscription, thrice repeated, of the titles and name thus dating this burial to the middle of of Mery-Ra-ha-shetef,
the Vlth
another of a woman, and three groups of servants. in all carefully ranked order against the back face of the shaft, found, Continuing the clearance downward, was the chamber
2| ft.high,
dynasty.
the
same
The
by
hand,
not varies ; evidently they were is best different the equal represent and ages ; work in anatomical observation, the poorest is far better
work
of the statues
they
what the Cairo Museum already has of this age. The third and largest of figures has been kept Cairo. The meaning of having three figures is shown the at
E
66
Discoveries at HerakUopolis.
by the differencein age and dignity. The youngest is a fresh, active youth ; the with his long staff ; the largest is the chief of the clan next is the estate-owner These explain the figure of King Pepy accompanied sceptre in his hand. with the kherp youth, found at Hierakonpolis. Such reduplication soul the choice of the freshness of youth, the activity of manhood,
by
a
was or
to give the
the dignity
carefully made, with smooth group, the servant figures were stucco surfaces, equal in appearance to the limestone figures of the IVth and Nena, whose Vth dynasties. This was also the case with the servant of a man Such figures led on set up in a recess of his tomb chamber. statue was wooden
to the less finished figures of the IXth servants
and of boats
are never
and Xth dynasties. These models of are sharply limited in age ; they are rare before the Vlth found in the Xllth dynasty or later. Conversely the
found in this never characteristic of the Xllth dynasty, were cemetery with the servant figures. The two characteristicsare entirely exclusive one of the other, and mark different periods. The IXth and Xth dynasties
were
important at Henen-nesut, as this city was their original seat. The foreign character of the people is seen by the cartonnage busts having whiskers, beard painted ; and the utter destruction of the bodies from many and moustache
graves of this age shows violent character how
bitterly they
were
hated.
assigned to Khety,
the founder
of the IXth
of this age are the groups of models of servants and boats. objects These show the bearers of offerings, granaries, various preparation of food, setting borne by porters. The graves also contained of a table, and the carrying-chair head-rests, sandals, bows and arrows, sets of deUcate models of tools, and, rarely,
principal
developed pottery soul-houses were pottery offering tables. None of the more in the contemporary graves at Rifeh, 140 miles further used here, like those In graves dating from the Vllth to the Xth dynasty several scarabs were south. found, of differenttypes, each of which will take with it classes of scarabs hitherto
There are the spirals of C and S forms interlinked,the wide spiralsof undated. or broad shallow work, the double net with crowns vultures, the lion, the hes in fine outline on dark green jasper, vase and others. The only raised
objection
to dating
scarabs before the Xllth dynasty has been the absence of them in is removed, and the evidence otherwise of recorded graves. Now that difficiolty Such discovery of early scarabs does not stand early dating stands unquestioned. found Several the were temple of Ehnasya, dating before the Xllth at alone. dyuELsty Harageh,
The
ixA),at {Ehnasya,
Kafr
Ammar
{Heliopolis, xxvi),and
others
at
not yet pubUshed. pottery of the early cemeteries passes by gradual stages from the late forms used in the Vlth dynasty to some which border versions of Old Kingdom Xlth forms dynasty. The are forms the cups the on the most marked early of with straight sides and a foot, the long pots with a funnel neck, the pointed pots
of whitish-drab pottery, and the various pentagonal forms of bowls and cups. to us. The cups have been dated before at Rifeh, but the other forms are new Now that we have the whole series of the IXth and Xth dynasties fixed, it will
serve
any between
The total absence of identify tombs of this age found elsewhere. Xlth to XVIth dynasties is remarkable, burials of the Middle Kingdom,
to two
ages of which there are abundant remains. in later times is first shown by a coffin rudely The revival of Henen-nesut hollowed out of a block of wood ; the lid, which is similarly cut, made up a
Facing
p. 66.
^y
MERYRA-HA-SHETEF
VI
AS
HEAD
OF
HIS
CLAN.
DYNASTY.
EBONY.
SEDMENT.
Discoveries at Herakleopolis,
67
It was rudely inscribed in bands, naming the four genii, cylinder with the body. Tazerti, seated, was deceased drawn on one shoulder. little the picture of and a
This
was probably of the XVI Ith dynasty, and is now a kohl-pot and a basket containing Inside the coffin was head.
scarab, laid
near
the
Coffin
Black
of
Pasar,
follower
of
Amenhetep Sedment.
II.
granite.
A remarkable tomb chapel of the XVIIIth dynasty contained a large stele, ft.high, standing in position in a niche with the altar before it,and a kneeling 3^ figure with a tablet in front. The stele is finely carved, with four generations of figures, and the colours are fresh and bright. The head of the family, Sennefer, bears
a
plaited lock of
royal
son,
and
was
68
Discoveries at HerakUopolis.
I, and three generations a son and Memphis ; probably he was of Amenhetep later would lead to the reign of Tehutmes III, to which the style of this points. Sherat-ra, who married Neb-nekhtu, son of the prophet Sen-nefer'sdaughter was Aohmes was ; the and Auta ; the father of Amen-mes The Neb-nekhtu, Neb-nekhtu. name son stele was erected by Amenhetep, of of at the end of the inscription on the base, has, curiously, only the determinative for Amen-mes, the grandfather ; the of a frog. The altar before the stele was
of Hershef
Amen-mes
kneeling figure holds a tablet of adoration to Ra by Min-mes, who does not occur in the family list; perhaps he was a son of Amenhetep, who put his figure later For the size and brilliant into the tomb. work of the stele,and the completeness discovery Strange to say, no tombthis seems the unparalleled. whole group, of
shaft or burial could be found in connection with this chapel. Another burial in a coffin with ridge roof, unpainted, now in open ground in the same hillwas in Cairo Museum. Five Nubian baskets in the coffin are in perfect condition ;
a very they contained six alabaster vases and kohl-pots, several Cypriote bilbils, imitated from leather-work, inlaid vase a rare with oval red casket with panels squares of ebony and ivory, and another casket with two sliding lids and a sloping These are in perfect condition, and lid hingeing for the various compartments.
are
III by the presence both of kohl-pots (which ended in that reign) and kohl-tubes, which firstappear then. is one of the most A toilet-spoon, with the figure of a girl carrying a vase,
dated to Tehutmes
beautiful of such figures for the breadth and natural character of the work. Two Another figure of a swimming girlcarrpng a dish with a lid is of good work. boxes have hunting one scenes on hemi-cylindrical toilet the usual them ; with II. A pen-case bears lid was also found at Ghurob, containing a ring of Ramessu
A gaming board was found, of the 6o-hole of a scribe, Men-kheper. is Thebes, known from Kahun [Kahun, outline, such as game in a human xvi), The present example stands on Canaan, III, 2, Gezer and Susa (Vincent, 3). three legs, and has on the under side a door with bolt, closing a recess to hold the
the
name
pieces. Portions of a magnificent papyrus of the Book of the Dead were found, partly This dust had unrolled, and thrown in the dust at the door of a rock chamber. The paintings in it preserved the papyrus far better than if left in a chamber. finest better Ani than those of the are quality, of the papyrus, which it resembles in the writing. It is hoped that most of the 40 ft. of it which is preserved can game
burial had 15 scarabs and plaques be restored to order. One XVIIIth-dynasty finest III. Another burial had green glaze of Amenhetep upon it, mostly of the almost as many scarabs and a turquoise-blue bowl. found with successive scenes or less Some large steles were of offering, more broken up. The earliest is of the fan-bearer on the king's boat, Neb-em-Khemt,
III. Another is of the divine father of Hershef, about the time of Amenhetep Amenemhot, probably of the same age. Parts of a very large stele belongedPa-hen-neter under Ramessu II. He had approto a general of cavalry named priated
belonging to Pasar, finely executed in black granite, earlier figure-coffin over the erasures. and name and placed his titles The largest work of the XlXth dynasty was the tomb-chapel of the viziers Portions Ra-hetep and Pa-ra-hetep. carried away to be built of columns were
an
into other tombs, and a large lintelwith figures of the vizieradoring the cartouches II, was coated with plaster and re-used. Since removing the plaster, of Ramessu the stone is in perfect condition. On the destruction of the chapel, the monu-
Discoveries at Herakleopolis.
ments
69
in it were
was
broken
found
complete,
was
The red granite altar of up and thrown into the tomb. The family finely engraved, was basalt, stele of perfect. is A now at Cairo. great shrine with the figure of the and
but
of the family are on the sides. Various were other parts ol monuments with these, and ushabtis of different kinds. dynasty were Great quantities of ushabtis of the XlXth found in other tombs, funeral furniture h ead-rests, along with much amulets and other of canopic jars, One tomb, of a general named Sety, had been cut in soft rock requiring
much broken, groups
objects.
dozen stout limestone pillars were placed in it,with his titles king, tions and general. These bore dedicaof royal scribe, over the body-guard of the Hathor Anubis (4), to Ptah (7), Osiris (6), (2)and Isis (i). Some of the
a seem new,
such
as
Ptahyw
heb neheh,
"
going around
eternally,"
ubdu.
types, and other foreign pottery are mostly of new interest. and the comparison with the Greek examples will be of much The exhibition of this collection, and that of last year from Lahun, will be held at University College, July 4th to 30th (hours 10 to 5); with two evenings
The
pieces of Aegean
(7 to 9) on
W.
M.
Flinders
Petrie.
70
SURVIVALS
OF
ANCIENT
lis
EGYPTIAN
IN
MODERN
DIALECT.
COMPARISON
between
Arabic-speaking
the spoken Arabic of Egypt and that of Syria, and other does not them countries, shows that the difference between
of pronunciation and accentuation of the words, but exist only in the mode that it is more profound and goes as far as the actual use and choice of the words, the phonetic values of the differentletters, and the grammatical expressions and the turn of the phrases. That the colloquial idiom of Syria is
to the classicallanguage, is undisputed, purer Arabic, and much nearer it be know interesting to causes the and of this difference, remembering would influence that the of the original classical Arabic has been similar in all countries-
much
A Syrian in speaking Arabic drawls the end of the words, accentuating the The final t which is last syllable. He often replaces the final nasal n by an m. always dropped in the idiom of Egypt, or softened into an aspirated h, or
fully by the Syrian. The final d replaced by a short d, is often pronounced is often changed into an accentuated / before the final t. Thus the {" fatha) in Egypt is pronounced ketaba ketabet in Syria. The letter g is always word softened in Syria, whereas in Upper Egypt or among
"
"
The Egypt. of Lower in Syria. Ya Jirjis ta'al hon But it is the colloqioial us in this article. speech of Egypt that concerns There is a distinct difference between the idiom of Upper and that of Lower Egypt. Again, there is a distinction between the Arabic of Alexandria and
it is only so (andin quite a different manner) Arabs, but it is hard in Cairo and almost the whole Ya Girgis ta'ala hena is uttered phrase of Egypt
"
in Egypt
"
that of Damietta, and between that of the Dakahlia and that of the Sharkia Provinces. In Cairo the dialect stands unique, and its pronunciation has been officially adopted of villages and From Cairo
throughout Egypt by the Government in the matter of
names
towns.
First in the dialect gradually changes as one goes south. in Bush, Ehnasiah, etc. ; second, Beni-Suef, where the idiom is most marked Between in Minia, particularly round about Mellawy and Ashmunen. this last in intonation difference lies Asiut that the though the and of characteristic only. The Girgah one Then so in Akhmim.
is most
comes
the Asuan dialect merges its characteristics lately, but in the outskirts of the province it resembles that of Beni-Suef. We wUl now consider those dialects in detail. The Alexandrian dialect is
the constant and almost invariable use of the first personal pronoun plural for the singular, where a person speaking, calls himself ue/ma instead of 'Ana. It must be remembered the population (not'i/ma as in Cairo)
in the whole province, and is particularly marked Lastly, as far as Esneh. that of Luxor and Keneh into Berberin. The Fayum dialect has lost most of
distinguished by
Survivals
has of Alexandria type possible. At and been
of Ancient Egyptian
always
in Modern
Dialect.
71
of the most cosmopolitan and heterogeneous day Italians Greeks the are present and predominant, Greek and Italian words. the colloquial dialect has been enriched by many The dialect of Damietta, towns down to and that of the neighbouring
the ha^
to
the peculiarity of placing a final accent on the words almost intonation, which it is very difficult to represent in writing. amounting It is also distinguished by the distinct pronunciation of the letter T. It often letter It is followed D. harder by a slight aspiration the them often replaces with Mansurah,
an
(siffle), which
makes
it more
"
"
ch
in
"
"
child
dialect much Egypt, resembles the rest of those of Lower the outskirts of Zagazig) parts of the province (in with the exception that in some fellahin pronounce the hard letter q to be. as it ought Again, the uneducated
".-,
g, hard,
are
^,
sh.
dialect of Cairo is, so to speak, the most refined of the colloquial It has peculiar characteristics which distinguish it from languages of Egypt. the rest of the idioms of Egypt, and is undoubtedly influenced in acquiring its present form
by
more
factors than
one.
Its most
"; wherever
salient characteristics
are
of the letter q
by the hiatus
(hamza). The word Jliqdl" is uttered 'Al, qtrd, ^y is pronounced Second, 'ltd. the letter g is never softened into j but is always hard. There is In the choice of words there no special accentuation or intonation of the word. is, one might say, a special vocabulary for Cairo. Gutturals are as far as possible
are
hundreds
to
the
most
purely
European
in
of Upper
Egypt,
we
can
Beni-Suef group. Minia group, including that of Asiut and Girga group.
Luxor
to Asuan
Ashmunen.
group.
characteristic of the firstgroup is the dropping of the terminal letter of the words, the drawling of the final vowel, and the vocalisation it exists, its right guttural pronunciation, and the wherever of the letter q,
important
j,
hardening Ehnasiah,
can
of the letter g,
in Bush,
These
characteristics The
are
found
in toto round
about
be shown
^-
is
j^\
jj
same
phrase would
j
be pronounced
'Ad be
eh
"
or
to take
*.=r
^^
cuU "diil!
"
pronounced
in
Beni-Suef thus" Ya wad yahm'iii hat el qullah w' huttaha gam IE' whereas in hat el wUah Cairo it would be uttered hke this Ya wad yahmad w'huttaha gamby. Thus
or
the letter j is entirely dropped in Cairo and replaced by the % hiatus in Upper Egypt, whereas Alef hamzatum. It is replaced by the hard g,
_,
72
Dialect.
it retains its real value in the Beni-Suef dialect. The letter g is hardened in In Beni-Suef it is also pronounced hard, but not Cairo as g in English good." invariably so. In Upper Egypt from Minia upwards it is always softened, but
"
in quite
which makes it different to the sound of the English j, peculiar manner it between the hard g and the soft j. One has to hear it uttered and yet stands before one can have an idea of its value.
a
group
_
the letter q,
;,
is hardened something
to g wherever
it
is softened to ;'or
like it ; but it is
word.
Thus
"Jj^
is pronounced 'Idd*ll"c
; the Tjj'll*c
Kostandy
is uttered
; Gostanjy
the word Brostandy for Protestant is pronounced Brostanjy. The Girgah group has the peculiarity of replacing the dhy g and the letter g is pronounced dabal, and the word by d. Thus the word gabal, mountain,
g"wwa,
\,^
The
name
the word
Tdd*ll*c,
jjjl
is always
pronounced
'Iji^ll^'c,
j^^
The
g being
into the spoken idiom of Upper Egypt receive is very Metathesis in the different districts of Egypt. different treatment Tsbitalia for hospital is pronounced Tstibalia. This in Upper Egypt. common The d^r^g^h is in Arabic happens words ; uttered garadah. sometimes purely The lettersu, j , letter d sometimes replaces the letter p ; lampa is said lamda.
Babur M might take or wabur stand for vapeur." and b, stand for the v. For Cairene Lower Egyptian it for a or a the place of p ; mantalon pantalon. letter p, but never for an so is sometimes possible to pronounce the European Upper Egyptian.
"
described above.
As regards the use of the vowels we find in certain cases that the round o is always preferred in the idiom of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, whereas in Middle Egypt the open a is always used instead. To take a very common Taboy." It is pronounced thus in Upper Egypt. word used as an exclamation,
"
In Lower
labay.
Egypt There
are
it is labouy, whereas in the Fayum and Beni-Suef it is always but time and space do not allow me to many other examples,
considered the particular characteristics of the different interesting to speculate about the dialects in the whole of Egypt, it becomes The facilities differences. factors causes these of communication of the and of intermixing of all the population of Egypt, present time, and the thorough ought
to help these
differences to disappear
to be fixed and seem in the vulgar Arabic of Egypt one is struck by the great number vocabulary used of words which can be easily traced to an Ancient Egyptian or Coptic origin.
appearance
they
are
can sometimes be literallytranslated into Coptic phrases used in Coptic any grammatical changes in the without its being necessary to make For instance, the different the members of phrase. relative position of the
in the dialects of Upper Egypt than in those the end of this article I have collected a few Again, the expression and the turn of the used.
Survivals
of Ancient
Egyptian in Modern
Dialect.
73
curious
modem
pronunciation
in the of the pronunciation of the different phonemes of the Sa'id with their old values in Coptic, such as the letter the of ciation exactly like the Coptic x, different to its pronun_,
in all Arabic-speaking countries. The value of a hard g given to .other the Arabic letter that happened the ancient when phenomenon j was the same Egyptian language was written in Greek letters to form the Coptic language ; the in the different play on, and the interchange of, the vowels is seen in different dialects dialects of the vulgar Arabic as the modern of Coptic, such as the prolongation of certain vowels in Upper Egypt when they are shortened
same or
in Cairo,
of certain terminal letters in both dialects,betraying the custom only single of doubling the vowels in Sahidic Coptic when they were in Bohairic otab Sahidic, or KAei Boh., and ka2, Sa. All Boh., and otaab
the dropping
me
on the spoken hold Those be to the case. as most authors authors the influence of Arabic, that the difference between
a
and
lost in Coptic, and that the vowels from demotic, and know whereas we
was
and
came
to have
the
same
even
from
the
Graeco-Roman
that these changes had already been effected in the language. of the Christian Arabic MSS. shows them to be glance through some with mistakes in their Arabic
of these mistakes shows that most from Coptic by a scribe who was not a master of Arabic. Masculine words are treated as feminine if they happen
gender in Coptic, e.g.,the word
so
feminine in
^^\
is feminine in Arabic
are
but masculine
Coptic, and
tpoT?!
it is thus treated.
There
two
words
but
the as mascuhne probably when These Coptic one was the masculine niexcup?. examples original word used be multiplied, and a reference to their existence is enough our to serve can
we
both translated by one and niextup?, often find the Arabic word treated
feminine
purpose. We
again remark quickly the differences between the different Coptic the point of view of similar differences in the modern vulgar dialects. The letter k was commonly changed to r in Sahidic. In the ancient
cein
dialects from
language
as
"""^ and
more
s="
and
in Bohairic. commonly occurred The drawhng of the vowels and their lengthened vocalisation is explained by their doubling in Sahidic when compared with Bohairic, and the dropping of the terminal vowel is similarly located. Lastly the preference for the open vowel a in the dialects of Middle Egypt, where we had to the closed one 0 is again shown days in the BBAA, own F., eBOA, S., and all these phenomena exist in our in Sahidic Coptic than modem vulgar dialects of Egypt. The fact mentioned of the hard k above of the occasional pronunciation Egypt as sh, is proved to have existed when the and the hard x in Lower in Arabic letters. Arabs transliterated the names of the towns in these localities
',
and
the Dakahlia
dialect
(see above).
Notice others.
XABAGGKi
written
now
i^Ui
and
xeBxnp
joio-i
xeBpH
\^
and
(
Some
"
74
)
Use.
played with
6t"t),
^_____^
AA,
small stones."
small
0
jfiuJ.
(^0
Im'4
or
"'^'"
Vj
word
commonly
meaning
of painful
c~3
.
burning.
BO'^,
"
"
Jj ^ \J
good
THTAAB
in the saying
Cjii,^go
in the
(_"ljJs,
language
of the
crews
breeze.
"=r"
I'i^^
"
KA"
bone,"
"
kioc
to
bury,"
the word
fj^^
is often used in
the
sense
of death
,
and
vp
3,t 'V.'^^*-*
is the
name
given to
ferry boat.
^^ (ji
"boat.
I
'
w^^jj
^^ *^^
name
given to
plank
of wood
used
as
small
[j]
AAAAAA
"l".Jm
O o
is the basket
in which (couffe)
dates
are
^^.
r\
carried.
We
"
(I
"
of cultivation.
cultivated
our
field nabary,"
'
meaning
"
any
barley
or
other.
an
^ 1|
Axn,
hour,"
hour.
("'^^) ^ T ^K.
The
names
"
LiAOTUJU
eat," always
used to babies.
of
some
of the
fish
"S^
pni,
^\,
^yeAqai, ^yeABAi
jL'Li
1^
J
even
crm
TcoBe
"brick,"
ij^. This
The
word, meaning
into Spanish.
"
"=r"g
X'VOA
vase,"
Zj.
"to
ordinary
drinking pot.
both
^^^k.J^'4
"
3to2n,
bum,"
CA8t cf.
used
as
c_"^
and
s^
meaning
hot
"
day.
"
[-g
amongst
J|,
2U)B,
work."
or
This
occurs
on
in appeals, etc.,
or (_"yi"" jy""
a
the fellahin
the boatmen
the work the first is sung when the second is a song of the wheat harvest.
j^.yJ
hot
Survivals
of Ancient
i"iUsi^r
,
Egyptian in Modern
the
Dialect.
75
"
xoq,
xAqxeq,
cold,"
orxAi,
or
noun
lk". meaning
,
^i^.^^ |,
help,
can ; ^_y^^ o(je
"
"to
be safe"
or
"well,"
is used
almost any
2AAtou,
"
A65^,
for cheese. cheese," *j!U. is the Upper Egyptian name in tedking of sugar cane straw," ; it is always counted ,ji.jj
,
by
the
libshah.
"
AiBAKi,
cord," amongst
"
the rigging of
boat
,
on
^[\
wheat,
etc.
^OTM6,
barn, storehouse,"
"Uj-i
the Nile,
"
"
uApHc,
or
south," that
comes
fj^j\^,
from
southern," when
anything
UHTeuc,
the south.
fjt,.^s.c ,
anything
a
cooked
common
in the
oven
by
continuous
fire. There
is the
^^^-cs^
Jys
,
beans,
,
very
necorpio,
kind
of cooked
like
puree.
^
one
\\,
two
boat.
common word, "busybody," ^lxj.";,a very a great deal without doing anything. who talks and moves B., ^HHp, S. a common iytjJHp, expression in the language of women .Ixil, I am to be pitied," or trying to excite pity, when meaning
ueeicoc,
full of quickness,"
JoJ:"\
,
"
"
Dear
"
me,"
or
I have
"'
become
^P"^'
miserable."
B., S., epct)ei,
The
"
"
means
wonder."
common
'
^^'
n,
word
in Upper
Egypt
TepeAeAi
^\ji
,
"
"
.dJU
meaning
he
is become
dotty,"
"
simpleton."
to dribble, to
TGATHAi,
drop,"
in
the expression
"
meanmg JJij;^L)l
-
my
nose
is running."
tt"
straw ;
jJ'
"
tt' ^worq,
for straw.
,
"basket,
"ujLi
measure
for hay
or
, net i__iju"-i
qtoci, qoTe,
T8eAic,
hatchet,"
a
.
"ti,y
(jwli towel.
xeueeAic,
LaLi^i
; the meaning
they
call each
"
ecoB
(_"^^4,,
come
to work."
^^,
The
to open
A.ioJ^
above list gives a few examples of the hundreds of words which are in the dialects of Egypt, and which have remained in the common common use language and could not be replaced by Arabic words. They do not exist,
are
nor
They
they understood, in other Arabic-speaking countries, such as Syria do not occur in the Arabic dictionary of the classiced language.
or
Algeria-
Geo.
p. G. Subhy.
( 76
ORACULAR
RESPONSES.
In Part I
" "
p. 31, there is an article on Monsieur A, Moret's Dieu," in which the following comment is made : In some decision human but was interference, did depend the not way upon eqviivalent to drawing lots for a reply."
Egypt,
In connection with this vexed question of the means by which the gods of the last article published by their wishes to men, ancient Egypt communicated the late Mons. Charles Legrain is of considerable interest.
published early in 1917 in the Bulletin de I'Institut Francais le d'Archeologie Orientale under the title Un miracle d'Ahmes sous a Abydos de Ramses It II." detailed in a that examination, rdgne consists of gifted
was
"
It
writer's best style, of the reliefand inscription of stela No. 43649 of the Cairo Museum d'entree, and is published with a plate. Shortly, the relief journal bark borne on the shoulders of eight represents the of the god-king Ahmes, the priest of Osiris Psar raises his priests, four to each pole, before which
" "
hands
Paari, true of voice," standing in the midst leads the company pole of the ark. The sacred with his hand extended to the nearer image is hidden from view by the usual embroidered curtains which are held together in front by a small kneeUng figure of a king.
reverence.
in
"
The text, which is given in fullwith Mons. Legrain's rendering of it,lacunae in brackets, shows that the scene represents the arrival of the sacred object,, the oracle of Nebpehtra, upon a plot of land, to decide a case of disputed possession. The translation given runs as follows: The year 14 second month of Shat day 25 in the reign of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt (RamsesII)day of the
"
Nebpehtra. oracle of) arrival of the priest Psar with the priest Jai to bring (the heard the He Psar The priest arrived on the fieldwhich belonged to (my) son. (acclamations ?) of the children of the people. The god was to establish (the god arrived, saying, it belongs to Psar the son of Mes,' and the god weighed down very heavily in the presence of the priest (ofthe king ?) Pehtinebra, the prophet Paari, the front priest Inoujabou, the (rear ?) priest Made by the priest, the rear priest Nakht, the rear priest Thotimes. Janofre, right
?). The
'
scribe, sculptor of the temple of Ramses II in the domain of Osiris Nebmehit." The critical words in the translation are those in italics,as they are Legrain's rendering bow
the head."
as
of the word
Hen
"^"
"
which
is usually translated
"
to
head,
much
was
followed by the determinative of a word is sometimes in fact the arm determinative alone is but not always ; shown above, more common, which led M. Brugsch to suggest that the will of the god
The
M. Legrain suggested very plausibly expressed by a gesture of the arm. in the significanceunder discussion^ it head determinative where occurs that the has been mechanically inserted by the scribe from association with the homo"
phonous
word
meaning
skull."
Oracular Responses.
M. Legrain
yy
pointed out that the image is hidden by the veiling curtains, by then, even held together the little figure. How supposing the Egyptians figures of this nature (of has were mechanical which no example able to make Another very been found)could the spectators see if the head nodded ? ever strong point he makes bark weighed down or
reason
became
is that unless his explanation is correct, namely that the heavier on one side than the other, there is no
of five of the bearers. apparent for the mention of the names But M. Legrain's suggestion is put out of the reach of refutation, practically, he furnishes of an by the singularly apt example almost identical marvel
" "
Egypt, having occurred in fact barely similarly attested in writing from modern before. The phenomenon one two months (if may call it so)is fairly well known to residents in Egypt, and in the case in point is connected with the burial of the
descendant
Agag, whose ancient in the midst of Luxor earth 6th, 1916, describes how,
was the shoulders of three men passing a certain spot suddenly felt the bier^ weighing heavier upon them, and They put it down and after reciting a prayer, continued they could not walk on. This happened twice again during the progress to the under normal conditions.
burial.
of the three bearers are given as witnesses. ten or twelve years ago I saw an excited hurrying crowd passing leading to the one the streets main southern part of the native quarter of of along in to Cairo, and was the corpse was told reply my question that running." Similarly, I have seen a bier with a crowd collected round it in the middle of a The
names
About
"
field of clover, into which it had insisted upon going. If possible the body in so emphatically these rare circumstances is buried on the spot in which it seems to indicate its wish to be interred. But in this case the crowd of relatives,among doubt was the owner no of the fieldby that time, seemed to be waiting for whom
the all too conscious corpse to change its mind, and relax its determination to be buried in a spot so eminently and obviously undesirable for the purpose. It may be emphasised, a point which M. Legrain apparently did not seize
; perhaps the arm of the upon, that the determinative of the word Hen is an arm bearer or the priest so often represented placing his hand beneath the pole as he walks. ^ We may suppose that at least four signals could be registered,namely,
from
the front,
rear men.
rear,
In this
case
the weight
is attested by the
four
To
"
refer such
those related above to the similar phenomena this note needlessly long ; M. would spiritualistic, make
as
than allude to it. But it may be remarked that automatisms or statements could be quoted, which, in so far as they constitute messages large to be can a are with fact extent (their conformity referred and veridical, in doubtless as common that is)to telepathy. Bribery and corruption were as they are to-day, but it is, apparently, perfectly possible, if ancient Egypt feeling one may believe the reports of accredited scientificresearchers, that the
body
"
bier is in the form of an oblong box, Egyptian The modern The bier is carried on two poles attached to it. is placed.
The
in which
"
the sjvathed
feeling of additional
case
weight
would
thus
cause
the
bearers
to
give,"
attest
it.
The
bearers would
and behave
the priest,
as
though
suddenly
increased.
7"
Oracular Responses.
due should be subconscious and take effect as though it were it to material causes, that to, or a telepathic should coincide with, and respond stimulus, unconsciously given, from some person present. We may, however, be sure that the priest Psar was exerting considerable psychic pressure, in the form of hope or prayer, on behalf of his family during the ordeal ! Ernest S. Thomas.
of weighing down
[There was
the
same
belief in Sparta,
"
as
to
divine
man
which is generally Ught at all in his flogging, either on in the priestess' hand becomes heavy,
by weight. At the during the operation, by its smallness, but if the scourgers or account of his beauty rank, then by
intimation
and
no
owing
to them."
79
NAWRUZ,
OR
THE
COPTIC
NEW
YEAR.
The
Nawruz,
or
Year
as
of the
High
September
the Persian
new,"
and
Ruz
"
day,"
an
appropriate term
of
new
phrase should be used to signify a purely Egyptian known of itsintroduction into general use in Egypt. end of the fourteenth century, employs the word as the usual term for expressing this special festival. Previous to Maqrizi, the only Persian influence in Egypt
was
It is not clear why a Persian festival,nor is the exact date Maqrizi, writing towards the
in the sixth century, the other in the As these were held in of short duration, and as the invaders were seventh. likely from it is language be their detestation, that a not word would great adopted It would seem then that the word throughout the country for a national custom. during the two Persian invasions,
one
must
have
become
Cambyses, ancient
name
acclimatised during the Persian dominion which began with Persians Egypt. It is the actually ruled when possible that the in for the festival was like to its Persian supsound sufficiently
it possible for the Persian word to supersede the original has, however, not yet been recognised in hieroglyphic a word
Coptic. The
is traditionally very ancient. Maqrizi says that festival of Nawruz ben Noah instituted it in ben Qobtim ben Masr ben Befsar ben Ham
As
the first three
names are
Ashmouneyn, those of towns Quft and universal in Egypt ; and that it was known
"
early period is indicated by the genealogy which takes the firstinstitution It would seem as far back as five generations after the Flood. probable then that the festival went back traditionally to prehistoric times. Maqrizi mentions three consecutive festivals of the Nile : C'est habituellele Khalig ; I'eau y penetre et monte jusqu'a une ment en Meson qu'on ouvre ecluse,
"
les terres situees au-dessous du niveau ce qu'on ait arrose elle s'arrete jusqu'a de I'eau arretee dans ce canal ; puis I'ecluse est ouverte le jourde Nourouz et I'eau s'etend jusqu'a une ou encore arretee autre ecluse pour permettre elle est
ou
d'arroser les terrains situes en contre-bas de son niveau. Cette seconde ecluse de la fete de Salib, dix-sept jours ; est ouverte a son tour le jour apres le Nourouz I'eau gagne une troisieme barriere ou elle est d'irriguer les terres situees au-dessous de son barriere etant ouverte, dans la mer."i se jette
I'eau
encore
va plus loin arroser Maqrizi does not give the interval of time between the firstand second festival, but the date of the third discloses an interesting fact. falls always on the first of the month Nawruz of Thoth, and in ancient times the festival of Uag, one the seventeenth of that month was of the chief of the
arretee pour permettre niveau ; enfin, cette derniere d'autres terres et finalement
the
name
of the Id
es
translation.
8o the Cross.
a
Nawntz,
or
Year.
It is generally supposed that it was on this festivalthat the sacrifice but Maqrizi^ the twelfth Paoni gives celebrated, girl of the month of is the month the Nile is (June ii)as the date of the sacrifice. Paoni when for lowest, to an its a cause time to the sacrifice at water appropriate rise. The modern in Cairo is too well celebration of the festival of the Nawruz
was
to need description ; the cutting of the Khalig, the processions, banquets have been described by all travellers. Klunzinger,* who was fireworks in and Egypt from 1863 to 1875, gives an interesting account of the Nawruz celebrations,
known
in Upper Egypt. He describes every littletown which he says took place in the mock kings who ruled their respective towns for three days, and on the third to death by fire; the royal insignia were burnt, but the day were condemned
does not appear to survive now, This custom unhurt. at least Copts It is the the it may that the west of side of river. not among possible Nawruz for, in as the occurs the hot month always yet be found on the east side ; in Upper Egypt few Europeans September, or the remain visit of villages at that time of year, therefore there is no one to record the customs, and this most
wearers
"
"
escaped
survival of the ceremonial death of the king has as yet been described, by only one observer. inadequately, very There is,however, another method of celebrating the Nawruz, which takes Neqadeh, town on littleCoptic Nile, in the the the the west side of of place at is Of this custom there no record in the accounts of mudiriyeh of Keneh. important is the only place which retains this ancient keeping the festival. By the kindness of Negib of and traditional method Effendi Baddar, omdeh of Neqadeh, I had the privilegeof witnessing the celebration at that town. In the early morning, from about half-past two until dawn, the inhabitants
travellers,for I
am
women and children, Copts and Moslems, went down to one of the town, men, to fill come their pitchers of the four places on the river bank where the women The in family farm are came the watered. people groups, parents animals and The into knee-deep women the together. waded river stood and children and
in the water ; they then lifted water in their hands and drank nine times, with a or they dipped themselves nine times every three mouthfuls; pause between under the water with a pause between every three dips ; or they washed the face
The men every three washings. nine times with a pause between bank and performed their ablutions or drank the water in the same flung themselves into the stream big boys and young men and dipped nine times or had nine handfuls of water The children were
" "
"
sat
on
the
way
swam
few
about.
poured over Friends one heads by their their greeted mothers. another with the words is essentially The Nawruz Allah." haUal or Abu Nawruz whole ceremony
the women especially pray the whole time, either to obtain children or religious, on this for special blessings on their children, in the belief that prayers made in NUe is drinking or the the standing actually worshipper occasion, and when
particularly efficacious.* The faith of the people, made this ceremony that I have ever seen.
water,
are
"
reverence one
"
"
Ihii.. Pt. I, ch. 17, p. 164. C. B. Klunzinger, Upper Egypt, p. 184. I saw one woman remain stooping over
When she
Glasgow,
the water
praying.
garment,
had
and
then
came
finished, she beat the water 1 do not know the significance of her action. out.
1878. for a considerable time, evidently of her nine times with the corner
Nawruz,
or
Year.
81
The
extreme
to it in Pharaonic
ceremony which two ancient festivals which have not been recognised hitherto. in the tomb of Antef-oker in the Xllth dynasty The graffito of Amen-em-het sniff the breeze out of the Netherworld and to drink water records his desire to
"
antiquity of this water festival is manifest from the allusions These allusions have not been understood, but the times. takes place at Neqadeh at High Nile makes it possible to identify
The expression, Water," the New the swirl of the New Water."' inundation drinking inundation, to the the the water must of and refers I have described such as above. allusion to a ceremony upon
In the Book
"
clearly be an
ofthe Dead
and in funerary inscriptions the gods are frequently breathe (or the sweet breezes of the north may
"
from
the eddy
of the
or entered and passed which the during the hours of the night, was anciently supposed to lie to the north further north among the islands of or still of Egypt, either in the Mediterranean Hence the idea that the north wind came the Aegean. out of the Netherworld. In most of such ancient the breathing or smelling of the north wind -prayers is usually coupled with the drinking from the eddy, and the modern custom shows festivals still commemorate both called that two these practices ; they are sun
Khert-neter,
the Netherworld,
through
alike. The the second as the Coptic New Year ; while in Arabic the firstin March is named Nawruz es sultani, the New Year, in New Year of God. Nawruz Allah, September, the the royal second, The Nawruz has yet another name, es sultani, the Coptic Easter Monday,
are
"
Coptic
"
firstis known
as
Mahomedans
(March 22nd), at of Barmahat of the period when the north wind begins to blow steadily. The Shem-en-Nessim, literally Smelling the Breeze," refers clearly to the
and
on
is celebrated
"
the I2th
custom
Nawruz
mentioned festivals
that both
the
survivals of two
popular
festivals
and not to the priests ; they in in honour of untemples ; they were celebrated changing and not living for the the were they ; natural phenomena not of and and gods For these reasons they have remained not for the dead. almost unaltered for more than forty centuries, surviving changes of religion, government and, to a they
were
to the populace
in the open
great extent,
of
race.
M.
A. Murray.
hypnotic dance for curative purposes, the special words connected [Inthe Zar, or women's from its possible introduction from the are with the ceremony also of Persian origin, perhaps East by itinerantfortune-tellersin ancient times. H.F.P.]
"
'
Davies,
Tomb
p. ofAntefoker,
Dead, chapters
202,
28. LVI,
LXVIII,
"
Book
of the
XXXVIIIa,
CXXXVIa,
CLXIV,
CLXV;
II
122,
IX
99, etc.
82
PERIODICALS.
Annates
du
de r ^gypte.
la mise en place d'un moulage du zodiaque de having supplied a cast of the zodiac, which from the temple of Denderah in 1822 by M. Saulnier, this was placed was removed in the position of the original,which is now in the Cabinet des Medailles of the Bibliotheque nationale at Paris. M. Baraize has restored the appearance of the
"
Baraize,
"
E.
Rapport
stir
Denddrah.
The French
Government
chamber
as
nearly
as
possible to what
it was
century
ago. This is
on
a
Daressy,
G.
"
dcuyer de Ramses
III.
lintel in
"
at El Helleh opposite Esneh. of Pa-neter-uahem The deceased is shown standing, holding the strap of a horse ; he is entitled chief of the stable of the king," and nesut up er semt neb, royal messenger unto all lands." Quotations to specified countries. are given of the
"
up
Les Statues ramessides d grosse perruque. These statues are described in three groups : (i) those those with two ensigns, one in each hand, (2) It had been those holding other attributes. with one ensign, (3) suggested that dynasty, Xllth by Ramessides. the these figures were the of and appropriated
"
Daressy,
G.
M. Daressy
some
all was
concludes that none of these were and though of the Middle Kingdom, III, yet there is no re-appropriation, and might be as early as Amenhetep probably made between Ramessu II and VI.
EngravLe scarahie du cceur de la grande prHresse Ast-tn-kheb. ings of this are pubhshed as a tail-pieceto the preface of Zoega's work on obelisks in 1797. It is stated to have been in the Borgia collection; but it is not in the
Daressy,
G.
"
Vatican catalogue, though it may be in the Naples museum, to which some of is There is no It described the Borgia objects as passed. of green porphyry. had been robbed peculiarity in the inscription,but it is strange that the mummy of the scarab before being placed in the pit at Deir el Bahri, and the scarab had for another burial, as was so often the case. not been renamed
These are dated Selected papyrifrom the archives ofZenon. from year 36 to the end of the reign of Philadelphos. After business notes about letters there are pigs and wheat, vines and goats, about the billetingof troops in Karia, and exemptions are claimed by Government in Eg"'pt for their officials
Edgar,
C. C.
"
friends, by direct request to the Boule and Demos Lefebure, should have for a volume of
a
of the city.
G.
"
Le
more
than
on
two
memoir
de Petosiris. This long article of 81 pages illustrations of sculpture if it is to be a substitute hope held out There is some this interesting structure. Tombeau
on
a
is wanting.
The
Annates
du
P^gypte.
83
is in the cemetery of Hermopolis, opposite El Bersheh, and is assigned to the dynasty. An outer middle of the fourth century B.C., the end of the XXXth leaf has or the court, palm columns stillstanding complete, and the pronaos, is Behind that the naos, them. a hall with four curtain walls between pillars tomb shaft. In front of the building is an altar, free-standing, with horns, of Asiatic origin (see last number, or triangular corners p. 55). The scenes that but were the the the clothshow sculptures old repeated, examples of ing Ufe from loose man the the time, the was a tunic to the copied of wearing around the tomb knees. The inscriptions refer to eight High Priests of Hermopolis in five generations, Seshu, Pef.nef.neit, Zed.tehuti.auf.onkh, Petosiris, Zed.tehuti.auf.onkh,
Zedher, Tehuti-rekh, and Petu-kem. The facade has scenes of offerings,with the king officiating, above a dado In the pronaos with Nile figures offering. Petosiris appears playing draughts. Petosiris. belong Workshops figured, to scenes the are all with coppersmiths, Some new forms gilders,gold weighing, perfumers, carpentry and basketwork. follow, be Scenes tools should carefully copied. of of agriculture and wine-making and the great group of Petosiris and liis wife receiving offerings from their
children, with sacrifices of cattle. The chapel or naos for Seshu the father, and Zad-tehuti-auf-onkh, was the brother, Petosiris. There beginning two are scenes, the of registers of with elder
father and brother before Osiris. There is a great funeral procession, after which the brother adores groups of divinities of nine different places. After this are nine cynocephali, who acclaim Ra in Duat ; the twelve hours are represented as
standing, alternately in red and in blue dress ; twelve uraei follow as is of two bulls of The next scene the divinities who lighten the darkness in Duat. Amen Osiris, following which is the judgment scene. each with a mummy, and There is an address of Petosiris to his brother about the beauty of the tomb, and
women
of 25 servants with offerings,and 28 more, and women, alternately men the latter sometimes carrying infants. The pit of the tomb is 26 feet deep, and leads to many chambers below, filled found the Among these was with broken fragments of rock and sarcophagi. magnificent lid of one of the three body-coffins of Petosiris, bearing long columns in coloured glass hieroglyphs, inlaid in the of inscription, entirely wrought It is brilliant the most ebony. example of glass work, like a fragment hitherto miique in the museum is the 41st chapter of The of Turin. subject The Book be Let us hope that this remarkable tomb the Dead. will soon
"
"
then
a row
of
copied
in full-sizefacsimile
or Thai ; the stilesde Bubastis. One is of a Thanure other of Ptah.kho, born of Nespamok and Bast.renen, with brothers Ta pesh.her, Onkh set.her, Nuty her, Ta khred.bast, and Ta da nut.
Daressy,
G.
"
Deux
This group of the close of the is supposed to be an found. The inscription accidentally appropriation of the Bubastite age ; it records the general, chief of archers, chief of the serfs of Ra, prophet of Sepdu, Sa.uas ; his wife Onkhs.mut, son Her, and daughter Thent.amen.
Daressy,
G.
"
Un
XVIIIth
dynasty
was
84 Daressy, G.
Annates
du
Abydos, of a stele from lands, the southern royal made of of the works of the temple of Amen, chief of the Maza land. At Abu Simbel Any is called royal son of Kush, of the people of Henen" The temple of Wady A Sebu'a was the Temple named of Amen."
"
Vn
"
fils royal
Nubie."
"
This is
It
was
by the
"
overseer
long discussion
on
Maza
Land
geography.
of a tutor with a princess, Amen.meryt, evidently belongs to about the time of Tehutmes III ; at Deir el Bahri, this serves and as he is represented with his daughter Amen.meryt date figure. to the
"
Daressy,
G.
La
Amen.mdrit. princesse
figure from
Karnak,
E. La ddcouverleet I'inventaire du tombeau de Sen.nezem. This account, in is here Spanish in 1887, Signer Toda was translated by M. Daressy. published one of a party taken by M. Maspero on his voyage of inspection in 1886. The found by a native, and at once After 35 years tomb was searched by Maspero. tions. the French Institute is stated to be intending to publish the scenes and inscripToDA,
"
contained 9 bodies in coffins,and 11 others laid on the sand. The latter all broke up in moving, and only the heads were preserved. The Maspero's boat. to bodies in coffins and all the contents of the tomb were carried
The tomb
Ushabtis of 13 differentpersons were in the tomb. found, and a set of instruments, measure, wood were
More
{Tools squares and plummet and Weapons,XLVII). This magnificent set of tomb furniture has been scattered in the Cairo Museum, and many pieces were sold to the collections of America Altogether are 26 names recorded from this tomb : Sen.nezem, and Europe.
"
Ya.nefer.tha, Kho.bekhent,
Khensu, Hetepu, Tamokt, Rusu, Ra.mes, Ramo,
or
Pa.ra.hetep,
Mesu, Taau,
Thara,
.,
Hent.urt.
Daressy,
man and woman fan-bearer, over
G.
"
Un
groupede
Two
figures of
was
staff bearing
standing, roughly cut, of the Ramesside the lands of the south, Piaay ; his wife was head. ram's
age. Tauser.
He
He
royal holds a
L'animal Sdthien a tete d'dne. The writer had previously Set Set appears with that the an animal was proposed arbitrary combination. in Now head Xllth dynasty and Roman the ass's a coffin of Nesi. an times. one amen, of the priests of Amen, shows the sun-bark drawn by three jackals
"
Daressy,
G.
ass's
heads.
G.
"
Fragments
the village and the colossus. They are : (i)a black granite figure II in many pieces ; (2)block of limestone with his cartouche ; of Ramessu block (3)another with part of a Ptah figure ; (4)part of an alabaster base of History, III, 37, after a column, with the name of Ramessu.user.pehti {Student's
between
No.
23); (5)two
Neferatmu,
chapel of Sekhmet built by Sheshenq II, with a the High priest Takerat ; (6)a block naming a priestess of Mut Bast.au.seonkh ; {7)a sandstone door-jamb of Amasis.
a
blocks from
Revue Daressy,
NouvelU Egyptologique,
Sdrie.
85
L'ivhhi de Sais et Naucratis. In the Coptic liststhe bishopric Sais is to be Sa and Satf it is proposed that Satf Sa is Sais, and now stated of in Coptic would be an easy corruption of Gaif, the modern name of Naukratis.
"
G.
Daressy,
G.
"
Un
de Sarcophage
MMamond.
This belonged
"
to Her.pa.ast,
Bor is the [The name otherwise Borsha, son of Hetabu and Tharden or Tarudet. ; thus Baalisha, usual Baal, and Sha is a divine name my lord is Sha," is parallel is to Elisha, Sha."] my god
"
Selectedpapyrifrom the archives ofZenon. Among these we the currency difficulties.Zenon owed 400 drachmae, payable in on get a copper ; but he gave 400 in gold as security. After that the receivers refused to exchange it. 400 of gold was equal to 416 in silver,and that was equal to 460 in copper. Another papyrus on exchange raises further difficulties, yet unsolved.
Edgar,
"
C. C.
light
Elsewhere
being paid both by the debtor the risk of the Government and his surety, and you know well that it is not easy to recover money from the Treasury." Other affairs about goats and pigs and bees wait to be dealt with there
was
"
as
whole
view
of rustic life.
"
Lefebvre, G. Textes du tomheau de Petosiris. The piece of coffin in Turin, inlaid with coloured glass, is here compared in its text with that of Petosiris. It belonged to a son of Seshu and Nefer.renpit, and was probably taken from the tomb of Petosiris. The texts published here refer to the funeral ceremonies.
Lefebvre,
G.
"
Le
dieu "Upav
Hero
on
horseback
a
is
shown on two steles of late Ptolemaic age published here. The lintel of of Hero has been found at Theadelphia ; two frescoes from the Fayum
temple
and
a
lead amulet from Alexandria also refer to Hero. The connection of the god's Subattos Sopd, his epithet with and of position with Atmu, are discussed. Lefebvre, G.
"
This is
on
face of
son
lintel: "To
of Candidianos, Perdrizet,
Asiles An asylum decree of asilesRemains. grdco-dgyptiens, XI is here discussed, and its relation to Christian rights of asylum. The Ptolemaic right of asylum extended to 50 cubits around. The churches of Gaul had the asylum 60 paces round large churches, 30 paces around the small.
"
p.
Ptolemy
Revue
We have
Egyptologique, Nouvelle
to welcome
Serie, Tome
I, 191 9.
in years' silence a revival of this journal, hands and with a new It is in two yearly parts, called Fascicule I and 2 and Fascicule 3 and 4, although each part has no division in it. The dated January,1920, appears in 1921. The scope of the articles is mainly part after many different manner.
philological and
Moret,
Graeco-Roman.
These
women,
la collectiondu comte de Saint-Ferriol. Stele of two were mostly given to the museum of Grenoble in 1916. (i) Uotn and Nebent, with brief listof offerings, fully discussed here. An F 3 a.
"
Monuments
de dgyptiens
86
Revue
interesting addition to the few works of the Ilird dynasty. (2)A seated figure I, and servant of Amenhetep, Tehutmes director of the prophets of of who was the statue of Men.kheper.ra and of the statue of Men.kheper.ka.ra, the two forms of Tehutmes
simultaneous. The figure was
to the god.
III.
It is remarkable that both forms are stated together, as if The parents of Amenhetep Nezem.ast.Her were and Tua.Her. Amen in daily to benefit the the temple of placed receive of offerings
Samenkht,
The main of the god and heard the oracles, showing that this method of consulting the gods dynasty. was (4)Stele of Hemert, prince, eyes already in use in the XVIIIth and ears of the king, and architect,adoring a sphinx on a pedestal, approached by
a cistern of making fully Akita, translated. gold-mine of published and
of the vizier User and wife Thuau adored by their son Oamtu Taoamtu by their son Merymaot. the and vizier and wife adored interestis that User weis one of the priestly porters who bore the image
(3)Stele
steps. The Uzat, and orb with Ramessu II, the well-known account
one
wing,
above.
(5)Stele
on
of Kuban
Socle. This note discusses the rendering of mnw as depth, and proposes that it is the name a socket or pedestal for of the object, bases in the Book of the a figure. This agrees with menu as apparently Dead, c. 172.
"
Sottas, H.
"
Mnw
"
"
"
d Tehneh. G., et Moret, A. Un nouvel acte de fondation The for son tomb of Nek-onkh, of Heta and Debet, contains a deed of endowment All his food-rents ka are a servants, offerings. made with children company of
"
Lefebvre,
table of offerings at the festivals, under the hand" Em-ra-f-onkh, son, the constituted kherp or chief. of eldest who was Thus, at the beginning of the Vth dynasty, in allthat concerned family matters there was a head of the family with the titleof kherp. This gives the meaning which
to provide
from
for the
"
probably
kherpsceptre in
the hand.
Une statue d'Osiris de la XXIII' dynastie. This grey in. figure, high, found Memphis, was 38 granite standing at and isin the collection Count de Blacas. The interest of of it lies in giving four generations of a family, is It names. XXVth the dynasty, as shown or early XXVIth with 28 probably of
de.
"
Blacas,
Louis
by the
names
of Amenardus
and Shapenapt.
A
ViTELLi, G. Ilnd
or
"
Trimetri Tragici.
a.d.,
papyrus
an
appears to belong to
Jouguet, p.
senate, or curia,
"
Les BovXai
d la findu igyptiennes
III'
sihcle apresJ. C.
The
a reasons
was
are
set up in each nome under Severus. here studied in fulldetail, mainly from
for this,
report of proceedings
P.
"
Les Sanctuaires
de Ddlos igyptiens
et
of Sarapis.
L'Invocation d'Isis
un d'apres
papyrus d'Oxyrhynchos.
1916, pp. 40-3.
This
Egypt,
Revue
Agyptologique, Nouvelle
Se'rie.
87
A section of Notices et Bulletins contains an appraisement of the work of for Itsdy. Finally Revillout, English papyrology during the war, and the same books. come reviews of The seceaid part, called Fascicules 3-4, is of similar quality.
satirique." This is a fresh study of demotic fragment. The translation given is this obscure and much-debated free As to it reads like the the sense, expressly of all attempt at restoration. inconsequent passages of Petronius. most
"
Sottas, H.
Remarques
sur
le
"
Po^me
d I'originalSgyptien du terme sdmitique ddsignant I'Egypte. The source of the Arabic Magr, cuneiform Musur, and Hebrew is here sought. Miizn (adj.) The Persian is Mudrdya, and this is compared
"
Langlois,
p.
Essai
pour
remonier
Esdras, and 'Azrb 1 with the d inserted to strengthen zayn in Ezra Hasdrubal. It is thus suggested that the sad here has replaced a dental ; and Ta-mera as the this dental is deduced from the tera sign after the well-known
=
This dental influence is name of Egypt, pointing to a value approaching metra. in forms. thus proposed as the source Many Semitic the the tzaddi of cognate questions are discussed in illustration. Monuments de la collection du comte de Saint-Ferriol. dgyptiens 6, figure libation seated cross-legged, with with altar in front, in sandstone, of Nefer-renpet, mayor of the palace. 7, limestone stele of the chief XVIIIth dynasty, with his sister Then-asheru goldsmith Amenemhot, and six 8, limestone son stele of Nem-ptahmo, children. of Hat and Nub-nefert, sons
"
MoRET,
A.
Continued
and Nub-nefer. 9, limestone stele of Yrra and his sister limestone stele of Peda-ast, son of Arhapy 11, pieces and Tenat. III. 12, 13, fragments of statues. 14, fragment of sandstone reliefs of Tehutmes of limestone figure of a noble, Ameptah. 15, five pieces of the granite sarcophagus of the celebrated Amenhetep, son of Hapu ; another piece is in University College,
Renty,
User, Pupuy
10,
Yrrares.
London.
16, anthropoid coffinof Psemthek, son of Seba-rekhtu. 17, anthropoid Nehems-menth, son cofi"nof of That-unth and Tadathnebha. 18, lid of wooden Psemthek coffin of Ta-nekht-ne-tahat. (of 19-22, ushabtis, names and
16)
Psemthek-neb-pehti,
23, imitation of Khnem-nefer, daughter of Psemthek. vases of the chief goldsmith Nefer-heb-ef. 24, ushabti box of Ta-pa-khent and Rames. bronze Roman Anubis. An excursus 25, of of M. Perdrizet deals with dog origin of Anubis, the funerary and the heavenly Anubis, the or the jackal
bom
Hermanubis
forms.
26,
Cavaignac, E. La Milice au VI' siicleet I'Empire acfu'menide. e'gyptienne This starts from the passage in Herodotos the Kalasires (II, recounting 164-8) The passage is concluded and Hermotybies, garrisons of the Delta and Thebaid. to have been drawn from some Ionian writer of the time of Amasis, and the
"
number
with of Kalasires is more exactly given in Her. II, 30, as 240,000 men, or Hermotybies, 6 acres or fiefs, 4,000 each, 160,000 400,000 military of about square miles. This was not, however, all in the Delta, as the writer assumes, with families and 400,000 men The area 2 millions of population. as of Egypt being i^ it formed) 11,342 square miles, with the Delta lakes and marshes (since (in 1880) fiefs were be Thus the nearly a about 13,000 square miles. would military F 4 troops in the Thebaid.
to
The
88
Revue
Nouvelle Egyptologique,
SMe.
that the land was held equally third of the land, in agreement with the statement in thirds by the military, the priests, and the civilians. This implies a total millions under population of about five or six millions. With this compare seven the Ptolemies, three in the decadence, five about 1880, and eleven millions under All the earUer estimates depend on the number British rule now. of servile The writer proceeds, population attached to the military, which is very uncertain. on stillvaguer ground, to take the tribute of Egypt to the Persians as not including any tax on the priests, and so to estimate the tax as 700 talents on two-thirds or one-third of the population, hence the tax as a didrachm per person.
poll tax in Palestine (Matt,xvii, 27). From this basis the whole population of the Persian empire is estimated by the tribute as 25 to 30 millions. Against this should, however, be set the fact that Egypt was one of the richest lands, and most regions could not yield a half or a This, by
the bye,
was
justthe
Roman
Bell,
H. I.
"
Some
Roman of
text and
examples
intimate and
personal
expression.
This is a long and of history from the XXVIIIth-XXXth criticalarticle dealing with all the sources discussion The the dynasties. concludes that in 405 Amyrtaios summary of II, and a prince Psambecame independent, but sent troops to aid Artaxerxes Cloche,
P.
"
La
Grece et
metichos acted also in Persian interest. In 399 Naifaaurud I succeeded, who leaned on Sparta as against Persia (396).Hakar succeeded in 393 and warred in Persia a a littlebefore the death of 389-387, situation which ended with 381/0, II reigned in 380-379. Nekht-neb-ef had in from The to 381, and reigned 361. aggression of 379 usurpation Phamabazos and Iphikrates was in 374 or 373. Zeher reigned 361-359, and began plotting with the Asiatic satraps, seeking help in Sparta and Athens, and received Agesilaos and Chabrias about the end of 360. War broke out in Syria, 359, and
Hakar.
Psimut
and
Naifaaurud
begun
some
was
Zeher fled to the Great King. by the rebellion of Nekht-her-heb. for in the war Athens Thrace, 358. Greece on Chabrias returned to and acted checked
usurper in 358 by help of Agesilaus, who left at the beginning of winter, 358/7, and died. In 351 a Persian expedition was checked, crushed in 350. and this led to a revolt in Phoenicia and Cyprus, which was
Nekht-hor-heb conquered
a
Ochos began long preparations to attack Egypt, and in 344/3 got the neutrahty The war and Sparta, and the military help of Thebes and Argos. of Athens began in 342, and in that, or the beginning of 341, ended by the Persian reconAll of these dates accord with those given in the Student's quest of Egypt.
dynasty being a year earlier. The inversion History, except the rise of the XXXth of Nekht-nebef and Nekht-her-heb rests on the evidence of their building at El Khargeh. An
eulogy
on
the number.
Gauthier,
H.
"
Le
study of a god who often appears on the borders of The foreign gods are and deserves full consideration. mythology, Hathor of Punt, or Somali Land ; Bes from east the cow-goddess
important
Revue
Egyptologique, Nouvelle
Se'rie.
89
dynasties the Semitic Africa ; Neith of Libya ; and in the XVIIIth and XlXth Baal, Astarte, Reshef and Qadshu. From Nubia come the goddesses Anuqet and Thirteen various spellings of the name Satet, as well as Dudun. are quoted, in for the which are three entirely different signs for the firstsyllable, and as many These emphatically was show that the name entirely foreign, and had is for first Egyptian. There in the no vowel, which has been supplied root sign by transliterators in every form ; so, with our usual convention, it is better to second.
no
spell the
dynasty the king is In the pyramid texts of the Vlth of the south, coming from the land of the bow, promised the perfume of Dedun like the ur, great, and Nubia. The bird determinative after the name seems or
name
Dedun.
so equal to the later epithet the neter oa, great god ; but it is suggested that this is really the sign of being a bird-god, like the falcon-Horus, as and only a in It Upper Egypt as zuzun or susun. there is quoted a bird named coincidence isremarkable that three other southern gods, Khas, Aahes and Sopdu are associated
"
"
in providing the ladder by which the king is to ascend into heaven. Ethiopian ; may it not be derived as if this idea of the ladder was Punt Deir el Bahari, from the ladder by which the huts of were entered (Naville, LXX, LXIX, LXXI) ? This would relieve the Egyptian belieffrom itsabsurdity ;
the ladder
was
simply
the
of access Rahes or
dwelling, and to enter heaven the In another passage, Pepy is were naturally quoted. Ahes, god of the south land (Sudan), Dedun god of the
means
of entering
bow
land
(Nubia) and
Sopdu. Senusert in the small temple to Dedun This obscure king Ugaf of the cataract. In the XVIIIth beloved by Dedun." III built
"
In the Middle
Kingdom
fort of Semnah, along with Khnumu Ukewise of the Xlllth dynasty (?) dynasty
Tehutmes him
was
III carried on the worship of Dedun in Nubia, and the god Anti Mentiu, the the promises control of and nomads of the eastern and The offerings of corn western desert, as a reward for building his temple. and III. by III, by Tehutmes Senusert were cattle originally established renewed
were on the new the second season of the year year (iThoth), bow-land. Nubia Antiu the the the (i Tybi), (21 Pharmuthi), slaughter of of the feast of queen Merseger called and the third season of the year (iPakhons), is feast of chaining the desert folk," and the feast of Senusert III. Dedun first represented in Egypt at Deir el Bahri, but only as belonging to southern
"
The
feasts there
scenes.
Sety I incorporated
between
Ptah
more
this god
Horus
Kamak,
and
selection is the
marked. is
never
deities at group of purely Egyptian is the only foreign god there, this ; as Dedun Although Ramessu II built so many temples in
a
in
represented in them ; nor did the earlier Ethiopian Tirhaqa revived his worship at Napata and Kamak, him. conquerors ever name Dedun Later the kings of Ethiopia, Atlanarsa and typifies the south. where Aspalta, continued the adoration of Dedun, who is called the god of Kush. is figured at Philae, by Nekht-nebef and by Ptolemy VII and his successors. There seems to have been a triad at Philae As the name was of Ari-hems-nefer, Tehuti and Dedun. evidently foreign, it seems useless to try to deduce for it an Egyptian meaning ; nor is a mixed origin.
,
In the Graeco-Roman
age Dedun
hun,
youth
rejects
assimilation
M.
he
be identified with Dedun ; yet there is the form ].'" \ "^ which duplicates the dental. Tanen is said to bring the inundation from Elephantine,
declares cannot
^^
and he
was
There
is thus
"go
Revue
Agyptologique, Nouvelle
Sirie.
to leave an open question whether Tatnen was not a enough resemblance still form of Dedun. a The legend is that he was Another question is raised about Tithonos. Eos her Ethiopia, to beloved by by where (dawn)and carried Trojanprince, Tithonos in the time of they had two children, Emathion and Memnon.
is used for a very old man states ; and Hesychios (IVthcentvu^y) Thus body, but be black hair." race to over a all the with white
"
is strongly connected with Ethiopia ; yet that is but vague in position, There are thus several questions only the south of Phoenicia. and might mean seem open to further evidence. remaining about this god Dedun, which still Gardiner, A. H.
"
in Egyptian. This formations certain "participial imperfect as an phrase hessu-neb-f, renderings of the same
"
On
(being) praised of his lord," passive participle one his lord praises." These being the same, one whom
or
the
"
in classifying the Egyptian separate verb-form under two clearly wrong has been over-elaborated by the moderns. In short, the grammar heads." that the transformation of After many points which are raised, it is concluded
are
"
the
takes
place by
gradual
stages."
Next
_/u.
of
(U.
^\
like
"
; and
must
"
have
o
meant
"
something
done," and
MoNTET,
(u. -"2"-
cussion des Mdmoires de Sinouhit. This disquelques passages to a an offspring of the Setiu of some passages leads to amending be is to a Setiu." The khet thrower of the boomerang stated not of the sign the contrary, it has clearly the branch, but the iron of a harpoon ; on branching of twigs, and is used for wood and not for metal. Other remarks on
p.
"
Sur
"
"
"
"
"
are
inconclusive.
CoLLiNET,
P.
siMe.
The
our
completes
knowledge
The previous tinuation (see part of this memoir above)was devoted to the chronology ; in this conA long enquiry detail of the Greek connections are set out. the political
CLOCHfe, P.
"
La Grice et
the Persian seizure of the Mendesian mouth, the desire of Iphikrates to while it was undefended, the timidity of Pharnabazos, push on to Memphis failure by delaying tillthe rise of the Nile. for the reinforcements, and waiting In all this M. Clochd does not point the close parallel to the invasion by Louis IX :
is
on
to push on he landed at Damietta, only 20 miles difference; his one chance was but he to Cairo before the Nile rose, waited months to collect troops, while more the Saracens rapidly recovered, and planned resistance. Pharnabazos,
an
open
retreat, and
total wreck, by keeping command of the sea. The final he had been attacking. his betrayal, and flight to the Persians whom fall of assault by the Persians under Ochos is studied at great length, and the futile is the Greek policy seen to be more Nowhere the Egyptian kingdom.
91
in the alternate support of Egypt and of Persia. Egypt was to any Greek interest, and if the Greek assistance had been given no menace continuously to Egypt, the Persians would have been defeated and reduced long before Alexander.
Les nouvelles eludes sur le Calendrier ptoUmatque. This is a the study of relation of the Egj^tian and Greek calendars in the latter part of the by the Zeno papyri. The relations are greatly reign of Philadelphos, as shown intercalation, by use the the complicated uncertainty of and of a fiscal and a
Lesquier,
J.
"
Much still doubtful, as the uncertainties and year-system. remains A biennial intercalary lunar factors the the unknown exceed scope of material. between so was that the year alternated month used, 354 and 384 days, averaging regnal
have
the 4 days' surplus was eliminated is not stated. It would intercalary month needed suppressing the every 9 years. But there is no trace of this rectification in the table of connections, and without this the lunar therefore 369. months would
How
slip through
11
1 9 1 6.
W.
"
der Briefe
were
21,
Dynastie
aus
El-Hibe.
Dr.
more
Spiegelberg
than
twenty which no years ago. The papyri are fragmentary and there was provenance, but from internal evidence he finds that they come from El Hibeh, about 13 km. north The papyri consist chiefly of letters,which, by the names, must of Tehneh.
papyri
bought
together at Luxor
be dated to the XXIst dynasty. The principal correspondent is a divine father The Temple-scribe, Hor-pen-ese letters are from him. Two and of the Camp. first letter refers to soldiers, the second to horses ; both begin with flowery
prayers for the welfare of the recipient. In one of the letters is made to Hor-pen-ese, the well-known addressed mention of 'Masaherte, High-priest ; he was from illness hands of the help the at suffering and sought Another fragment god of El Hibeh. alludes to Isi-em-kheb and Pasebkhanu. salutations and
Unfortunately
the
papyri
are
too
fragmentary
were
to
translate
completely,
but
fragments
in the
hope
in other collections.
writing On of this papyrus is of the Ptolemaic period, about the second century B.C. Hen-naw, the recto are the remains of a story concerning a magician named son Fortunately an almost complete version of Hor, and two birds of heaven. is In this story the magician's on the story preserved, written potsherd. "of is Hi-Hor, and he possessed two birds. On one occasion, when the birds name
were
demotische
Papyrus
Heidelberg
736.
The
him
they
was
seized and
him
to write out
carried to Pharaoh he was undoubtedly released and lived happy ever after. The hymn to Isis, apparently to be sung at a religious procession. "a
The birds found at Elephantine. his history on two rolls of papyrus, which in his palace. The end of the story is lost, but imprisoned
verso
contains
Sethe,
K.
"
Die historischeBedeutung
was
des
Phild-Dekrets
aus
kings
92
who reigned in the South for twenty years, and he placed the end of this short Sethe recounts dynasty in the nineteenth regnal year of Ptolemy Epiphanes. further details for discovery Revillout's, this all the proofs and adds some of which throw light on this obscure period. The two kings were called respectively and Anchmachis, the latter was called Amnos, Harmachis Sethe shows that the general who overthrew Thebes, and that the final battle took place near he Nubian kings two were that these also proves of origin. and
and
Sethe,
aus
Zwei bisher iiberseheneNachrichten iiher Kunstwerke aus Kupfer Geschichte. (i)Sethe makes den dltesten Zeiten der dgyptischen the very
K.
"
interesting suggestion that the entry on the Palermo Stone, which he, in common Birth of Kha-Sekhemui," with all other scholars, has read should have an in the inscription under The two signs which occur entirely different meaning. is the sign for metal, The first been have hitherto mes the word neglected.
"
The second is divided from the first which must be read with the word mes. by a wide space, and is the hieroglyph A, which in its root meaning reads High." Sethe brings together instances to show that A followed by a king's
"
name as mes
refers to
"
buUding
"
or
is determined
and is Kha-Sekhemui."
some work of art, in this case by the picture of the statue. birth," the result is not as
"
"
Pepy
I as proof that the Egyptians were by the Vlth dynasty. (2)In the reign of Nefer-ar-ka-Ra, of the Vth
records that various cubits in copper and and of the
same
Sethe cites the great copper statue of masters of the art of metal working, dynasty, the Palermo
Stone
were objects a
made in electrum, and also an obelisk of eight Morning-boat metal and Evening-boat in the same solar
size.
Sethe,
"
K.
"
Ein
agypiisches
Denkmal
von
white in island Cerigo was in found the was published in of and marble excavations inscribed on it have the Journal of Hellenic Studies, XVII, 349. The signs Sethe, Cretan or been supposed to be Mycenaean alphabetic characters."
"
A Userkef.
little bowl in
once
as
the
name
of Userkaf
's
sun-sanctuary
Q"^"
built, according to the Palermo Stone, in the fifth or sixth year of which the court that king. Sethe now reads the name of the sanctuary as nehen Ra, being same Ra," as the c3z". the " sign of offeringsof
"
Steindorff,
G.
"
Middle Kingdoms
the double crown, and the striped head-dress with Kingdom that by the kings, but it is not until the New far it, as first to wear The the khepersh the so-called war-helmet appears. Kames, but it became the usual head-dress of the know at present, was as we
crowns,
"
peace. The form is well known ; it is represented as Steindorff holds to covered with rings or discs, and is uniformly coloured blue. the opinion that it is,as has always been supposed, a head-dress of leather with of hairmetal rings. Borchardt, however, holds that it is a special method dressing, and that the rings are a stylised representation of curls, and quotes in the Temple of Abydos showing Sety I wearing what might be a wig a relief Pharaoh, either in
war
or
"
93
wore
"
that
Queen
Nefert-ythi
covered
deal of evidence khepersh wa#- considered, by the Egyptians themselves, to be form of hairdressing, as it is usually mentioned a with the
good
also points out that the hair of kings same Steindorff colour as the khepersh. from literary sources, showing that the
a crown
crowns
Steindorff and with the atef-crown. with the double crown, Dendereh a that at procession of gods and goddesses carry crowns also points out is the fifth,coming after the white and red crowns as offerings,and the khepersh is discussed, Semitic scholars The origin of the word khepersh and before the and Lower Egypt,
atef.
such
as
Max
MiiUer
word
are
introduced
inclining to the belief that it is a foreign and Zimmern from Syria or Assyria. Steindorff thinks that their derivations
possible but not probable, and points out that the word is always spelt out in the orthography of Egyptian words and not in the special forms reserved If, therefore, the word was itselfwas for foreign words. not foreign, the crown
foreign either. It is not found before the New Kingdom, but, as Steindorff Pharaohs knowledge the the our of representations of of early periods is says, in the New Kingdom the royal statue very seldom confined to statues, and even
not
wears
almost entirely in reliefsand paintings, where the king is shown offering in the Temple, taking part in great ceremonies, likely that a foreign or in company with his wife and children. It hardly seems into introduced be head-dress, newly so completely the country, should adopted ; it it is more head-dress, was an that use or the probable ancient of which more
crown
the blue
; it is represented
less superseded the other crowns for ordinary wear in the New Kingdom. Another the outline of which possibilityis that it is the leather case for the red crown, fit it. would Texts, four groups of texts which contain a reference to an ancient funerary ritual.* In these the is called upon to raise himself from his left side and to lie upon his dead man in order to receive certain offerings ; he is called right, my father," and the thy son, thy heir." As the records of excavators reciter speaks of himself as
"
RuscH,
A.
are,
in the Pyramid
"
"
show,
the usual position of the body is facing west with the head to the south ; from the east ; the cemetery being in the western desert, the offerer would come the dead of food
man
and
accompanies Another son-text is obviously though it also contains a reference to the son. Osirian ; this Rusch considers to be later. He states the chronological position thus :
"
is therefore exhorted to turn over in order to receive the offering Rusch drink. suggests that the harvest text, which sometimes the exhortation, is a later addition to the more primitive form,
1.
The
.
son
as
(theson
person)
living king brings harvest offerings at certain festivalsto his dead father (the is spoken of in the third son person). Horus as the nd-U of his father (the son 3. again spoken of in the third
2.
The
person).
Kees, H.
"
Ein Onkel
has suggested that Aanen, the brother of Queen Tyi, who at Thebes, was of Amon also High-priest of Heliopolis, on
second
account
4
"
Greatest of seers." Kees calls attention to the fact that even as early as the beginning of the XVIIIth dynasty the titlewas no longer confined to HeUopolis, but is found in Thebes. The Ra-cult with its priestly title was established chiefly Hermonthis but Thebes, High-priests bore at also at where several of Amon Greatest of seers." the title of
"
Ember,
a
A.
"
Kindred
a
Words. Semito-Egyptian
series,of which continuation of It is an with kindred words in Arabic and Hebrew. to the study of the ancient Egyptian language, and contains many interesting the ka, food," that the suggestion points, amongst others word and ka, tective prointimately connected with the Semitic word meaning genius, double," are
"
" "
Arabic
"
to guard, protect."
Snh probably refers to the musical instrument in the temple : from the determinative of metal, the word Snb, it is possibly a trumpet. which accompanies interpreter of hieroglyphs, is regaining his lost Horapollo, as an 2. credit. He clearly knew the late forms of the writing, and many of his statements are therefore very illuminating for students of the late period. A title of Hathor in late times is Mistress of sixteen. Horapollo says that the word for joy was
"
Spiegelberg,
a
W.
Varia.
i.
playing of
written with the numeral sixteen ; therefore the titlereads Mistress ofjoy. 3. In discussing a new legend of the birth of Horus, Spiegelberg disregards
the facts of anthropology. This makes some of his remarks rather out of date, is interesting. the the though greater part of article to be angry," is from the Egyptian 4. The derivation of the Coptic oot,
"
which
a
by
analogy
with
other Coptic
derivatives must
have
been
triliteral verb
C
the spelling of
firstpointed out that the inner rooms of houses, temples, and decorated to represent the world, with the sky above, and even were the earth underfoot. Visitors to the temples wrote in their graffiti that they like a heaven within, in which Ra rose." The two pylons found the temple
5. Maspero of tombs,
"
the who raise the God of Edfu (i.e., called Isis and Nephthys, in In horizon." he a temple the Sun-god) orientated east and west, when shines the sun could be seen rising between the pylons, which would be considered as
of Edfu
"
are
in the temple. of
6. Brugsch held
a
1\
^
^^
kind, but relicof Osiris. Spiegelberg agrees that it is a receptacle of some it bearing from literary document sources a that the titles contained proves last ment will and testaof the god as ruler of Egypt. In the case of Horus it is the Horus by Egypt. The father Geb his kingship the of of which obtained
"
"
kings carried the same as being themselves divine, and also as successors object isdue to the material of Horus. Spiegelberg suggests that the shape of the object it leather, was was squeezed in the middle made, probably soft which of which by the pressure of the hand. The word mtks ends in which refer to the royal insignia.
s as
do
so
many
other words
95
words, the Egyptian
as
^vnP
not
"
mother,"
such
^^ which
was-
M.ov6, of the vulture-goddess of written. It is suggested that the name but perhaps meant Thebes, has nothing to do with the word for mother,"
" "
simply
vulture."
The
reading
of the word
^
,
"
town,"
was
also probably
Von
Lange
" I gave of land of watered ground to reap every year." Spiegelberg reads this as inundation." arura to him the produce of one after the annual In the event ; this custom early periods each year was called after some 9.
the year of the continued tiU late times, the most interesting example being famine." hyaenas, when there was in the Berlin Museum, translation of a papyrus, now 10. The shows that to a tenant. The tenant had been evicted, but it is a letter from a landowner landowner's is permitted to retain the land. he intercession the at the of wife
the fact, but is to merely to announce is in lease force. that the the authorities still
"
The
serve
as
11.
are
who troubles.
12.
the eye-doctors, specialists in medicine were Kingdom curers the of intestinal onwards, and
Semtutef-nachte, already published a record of Admiral from here inscription a statue which he publishes an copied and Spiegelberg saw at a dealer's in Cairo. It is interesting to find a reference to the rather rare Her-shefi, as the admiral of the prophets also held the officeof the overseer god Griffith has May he have of good wishes is found in the expression, It is the stereotyped phrase after a king's name, Gifted the duration of Ra." in letters. lifelike Ra for demotic it is ever," with and also the usual greeting
"
"
14. There is a MsAa6^i-figurein the Berlin Museum with an unusual inscription. Instead of the words by the hard manual' to fill the channels with water," i.e.,
"
work
of
the
the shaduf,
"
text
gives
variant
the
"="
[I ^q
a^ac
sJ 'j
"^
-,
Roeder
translates this
not
as
as
to sail round
"
carry out
can mean
suggests that,
kd
Spiegelberg points as He therefore labour. the of agricultural a wheel," the reference here is to the method fields," but,
idea
as was
of raising water by a wheel, such 15. The rib of the palm leaf
is in used
use as
in Egypt
and
was
called
a
jL.
a,
which
means
palm-stick, in Coptic
bai.
"
16. On
statuette
Great of the Theban priest Ke-te-Mut, he is called Libyan the Spiegelberg identifies these people with
"
for the so-called 17. The Egyptian name in the early examples as in New the same
"
Maxims
"
is practically be translated
Educational
"
precepts." 18. The phrase njr-hr, applied to Ptah and other gods, is usually translated beautiful of face," but would be more gracious of correctly translated as
"
face."
96
Zeitschrift fiirAegyptischeSpracke.
Spiegelberg, W.
"
word nmhw free." apparently continues into Coptic as pue"; with the meaning demotic script of the Rosetta Stone seems 2. The to have been done by two hands, the firstas far as the end of the protocol, the rest by the second. The use of the word in the sentence teaching the rest of the people, who in were another teaching during the disturbance which reigned in Egypt,"
" "
"
Demotische
Miszellen.
i.
The
Egyptian
"
Those who are of the word under Akhenaten. were always the enemies of the king. 3. Spiegelberg proposes to recognise in No. 1,326 of Mariette's Catalogue d'Abydos an inscription relating to the embalming des Monuments and burial falcon. dead a of
"
same
"
use
demotic ostraka in the British Museum are receipts for the cemetery dues paid to a certain Panas and paid by him to the Overseer of the Nekropolis. Magical 5. Spiegelberg proposes to read an enigmatical group in the London 4. Two Papyrus
sentence
as
Y,
as
cue.
The
whole
uraeus-
would
run,
which lies as
given of Greek words spelt out in demotic, or literally handwriting," gid, might also be translated directly into
"
English.
drowned," the 7. The word /isy, determined with the Sun-god, means determinative not being read. In demotic the usual mad-krw formula after the is also determined with the Sun-god. The dead were identified not only name in his journey. The hypothey accompanied with Osiris but with Ra, whom in late times, is also connected with Ra worship. Schafer cephalus, so common has suggested that the hypocephalus originated as the which is represented object hnmt is it in Middle Kingdom there ; wrt coffins, and called may be a
"
also Ptolemaic hieroglyphic texts, introduce a new absolute in the third person singular and plural, the except pronoun object, is retained. The new pronominal form is found in the where the old pronoun inscription Persian period, and even as as the early of Piankhy and the story
as
to denote
of Wenamon. writing is
In Piankhy
s="
ll before |]
; and possibly which take a t between the verb and the object first t the the the person singular, which follows pronoun of also of objective from infinitives ending in t or a, may result the use of the demotic pronoun with imperatives.
imperatives
9. Greek
merely
"
titlesare
In Brother
sometimes
one case
transcribed.
as
literallytranslated into demotic, sometimes the demotic scribe paraphrased the Greek
syn-genes
(sen) of
the genos."
{To be continued.)
(/3
09
D O si O
O
Z
"
^
a z ":
o
z
z z
cu
O
h9 tii
Q O
ANCIENT
MODELS
Photographs discovered The in
are an now
EGYPT.
OF
EGYPTIAN
LOOMS.
model is a I am this it must be remembered only dealing with photographs and not with the be actual model, and that disarrangement of the yarn, etc., even slight, must For for. have learnt, we or are the model with what comparing allowed already
available of the model illustratingEgyptian textile methods dynasty tomb recently by Messrs Winlock and Burton. remarkable one and well worth a full description, but in writing Xlth
illustrationson the tomb walls already made public, I have illustration the chosen of the wall drawing in the tomb of Tehuti-hetep, Xllth dynasty, issued in Prof. Percy Newberry's El Bersheh, I, pi. 26, and reproduced as Fig.
II
in my
Ancient
Egyptianand Greek
Looms
see
here Fig.
i.
m-^
ml
"
NawHeiryi
Dat"
itoot I.
1939"1849
B.C
From
Profenor
Percy
Fig.
and
Burton's
model
some
(frontispiece and
raw
Fig.
2) there
are
three
at material, probably woman front in of each material, while The three a truncated slice of a sphere. there is a drawn being its for upon squatting women appear to be preparing the material corner the left-hand by the three women in front In of top them. the standing of Tehuti-hetep illustration can be seen two women with similar appliances, and is reversed. in but the apparently engaged similar work, platform's position
98
Models
of Egyptian
Looms.
The function of the Uttle platform is not very obvious ; it may but these women ow? eiTiverpov or used by Greek women, their manipulation model the Egyptian
on
women
the articles on the model It is possible the littleplatforms may as it was drawn upon.
drew the material /row utider their instrument unless have got misplaced in transit, which I rather doubt.
have been used to hold down
the material
Between there are three pots which are possibly the two sets of women are drawing the so-prepared material, tension pots, from which the standing women From this the sliver and twisting it on to a sort of distaff held in the left hand. far is lightly by means the (so prepared of spindle in the right hand spun
material)
and the thigh, the action being indicated by the raised right leg. The furthermost standing woman appears to be working with three slivers or rovings, the middle one with one only. They are, in fact, with two, and the last or nearest woman doubling (twisting, folding) ; in so doing are thinning out the yarn until the correct fineness is attained, and the rovings spun into finished yarn. On the opposite wall are two women engaged in warping, that is, arranging for beaming, is the the yam so-arranged warp on to the loom. which putting The more sisters (yam centrally-placed woman appears to be warping with
" "
two or more or less side by side in contrast to doubling where yams placed more from Theban tombs, are twisted into one). In some cloths specimens of mummy by Sir E. Wallis Budge, we have warp which is doubled given to Bankfield Museum
which is sisters." The nearer warper is apparently working with an ordinary doubled yarn. On the floor are two models of horizontal looms, with the two beams held in position by the usual pegs, and provided with single heddles, shed-sticks and the
as
"
well
as
warp
well-known curve-ended beater-in. Other details are not sufficientlyclear description. Prof. Garstang's discovery of a smaller model with the to warrant
now
loom
to prove that the Xllth merely indicated by lines on the floor was the first horizontal and not dynasty drawings of looms before the Hyksos invasion were
Messrs. striking manner. in on their discovery their for New York, is from interesting textile the work which point of view extremely and important. H. Ling Roth.
a
vertical looms, and the present model confirms this in Winlock and Burton are to be heartily congratulated
During
my
I (winter of 1920-21)
made
some
study
of the
"
very primitive methods of spinning and weaving in use there, and I gladly attempt here to answer by Prof. Petrie on my return home the question put to me I had seen anything similar to the processes shown in the wonderful whether newly-discovered weaving model, which I had marvelled at when passing through
Cairo. I have
number
seen
groups
of
women
weaving ; another with admirably faithful the artist of the model beam that will ride up as the web grows.
with just such a loom, one of their heddle the rod ; the third how ! controlling that tiresome back was
on
"
"
I have
seen
women
spindle rolled on the thigh and dropped whorl uppermost warping in similar fashion to the two at the wall, winding the warp on the pegs one thread at a time from the spindle. While I hav^ watched such groups of
Models
of Egyptian
Looms.
99
'
with their hair braided after the fashion of Ancient Egypt, their surroundings and belongings mud-walled huts and courts, bedsteads, mats, and baskets in character, I have been seized with the emotion of Elroy Flecker's equally archaic Old Ship," and I have feltas ifI saw a scene vision of th"
women,
"
"
"
"
"
of
And,
"
some
wonder, Thought I who yes, it must have wove the linen that
"
knows
"
who
knows,
but in that
"
same
way that the women of Ancient Egypt How simple their tools and methods were, figures and yet how beautiful and good the result. When you look at the little in the model (Fig. preparing and spinning their flax,you see why it was so good. 2), In hand-spinning the heckled flax was put directly on the distaff,and the spinner
same
won
fame.
She could choose, the machine can't, and took which fibres she liked to spin up. experts stillallow that her gentleness and intelligence could produce a better
Fig.
2.
Side
View
of
Frontispiece.
thread than the violence of the spreader, the rover, and the hot water trough ? I But where are the fine spinners of Egypt now of the spinning machine. help thinking that a sympathetic the women of the cannot observer among living, Fayum flax is (where still grown)might find much of the ancient craft still and give better parallels to the processes of the model than I can ; striking as those I have seen in the Sudan are, they cannot be taken as exact, for they are allconcerned with wool and cotton, while those of the model are to do with flax. In the absence of such observations I have been encouraged by Mr. Ling Roth to place this note on some of the processes I have seen, with his description of
the model itself.
Warp
Laying."
are
In the Sudan
treadle loom
laid on pegsknocked
warps
lOO
Models
of Egyptian
Looms.
The
warping walks up and down, spindle in one hand, laying one thread One of from it with the other, exactly after the fashion shown in the model. X in Fig. i. be doing to same Bersheh figures the thing, the marked appears also
woman
Fig. 3 shows a usual arrangement of the pegs, the number of which, with their zig-zags, vary with its length. The warps on the wall in the model have but three pegs, so I take it that they represent the exact length of the looms. The crossing is not seen, but in the absence of a special peg (pegB in the diagram)
to hold the crossing it would not be very noticeable in any case. to liftso simple a warp off the pegs and slip it on the loom matter
It is
an
easy
beams.
^
Fig. 3. Sudani Cotton Fig. 4. Wooden Weaving
Warp. Implements.
The looms in the model are very like the horizontal two-beam in Sudan for the weaving of woollen goods such as tent cloths, the used blankets, fringed bags, and patterned camel girths ; also by Bedouin in Egypt for very similar purposes. I recognize the four pegs planted in the hard beaten floor of court or house, the two beams laid behind them, the rod heddle, and the shed rod between it and the back beam, the long rod with its double function
"
The Loom.
looms
Sudani women; of shed opener and batten. working with clinging woollen threads, use also a sharp-pointed stick or gazelle horn to beat up with, but this would not be so necessary with flax threads. One very essential p.irt of the
loom is missing, the heddle rod supports, which are various in kind, baked Y-shaped stones, clay pillars, sticks, etc. Is it possible that the curious implements lying on either side of the loom were wooden used for this purpose ? This seemed to mc first a based on the absence of any at probable suggestion,
Sudani
support
under
serve
the heddle
solidity to
of sufficient and the presence of four wooden objects the purpose, but the shape of the implements does not make
Models
of Egyptian
more
Looms.
loi
like tools used in the hand to adjust in a loom of this class ? The warp adjust beam in the model is quite clearly fixed ; was the cloth beam possibly a revolving one as some ? experts think is the case in the loom of the Tomb of Khnem-hotep I could sec- nothing in the model to indicate this. As usual, the new discovery
has raised
a new
I have asked Prof. Petrie to republish a drawing problem. from the Univ. Coll. collection in the hope originals of similar implements a finding solution (Fig. 4).
of of
This simple type of loom has one great virtue, the warp is well stretched, but it needs a strong one, and no doubt this is the reason why so much of the ancient linen has the warp threads doubled ; Sudani woollen warps are also made You can virtue is its mobility. pick up the whole concern, the beams, walk away with it and peg it down somewhere if Again, is is interest a this not without else required. and point which in considering the evolution of the Egyptian loom : you can, if you wish, weave
of doubled
Indians vertically instead of horizontally on it ; you have only, as the Navaho do with their similar loom, to tie one of the beams to a support above instead of the floor to gain whatever it is that can be gained by the change of position. Further, the very crudity of the loom gives the weaver freedom ; all textures, all
to (or hers)
woman weaving such say a belt inches hour I have Sudani 10 or a (as done) per patterned out a black-and-white camel girth, or more startling still,a Cairene weaver of intricate braids, virtuoso in colour combinations, his already supplementing
"
on
loom
Navaho
"
elaborate set of heddles by a reversion to primitive practice, his fingers flying the threads as a pianist's among the keys, gives the clue to the fine work among Egypt is the ; secret not altogether lost, but is stillrevealed to the of ancient children of the world, and beauty is stillwon by patience and simplicity.
G. M.
Crowfoot.
is from Beni Hasan ; it shows how cover the spinner worked with spindles, standing on a height to allovv of a long spin before winding up, The two pots in front belong to another spinner ; the and rolling the spindle on the thigh. front threads are drawn from a yellow mass (Rosellini).]
[The
figure
on
the
two
I02
THE
An
DATE
OF
THE
MIDDLE
EMPIRE.
than a ton of subjective of archaeologicalevidence is worth more lation, specuis date forthcoming Middle for now the the that and settling of evidence Egyptian Empire, or at least its relation to Babylonian history. I have recently
ounce
inscribed with names the two alabaster vases examining of kings of the Babylonian in Louvre. They dynasty of Akkad, which are now are the only the from brought Babylonia, ones as the genuine yet with exception of one of older But there is more date from Lagas, lately acquired by the Ashmolean. than one forgery existent, though deceive the expert. The Louvre No.
vases none
been
seen
is sufficientlygood
to
are of Egyptian alabaster. No. 2 bears the name of that of Rimus, the son and successor of Sargon, the founder Both vases are of Middle Empire (X-XIVth dynasties) of the dynasty of Akkad. form ; I found many examples of No. 2 in the Xth dynasty graves which I
Naram-Sin,
know from the annalistic tablets of Nippur, as now Museum discoveries of M. Legrain (The[Pennsylvania) was that the date of Sargon of Akkad about 2800 B.C., 1920), few difference less. Before date, a more or therefore, the Xth that with years' Egyptian dynasty will have already been upon the throne. The cuneiform texts discovered by the German excavators at Assur have excavated
at El-Kab.
We
Among Babylonia that relations already existed between shown and Egypt. them is the copy of a sort of geographical survey of his empire by Sargon of Akkad, giving the distance in double miles of one part of his dominions from In this, after stating atis Assur verschiedenen Inhalts, another {KeilschrifUexte
92). Elam) was 90 beri, or double miles, in extent, he goes on (southern To the Tin-land (and)Kaptara [i.e., to say : the countries beyond the Krete) Dilmun Magan Upper [Sea] (NorthernArabia (theMediterranean), (and) (Tylos) from the Persian Gulf to the Sinaitic Peninsula) the countries beyond the Lower Sea (the Persian Gulf), from the lands of the rising sun to the lands of the even
that Anzan
"
I learn has prevailed." setting sun, the hand of Sargon the king in 3 campaigns from Dr. Forrer that a still important text, not yet published, is a stele of more another Sargon, the patesi of Assur 2180 B.C., who claims to have conquered Egypt, Krete, where his or as well as Kaptara The from Tin-land beyond the sea." the (ku-ki) commissioners received tribute Sudani occupation of Egypt explains the name dynasty king Nehesi, of the XlVth Sudani pottery which I found at Ed-Der, opposite as well as the black-topped then under
a
foreign Sudani
dynasty,
"
dynasty graves. and XVII-XVTIIth to the Old Empire not speak of the prehistoric period with its seal-cylinders there must have been indirect intercourse between Egypt introduced into On the one hand, Babylonian civilisationwas and Babylonia.
But
as
Esna, between
Xll-XIVth
as
far back
"
"
The Date
of the
Middle
Empire.
103
Asia Minor at an early date, and in the age of the Ilird dynasty of Ur (2400 B.C.) in possession of the Assyro-Babylonians, who worked the eastern Asia Minor was mines of the Taurus and whose merchants and postmen traversed the roads that
On the other hand, Prof. Petrie has found had been made through the country. to Old Empire Prof. Gladstone's analysis, would have gold which, according from Asia Minor. The intercourse must have continued with little break ; come Prof. Maspero
made of
told
me
dynasty
come
juniper-wood, which
have
were
A. H.
Sayce.
I.
Vase
of
Rimus.
a.
Vase
of
Naram-Sin.
from other instances as is known of the vase of Naram-Sin dynasty ; the comparisons which have been made with a vase and one of the 1st dynasty are incorrect. of the Vlth dynasty from Mahasnah A vase might have been made in Egypt long before its export to Babylonia, and there will be a lower limit for the when we are certain of the date of Naram-Sin
[The
form
belonging
to the Xth
in the opposite direction is the lazuli cylinder, lately inscription, which may have been of any age before sold in Cairo, with cuneiform I. F.P.] it was exported to Egypt as lazuh, and engraved for Amenemhat Xth dynasty. A similar
case
"
104
THE
TREE
OF
THE
HERAKLEOPOLITE
NOME.
Director of the Station for Seed Testing in Holland, Unhappily he was seized with illness, this summer. and died on visited London his return to his home at Wageningen. Sad to say, this is the last paper of his, and the present form of the translation has not received his final
[Dr.
the Bruijning,
revision.]
nart
I.
The
Pomegranate.
2.
The
Oleander.
5. The Pomegranate.
I.
6. Form
of the nome-sign.
nome.
Professor Newberry
in the
78)has
was
fl
as
or
rin^
(B. Thes.
an
VI,
1251).
"
He
does not
admit
of Loret's opinion
that it is
oleander.
as
He
writes
on
this nowe-sign,
IVth
they appear
In figures 1-6 I give the various forms of The firstexample, from a the monuments.' the ill-defined appendage
dynasty stele of (J
explains |^^T".
of the later
branch on one side terminating in a flower forms ; it is clearly a tree with projecting This branch was already becoming misunderstood in the Vth or fruit. projecting holding a 9. Later, in the XVIIIth dynasty, and taking the form of an arm dynasty, the ring. Among find
way
a
separated from the tree sign, and in the hand is a Q the cult signs occurring on the prehistoric Decorated pottery we tree-branch terminating in a flower or fruit (Fig. 7),evidently the early
arm
has become
of representing the Herakleopolite tree. The shape of the fruit or flower, and the form of the tree of the IVth dynasty example, certainly shows that we identify it with the oleander, but it very closely resembles the pomecannot granate, it drawing in tree on a as will be seen a comparing with pomegranate of
one
El Amarna, I, PI. tombs (Davies, fore, of the Tell el Amarna 32). I think, therethat we may safely identify the sacred tree of Herakleopolis with the pomegranate L.), {Punica granatum, which may well have been indigenous in Lower may Objections be raised to both Newberry's
on
now
2.
the
on nar
occurrence
in the
the
was
name
Coptic
wep
being
Nerium
Oleander
cultivated throughout
'
sign of HerakleopoHs. occurs at present in Egypt is unquestioned ; it is to the country, and its range extends from Mesopotamia the
nome
"
Footnote
by Newberry.
or
In
an
from Tehneh figured in Annates du Service, example We shall refer to this afterwards. the top of the tree."
The
Tree
105
Spain.
Probably
It is,however,
was
Mediterranean,
this must
typically south open question whether this plant, now in the Old Kingdom, known even or at an earlier date. Nerium is one of the oldest be answered in the negative.
an
The northern sympetals, fossil traces of which go back as far as the Eocene. in Bohemia, limit was in England it is now th"h the north of and whereas south It is Egypt by to tree to Alps. a that came the the not rash view say way of of
influence. In regard to Egypt, it is an intruder unknown Syria, under human Indeed, there is no indication that the original flora of the Nile Valley. among
Nerium
was
known
nor are there any the interesting finds of Flinders Petrie, described by Newberry and Hawara, ch.
in the early dynasties. Representations of it do not appear, is it among nor remains of it from the Old or Middle Kingdoms,
vii)
(1
Fig. 1 Stela of Fig. 2.
Ulit-hip
Fig.3.
tibt-lftp
Fig. 4. Nome
List of
Kl-wd-cnlt.
n
Tig. 5. Pta!helep Pi.ilili/;tep (D.^viEs, I.).
Fig. 6.
hi.t-hti"
8 Tomb
oi Meryra,
Tell el Amania.
(NtWBEHRY Coll.).
m
^
y\r.. 9.
Kkpkesentations
D'anres
dk
l aloks
kt
uarbres.
10
Schwcinfurth.
in which bears on the question of 3. Here another consideration must come It the pomegranate tree. is the and sacred generally assumed that the climate of Egypt has not materially changed in the last 4,000 years, nor the vegetation. Blanckenhorn, to whom we owe the best geological study of Egypt,' is of the
opinion, but admits the possibility of the climate having been somewhat Such moister in the pyramid times, in accordance with the opinion of O. Fraas. The Ilird dynasty is 800 years earlier still,it is so estimates are but vague.
same
when
the nome-signs
were
adopted
the climate
Pliocaen
und
Neues Geologic und Palaeontologie Aegyptens,IV, Das zur in Quartaerzeitalier Aegypten, Zeits. Deut. Geol. Gesellschaft, 53, 1901, p. 457.
'
M.
Blanckenhorn,
[2,800 years
earlier according
to the
Egyptians.]
io6
was
A difference of dimate raoister,and perhaps warmer. As far back as 1874 Schweinfurth expressed would involve a different vegetation. the view (/w Herzen von Africa, I, pp. 74-5 ; also Le pianteutilidell'Eritrea, Boll. Soc. Afric. d'Italia, Napoli, X, Nos. 11, 12) that the climate of Egypt is
slowly changing
from
tropical to
Mediterranean
grew spontaneously in ancient Egypt are now Such are the papyrus and the Acacia Nilotica, now as common plants in Egypt, where formerly they were White Nile.
type. Many plants which found blooming on the White Nile. only found as as they now
cultivated on the
are
It would be going too far at present to enter on the historicaland geographical distribution of plants which is here involved ; but it must be deemed improbable that a nome-sign should be connected with a plant for which climatic conditions in ancient Egypt. This alone would indicate that the as we the nome-sign was not likely to be the oleander, nor shall see below A forms Herakleopolite more the the pomegranate. sign view of ancient of excludes the possibility of its being an oleander.
were
not
favourable
"
"
Let
us
now
the oleander
was
Q, wep
UHp,
secondly,
Loret's theoretical view has not been opposed, called nar. If it be granted, then, as we have to assume that the tree in
on
the contrary
"
may
be identified with Nerium, consequently ndr cannot represent either the name of the tree or that of the nome. In his study of to be read, if this be the case. 4. How, then, is the nome Steindorff' speaks of the nart nome, divided into the former and the nomes hinder nart
Brugsch
nomes,
XX
and XXI.
But
rests prohahlyndrt
"
on
misunderstanding.
name
in earlier works
as
"
considered
"u
Li Li "
f^
as
another
"
for
1 2J) "^
Herakleopolis, in his
"
in his essay
M,*
^^^^ Mendes
not rather that it was of 1891 (pp.193-4). But it seems in but Wreszinsky, the neighbourhood. the name of a sanctuary of the city, in his work on the London 12, 9, p. medical papyrus. No. 10059 (^9^2,
Religion
195),
ich will dich noch n'rt bringen," taking it to be the name of a Thou art the soul of Ra, locality. In the hymn to Osiris, Budge translates, Thou art the beneficent his own body, and hast thy place of rest in Henensu. translates
as
"
"
(Pap.Ani, I, 1913, p. 59 ; see also his Gods of and art praised in Nart II, p. Indeed, Budge has expressed liimselfquite clearly in the Egyptians, 148).
one,
"
{Dictionary. 1920,
p.
^^^ 1,004)
designated about
Nar
it, as
"
as
district of
"
He (Herakleopolis)."
I,
he
reads
{),
-4)-ii
and
"
"sycomore
tree
Rec, 15,
"
sycomore
tree
"
sycomore and his Urkunden have their doubts, as, for instance, G. Roder (in Er liegt in Siidbut also Baum (p. oder Stadt where he reads
"
" "
Laurier
vtjpiov,"
1915),
'
22),
westen
von
Naret
"
(p.132). We
cannot
Die
aeg. Gaue
XXVII,
No.
XXV,
1909,
p. 878).
The Tree
XdJ
evident
now
"Q ^
may
quite
different species, so that Loret's version of the determinative of nart may stand, while it is decidedly wrong in regard to the nome-sign, the sacred tree of the XXth nome, with which we are now concerned.
5. This tree
view,
a
was
not
pomegranate
was
the oleander ; was it then, according to Mr. Newberry's ? I will try to answer Schweinfurth's this question. had been grown
"
supposed with many passed in other plants from South Arabia Semites to the on the north, perhaps with primitive age Verh. Berl. the sycomore and persea (Schweinfurth, ges., 1891, 649-669). anthrop. The cultivated species would have to be derived from the Punica protopunica,
"
in Egypt
to have
from
the
Balf., only known in Socotra (J. B. Balfour, Botany of Socotra, pp. 93-96). Schweinfurth supposes that this wild species durch die Blatter eigentlich nur Botanik, 1895, p. {Vorgeschichiliche vcrschieden ist." Also Buschan 159)is of in Northwestern home Punica is in Felix, Arabia that the than opinion original rather of
"
or
Baluchistan.
are
but they
no
would
be in accord
with
found
the Pliocene of southern France (Meximieux) a fossil species is is P. Planchoni, distinguishable from P. the which scarcely granatum, Sap., and it is obvious that the latter like Nerium has moved southward. Also the pomegranate have Semites, Egypt to come through the may and many early
as
"
"
its origin in Persia, for been grown where presumably but is Xlth no this 4,000 years ; proof of origin, as it would only go back to the dynasty. However, it may be accepted that the pomegranate is found growing in Kxirdisin Shahu (Persian wild cleftsof the calcareous mountains of Avroman circumstances Afghanistan
seem
to bear
this out.
Decandolle
sought
or
Baluchistan,
the
plant had
and tan),
and North-western India (V.Hehn, 8th KuUurpflanzen ward ed., 1911, p. 246). Thence the tree has moved souththrough Syria to Egypt, and has been cultivated there at a rather late dynasty, from Dra-abulare period. The earliest occurrences of the Xllth
. .
negga.^
Loret quotes as the oldest text naniing the pomegranate, that of Anna XVIIIth dynasty {Flore phar.,1892, p. the of 76),but as that is funerary, he rightly supposes que le grenadier n'etait pas un arbre tout a fait nouveau pour les Egyptiens." The view that it was importation is barred by the a Hyksos
"
By so late a date as this Mr. Newberry's theory examples in the Xllth dynasty. is condemned, as also by the representation of apparently leafy branches depicted on the prehistoric vases, ending in something like a flower or fruit, and looked The comparison does not hold good, as it is not made with a figure, biit complete only with a partial drawing on the pottery. On looking it closer at the drawings, especially those of Naqada. and LXVII, 1896, XXXIV is apparent that the leafy twigs evidently represent the racemose inflorescence upon
as
Punica.
of the leafless and rootless plants also occurring in these drawings, and identified by Schweinfurth, with great probability, as the Aloe. To show this we may Art, de I' to a collection of such figures given by Capart refer (Fig. {Debuts 9) Fig.
81).
cence show the probability of Newberry's branches being the infloresfruit-bearing branch of the of the Aloe, certainly neither flower nor These
pomegranate.
Schweinfurth,
'
I08
The For
Tree
brief philological the sake of completeness we should mention some later In Iranian languages the is called ndr the observations. pomegranate
mirn I'nar (Pers.), (Kurd.),
Hchn, KuUiirpflayizen, (Arm.) (see p. 247), which names or finally enpuAN (Copt.), with epuAM and with nar. Burchardt Fremdworte, II, (AUkanaan. of 1910, p. 5, No. 71),
"
its fruit," quoting from Urk. 4, 73 ; as a fruit tree and who renders anhmn Ebers, 19, 19-20 ; Harris, 56.\,5, etc. In view of the comparisons by H. Zinimern as a fruit tree, rimmon [Akkad.Fremdworte, 1915, p. (akkadian) of armannu
ruinmarui (heb.),
Burchardt (ethiop.),
and supports
denies
the connection
with
of Moldenke,^
Loret's iden-
with
7^ (|
as
"
e^
nar. are
"
about conjectures
less,but hardly enough lose myself in however, not, in line The not my own of work.
"
"
or (Birch) (Brugsch), such acacia older renderings of persea need See Levi, Vocah., Ill, be discussed. not p. 90. From the above I should be inclined to infer that the Herakleopolite nome
Nerium
Oleander
nor
nar, and that the nome A further inference is that the nome
on
Punica granatum ; that its name should therefore cannot be denoted as the nar nome.
a
at present ;
tree in question need not be found in Egypt the contrary, the ancient norae-signs go back to the very first
periods of Egyptian culture, so that, on the strength of the above observations on to seek the nome tree more to the south, on the climate, it is quite justifiable Blue or White Nile, to which region it may have retreated, like the papyrus and hippopotamus. 6. The
to be characterised by a conspicuous various forms of the nome-sign seem from Tehneh In drawing Fraser inflorescence. the [Ann.Serv., Ill, of
also cited by Newberry, this inflorescence, though conventionalised, 1902, p. 76), i to is very obvious (Fig. 5) are in 10). The examples before quoted (Figs, with this. The small differences between the examples are only what We can accept that found in such figures,and need not detain us. are commonly the tree had a large and conspicuous drooping inflorescence. The tree was, further, accordance Of such trees it was a sacred one. as (toquote Erman, presumed worshipped Religion, 1909, p. 28), die Statte einer himlichen Gottin seien, die den armen Nut oder Hath or en rennen Toten Essen und wasser pflegt." reichen und die man 7. This conception must lead us to the practical conclusion that they were as use, Wiistenrande standen trees'" die wohl am (Er., Relig.), and of some
"
"
If we combine this view with the typical form they produced food and drink. or is hardly tree, there the any conclusion but that it represents a Raphia of palm, Raphia {Monbuttorum wine palm : not a leafy tree but a palm, the adm
the aifm tree as a leafy tree Drude). This should be noted because Sethe names In Anna the text of 18th {Urk., published by him [Urk., i^thDyn., 1, 1914, p. 38). is tree the he mentions, however, that the name Dyn., 1, 1906, p. of nearly 73),
He reUes, therefore, on tip of the first sign remaining. Mon., I, 36, i)is the most familiar : other texts, of which that of Brugsch [Rec. obliterated, only the
1 1.
In the
same
are
determined
'
C. T. Moldenke,
Ueber
Baurne
The
Tree
109
^,namely
fi
^ bnrt, date
palm
{Hyphaene) should consider, why nuinki-n-kMnnt, Medemia has not been recognised as a palm. Brugsch by Anna the tree named (Diet., He was, was a date palm. Arch., 1865, thought that adm pp. 66-67, Rev 206) Texten erwdhnten however, wrong, as Diimichen and Moldenke perceived [Altaeg.
Bdum,
_Jpip We Argun.
mdma,
dum
palm
; and
^ ?:
_^ therefore,
1886, pp.
60-65), ^"ho
stated
(1 ^^ 0'^ I0'^^'^''*^
^^
palm,
and
In accounts discussed whether it were the date palm. and lists,and in the I presume that the Anna text Ebers papyrus, bnrt and adm do not interchange.
Fig.
II.
Raphia
Monbuttorum
Urude.
Victoria
Nyanza.
is an
erroneous
transcript from hieratic, as is often found in sculpture. he ascribes all the six variants of is rightly determined by
a
Moldenke,
to being tree ; for
however,
errors
V\^
for
ttttt-In
hieratic adm
palm
instance,
0 ^^
^\ iF
(Blackman,Mid.
in the Ebers
Kingdom
passage
i, Palaeographie,
(47, 11);
in the
see
confused with conclusive, and the less so if transcribed into hieroglyphics. in the text of Anna is of little significance.
determinative
has been
the leaf-tree, so
F. F. Bruijning.
"O
THE The
CEREMONY
OF
ANBA
TARABO.
bitten by a dog, in order that there a person ceremony is performed over may be no illeffects from the bite. As the proportion of fatal cases of dog-bite is only 15 per cent., even when the dog is mad, and as the greater number of bites
received from dogs which are not mad, the ceremony is naturally considered There is, know highly efficacious among a people who nothing of percentages. however, a curious nervous develop. condition which bitten patients sometimes
are
To
so,
anyone
who
has been
actually bitten by
such a condition is easily understandable. by the expectation of possibly dying the most balanced nervous to upset the most system, and
dog, whether mad or supposedly The horror and terror produced agonising of all deaths is enough
in the physical condition. The are not unlike the actual disease. Osier describes them thus : "A nervous person bitten by a dog, either rabid or supposed to be rabid, has within a few months, or later, symptoms even somewhat resembling the true disease. He is irritableand
of
course,
depressed. He constantly declares his condition to be serious, and that he will He may have paroxysms in which he says he is unable inevitably become mad. The temperature is not to drink, grasps at his throat, and becomes emotional. It lasts does disease the not progress. much longer than true rabies, elevated and and is amenable
to treatment.
It is not improbable that the of cases majority been of this hysterical form." (Osier,
p. 371, ed. 1912.) Tarabo is a certain It is this condition for which the ceremony of Anba in it. has faith preventive, especially to the patient who to students of Coptic, and also The words of the ritual are already known Two versions have have studied modern Egypt. probably to many people who
ofMedicine,
been
by Emile Galtier, Bulletin de I'Institutfran^ais already published, one d'Archdologie orientale,iv. (1905), pp. 112-127 ; the other by W. E. Crum, Coptic in the Rylands Library, pp. 236-7. Manuscripts As far as I kriow, nothing has yet been published by anyone who has actually seen the ceremony manual acts," which form so dramatic performed, and the or no a part of the rite,have obtained little attention.
"
which impress the imagination of the The onset of the real condition patient, and so effect the cure of the nervous but disease is usually within six to eight weeks, the nervous condition may supervene Tarabo Anba to The even time, of at any ceremony months afterwards. It is, however,
these manual
acts
"
"
be effectivemust be performed within forty days of the bite. In if the patient is a Moslem. At least four Christians must take part, even Christians I to over describe, the was am the service myself, about which performed were the patient,the omdeh of the village (aCopt), and two Coptic priests.
The
Ceremony
of Anba
Tarabo.
"
ill
The patient was asked her Christian name and that of her mother, and was Margaret, daughter She sat on of Margaret." referred to in all the prayers as a wooden the ground, the omdeh at her right hand ; in front of them was stool on which rested a basket tray, thus forming a kind of low table. On the tray
"
were
The
barley-bread, and a coffee-cup with some dates, cakes of unleavened oil. dates and cakes were counted, seven of each were placed on one side of the Any tray for use, the others piled together on the other side out of the way. but is have done, seven uneven the most efficacious. considered would number
placed on the ground, one on each side of the with water were qullehs filled The on two the other side of the table, facing the patient. priests stood stool. When all was ready, they recited the service together, but the pace at which they it difficultto follow the mixture of Arabic and Coptic. The younger went made
Two
priest,standing opposite the patient, signed to her to hold out her hands, palms uppermost, which he then tapped five times gently with his ebony staff. He inserted the point of the same staff into the mouth of the qulleh on his right, both it the ; moving after which, rim priests placed their fingers clockwise round
in the The exact way in the mouth of the qulleh,thus blessing the water. in these took the at acts service manual which place could not be place but dramatic the accurately ascertained, part of the rite occurred after the recitation Seven boys, one was all exception ended. with of prayers under puberty,
same
"
"
Tarabo. They joined hands by called up to represent the dogs of Anba interlocking the fingers, the palms being held upright, and formed a circleround the patient, the omdeh and the table, the priests standing outside the circle. They were told to go round clockwise, repeating words which sounded like Bash, bash, stanna," and which were said to be Coptic. After doing this about seven
were
"
times, at
given signal they reversed the motion and went round widdershins. At the another signal they stopped, and all with shrieks of laughter fell on patient from behind, pretending to bite her on the arms and shoulders, and like dogs. The then the growling priest omdeh and the younger sprinkled
a
from the qulleh that had been blessed, the patient being patient with water sprinkled three times ; he anointed the omdeh with the oil out of the little cup, on the forehead, throat, and the inner part of both wrists. The patient wrists only, not on the throat. Meanwhile little bit out of each of the seven barley the elder priest nipping loaves and dates, which the seven attendant pieces he gave to an with instructions to tie them in a piece of cloth and bury them in the desert. The
was
anointed
on
the forehead
was
and
a
ceremony
a
concluded
one
water out of the and piece of blessed qulleh. It is believed that if any animal finds and eats the bits of date and barleybread which were removed by the priest and buried in the desert, that animal, it be if especially of the dog species, will take the disease and become rabid ; if a
some
with the patient and the omdeh of the barley loaves, and drinking
each
eating
one
date
But whether the pieces are person eats them, he will bark and bite like a dog. eaten or decay naturally, the disease is now completely removed from the patient. The rest of the dates and barley loaves were anointed with oil and distributed to There is a very strong the assembled company to bring a blessing upon them.
belief that if anyone is bitten and the ceremony is not performed over him within forty days, he will go mad and will bark and bite like a dog. As these are not the symptoms must refer to a form of of rabies, it is evident that this statement
the
nervous
condition mentioned
"
112
"
The
Ceremony
of Anba
Tarabo.
"
also suggests that it is the pseudo-hydrophobia, and not the real disease which is cured by this ceremony. In the book of the service of Anba Tarabo, pubUshed by Galtier,the manual
"
differfrom those I have described. Probably there are local variants in different parts of the country. Galtier's version gives the following directions : On a Saturday take seven good unleavened round loaves, seven cheeses, a little innocent children who are oil and a littlewine, light a lamp, and take seven
acts
"
"
fasting. Make
and hang it round the neck of the patient, and let the priest speak and make the children go round seven times to the left and seven to all of you, children, who ask times to the right, and let him say, Welcome healing from God and the holy abba Tarabo; may God grant healing to you.'
a
'
little bag
Afterwards,
first of all, the thanksgiving is said, incense is burned, and the Then the Epistle of St. Paul and the Gospel are read in Coptic and Arabic. the children shall go round the patient, and each time that they go round, make face it cross the shall not with oil upon the of patient, saying (sothat sign of the turns are finished. be heard), Elol, elolf, eloi,elema sabachthani,' until the seven Then give to each of the boys a loaf and a cheese, and he shall bite off a mouthful
'
with his teeth, and shall make a noise like a mad dog. Then read Psalm xc : Then read the life dwelleth under the protection of the Most High.' Whoso boys the go round and of the holy abba Tarabo completely, afterwards make over times cross the the the three water sign of and say the following, make
'
Understand followed by the sign of the cross : and thou shalt do well, and it is God who is the help.' [Then follows the religious service. At the end]: Add,
'
'
prayer and my petition. It is I, abba Tarabo, who implores Show thyself pitiful towards thy servant, N. son thee this day and this hour. him from the bite of a mad dog, let not his body him save N. help (fem.), and of
O Lord, hear my
be either sick or wounded, let not evil seize him, let him have nothing to fear either from him [thedog] or his evil, let him [thedog] not be able to do harm body be under thy protection either in body or soul, let not his [the
patient's]
suffer, but let him be strong, thanks enfeebled, let not his members He from for Thou comes art whom all healing and to whom power, Amen.' due for ever.
"
to thy holy
praises
are
as
in my
A widow's gives only a summary of the ritual,which is as follows : only son being bitten, is sent by his mother to Abba T.,bearing a present of seven fresh, unsalted cheeses, seven bunches of grapes, and a unsalted loaves, seven in a white cloth. On learning his need, littleolive oil and wine, all wrapped seven Abba T. summons pure boys, and bidding them follow him and respond
Crum
word he shall say, he sets the widow's son with his gifts before him, Then he turns of fresh water. placing in front of him the oil and wine and a jar followed by he bitten boy, seven the times round the seven children, to whom
to each
says
children ; peace unto you,' while they reply, And unto thee Healing we seek for this He : They : O What master.' seek ye ? peace, The Lord unhappy one, that the mad dog hath bitten.' He : Depart in peace. His His heal him, me. that do for cure trusty servant, and promise unto shall T., including Ps. xc. Here follows a long prayer by Abba confess His name.' boys The ceremony concludes with further ritual. The first of the seven
:
'
Welcome,
'
'
'
'
'
hands, and joining approaches the priest, the whole congregation meanwhile says, Peace unto thee, O teacher of teachers.' The priest replies,questioning
'
The
Ceremony
of
A nha
Tarabo.
113
him
as
Then,
is sought for all such as may have been bitten. as to each time they repeat their circuits round the supplicant, seven niceeKiB left, niceKiH. to Then seven they the priest say, and
and all bark like dogs and bite at the unleavened it in their midst the victim standing 'is the while consumed, until and saying, By the prayers of the saintly Abba T., may the Lord accept your prayers and grant me healing speedily,'after which the priest dismisses them with his blessing." A footnote gives a quotation from the copy of the service in the University Library, which dates back to 1795 : And he (sc. the victim) in has been the oil and taken shall eat the piece of unleavened cake that placed from the boys' mouths, and shall be anointed with the oil, and shall drink of the
"
Aberdeen
and wash therewith ; so shall he be made whole by the blessing of the Therefore the priest shall say the blessing, "c." saintly Abba T. Though date the of the earliest published manuscript of this service is only
water
of the eighteenth century, the whole tenor of the ritual suggests a pre-Christian origin. The most obvious comparison is with the Metternich Stele,which is one It appears of the best-known magical texts for the cure of poisonous wounds. to be the standard text of a temple, possibly Heliopolis, and seems to contain
"
several
services."
Most
of these
are
to
cure
the sting of
j) animal
sumably
a
is also mentioned.
From the
as
the determinative
may
mammal
of
some
word
a
be
^u
^
"Wolf." jj,
a
An
wolf, is stillfound
phobia rabid wolf are peculiarly virulent ; the number of cases of hydroin persons bitten by mad wolves is 40 per cent, as compared with the bitten by The dogs. danger cases those amongst of wolf bites 15 per cent, of and the wolf would therefore be taken as the typical may have been known, animal whose bite was to be cured. There are several points of contact between the Metternich Stele and the service of Anba Tarabo besides this suggestion as to the wolf. In the versions the actions of the saint are not differentiated published by Galtier and Crum
from
Bites from
those of the priest who performs the ritual, and the widow's son of the In is performed. the the ceremony whom story coalesces with the patient over is healing in inscription, the the the same sometimes words of speaker of way, Ra himself, sometimes someone Thoth, who invokes Ra, sometimes else, apparently
a priest, who invokes both Ra and Thoth, justas the Christian priest The inscription gives Horus, son of Isis,as the invokes both God and Tarabo. patient, and the real patient is so completely identified with him that it is a littledifficultto be always certain which is being referred to. I would suggest
that the
was
patient is called a widow's son is that Horus Isis, of time the divinity of of and that when in course was Isis was forgotten, she would be thought of as a woman whose husband dead and who had only the one child. Bash, In the version which I have given above, the boys repeated the words
reason
why
Anba
Tarabo's
essentially the
son
"
bash, stanna
written Egyptian
niooeuo
"
when
nicBun.
is
some
word
and
not of Greek
Crum
thinks.
that
it is
mispronunciation
of the words
^
on
^^
^"
"
not," which
11^
The Ceremony
of Anba
Tarabo.
to hagioThe saint of the Christian ritual.Anba Tarabo, is entirely unknown logistsexcept in this one connection. It has been suggested that he is the same for the identification than the as a certain St. Therapon, with no further reason It is possible that Tarabo might be a name. similarity in the sound of the if so, one but ; would expect to find him personification of healing [Qepa-nivia) is not the as the healer of other diseases, not of dog-bite only ; this, however, As he is not found elsewhere in Christian Egypt, or in Christendom in case. for him in pre-Christian times, especially as the general, it is advisable to search to be derived from a pre-Christian and purely Egyptian source. ritual seems to In the Magical Papyrus of London and Leyden, which, though belonging there much older source, the third century a.d., is undoubtedly copied from some but light the on the no The first throws for dog-bite. matter, two remedies are is a rare The exorcism of Amen goddess, and Triphis." Triphis second is called Gauthier Athribis. in name {Bull, is the the but her name southern of enshrined is known has that III, d'Arch. orient., about de I' Inst./ran. collected all 1903, 165) her, and his researches appear to me to show that though she is hardly mentioned fact that an important The mere a popular one. in inscriptions, her cult was House of Triphis," would be sufficient in the south was town called Athribis, is formed, to prove this. Gauthier shows that the personal name TATt3Tpi(t)ic formed, with the elements c" were ^ d followed as so many personal names
"
"
^\
by the
name
of
being
o,
"
"
that deity.
to have
Gauthier
a
identifiesTriphis with
goddess
jj
been
local
form
does not account for the origin ; but this identification of Isis at Akhmim of the town, nor is it borne out by the demotic equivalent. In of the name is t-rpyt, which, when transcribed into hieroglyphs, as at demotic the name
Athribis, is who
"
"^
"
"
is always
characterised
as
the great."
It is well known
that the
often represented as goddesses, and it is presumed- that queens of Egypt were they were considered divine, though there is no literary evidence of the fact till But Nefertari is represented as being deification the of the Ptolemaic queens.
to have continued long after her death. worshipped at Thebes, and her cult seems for queens between the Xllth The titleof the great heiress is fairlycommon it is dynasties, XVIIIth heiress to the and possible that the immediate and the
"
"
some
been credited with divine powers, among which would be the disease, as was case the specific among our own monarchs.
"
If then
"
was
Triphis, we have the continuation of the cult of the is the origin of the name late Magical Papyrus of London as the queen as and Leyden, which is within the
^
Christian
era.
And
as
in the words
of the
we
suggest that of dog-bite, the survival of an ancient liturgy dynasty, or perhaps even to a still which reaches back perhaps to the XVIIIth that the name earlier period, and of the saint carries on the cult of an ancient Egyptian divinity.
cure
there
are
allthe elements
I would
M. A. Murray,
"S
ft
REVIEWS.
Knight.
By Jordan." (Clarke.)
Rev.
G. A. Frank
1921.
purpose of this work is to show the connections between Egypt and Canaan during the whole of the Biblical ages. An index of 1,800 references to all parts of the Bible will show how closely every connection has been noted, and The
as a text book will long serve has resulted in references to some
of reading and this studious collection of opinion that the danger lies. The authors rather than the facts are piled in the balance ; for instance, for the number of campaigns
amount
The industry of the author for exegetical use. different publications, showing an immense 1,700 It may a hard seem saying, but it is in compilation.
stated in favour of one, and twelve in favour It is not The problem is thus fairly evenly balanced." of two campaigns. What but the piles of authors that are here balanced. are the the problem facts ? build due to or to arguments facts on which they ? Are their differences
of Sennacherib
fifteen authors
"
are
How
many
of them
have
followed
one
after another
like sheep ?
All through
the work
erroneous or assertions of one writer are given equal This is the natural the most accurate credit with careful and work of another. defect of a literary treatment, not in touch with the basic facts. It does not matter The original works are what opinioris are, compared with what the facts are. less referred to than the various Journals, which often give incomplete statements.
perfectly baseless
The
the cataracts,
where certain III was buried in the Hawara pyramid, authors are said to deny that Amenemhat found it is were his fragments a that of coffin while certain canopic jarsand 89). On p. 175 we read, the silver mines alongside of the sarcophagus there (p. Egypt to were ; but what is of said produce annually 3,200 myriads of minae
" "
need of reference to the facts is seen from the Royal though it was
where Tombs
(p.41) ;
or
there really stated by Diodorus is that in the ruins of one temple (notannually) to be found 3,200 talents, of 60 minae (not No silver is known were a myriad). in in dreariest Egypt. Tanis is been built have to the and most produced said
"
desolate part of the Delta, on the extreme northern edge of a vast morass." It was built in the most beautiful and flourishing region, which only sank under level in the time of Justinian are Gold vases sea said to have been (p.
238).
found
in the tomb
of Rameses
III
(p.259);
painted on the wall, which might be of copper due to second-hand sources, of the misunderstandings through the work.
but
a
A summary is given of the complex German ; theories about the Thothmides hint is needed that the whole pile of theory depends on the assumption that no ruler ever of a predecessor, though we know that such restored the name done, as by Sety I. The few stray examples of iron in Egypt restoration was
are
quoted
as
proving that it
"
was
one
1 16
Reviews. and
to
: whereas this metal probably all the early examples are Egypt far behind other countries in the adoption of iron was use
"
to mine
meteoric, and Much more might be noted, but we Palaeolithic and Neolithic men
over
Mena
will turn to the general view. Then the early dynasties, dealt with. first is imfortunately given being figure a composite
are
" "
between
text
Ptah-hetep's and Solomon's II and the Chaldean In the full Pepy of creation, which are notable. description of the Xllth dynasty the Lay of the Harper is set parallel with Ecclesiastes. The Hyksos age is granted the extent and importance assigned it by to In the XVIIIth dynasty the questions of the Exodus the Egyptians.
the author taking in the reign of Amenhetep 1445 B.C., between the Exodus and
to misunderstandings must
name of Zer, and Besh is fully described, with parallels period proverbs, and also between the pyramid
or
are
introduced,
.Solomon's be weighed against the absence of any reference in Judges to the conquests of Sety I, Rameses II and III, and the uniform length B.C. for the of the four priestly genealogies which indicate a date of about 1220
Exodus. is discussed, and the Hymn of Akhanaten to the Aten is set parallel with the 104th Psalm. The later history is fully dealt with, and does not give scope for so many differentviews. A chapter is devoted to the Egyptian origin of the Book of Job. Some of the main reasons
on
decided position that it was about is based on the 480 years stated This II. temple ; and the chance of this being due
very
The
Egyptian
influence
the Hebrews
are,
the parallel between Job'sconfession and the Negative confession, and the description of the ostrich, hippopotamus, and crocodile, which are all African. The conclusion is that it was written by Jews in Egypt about the Persian dynasties.
The
Ptolemies
are
fall of
As
Jerusalem.
a
summary of the literature of such a vast extent the work is remarkable, and could hardly be surpassed ; we may hope that it may be improved in future by a critical valuation of the facts and arguments, without depending merely
on
errors
of previous writers.
L'Humanitd
Prdhistorique. By
"
J. de
Morgan.
{La Renaissance
Here is
a
192 i.
Such a returning to pre-war prices of knowledge. full illustration, be brought volume of original writing, with such out would here at three times the 7s. at which it is priced. Over half the of volume is to the flint A assigned various stages of and metal working. preliminary chapter deals with geologic conditions, the ice age, and the scale Each successive time. of is described, full then illustration After types. this there is a period with of A long section section of 30 pp. on dwellings, clothing, agriculture, and animals. of 120 pp. deals with paintings and carvings, pottery, design, burials, beliefs, noble start
monuments,
Thus the whole relations of races. it is an general presentation excellent outline, and the details which invite notice below do not impair its value for general instruction. The author's view on various debated questions is what will be most of interest writing, trade, and
a
as
the most
was
important
of
work .flint
Reviews.
"
117
Ces similitudes dans la formes des Achillean and Mousterian forms, it is said : instruments portent a penser que ces industries se sont, aux memes epoques, partie de I'Europe occidentale et centrale etendues sur la (p.
"
majeure
54).
On the other hand there is a strong the single-period view. being supposed to be synchronous (p. protest against the types of one style 32); to the resemblances in different countries are thoughts referred similar and
This sides with material, while absolutely independent industry in all regions for the same
the words
synchronism and
we
cannot
must
period(p.305). The difference age, epoch, archaeologic vocabulary What to be the needful view is seems of these positions needs consideration. that, while the conditions and the results of necessity may be of widely separate
are not age in different lands, yet the artistic features of form and treatment in time wherever a they not far removed connection re-invented, and show found. The artisticappearance of American stone work differsfrom anything are
to demand
the
more
remote
ranean similarity of characters all round the Mediterin ; real connection of culture each stage and though behind, lag they would not exactly repeat countries might
In accord with this is the remark that there is no Chellean period in the Far East (p. 309); if invention had repeated the same it would be a needful prelude. There is required here some course outline of into Europe belonging different to to as races, recent views styles who swept and other fieldsof action. In other respects also the results of the last ten or twenty years are not taken into account ; the pre-Crag flints,the Gebel el Araq knife, the complete series of flinttypes in Egypt, including Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian the results from Anau, the evidence in the Vedas of expressly denied), as migration from Central Siberia, the alphabetic signs all being early known definiteness from use the the of sequence pot-marks, of geologic age radium, in ignoring all of these the book might as well have been written twenty dating
are (which
"
years ago. Some detail about the mammalia, shells, and plants, typical of each human been have stage should also given. The age of metals might well be treated more definitely,in its general outline in known detail sources the the (p. and of of tin in Saxony and Hungary
112), in bronze not being regularly used till long after the Ilird dynasty (omitted p.124), in the confusion of sometimes (pp.135, 309), recognising the copper age, and ignoring it in iron being otherwise (159, only sporadic in Egypt until Greek 189),
There is confusion about the times, and bronze ploughshares preceding iron. Serabit, in Maghara or Sinai sources is known no ore or ; really smelting copper but an immense Nasb, as from the Wady the slag mounds quantity of copper came
show
: this is contrary to pp. 123, 291. In the dating of Egyptian material there is the same attribution of historic On to prehistoric times, which disfigured earlier work of this author. objects Figs. 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 27, 30 and 31 p. loi, Fig. 19 is of the Xllth dynasty ; on p. no,
are
dynasties ; on p. 180 the sickles found were not XVIIIth dynasties, and the teeth never extended in the Ilird dynasty, nor till known to near the point ; on p. 186 no cotton was in Arab times ; on p. 192 it should be said that scarabs were often mounted Nubian fashion. rings, and the single earring in the top of the ear is a modern The mistake about the early kings' tombs being incinerated burials is perpetuated, though the burning was of ornament only the act of destroyers. The sources of the Xllth or XVIIIth prehistoric but of Xllth and
H
Il8
on
Reviews.
prehistoricpottery are mis-stated (p. 189). In all these points some familiarity historic is A printer's error in inverting two blocks, the with needed. archaeology
about the spiralpatterns being of Magdalenian and hence theories of later migration are beside the mark ; also age (p.314), the distribution of dolmens, and their cultural ages, bar the diffusion of them
either way
centres
pp. 280, 296, should be remedied. Some notable remarks are made
show that the megalithic idea naturally started at various book is an essential and stimulating outline for general is desirable before accepting all the verification at the sources
"
Joseph
I. S. Whitaker.
1921.
\pell.)
The elusive Phoenician has left very little that can be accepted as distinctive his his Nearly taste. or his abilities of all citieshave passed into other hands and been covered with the work of later times. The author has succeeded in acquiring a unique site,which should give a clearer view than any other place, of the work Phoenicians. This is their principal city of Sicily, Motya, 5 miles north the of of Marsala, destroyed in 397 B.C., and desolated so that there is no trace of the later Greeks or the Roman rule. The Phoenician true a sea-trader always established himself in island
"
"
a no
mainland, and preferred an island small enough to be entirely walled, footing outside of it for attack. Tyre, Aradus, Motya, are the prototypes
This book is an introduction to the Phoenician
dealing
question, with a summary of the Phoenician colonies, the early Sicani and Siculi, the Phoenicians in Sicily,the Greeks, and the fall of Motya. A second part describes the remains of the fortifications, and the contents of the island, which is only about 3 furlongs across. There is very on museum the little littlethat is dissimilar to the Greek cylindrical bottles with a handle are The traces of Egyptian influence are the usual Naukratite or Rhodiau, and the amulets of the sacred eye. Apis, Ptah, Bes and Uraeus, all probably foreign copies. It is much to be hoped that when Mr. Whitaker carries out his intended clearance of the site we may have a detailed of the same age ; the flat-bottomed about all that is not met with elsewhere. to be the scarabs set in rings, which seem work
found, for it is not only the plan of the city, and register sheets of all the objects best site to get Phoenician work, but will be of much value for dating Greek work before the limit in 397 B.C.
"9
PERIODICALS.
fur Zeitschrift
Spiegelberg,
for the Coptic nepo
1916.
W.
"
KoptischeMiszellen.
the Egyptian
can
i.
The
transcription of Pharao
and
"
translated as "to laugh," by Peyron, means verb worrq, simply The full expression is to loose the mouth with laughter," but occasionally the contraction is used. 3. The word 6twi2, ashes," which occurs only in Clement of Alexandria,
to loose."
"
The
"
derives from
the
Egyptian
^
"
%;^\"
derivation may also explain the very puzzling word KeKi6(|"iTeM ash-bread," i.e., bread of the ashes." or -co 4. The suffixedpronoun -cor of the Sahidic dialect is usually supposed
" "
""ll,
"dust
of fire."
This
to be the
remams
of the Egyptian
Spiegelberg and
SAwe,
a
suggests that
the
is
euphonic between two vowels, or between a vowel 5. Spiegelberg suggests the derivation of
half-consonant.
"
water-flood,"
from
VmHI
him
v^-^*"^
though
he acknowledges
6. When
of having
the holy
Shenoute
mavmuuht
fulminated
fiUed books
against Aristophanes, he accuses Spiegelberg proposes with siUy words. true, from two Egyptian words meaning
"
good
The costHness of the material as compared with it to Shenoute's on certainly gives point written
He
that the two causative verbs too and tuuo 11. without the connecting object 8. Spiegelberg here traces the variations in vocalisation of Illae inf. verbs. but new, gives nothing really merely supports Sethe's investigations.
a
note to show
take
direct
Coptic word for feminine, but or was sandal either masculine the mascuhne, in the dual form, survived. In the construct form the meaning can mean bosom," hence iiBTeiTorto the nearest," is literally changed and
" " "
=
9. The
"
"
He
who
is in the bosom H.
of."
IA
=
WiESMANN,
"
cri-epA
=
.
large number
of quotations
are
given with the result that the derivation of this expression is evidently from
"
not
from
I,
"
the voice."
The
"
meaning
is
"
to be busy
"
with,
unruhness,"
hence
dissipation,
I20
GoUesstrasse." In the dream-stela of Thothmes IV mention is made of the Road of the Gods. Brugsch, in a passage to which httle attention has ever been paid, notes that the Road of the Gods occurs also in the inscription of Piankhy, where itis called the Road of Sep, and led apparently Cairo. The from Heliopolis to the town the origin of the modern which was BissiNG, Fr. W.
"
Die
"
god
an
Sep is known
in the Book
of the Dead,
to have
epithet of Osiris, and is closely connected been on the east side of the river.
the
name
Miszellen.
1.
Steindorff,
G.
"
In the Metternich
Museum
at
Konigswarth
are
two
wooden
certain
X"^
a
i^
^^ ^'
"
or
XXth
dynasty,
is coloured
"a6-priest of Amen
called
the coffin
^^
"
jl
f?s
^^
^^ *^"
came
from
WiESMANN,
and peq-
"
is translated by Horner, uiiKAe ends phrase mbat But as kigat is without the definite article,the genitive mtgof the earth." which carries its own should be used. It is perhaps a kind of proper name definition.The etymology is not known. 3. WiESMANN, H.
"
The
"
"
An
a
unusual
use
of the word
uuom
shows
conditional sentence.
"
This is a suggestion that the artists who decorated 4. BissiNG, Fr. W. VON. book of patterns had a tombs in the Old Kingdom out of which they chose led by designs, including the as the the animals servants, and that the offerings
" "
name
of the animal
was
sometimes
"
wrongly
copied.
are
legends M. Two interesting parallels with Egyptian 5. BuRCHARDT, Khiir Sidhi : a woman here. One is from the collection of miirchen of given
bathed in
a
stream,
where carried off the lady. The Khan : An army human set a pot victims. The rescuer of ghosts demanded by the killed brandy became before drunk then of each ghost, who and all were king's son.
the bank
carried away two locks of her hair and left them on found by a maid of the king's. The king finally second story is from the collection of Ardshi Bordshi
LIV,
1918,
"
Zur
Herbeibringen der
The Bringing of the Ferry-boat The chapter of {Kap.99, Einleitimg). is found in the Middle Kingdom ; and Sethe has traced, from the examples remaining, The in the the main conception. many of changes which crept and altered
121
O magician various
"), calls to
The ferryman
fl
makes
objections,
The
(I-
"
original ferryman was Ma-ha-f, He who the dead merely the person who answers
"
The
the later version, is called the Aken ; and the dead man When Awake me the Aken." the Aken is finally roused, he I
am
answers,
What
stillasleep." which the magician replies, Bring me that [i.e., if be The Aken then the boat], you will provided with life. Behold, I come."
is it ?
On
"
Which are the two cities,0 of the would-be passenger : They Horizon ? I Dost thou are the think." magician and the shesemt, know those two cities,O magician ? "I know them." Which are those tvso O ? They Dual are the cities, magician and the reed-field." The Aken, as a
" "
"
"
"
"
"
"
last
ferrying over a man who cannot count his fingers ; the by The triumphantly this magician refutes repeating a finger-counting rhyme. is shown to an thus :" (i)A short summons order of development unnamed ferryman to bring the boat. A but longer to stimmons the (2) similar celestial
resource,
to objects
him," originally the ferryman who brought the is now as to the boat's condition, but who made only objections Aken. to A between the the dead man (3) similar conversation required awake he meets his arrival in heaven. on (known as the magician) and a being whom who
ferryman,
"
He
looks behind
the
This personage is called He who looks behind him," although he is not the ferryman and is only the awaker of the Aken. to the celestial (4)A summons ferryman, the Aken ; this contains certain elements like those in No. 2, as well
the polite refusal to bring the boat, and the epithet magician applied to the dead man. It is needless to say that in a paper written by a master of the language, Professor Sethe, as such every statement and suggestion is of importance,
as
" "
"
both
was
as
to words
as
evidently
construction. as it is in modem
[Troublewith Egypt.]
the ferryman
In the foregoing article if he made of person who, could not count his fingers, would be into the presence of Osiris. When the magician says that he can refused transport Let me hear you count both your fingers count, the celestial ferryman retorts,
"
Sethe,
K.
Fingerzdhlreim. altagyptischer
mention
was
"
Whereupon the magician recites a finger-counting rhyme of the type and toes." This is the one that broke the barn," or This littlepig went to market." of The Egyptian rhyme is full of puns on the numbers Thou hast taken the one ; : hast thou taken the one as the second ; thou hast extinguished it for him ; thou hast wiped it away for him ; give to me then ; what is smelt in my face ; loose
" "
"
him ; spare it not ; thou has illumined the eye ; give me the The lines go in pairs, each pair ending same the eye." the word, with with two exception of lines 5 and 6, which make a rhyme in our sense of the word, i.e., This is evidently done has the same words of which the termination sound.
not
thyself from
purposely to mark the change from one hand to the other. Sethe suggests that the whole rhyme refers to the Eye of Horus ; that the one of the firstline is it," also the Eye, and that the feminine pronoun, which I have translated as to in Eye. be found As the can refers parallel examples of some of the phrases
" "
"
the Pyramid is
a
Texts, Sethe dates the composition back to the Old Kingdom. It in fact that well-ascertained ancient children's rhymes often originated
122
Zeitschrift fiirAegyptischeSprache.
religious ritual ; and it is extraordinarily interesting to find an original for one This is actually the oldest known example of finger-counting of these rhymes.
verses.
Sethe,
K.
"
Da$
Pronomen
"
i.
sing.
^
n-nk
The
phrase
seventeenth
17. und die Eingangsworte zum Dead Book the the chapter of of
"
"
"
0 '^ W"^
morrow."
^^
'
^^^-^
^ ^ ^ "m^^
"
am
yesterday
and
I know
the
of the
Middle
as a
Kingdom
the sentence
^.
begins
~^
"
variant of
.pr-n-
^
I
am
^^
as
^^
Atum."
come
to pass.
by
various
to
me."
examples
At
~^
time
is not
the
same
(1
means
Belonging
the
he shows
that
iinnr
^K, ^ ^^ "^^
"
*^^
name
its original
belongs To me complete, all." The sentences then would read to Let the word come to pass, [for] and yesterday and I know the morrow," sense, lost New Kingdom have texts belongs all." The this me which completely
meaning
of
"
is preserved compound of
in the Middle
n-t
Kingdom.
n
Sethe
of
^^^
to be
of the dative followed by the pronoun of the first in writing, as is so often the person singular (omitted and emphasised by case) in Coptic ; is This use an common the absolute pronoun. of emphatic pronoun
inwk, the
be
mai
amok,
and
it is also found
in Arabic, U'
j"
The
is
rare
position of a prepositional phrase at the beginning of a nominal sentence ; this reversal of the usual order of words is also clearly for emphasis.
of the form
The
use
^'^
appears to have
Kingdom.
Sethe,
K.
"
des Horus
von
Edfu.
Brugsch
bacmmt,
first and
"
identified the
lUy
3
"
TO
of Horus
" "
of Edfu
Maspero or smiths metal-workers." suggested explained the word as been in has his that, the universally accepted suggestion campaign of Horus and Set, his have far-off we the echo of the invasion of smiths against of Edfu and Sethe now a metal-working race. a flint-using people by proposes to jettison
"
"
"
this theory,
'^
which
.
upon
Brugsch's down
word
Sf
is used
Kingdom
to Ptolemaic
sculptor in stone or wood ; it probably read KstV, and has nothing in common The usual of the companions of Horus except the bone-sign. with the name way
of writing the
with
name
is without
bacmht
the
i.e., msnw,
and
with
Kingdom,
the word
is written
Brugsch
and Maspero
parallel text
both
saw
and
in
for the
123
smiths which is
But the sign can also read bb, of Horus, and read it as MSNT-city. in hippopotamus-hunting. The word tnsn can be implement an used
with
From the literary well as the bone-sign. harpooner, to mean a or the whole tackle of a harpoon. evidence the word seems by the fact that in predj'nastic If this is so," the sign is easily explained Sethe suggests that the word msn were times bone-harpoons used. commonly
determined
as
is a form of the
name
of the two-barbed
I would caifc=i.
harpoon
! sn
with prefixed
m.
[Sethe
suggest that it is the case in which the were ever carried. I do not think a reel was sented reprefishing-tackle, the the otherwise presence of cord wound round among any the tied in a knot would suggest a reel. The harpoon had long been and object be called a made of copper before the text in question, and therefore cannot does not explain the sign sharpened harpoon-points
"
bone-sign." Sethe,
K.
position
unaltered.]
"
so marriages consanguineous king's further proof that Nefermaat was was the son of Snefru ; Nefermaat son," a titleborne only by an actual child of a king, the son of a king's son being He also points out that, though a the word royal acquaintance." merely in a genealogy is always is sometimes son rather loosely used, the meaning limited to son. the actual strictly
"
"
has called in question Sethe's Nefermaat, which shows the closely genealogy of in early times. Sethe brings forward common
Snefru. Sottas
"
"
Van
Ka forward guardian
has been
External Soul, Schutzgeist und der dgyptische The Ka. Herr Leeuw der brings a van controversy, and of much subject it is life to that the (i) evidence show principle, (2)the double, (3)the
der
Leeuw,
G.
"
the soul-power, it is not unlike the Melanespirit. As the life-principle, ka is nothing else than to die. But the To be parted from one's sian mana. ka contmues to exist after death ; and the evidence seems to show that it is bom
But
and governs his mortal life,but its real lifebegins after death. be severed from its body is a kind of external soul ; and if soul which the dead wished to share in a higher life, they were said to go to their kas. The in representations of the king. ka as the double is well known As the guardian with the
man
a
can
spirit the ka is that form of the life-principlewhich is external to the body and for security's sake is hidden away in a secret place. As long as it remains hidden from death ; but if the hiding-place is it belongs is immune the person to whom found the person has no means of defence. This duality is shown in Egyptian
thou art of all gods hast power over all gods." Geb has here secured the safety of his If ka by it the the versely, soul gods. uniting with of the gods dies, Geb dies ; but conif he dies, the gods die. Therefore he protects them and they protect
"
Thou
(theGod
Geb)
art
the Ka
word is far from being said on this complex subject.Further Egypt, the by it light might be thrown upon a study of the qarina of modern into the world with each child. The double of the opposite sex which comes African belief in the cessive ancestral spirit," which is partly incarnated in each suchim.
[The last
"
"
"
to explain completely generation, serves in-dwelling (see Anc. Eg., 1914, 24, 162).]
the ka
as
external
and
also
Spiegelberg,
thebanischen
W.
"
Ein
As
von
Totenstadt.
great
number
of granite-workers
124
must
have gone to Thebes in the course of business, it is natural to suppose that there must have been a sanctuary of their local god, Khnum of Elephantine, in the Theban necropolis where they worked. There is proof of this in several
Thebes, either dedicated to Khnum in words or with representations being Spiegelberg that worshipped. of god publishes a small wooden stela, painted with a representation, in the upper register, of the god Khnum seated ; a worshipper kneels in the lower register ; and the dedication is to
monuments
from
Khnum knows
by
^37
0 |(j
c^
"
-V-^ "?"
i.e., a
man
who
wind-spells. W. Die Darstellung des Alters in der aelteren aegyptischen In comparing the two portraits of Ra-hesy on
Spiegelberg,
Kunst
von
"
dem
Miitleren Reich.
that one the well-known older man panels, it will be seen represents a much to the side than the other ; the sharpened features, the wrinkle from the nose of the mouth, the hollow under the cheek-bone, all show the advance of age. In the case of stout elderly men the wrinkle is but lightly indicated, the face
being almost dropsical in its fatness. Figures in the round also represent old age. The best known of these is the ivory king from Abydos, which represents bent the and the withered skin of old age ; the attitude, the hanging mouth large, warm, quilted cloak is another sign. In the slate statue of King Khasekhem the characteristic nose-to-mouth One of the best examples clearly marked. wrinkle, though not very deep, is still be found in the two his life two a man can the at stages of of representation of
statues
from Hierakonpolis
One of these shows this of Rahetep, high-priest of Memphis. prince in flower same man the the the the church other shows of of young manhood, Louvre The is in his another case when past prime. celebrated scribe of the verging on point ; the flabby body and the sharpened features represent a man
"
"
old age.
Spiegelberg, like Capart, inclines to the belief that these representations that the great not intended as portraits. He maintains of old age were did not make portraits but types, these types sculptors of the Old Kingdom
representing
men
at two
Spiegelberg,
W.
"
in human form with a represents the god Amon in the reliefsof the Old Kingdom, but nude Nude figures are not uncommon figuresin the round are rare at any period. The statuette is of bronze, originally overlaid with gold-leaf,and inlaid with gold wire ; the eyes had also been inlaid. The remains on one side of the head, and proves that the animal is It has always been remarked how wonderfully the Egyptians the Ovis Animon. figures with animal heads ; in this statuette it the anatomy of human managed
ram's
horn
The upper part of the face is the anatomy of the face which is remarkable. human, it is only the muzzle which is are forehead, eyes, ears and cheek-bones animal ; and under the creature's chin is the beard which is appropriate to the
"
"
gods.
at the XlXth
dynasty.
Der Maler Heje. Schafer has suggested that drawings on W. limestone-flakes are not always free sketches, but are often memorypotsherds and copies of some original, and Frau Luise Klebs remarks that the artist only noted down what interested him artistically. Spiegelberg here publishes a sketch which
Spiegelberg,
125
found
cemetery by himself. The and on the wall of the tomb is a portrait of the artist, probably sketch on limestone, found in a tomb close by, reproduces the figure with sufficient if the inscription had not been it possible to recognise it even fidelity to make the representation of the artist'sstreaming copied also. It is evident that it was foot, as hair and of his upturned well as the flowing lines of the whole figure, which attracted the copyist.
H.
In this in the neighbourhood of its original, at Deir el Medinet. lived under Rameses III ; a great artistwho is the tomb of Huy (Heje),
headdress of the King is made of the forehead and behind the ears, and covers cloth, which is taken straight across the whole of the head ; at the back it ends in a rollof the material, the so-called each shoulder ; on each side it is pushed pigtail,in front a long lappet falls over
Bonnet,
"
Die Konigshaube.
The
nms
out into
rounded
form by the
A
mass
The
of varying
nms
dimensions.
similar headdress
and having by women,
no
which
differsfrom the
by all Egyptian ladies under the wig. [In this they would resemble their dress, a handkerchief wear descendants who, when in native tied over modem The Mkt is represented in the the the head in a peculiar way under veil.]
on
Middle
the
Kingdom
as
IVth
is coffins. On statues and reliefs the nms dynasty, but the h%ht is not found till the New
Still,the method is of arranging the headdress shows that the one In the k%ht the simpler, and therefore probably the earlier, form of the other. the folds are a characteristic the cloth is not folded in any way, but in the nms
feature ; in the nms also the cloth is held in place round be to a metal band. appears Spiegelberg,
the Egyptian
list of gods.
papyrus 25 of Bergmann as a collection at Vienna has been published by von But it also contains a very interesting funerary liturgy written
"
W.
in demotic
for
lady named
*^ _""
instruction to carry the bier with the body to four places, probably shrines ; the head shall be to the north, the feet to the south ; at the second, the at the first, head shall be to the west, the feet to the east ; at the third, the head shall be
to the east, the feet to the west ; at the fourth, the head shall again be to the Various offerings and ceremonies probably took place north, the feet to the south. Horus. follow these words : He Afterwards comes at each shrine. Then
"
There while the children of Horus are in the hall. Osiris, appearing in the Nun." Spiegelberg takes this as a direction to perform the mystery-play as part of the funeral ceremony.
smites the wicked appears this god
one,
. . .
Spiegelberg,
This is
a
W.
"
Der demotische
Papyrus der
StadtbibliothekFrankfurt a. M.
in which a concubine is raised to the position of a marriage-contract The wife. eldest son, who at the time of the marriage, was already in existence, is mentioned by name being instance known the this ; only of such mention by name. The child is, by authority of the parents, to inherit equally with any future children. Dr. Joseph Partsch adds a short legal commentary on this
Zeitschrift fiirAegyptischeSprache.
he points out that it is of the usual late type. It is worth considering whether a son born after marriage ranked as the eldest son, or whether that position belonged to a child born before marriage. Sethe, K.
"
Zum
derives all the forms of the sdmkr-J suffix-conjugation sdmf, sdmin-f, sdmn-f, " from participles. The literal translation of ; would be "he is hearing
"
sdm-f
in
sdmn-fthe
a
also
verb. with
n
"
So
sdmwn-f
"
is The in of by him." sdmin-f in forms that way with other of the used This explains why in the relative form also hr is a preposition. the pronomen relativum is not expressed, although the object
is heard
"
of the verb,
voice which
| ^^
was
^^
^ ^
me."
"
"^
"
heard by
Spiegelberg,
,
W.
"
Der
and
""^ are
the New
same
"
ha,
ta
and
ma,
He
they of."
In the Middle
Kingdom onwards
they
were
used
with
the
genitive
and
from
Kingdom
the
masculine
n
is usually written
but at the
"
the genitive
or
is dropped
out ;
(^
so
that
He of Abydos forms
are
be written
^f J 'i' ^
with of Isis." In
J ^"^. ^"^(jllf
names,
as
These
used, in combination
can
"
gods'
personal
thus Vo^
names
;
n
s^,
Horus,
3=3;
son
the
feminine
the
pronoun
is
or
combined
/wvAAA.
But the
in this connection
/wvw
it is necessary
to note
personal
a
names,
is
"
combination The
one
of the demonstrative
pronoun
with
relative
who."
W.
"
Demotische
Kleinigkeiten.
has
son.
i.
This
over
is
to
contract
for
mummification and the body materials for embalming the form that and engages
burial.
Thotortaios
of his
handed
Phagonis
of mummification already agreed upon shall There is to be a forfeit of be carried out by the choachytes of Thotortaios money for non-fulfilment of the contract. 2. An of a debt of two silver deben and half a kite ; the acknowledgment If he should delay to do this one debtor engages to repay in seven months. the appointed time, he must pay one and a half times the outstanding debt. for house his the as as a fine. He security amount pledges of receipts for the payment 3. Four demotic examples from Hermonthis for the \oyeid "lo-tSof, as and was of a tax are given. The tax is known benefit of the priests of the bull Buchis and the goddess Isis of Philae, who had Pi-buchis. All four receipts are to the same man, a sanctuary at Hermonthis. month
beyond
4. This interesting fragment records the dedication of a gift in the temple and Spiegelberg of Isisof Philae. The gift was apparently in fulfilmentof a vow, for some sin. suggests that the pilgrimage to Philae was an atonement
127
inscription of belongs to the demotic pubhshed in the Parthenios, published in Vol. LI, p. 81. The date of the inscription was but the broken are last line of this fragment, actual numbers unfortunately away. 6. The Egyptian suggested
uEiWie
which
'^^~^
in
Greek
"
is written knows
from
the
"^ that
name
J] "5"the
V
name
Thoth
Griffith has
from
"
tentatively
above, but
Greek
^orpcoiafi
is derived
the Thoth
Spiegelberg thinks
a
that
J^
_^
M
^^
watches,"
form of
and
which tion. has a demotic and Greek inscripA mummy-label 7. The Greek gives the date in the co-regency of Pitblius Licinius Valerianus Gallienus when a third Publius Licinius Cornelius Publius Licinius [Valerianus] Caesar. only
on
256. 8. This is a note on the demotic writing of the name of the goddess R't-tiwy, Ra-t t^wy was Ra-t of the two Lands," Ra-t being the feminine form of Ra. the local goddess of Hermonthis.
"
a.d.
Spiegelberg,
are
W.
"
Tr]iovx"ovai";. At which
mean
the
"
found
personal
names
^v ^~r
^"^
The
""'^^
c\
^^'^
"
The
part of Bast,"
t^-s (I
"
Part of
that the n had already of 21 and iVj shows The t of the definite article would coalesce with the been lost in pronunciation. in Greek firstletter of the noun, Ti-dni-t n Hnsw would become and the name Khonsu." interchange
TrjiovyMvai's.
Sethe,
K.
"
Die
Bedeutung
der Konsonanten
verdopplungim
Sahidischen
of the doubling
and
p.
is not phonetic, but is an entirely graphic convention, which came into use before Thus a word written yuucj be pronounced the introduction of the stroke. must A^/n^ ; without the reduplication it might have represented the sounds /n/u^, or
even
('/tm^.
Spiegelberg,
W.
"
KoptischeKleinigkeiten.
word
i.
The
Coptic
same
"
?h
Quarry
"
'^
which
has the
meaning.
In the
Coptic
the Israelites sought version of Judges vi. 2, when Midianites, they dwelt in dens, ukikijh caves, ujyATUJWK and the quarry-men."
2.
"
considered Spiegelberg now the abstemious." epithet meaning points out that the man's Father Jacob the trade is often mentioned as after his name, builder," or Phibammon the the carpenter." ncAj-JT then probably means weaver from guj^(j to weave." proper
name
as an
"
The
word
hoa^mt
following
"
"
"
"
128
fiirAegyptischeSpracfie. Zeitschrift
3. The Coptic
"bai
no
known
derivation.
of
Spiegelbcrg
"'"^"*''o*"
"'^'^''
that tiiaVtcot
-^
meaning "to be upon." of Jeremiasat Sakkara, 4. In the Coptic inscriptions from the convent is man a which is given the epithet of "|)ATiy, published by Sir H. Thompson, Spiegelbcrg thinks this is a variant of nyAUjyfi, the left untranslated. for form, Goldsmith," ?Aum)TB ?atkioti" carpenter," and quotes a similar would
then be
a
Nisbe-form
"
"
is derived from
as
an
Egyptian
original.
Lacau also
This appears
however, (where, in the tomb it is copied
as
early
the coffin-textspublished by
-^^,
as
^^
the
being
doubtful), and
Sethe,
suggestion
K.
"
Miszellen.
agree
with
1
von
as
to
(I
is
mistake
for
"^ (I
-^
I
artist. On
the contrary^
female wild
name
of the male
being
''^
"
The
word
-^
means
the
the
name,
ths wild ox is smi, and is the animal whose feet, made in ivory, support hunted III. Its furniture of early tim:)s, and who was by Amenhetep It is not the to be connected with the word smi to slay." smi, seems
"
hartebeest
or
bubale A
with
'
x
i~l
^,
\j:"
Sethe, K.
of Upper and They Lands.
"
The two
Lower
are
Nile-gods, who bear respectively the symbolical plants on their heads, are represented as uniting the Two themselves the personification of the two parts of Egypt, as
Egypt
have already pointed out. On the statue of Amenemhat III Gauthier and Jequier published by Maspero, they are actually called Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt.
lazuli figure of Taurt, bought at the Kennard sale, shows the goddess in her usual form as a hippopotamus standing on her hind-legs. It was as an amulet, but under the feet is a short peg not intended to be worn Through to fix it into a base. this peg a cylindrical hole has been bored up MoLLER, G.
"
through the legs into the abdomen of the figure. The hole is filled with a doubledfew This linen. was an shreds of offering up tube of thin gold which contained a from an expectant mother for a safe delivery. Another figure of Taurt in wood hollowed out and finished with another piece of wood, had had the abdomen A fa'fencefigure which was glued on after the insertion of a piece of a garment.
shows the goddess in the act of suckling, the right paw holding the left breast. In place of the nipple is a hole communicating with a hollow inside the figure. it in hollow If milk were trickle this out of the hole. The idea seems would put figure to be that the dedicator of the adequate nourishment would thus ensure for her offspring.
ANCIENT EGYPT
1922.
Part I.
CONTENTS.
1.
The
Tree
of
the
Herakleopolite
Nome. Dr.
2.
F. F. Bruijning.
S.\RCOPH.\GUS
OF
PA-RAMESSU. R. Engelbach.
3. Knots.
M.
4. Periodicals.
A. Murray
5. Reviews.
6. Notes
and
News.
EDITOR,
PROF.
FLINDERS
PETRIE,
F.R.S., F.B.A,
Yearly,
7 j. Post
Free.
Quarterly
macmillan
LONDON
AND
AND
Part,
2$.
and
NEW
CO.,
YORK;
EGYPTIAN
RESEARCH Chicago.
ACCOUNT,
Ancient
from booksellers is 2s. Net price of each number Subscriptions for the four quarterly parts, prepaid, post free,ys.,are received by Egypt" University College, Gower Hon. Sec. "Ancient (H. Flinders Petrie), Egypt.
Street,London,
W.C.
1.
news,
Books for review, papers offered for insertion, or Ancient Egypt," Editor of
"
should be addressed
:
"
Street, London,
W.C. 1.
:
"
Boulevard,
Street,Chicago, 111.
'^y
OF
SARCOPHAGUS AND
OF
PA-RAMESSU. NOT ON
CARTOUCHE
NEB
UBEN
ERASURE.
AND
TO
THE OVER
RIGHT ERASURE.
ARE
EARLIER
CARVINGS
OF
PA-RAMESSU
WITHOUT
CARTOUCHE
NEB
UBEN
HEAD
OF
WORSHIPPER.
PTOLEMAIC
STELE,
ABYDOS,
ANCIENT
EGYPT.
THE
TREE
OF
THE
HERAKLEOPOLITE
NOME.
(Concluded.)
The species from a botanical point of view. consider the subject is Raphia' pinnate leaves, surpassing the characterised by large penniform trunk in size. The trunk is so short in proportion that Wurming the writes of
us now
"
Let
almost p.
stem-less Raphia-palms
"
d. [Lehrbuch
okologischen
Pflanzengeog., 1918,
616).
In this it differsfrom
the tall-stemmed slender species, mainly of date palms. In accordance with the Raphia is the determinative showing a short stem and a strongly developed crown of leaves. Agreeing with this is Diimichen's view texte erw. Bdume, p. 63)that dieser Baumname, wenn [Alt. quoted by Moldenke
"
eine andere Palmenart auch nicht die Battel palme, so doch moglicherweise bezeichnen konne, vielleicht die Zwergpalme. Mit Bezugnahme auf die dem
Worte
am
auch
Worterb.
der
Supp.,am,
gewesen
a
Bedeutung die das Kind,' zustehende determiniert durch das Bild des p. 64), gegebene Name
'
'
'
Kleine
'
Zwergpalme Such
Die
Kleine
'
eine
durchweg
Benennung
as
it leads
one
on '^
to another
/^
May
"the
C2MHC
with the
name
% '"^
Coptic
sunt
^AA/v^A
the
ewec,
dactyli adulti,
now
at
uvae"
Lex., (Peyron,
the
and 355),
at
Khartum
"
Raphia
Monbuttorum
von a
palm Schweinforth
Herzen (Schweinforth,
on
or
was
104).
of the Bahr-el-Ghazal, 8" N. 28" E., where to have its northern boundary. it seems But, comparing the recession of other it is now further this though entirely plants, probably extended northward, as Middle far It in Egypt. have as been north extinct might artificially retrieved Egypt, after it had receded to the south. The Raphia palms, which flourish in the
Jur River,
branch
likely to have survived on the swamps of Middle moist soil,are more the Fayoum, than in the drier conditions of Upper Egypt.
'
Egypt
and
A. Engler,
2, familien,
1889, 3, Palmae
O.
1908, p. 227 ; Engler and Prantl, Natiirl. Pflanzen3, 9. Raphia, Drude ; Martin's Hist. not. Palmarum,
p. 216, 1836-50.
The Tree
Besides the short stem the Raphia is especiallycharacterised by the enormous drooping inflorescence. The length of this is about one metre, and is the more Compare conspicuous by the stem being less than a metre and a half high.
Fig.
II
with
Fig.
i,
where
the
spadix has already passed into a drooping in inflorescence. This change is more marked Before Tehneh the (Fig.lo). going example is Raphia further we the should consider why
not
an
There
wine-palm
obviously
large
s^
r J
"^
^ 'y
n
"li'
'4 ^J
4
that
Tombs, {Royal
in
the
189)
j 1 ^9^ 1 1, itfi
palm
of the
i) which might Fig. 12. equally read Ama-ab, Raphia is monoecious, the spadix having both male and female flowers, in separate bracts branch, see Raphia Rufiia in Fig. 14. of the same
In this
I
II, {R.T.,
iii,
is
blossoming
branch, female
flowers
below and male above ; 2, two female flowers half covered by the theca-form bracts ; 3, male flowers with bract and firstleaf ; 4, seed, back ; 5, seed, with ripe fruit, and flowers section ; 6, branch
: (Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien 6 also in Maout et Decaisne.) It should be noted that the sheath-like bracts in which the flowers lie, are like the perianths Kingdom (Giinther often figured in the New
below.
Roeder, Blumen
123).
J] ~n~
They
Vocah. (Levi, di
TT"
2,
p. 272,
entrano
mazzo
di
nell'
fiori, collane
altro
fiori, che
I'uno p.
")
D
-^
"
I (Budge, Diet.,
bouquet, bunch
287)
and
mas
of flowers."
"
There may be some connection between the fruit d'un form of the seed of Raphia, and the palmiste indetermine carved in green stone,
"
found
in the
Aha
tomb
(De
On
Morgan,
Tombeau
de Nigadeh,
Fig.
714).
Sarenput,
12.
son
Palm
of ok
Bener-ab.
Haute Eg. i, 1894, p. 155). be compared with the fruit-bearing spadix of Raphia in Fig. 13. vinifera Thus we see various groimds for the supposition that the tree of the Herakleopolite nome was or Raphia. The correctness of the reading wine-palm
13. Spadix
Raphia
Vinifera.
It may
amA
in place of
nar
is in accord
am-khnti
with de Rouge reading am-khent, and Brugsch The wine-palm {Aegyptologie, also satisfiesthe
447).
been known
in Egypt
in the earliestperiod.
The
The
Tree
of the HerakleopoliteNome
from
ama
ages, and which have but few treethe palm-wines. There was palm among yet already some confusion in determinatives, see Teta 334, or Pepy 826 and Meryra Pyramidentexte, 1908, 249 and 704 (Sethe, 380). In Pepy, 826, the determinative
remote
Pyramid
Texts, which
descend
determinatives,
name
the
is the
same
as
the sycomore
cn
^.
^^^
in Meryra ^^
^
"
113,
the wine-palm
follows
"
^^^^^
short-stemmed
tree with
thick
in later lists,occurs
in Teta
nature
120
(1
=0=
V\ (1
The
between
of palm-wine
palm-wine wine is obtained from the sap of various species, drawn The sap, collected in a very primitive or the head, or by cutting off the spadix. is fermented In Mesopotamia to produce manner, this sap-wine was wine.
the true
from
confusion has arisen dates. The true palmby incisions in the spadix,
14. Flowers
and
Fruit
of
Raphia
Ruffia.
the date-palm, but in ancient Africa this was became more probable that the date palm
was
only drawn from other species ; and this may have tended to these in the northern habitat. like that of other fruits ; the ripe fruit was of dates for wine, was
or
mashed
To avoid confusion
I r-^^
in Egyptian
zw.
(^
Buck,
"
(EbersPap,
true
x,
palm-wine in listsof offerings,along with arp nth, arp dbsh, arp for palm-wine The reading amt, arp snw wine of Buto and arp hdmw. Bollacher xiii, 9) this seems (Pliny remarks originates from Brugsch ; but as extinct in Egypt groundless. It is, however, evident that when Raphia was constantly arp-amcl
recurs
"
Herodots
355). The
in (save
few
the oases)
name
of palm-wine
of palms.
4 As the
The Tree
was also valued in Egypt heart brains or leafage, of the tree, and otherwise called the It was taken from many differentspecies, and probably also from the wine-palm. has a sweetish taste, was much appreciated anciently, and is still a dainty as sold
refreshing drink
"
from
"
the
"
terminal bud
in Cairo.
the
name,
name
of the palm-cabbage
Moldenke
"
{Aliaeg.Texte, 55)
der Dattel-
was
"
1\
0 '^J^ "O""
Blattenwerk
elsewhere
(p.64)
Joachim (Pap.
"
Berl.
1890) rendered
But
^ ^ ]^0
we
^^ ^
as
as
Zweige
vom
aw-Baume."
it is possible that
large penniform
as
compound
leaves
of
wine-palm,
or
"^ 0 ^y""
palm";
the
same
''^ 0^^ 0
''^~^
Moldenke
renders rather
"Flower
of the
anui
seems
mean
"J-may
which
also be written
^ """
as
determined well
as
by
an
ear,
or
in the palms.
^
In the Hearst
m
(Keisner, 1905.
*^
'
14,
to
xv, ^"^^
i)
i " T P0 H ~^ 0 l,n
by Wreszinsky
"
'
0 0 1^ 0
' *^ '
is rendered
sycomore
Med. Pap. imd Pap. (Lond. seeds, napeca seeds, amd tree seeds, acacia seeds." Hearst, 1912, p. 125). Reisner read ^ as leaf of a plant "written either with or without the determinative {Hearst applying to the expressions as a whole
"
"
"
"
pp. 14 and
17).
Perhaps
as
both
Pap. Berl. V, 4,
the other hand if we accept Reisner's view and suppose that a leafy organ, resembling an animal's ear, and hence resembling it a the sheath of more palm enclosing the spadix, would be inapplicable to the sycolike Hence, I conclude that it simply means buds," shaped or acacia.
"
On
an
ear,
out of which
This would
acacia.
apply equally to
the
terminal bud
of the palm
buds
of
an
The
"y
^I 0
^\ Q
V
'
would
Another
define is the
\\
"^^
'^
*^ fl
Lond. Med. Pap. 10059, i"^ and the napeca (Wreszinsky, 14). Various renderings of ashed have been proposed, apricots Balanites (Maspero), Cordia Myxa (Dumichen, Loret, Moldenke), grapes (Murray), fruit. fruit for or term a later be it to seems a of group (Reisner) ; and general
rTV,'
^"
as
'] the
''^^^
"^
palm
[Itmight well
I propose
*
"
"
"
mean
simply
gathering
ants,
or
fruit
"
in all cases.
"
Ed.]
Thus,
to read ashdt nt
As also Wreszinsky
in the case
The Tree
Another general term
khsd-n-amd.
is
^
as
J^ O
Iq)
"^
O,
kh sd,
"
'^
A^
(),
Joachim
and
Wreszinsky
fruit of the dm tree." render it kernel of a large size. The terms core, as or fully will need much research before they are
"
_^
both
understood. To return to the palm-cabbage, Woenig calls it a very excellent vegetable," Egyptians from brain by the the of the palm, that isfrom so-called obtained
"
in alien Aeg. 1886, the young, tender and juicy [Pflanzen shoots of the leaves than pp. 221 and 312). Though usually precise, this writer here states no more It be it is found in lists that the did the ancients. not noted should of offerings, Maspero in 1897 that no but no more are many other vegetables. remarked general vegetables are specified except onions, but they are only included in some On the other hand there are many figures in sculpture which rubric at the end. to be palm-cabbage. seem for artichokes by C. Pickering [Races have been taken of Man, F. but doubts diesen Unger^ Wenn von Darstellungen this etwas alien p. 371); in Anspruch Fig. 27 far Palmenkohl es nur genommen werden konnte, so waren bedeutend den Aehnlich die von iibrigen erscheinen allerdings abweichen. und 28, These
"
"
in den agyptischen Alterthiimern die Darstellungen der Bliithenstrausse, von Stiel und durch welchen ist die Artischoke nur durch den meist gekriimmten Straissen bei den Bindfaden der Mangel Ringelung, den was den andeuten As far back soil,zu unterscheiden weiss." had recognised the palm-cabbage at Beni
as
1834 Rosellini
Hasan
Unger oben
Raphanus
sativus
von
horse-radish, {major),
Blattern,
von
Die nach
triigtNarben
innersten
jiingsten und nocli in einem sind. Allerdings Beta das mehr fiir Palmenkohl am wenigsten." Raphanus, spricht alsfiir alleinfiir The latter words, which I italicise, a notable are opinion from so serious and
accurate
denen
die
leaves
bearing or a Beta with a Raphanus Schweinfurth doubted the the top of the root. up, or nearly up, ^ in ancient Egypt. The reference to an inscription on appearance of Raphanus he was by Herodotus be taken as to what the pyramids must with all reserve
a
botanist
as
Unger.
never
met
to
be. Loret takes his own told by others, however accurate observations may figures be Lactuca Schweinforth to the above and Buschan* named saliva,^and agree with this. These figures are but exceptional ; and in my opinion those published by V. Bissing Lactuca.
(Gem-ni-kai, xxvi)and
Reno
Muschler*
are
by
no
means
In other cases there may, perhaps, be figures of unnoticed species ; but the We return now interpretations be set aside. must such as pine-cones older Woenig is surprised at De Candolle doubting to the question about artichokes. Egyptians Cynara having scolymus, or its prototype C. Cardunculus ; but about
"
"
C. Scolymus was in Egypt. he after all doubts whether known European C. Cardunculus is the the that prototype certain south
'
It is almost of Scolymus.
math.-
In Botanische
natur.,
' ' ' '
des alt. Aeg. 38, pp. 69-140. In Ver. Berl. Anthrop. Ges. 1891, 665. Flora Phar. 1892, 68, No. 113. Vorgeschichtliche Botanik 1895, 144.
41.
A
Elaiiterungen
an
den
Pflam.
The
Originally the hard and unpalatable flowers of Cardunculus described by Theophrastus, who artichoke proper was
used
us
as
food.
between the thalamus resemblance and the palm-cabbage. later figures. The spread of the artichoke was Egyptian than the much very slow ; in 1466 from Naples to Florence, and not till1548 to England (H. Philhps, Hist. CuUiv. Veg. I,
23); but
there is no
reason
We
determine, because of may, indeed, meet in reliefs with plants which we cannot imperfect execution, especially in provincial art ; moreover, the figures are often damaged. Again, repeated copying, regardless of the original may subject, We be divergence. cause therefore must cautious, and restrict ourselves to wide comparisons of repeated forms which are not very divergent. Any wide deviation be specially considered. As Schweinforth remarks, II faut une must profonde
"
15. Rames
seated
holding
Bouquet
of
Leaves.
du style egyptien, de la symbolique figuree et des plantes du pays De plus, de bien interpreter la signification de ces images. pour etre a meme tache qui doit etre supportee autant par le savoir que par la critique. c'est une II s'y agit parfois de reconnaitre, parfois de deviner. La determination d'une connaissance
les yeux une on a sous deja difficile quand bien de dessins lorsqu'il jours, aussi grossiers gravure.de ellel'est plus s'agit Flora phar.Bull. Inst. Eg. 1882, No. 3, p. 9). de la sculpture (G.S. que ceux We field to the regularly recurring forms, should therefore restrict our
plante
comme
esp^ce
est souvent
"
nos
type. Any considerable only slight divergences from a normal When look be we deviations thus critically carefully considered. must strange sources at the artichoke resemblance, we see that it is impossible, and only two As against bouquet of leaves, or else the palm-cabbage. likely,an artificial seem which
have
or
the bouquet,
we
see
that such
are
either straight
or
curved.
For
instance.
seated before Rames [Thisis generally accepted from very primitive is seen Khay
are
reduced
one
to -4 few
(Fig. 15) holds in his left hand a bouquet of leaves. a palm similar but spathe.^F.P.] Something E. xlvi, Hierakonpolis (Quibell, where the leaves i), Gemnikai Mast. Gem. 2, In the lines. (Bissing, mastaba of
as
.
is preceded and followed by a man carrying a of the offering bearers flowers Bunches leaves or tied hand together in the left of (Fig. palm-cabbage 17) Nekht-ef-Mut are at the Ramesseum sometimes placed in the graves, as that of pi. i)
R. xvii, (Quibell, 10). Leaf -bouquets
as are
sometimes
Kingdom,
in
Lepsius,
Denk.
as
latter Unger
in
leaf.
There
are
representations
and probably they already knew of various species, and perhaps indicated them in figures. As early
see
cabbage, Kingdom
cabbage of Khu and Antefaqer (Boeser, BeschrijEg. Versam, ; ii). ving pis. xxix, xxx Also those of Upuatu-a (pi.iv) and
.
.
Upuatu-nekht
stances (pi. xxviii).Earlier inare at the tomb of Ti (Steindorff, Grab des Ti, and that of User-neter 37), (Murray,Saqq. Mast, xxiii), while it later Deir Bahri at appears (Naville, el D. B. I, XV).
"
the is seated with food before him, ing eatin a way the palm-cabbage (Fig. 18), which clearly proves that it is not an
artichoke. We may note, by the way, that the palm-cabbage was never used to make Scheil has suppalm wine, as posed. (TombeauxThdbains, V, p.
Dynasty.
562.)
I have tried to point out the probability that the tree of the Herakleopolite is a wine-palm, Raphia Monbuttorum, nome has which since then retreated It has doubtless kept its southward. place longest where the conditions were favourable, and a warm more Among air and soil gave a damp atmosphere. Oases. is are a In the there such sites ment stateparticularly support of these views by Sethe {A.Z.Ivi, is a special trees field aam that the not of 44-54) as sources oasis but a general term for the Oases (p. of palm wine, defined 52), thus in the Edfu he brings to thee fields of aam text, palms, making intoxication with its wine." II, Rouge, Ins. (De 99, Edfu,
" "
"
14.)
The Tree
I cannot leave the
disclaiming any special study of the Having been archaeology, as my work has been widely apart from Egyptology. in for more botanj', than twenty-five years especially agricultural, an practical into contact investigation of the ancient botanic material of Egypt brought me without subject
The the civilisation with Dr. Boeser, who has revealed to me of the Pharaohs. interestonce aroused was unquenchable, for the Nile has an irresistible attraction ; I soon to own realised gave material enough stimulate research. and my
subject
that the application of physical science to Egyptology demands a knowledge of both sides, especially in the language and literature. On the other hand, I acquirements would emphasize that the philologist requires sufficient scientific
i8. Man
eating
Pai-m-Cabba(1e.
to
our
follow the physical side of his subject.This, however, does not diminish for The has been done by great scholars in Egyptology. gratitude what of this science has gradually become
so
domain
wide
We cannot to deal with allaspects of it,as is likewise the case in other sciences. work now without specialising, in order to obtain a critical interpretation of the material, and to render the structure of the subject not only wider but more substantial. It is desirable then that not only philologists but medical men, feel the charm of botanists, and other technical students who agriculturists,
our
historic knowledge
of this
of ancient
which subject,
civilisation, should acquire the necessary will prove not only instructive but fascinating in F. F. Bruijning.
5^
THE
SARCOPHAGUS
OF
PA-RAMESSU
Heir
of
FROM I ?
GUROB.
Was
The
He
the
Seti
of description will therefore the School, entitled Gurob ipip-ip20 ; a summary suffice here to introduce the question of the identity of the prince. About twenty-eight years ago eiglitmen worked out a large shaft at Gurob and flooded, the mummiform lid of a very large red-granite sarcophagus only being visible above the surface. A Greek antiquity dealer was to see this cover, and he offered "50 if summoned The it could be broken into sufficiently small fragments to make it transportable. finders broke off the head and part of one arm, I from hear, can got what and,
on
red-granite sarcophagus found by the British School of Archaeology Egypt in the season 1919-20 has a somewhat curious history. Photographs in the Cairo Museum, now the sarcophagus and cover, together with the plan the tomb and full description, are being published in the forthcoming volume
in
of
of
discovered,
that it was
The secret of this find had,, however, leaked out by this time, the party of eight had become forty, all eager for a share in the loot. A fight and ensued, and finally the affair was given away to the then Inspector of Antiquities
it to the surface.
sent of the district,who arrived on the scene, seized the lid, and in due course it to the Ca'ro Museum, du fils roi 4""'' where it was registered as No. 30707 Rameses II." There it has remained ever since, until recently fixed up against a
"
knowledge to have been completely of the position of the pit seems lost, and we had to take the largest and most prominent pit and chance our luck. The firstpit proved to be the one, and we found the plan closely resembled the royal burials in the Tombs After bucketing out the of the Kings at Thebes. in the chamber were we water and clearing out the rubbish from the tomb find to a the sarcophagus was surprised sledge, coffin represented as being on and sledge being in one piece. The inscriptions on the sarcophagus present no who is special peculiarities,except in the spelling of the name of the owner, Vizier," Royal Son," called Pa-Ramessu and Ramessu, and whose titles are
" "
"
wall. The
Hereditary
of the Two
Lands
"
"
and
an
Commander
of the
Bowmen." The
name
analysis of the
name
showing
the
following pecuharities,
"
"
and only for the titles Vizier," Lands Commander and of the
"
"
p^ with I ffl
already added.
"
Royal
Son
"
or
without
form
title.
name occurs,
As
we
t.
have
remarked,
in whatever
the
the
epithet
has been
10
Royal Son," the other titlesoccur each singly and in combination, the titleof Commander where in combination of the Bowmen being in the firstplace. Otherwise, we have been able to recognise no never system in the arrangement of the titles. The title Royal Son never occurs with any other title, except the added Neh Weben."
" " "
"
"
We
be the 4th
or
any
son
of Ramessu
II
While
Son
admitting
that Sa in this
nisut
case occurs
f Ramessu
seven
-mer-
Amen
as no
can name
mean
"Royal
of
Ramessu,"
it cannot
be times,
so, so
follows the be
a
that it cannot
chance
We
Son
f Ramessu
-mer
-Amen
J,
and recognise in it a prince, entitled to use the cartouche, which happens to be II. Further, each identical with the personal-name cartouche of Ramessu on the sarcophagus, has been altered cartouche, and in consequence each name
II by the addition of the phrase Neh to render it differentfrom that of Ramessu to a cartouche exactly similar to his own Weben. Who then would jbut Ramessu
II ?
"
If Ramessu
object to objected
one
he would not have permitted case,) Since Pa-Ramessu was not the
(orin
any
II, his actual identity must of Ramessu We cannot put him after Ramessu II as : (a) We have practically be determined. No Ramessu II would care if Gurob date one no that ; at {b) graves after after Ramessu II The his cartouche resembled that of or not ; (c) style of work on are the coifinand the early XlXth all characteristicof the late XVIIIth
son
objects (d)There is no
"
we
can
fit Pa-Ramessu
after
being written in a cartouche should that the fact of the name In the full publication of this tomb, we shall give the key to this puzzle. XVIIIth list to XXth dynasties the the a their of all princes of with give wiU be found cartouche in is a name times the the the number cartouche as of written of prince These occvurs. are a fraction of the total number all taken of times the name Prince of from Gauthier's Livre des Rots, II and III. The kings entitled from the Kheta Treaty will be omitted. Egypt
most
important
titles. Under
the heading
"
"
of
"
"
III untU the end that from Thutmose this table it will be seen is known XXth dynasty, name every prince whose written in a cartouche of the The only exception being king ; in other words, was the heir. became
From III. Even be son this can that of Ramessu-kha'-em-Wast, of Ramessu is a combination of the family easily explained by the fact that his name Men-kheperbe Ramessu as name grouped among and should such names in The rule then seems Ra-senb, etc. the cartouche absolute that the name
heir.
an
It may
admittedly
be noted favourite
a
that
son
in
the
37
he
times
the
name
of
case
of Ramessu although
II, occurs,
has
in
no
written in
"
cartouche,
all the
most
As to the title Hereditary Prince of the Lord of the Two Lands," although before have not been able to find another example, those borne by Horemheb we des Rois, Gauthier, II, p. Merenptah his coronation {Livre and Sety 11 are
384),
of practically the
same
meaning.
from Guroh.
11
have, therefore, a prince, heir to the throne, before the time of Ramessu II, his, by him, by the addition cartouche exactly resembling changed probably epithet. We suggest that we have here a son of Seti I and an elder brother II
or
of Ramessu
at any
II's
Whether this is the prince (or one figure was succession. of them) whose introduced into the Karnak Seti I, wars reliefs of the of and whose figure was II, is not certain. As regards titles,it is possible. changed to that of Ramessu
That held by some, the prince in question is Amen-nefer-neb-f, as is at least doubtful supposition, the only foundation being the possible presence of a a neb after the name, and the fact that he has the title First Royal Son of his
"
Majesty." This
Ramessu
kem-s
it occurs title goes for very little, as with two of the sons of III and even in the titles of the non-royal Amen-nakht, son of Amendes Rois, III, p. has the title Chief Royal {Livre 397),each of whom
"
Son
only
"
; neither is it of firstimportance,
uses
as name
Amen-her-unem-f
occurs.
son
of Ramessu
:
"
II,
it once
The
(?), according
to Gauthier,
are
{Erpa'-haW)
(3)Fanbearer at the Right of the King. (4) Royal Follower into Retennu. (5) Royal Scribe.
known, is the titles of those princes whose tombs are one examining fact in detail the on temple that the titles the struck with shown military great lists are nearly absent from the tombs (c/. Livre des Rois III, pp. 176, Of
In
177).
prince
set out
of
or
a on
tomb
and
to the title
Of his body,"
has only to
look through
except among
"
^
how
it was
considered
in styling himself
"
"
''[ omits
.
Of his body
"
Royal
Son," although he is known to have this title. From this we see that, as regards titles,Pa-Ramessu to have prince. We do not insist on this, but he seems
heir to the throne. Legrain,
in the
statues
Annales du Service, Vol. XIV, pp. 17-26, discusses two Cairo found in 1913, of the by Pylon X at Karnak at Museum), a person Pa-Ramessu, became son called of Seti. He suggests that this man Ramessu I, and I believe that this is now Legrain's Assuming generally accepted.
(now
hypothesis and
ours
to be correct,
we
have
:
"
Ramessu
I, Men-Pehti-Re
!
Seti I
Pa Ramessu
and
Ramessu
-mer-
Amen
J.
The
Gurob
a
Pa-Ramessu
Egyptian
King
common
custom.
Seti I, each being named father, after his grandhave The Gurob Pa-Ramessu retained may
t2
Vizier and his Chief Bowman on the alternative spelling, and his titlesof in honour Prince his {erpa) coffin, of grandfather ; the slight change of the of the whole land into the Prince (erpa'ti) of the Sovereign being due to the royal birth of the grandson.
A list of the titlesof the Karnak Pa Ramessu, with those of the Unknown Prince of the Karnak reliefs Gurob Pa-Ramessu, is not without interest. the and Karnak
Pa
Ramessu.
Unknown
Prince.
Gurob
Pa-Ramessu.
15.
Judge
16. Chief Canal Engineer 17. Chief of Fortifications 18. Chief Priest of all the Gods
etc. (?),
the great resemblance between the elder Pa Ramessu's titles and Prince and the Gurob Pa-Ramessu. those of the Karnak Numbers 3, 4, 5 and 6 are almost exclusive to Royal Princes, but Pa Ramessu
has both
Fanbearer,
to Number
held by
as
it only dates to Seti I's wars. titles are those of a great soldier and statesman, of Royal Princes. It is curious that the Karnak Bowman
Scribe, and Royal Groom, so often Ramessu 10, could not have held it, Pa Ramessu's The remainder of the Karnak
Royal
Pa but
are
Prince omits the title of Chief for this as Limit Vizier. of space on the wall may well account and is he is sure to have had many more titles. Another and more probable reason he Pa-Ramessu Gurob he are same, that, assuming one and the would and the have had reasons not insert non-royal titleson a temple wall although he may
for doing it on
the sarcophagus. As to the significanceof the epithet Neb Weben, we have to take refuge in Assuming the genealogy stated above to be correct, it seems possible conjecture. being declared heir, had taken for his personal on that the Gurob Pa-Ramessu,
to
II wanted Deciding that Ramessu cartouche the name after his death. his instinct, from what we know of him, would take his elder brother's name,
'
be
case
can
find where
Royal
Son
"
Vizier.'
The Sarcophagus
to cut out the cartouches
13
of the heir.
Ramessu so of the friends of the late prince whom The conversion of the cartouche not risk offending. by the additioo of a word like nakht or senh would have been almost as bad, and incensed at his cartouche more the party of the prince would have been even It seems, being used to praise the younger heir, who probably hated him. then, within
the bounds
may II,
see
the restraining influence early in his reign, would into a laudatory phrase
was of possibility, that the epithet Neb Weben added intent, as a an title perhaps conferred posthumously, ostensibly with ambiguous II Brilliance," Ramessu Lord to trusting of posterity of honour and meaning
"
to read it as
Ramessu
is the (II)
other to meet
we
This may be far-fetched, but right, it is a subtle move well II. buried here
"
at Gurob,
as
we
have
not sufficientdata
dynasty
estates.
princes, to say
if it is unusual.
to the burials of the XVIIIth XlXth Gurob is possibly near his personal
R.
Engelbach.
of the sarcophagus appears to be that it was engraved for the The lid was finished and Pa-ramessu king's son nuiokheru, without cartouche. Then, his becoming his but on body one the either panel. co-regent, or all of was put in a cartouche with neb uben, accession, in the remaining panel the name
[The history
not
erased, and neb uben On the lid there was each side of the space enough to add, down substituted. in fresh a On band, the name a cartouche and neb uben. column with middle II succeeding he adopted his brother's cartouche, which enabled him to Ramessu already erected ; he denied to him burial with the appropriate any monuments
over
an
erasure.
On
was
"
F.P.].
14
KNOTS.
been averse to have to making of the early djmasties seem hardly knots. In Old Kingdom knots are ever seen, the representations of and in first it is only the Middle Kingdom that the reef-knot appears. Various devices were used for fastening ropes on boats, such as lashing with
The
Egyptians
the loose end tucked in. Strings for garments and personal ornaments must have been tied in some way, but the knot is either not shown or is conventionaUsed doms, out of recognition. As the Egyptian artists,in both the Old and Middle Kingwere were
accurate
in their detail, we
were
can
intentional, and
so an
due
not to
to incapacity
some
represent
but
only suppose that these subterfuges on the part of the artistto religious or superstitious feeling in
never
be untied.
LAVIES.PTAHHETEPIR.I8
PETRIE.MEDUM.XIII.
The earliest examples of the fastening of garments are on the slate palette by Narmer. No. i shows the fastening of the curiously shaped garment worn of A piece of the garment is brought over the left shoulder and meets the king. It is from below the right arm. on the left breast another piece which comes
uncertain whether the fastening is a conventionalised knot, or whether itrepresents, a kind of leather fastener (No. as Montet xlix, pp. 120-121), suggests {A.Z. 2), As the Narmer into Middle Kingdom. developed in a the metal ornament which
example is the earliest known, and as the shape of it do?s not correspond with held in place, it Montet's suggestion of the method by which the fastener was likely that Narmer's garment is knotted, and that the conventionalised seems in leather or knot of the early periods was imitated in the late Old Kingdom other material.
Knots. When
a
fastened on the shoulder, it appears to have been tied garment was in No. 3, the huntsman in the tomb of Ptahhetep. as four there with strings, Another form of shoulder-fastening was used only by priests of high rank, for This is seen in No. 4, Rahotep it is the method of tying on the panther-skin. seated at a table of offeringsand dressed in a spotted robe to imitate a panther clearly shown in another figure of skin. The detail of the tie is perhaps more This attitude holds he one Rahotep, No. 5, where end of the tie in his lefthand. is seen again in the figureof Urarna I (No.6) who holds the long end in his hand ;
,
he also
wears are
fastening
skins and
with the tie on portion of the priest's ritual dress continued into the Middle fastener is used as a hieroglyph from the ist dynasty onwards
the details of the of Gemnikai (No.7), 8 and similar figures (Nos. 9) clothed in panther the shoulder are of Ukh-hotep, and show that this In the
case
Kingdom.
10
The
(Nos. and 11), both in it is On seen, the hieroglyph or kp. k\p, clearly examination, reads and it it is is intended to knot itselfin a in though use, tied that the not and object No. 5 shows two loops method of fastening strings securely. represent some bow, however, have four two the the others, ends, which suggests ordinary and
whether loops or ends, they appear to pass through a Such a tube would be quite unpractical and could not metal tube. hold the weight of the panther skin dragging on the strings. We are then forced to representation of an ordinary either that this is the conventional
no
loops.
But
conjecture
or
bow-knot,
that it is
an
ornament
made
up
and
sewn
in position, like
our
in by the panther-clad official of the shoulder-knot is worn Narmer This is the nearest approach to the true repre(No. sentation
12).
before the Middle Kingdom, which occurs although the cleft in the middle of the cross-over (No.13) shows that the artist did not desire to represent the knot with accuracy and truth. A similar shoulder-knot is worn by User-neter (No.14)when clothed in a panther skin. Here the hemispherical
of
knot
are objects
perhaps used to prevent the strings from slipping through the tube through which the ends are passed. fastening, we come to another part of the Turning from this clearly artificial in which
a
knot is essential, i.e.,the girdle ; yet here again the artist On the slate palette of carefully abstains from any truthful representation.
costume
Narmer
^^
who
wears
girdle only.
This girdle (No. 15)consists of a belt round long loops in front ; the little
the waist, the ends of which fall in knob to above the girdle seems projecting in knot, itself loops were one tied together indicate that the girdle the and by the drawing one though judging might almost suppose that the bunch of
loops
them
separate from the belt and were pulled through the band which held tation in place. The angle at which the belt is worn precludes such an interprehave bunch loops, if drawing the the not ; retained separate, could of of
were
their position unless they actually formed part of the girdle. by Narmer's personal attendant (No.16). In Another type of girdle is worn Yet another type of is fastening this, the method studiously concealed. of where a single girdle is found on the ivory figure from Hierakonpolis (No.17),
loose end is brought the waist-band and fallsdown the front of the loin-cloth ; its connection with the loin-cloth or with the belt is impossible to determine ; the method of fastening is obscure.
over
i6
Knots.
i "^
'
J)AVIES.
SHEIKHSAIO.VI.
PETRiE.MEDUMXV.
10
BISSINQ-KAQEMN1.1LPL2 13
j^^'Cj^ )/
ri_
"=))
PETRIE.
11
BLACKMAN.MEIR.ilPL.16
MEDUM.XV
NARNAER
PALETTE
16 "t=."v^
17
MURRAY
SAQOARA MASTABAS
I.PL.23
MARMER
PALETTE
QUIBELL
NARMER PALETTE
mERAKONPOLIS.VIl
19
20
21
22
RAMESSEUM. XXXIII
^UIB"LL.RAM:X)0"||
RAKSSsFUMyiaiii
biSSINQ
KAQEMNLIPLIS
23
24
ro\
QUIBELL
RAMESSEUM.XXXI1
MURRAY BE MORGAN DAHCHOUR I PL.16
NEWBERRY EL BERSHEH.I
PL.15
Knots.
17
In the carefully detailed representations in the tombs of Rahotep and Ptahhotep, the same avoidance of knots can be observed (Nos. i8, 19 and 20); the girdle is clearly tied, but the method of tying is left to the imagination. So also in the case of ropes by which In No. 21 the secured. animals were rope is simply Curved round the creature's front leg, and in that position could In No. 22 a bow-knot is indicated, not have held the animal for a moment.
no apparent connection with the rope-collar Again, in the the rope attached to a hoop in the ground, encircling animal's neck. for The the knot is only vaguely indicated. used securing a calf (No.
23),
by the sacrificialox (No. worn elaborate rope appendage 24)may have been to the leading-rope as there is no visible join. But though splicing may spliced for some this method account of the joins could not have been used in No. 21, knot a kind was where of some essential.
The firstattempt to represent a knot truthfully occurs in the Xllth dynasty both Dahshur Lahun Here jewellery, at the reef-knot is clearly, and (No.
25).
though
fact that it occurs a jewel as accurately, indicated ; and the mere fastening that the beads by knot. At the was a shows ordinary of strings of same time, representations of knots in ordinary life are as studiously avoided in the Middle Kingdom in the earlier periods. At El Bersheh the ropes, by as bunched together without any which the colossus is dragged, are merely
not
connection
(No.26);
this must
he wished. 27) head-dress consisting of a wide filletwith pink lotus-blossoms ; at the first glance the fillet appears to be tied in a bow with wide loops, but a closer examination shows that the ends of the filletpass apparently through a metal clasp in been found in which lotuses are fastened. As such metal fasteners have never Middle numerous Kingdom the burials, it be can any of only supposed that this is girdle (No.28)twisted several times round the waist fastened by and what purports to be a knot though in reality it is nothing of the kind. The cross-belts which pass over the shoulders are fastened at the back with the ends hanging down, but the knot itselfis discreetly hidden. The
a
knots had
careful attention paid shows that the artist could have represented the Tehuti-hotep's daughter (No. wears an elaborate
scene
be intentional,
as
the most
representation of
knot.
Ukh sign (No. 29)also shows a knot which is no knot, the loop being coloured blue while the ends are white with a littlered ; this suggests that the loop and have no In a bird-catching scene ends connection with one at Meir, another. the two ropes which close the net are fastened to the pulling rope (No. the 30), knot is given with great detail,but it is not a knot. On real representation of a the same wall is a scene of boat-building, and here the knots are almost accurate that the artist could indeed draw a knot if he so desired. at Deir-el-Bahri, the ropes at the side of the of Mentuhetep, boat (Nos. are so 32 and 33) arranged that the method of fastening cannot be It is evident that they are not knotted, therefore they must have been seen.
In the temple either spliced or lashed. In the hieroglyphs, the same aversion to knots is equally evident. The sign is, which means a knot, is never In the Vlth dynasty represented as a true knot. is Even in to no there (Nos. 34 and 35) attempt show the structure of a knot. XVIIIth dynasty the (No. 36) there is only the indication of the form ; however, to give the general effectof the two bandages sufficient, method of joining frequently in the Middle Kingdom Other hieroglyphs show that used (No.
(No.31), showing
37).
i8
knots.
BLACKMAN.MEIR.IPL.7 ^^
30
NEWBERRY.
EL BERSHEH
r-
I roAMT FRONT:
-r
blackman.meir.ilPL.4
^1
11
BLAtKMAN.MElR.tt PL.4 MElR.IPLil ANN:DUSERV:3I1258
HALL
DElRELBAHARi HI PL 13
BAVIES
MURRAY.TOMB0FTWOBR0THERS.R.2
PETRlE.rAEDUM.PL12
MURRAY
SAQ:MAST:IPL.40
A2
43
SAQ:MAST-,IPLS.i9 40
44
PETRIE.MEBUM. PL.lS
Knots.
19
ropes tucked
were
not
knotted,
in.
The
common
lashing in
lashed round an objectand the loose end in tomb the 38 and 42), of Rahotep, show this xw'-signs (Nos. is one of the most interesting of The zei^sign (No. use. but
were
40)
sign of a knot is visible. In the h (No. 41) the ends are obviously tied to prevent their In the fine of fastening the ties is not given. spreading, but the method is looped the rope three times round the example of the wr-sign (No.
it represents the loops used in forming as the cord-hierogH'phs, here the cord is only in position, the knot itselfis not completely the ropes appear to be fastened by lashing, ^wii-sign (No.
made.
as
clove-hitch ; In the
40)
no
43)
blade and round the handle, the loose end is then twisted round and round the three strands and probably pushed under one of the loops where it was to be made In the rope handle (No. 44) the loops appear by held firm. is blade lashed the the lashing ; and in the stp-^\gn (No.45) securely of adze
to the handle
From knots
were
the sign of a knot. before us, it seems, therefore, that in the early dynasties the evidence Middle Kingdom, the same though never represented. In the without there
was was a a
stillexisted, prejudice
movement
towards
an
accurate
were
presentation beginning
M. A. Murray.
20
PERIODICALS.
Vol. Aegyptische Zeitschriftfur Sprache,
LIII, 1916
In the Two Brothers," whose temple was near the Serapeum at Oxyrhynchus, Grenfell and Hunt see the Dioscuri. But Spiegelberg thinks they really belong to the Egyptian pantheon, for personal names are
"
Spiegelberg,
W.
"
even
four
"
brothers."
The divine is
"
name
Psosnaus
three brothers."
ScHAFER,
a
H.
"
"
Commenting
on
a
water-wheel mention of The land, whither thou goest in to possess it,is not as the land of Deut. xi. 10, Egypt, from out, where thou sowedst thy seed, and wateredst whence ye came of
it,like a garden of herbs, with thy foot addition in brackets should rather be
to show
that it
was
by
to
we
watering machine," as there is nothing It is, however, important to find that a watera wheel. known as the foot was early as the seventh century B.C.
are
us
of the ordinary lifeof the Egyptians in the first millennium largely dependent for our knowledge on foreign sources.
Vol. Zeitschrift,
"
LV,
191 8.
Alt"s und Neues zur Kunst und Religion von Tell el Amarna. Schafer, H. fills Prof. Schafer's paper on the Art and Religion of Tell el Amarna nearly heilf he disagrees on most of this number, and is a criticism of Borchardt, with whom Akhenaten, is frankly Schafer in his conservative estimate of regarding points. him as a great reformer both in religion and art, whereas Borchardt's opinion is
adverse to the heretic king. Schafer divides the royal portraits of the Tell el Amarna period into three Portraits in drawn : Akhenaten but the the conventional name (i) with classes of
before the king style. These are usually said to have been made has now instituted his reforms, but Schafer now Borchardt that proved concedes is inexplicable It Amenhetep III his son. that they are portraits of and not of
Egyptian
how
this
Egyptian
(2)The
of conventional of the youthful Akhenaten X, Mon. sun (Prisse, style, with cartouches, adoring the radiant i). hideous portraits, often bordering on caricature, of the king and queen,
can
be asserted in view
emphasizing
their physical defects. Here Prof. Schafer stops to point out the two characteristic features of Akhenaten's face the hanging chin, and the noseline continuous with the forehead. These two features are found in the real
"
portraits of the king, but Schafer is obliged to confess that there are so many variants of the royal face that it would be impossible to recognise them unless Akhenaten they were named. and his queen are represented with long thin is always distinguishable by the slight arching of the necks, but Akhenaten's The mummy of Akhenaten shows that he had a tendency to hydrocephaly with the back of the skull enlarged, a condition which appears in his daughters. nape.
fiirAegyptischeSprache. Zeitschrift
Borchardt
21
not of this shape, and contends that Queen Nefert-ythi's head was "bladder-heads" that all figures of queens with represent someone else; but Schafer refuses to admit this. It is interesting to find two learned professors disputing over*.^ matter which a woman would settle at once, after seeing the
PI. VI, 2. on shown photograph of the exquisite figure in the Berlin Museum, The shape of the head is clearly a method hair, the of arranging which is either in Madras, or is taken back smoothly women as is done by Tamil rolled on itself, by many The smoothness, over a cushion, as was worn people a few years ago. which is an essential in this style of hair-dressing, could not be expressed by an Egyptian artist except by colour. The princesses are represented with the same kind of hair-dressing, for even little girls wore wigs like their mothers throughout the historic period of Egypt. (3)The third group of portraits shows the same features as the second, but less markedly pronounced, and are distinguished also by the earlier age of the royal couple. The beautiful statue, numbered Berlin is is by Borchardt be Tutankh-Amen. This to disputed 20496, said strenuously of by Schafer, who points out that in the five known portraits of Tut-ankh-Amen Akhenaten the line under the chin is straight, whereas always has a hanging feature in The a this statue. chin, clearly shown retreating forehead, the slightly curve arched nape, and the backward of the skull are also very evident, and prove
the
accuracy of Schafer's ascription. In the Berlin relief No. 15000, which Borchardt attempts to prove is of Akhenaten's daughter and her husband, the hanging chin of the king stamps it at once himself. as the portrait of Akhenaten The representations of domestic life among the royal family are not peculiar
to this period.
There is a fragment of ivory now in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, which shows a king of the 1st dynasty with his queen on his knee. Erman has also remarked Kingdom that the kings of the New took pains to show that human, and were in they were the ordinary dress of the period. often represented As regards the religionof Tell el Amarna, it is generally acknowledged that in other parts of Egypt. practised at Heliopolis and was known it local a considers cult raised to the supreme place. It is very certain III called his boats, his palace and his army after the Aten, that Amenhetep his Nebmatre, own The inscribed block name was the glittering Aten." and found at Karnak, man. was at Berhn and shows the Aten as a hawk-headed
was
"
III, and shows that there was to Amenhetep a place for the worship of the Aten before the time of Akhenaten. But though the Aten was sun the the worshipped earlier, representation of with rays ending in hands begins in the reign of Akhenaten, is and peculiar to that peiiod only (see Prisse, Mon. X, i, quoted before). Schafer does not agree with Borchardt that
the block
but thinks that, as it was found with other blocks built into the pylon of Horemheb, the Aten-temple must have been at or Karnak. III there Borchardt also maintains that even near before Amenhetep
came
from
Hermonthis,
at Tell el Amarna, with a large part of the Aten of the temple and palace. Schafer strenuously denies this, quoting Akhenaten's own words when he says that he found the place belonging to no deity or ruler, The king raised his hand to heaven and to his Creator, and swore that in no
was
a
"
city called
Horizon
"
"
he establish the city." Borchardt's chief argument, however, published by Wilkinson, showing Akhenaten offering to the Aten, in the with the inscription, The living Aten, in the temple of Men-khepru-Ra Aten temple in Akhet-Aten." Schafer's refutation is that the temple of Thothmes
other place would
is a fragment
"
IV is another
name
for one
"
Shadow
of Ra," which B 3
22
built and dedicated in the names of his relatives. Borchardt brings in forward another argument III, the fact that in the tomb of Huya (Davies Pis. X, XXV) statues of Amenhetep III are represented, and suggests that Akhenaten tried to efface the memory as well as the name of his father. Schafer Akhenaten destroyed only the personal name of his father, in points out that Akhenaten hated Amen the the that statues of the father were which word occurred, and set up in the temple by the filial piety of the son. Borchardt will not even the glory of a allow that Akhenaten appears in Schafer from Tell Amama thinks that, the evidence of the tombs, reformer." el doctrine. He the king was the moving spirit and himself preached the new
"
tional ascribes the failure of the reform to an under-estimation of the power of tradiit too philosophical for the mass was religion,and edso to the fact that of as the people. At any rate it is the figure of Akhenaten the out which stands chief Aten-worshipper, without whom out of a hundred other obscure gods. Though Borchardt lays stress on
the Aten would have been to
us
but
one
the fact that Egypt's foreign power fell, itself to was reduced chaos, neither he nor Schafer appear to and the country have considered the possibility that the whole movement may have been political Egyptian history, whenever a glimpse can be as well as religious. Throughout obtained of the underlying forces at work, there is manifest a struggle for supreme
donations of kings Amen, to the temples, that enormous the victorious of gave power especially into the hands of the hierarchy, who were never slow to combine the spiritual Akhenaten to defy the priesthood, was not a Khufu and temporal kingdom. made Tell el Amama but he
a
power between Church and State. It is seen in the Old Kingdom, branded and Khafra bridled the power of the priesthood, and were dynasty the magnificent the priestly recorders. In the XVIIIth
the capital from Thebes to gallant stand ; and by removing he struck a blow at the prosperity of the gi^eat priesthood from have recovered had he lived longer or had his successors never
seen
sarcastic remarks, made without from the bow of inaccuracy are apt to shot
fitto end his very interesting paper by verif3dng the facts. Arrows of sarcasm
the injure
archer
more
Schafer, H. Die angeblichen Kanopenbildnisse Konig Amenophis des IV. Prof. Schafer here discusses the portraiture of the four human heads of the found in the tomb ascribed to Queen Tyi. They were firstsaid to canopic jars
"
be portraits of the queen herself, but Maspero brought forward arguments to Schafer agrees that they are the portraits of Akhenaten. show that they were In his previous not Tyi, but also refuses to admit that they are Akhenaten. paper he has proved that the one constant feature, from the best to the worst is the hanging chin, whereas each of these heads show portraits of Akhenaten, both to a line the chin. The retreating forehead is common straight under
a strong resemblance to the king ; but their be in the shape distinguished by difference the usually respective portraits Schafer heads the the the compares chin. profile of of canopic with the profile of the Berlin figure of Nefert-ythi, and concludes that they represent the same As the so-called Tomb Akhenaten's was queen. of Tyi person, namely
Akhenaten
bears
"
"
as
hiding place for royal mummies, furniture was also secreted there.
a
some
of
2%
aus
M., und RoEDER, G. Eiyi aUertiimeln der Grahstein der Spatzeit This bears interesting inscription for a man an Mittel-cigypten. stone named Anti-hetep. He held various offices,many titles are rare, whose of such as O, '"Lord of Gladness," which occurs the always with place-name
^37^,^ The ^^
.
to
Middle
style of the stela, and the careful work, is so Kingdom Kingdom sculpture, and Middle in the inscription. The
name
fine
as
to approximate
seems
influence
to
be
apparent
was
even
of the
man,
for whom
the stela
now
inscribed, is
c^"
Zu
which
has
reads
would be hellenised
"
Antaios.
"
Sethe,
There
are a
der Grosse den mit "^=" wr beginnen den alien Titeln. beginning titles with '^=^, always showing very whole series of These have always been read as {e.g.) The Great One, the Leader
K.
"
"
"
wr
Great One, the Seer," and so on. in this connection as the superlative,
The
" "
Sethe
"
The
now
The Greatest of the Seers." This reading is particularly Leaders of Craftsmen," The Greatest of the Five happy in the title of the High-priest of Hermopolis, The Greatest of the House of Thoth," and of the High-priestesses of male gods,
"
of the concubines."
Ein koptischer Ehevertrag. Coptic marriage-contracts are rare, The one, been four having published. which MoUer now publishes, is in only is by Patriarch Alexandria dated, the mention of John Sahidic, and of and Michael Patriarch of Antioch, to about A.D. 1208. This example gives the bridal dowry hundred gold solidi,of which twenty were as one paid down, but no time limit MoLLER,
G.
"
In the contract published by Sir H. is set as to the payment of the remainder. XXXIV, bridal dowry was hundred Thompson the {P.S.B.A. p. 173) also one paid at the time of the marriage, the remainder gold solidi,of which twenty were humbler marriage see Gizeh and Rifeh, to be paid in five years. For a much p. 42.
WiESMANN,
H.
"
Herr Koptisches.
of negatives
of words.
G.
"
M/ibr
demotic a of marriage-contract is Pabus, the the contracting parties of Spiegelberg has already suggested that the from Nubia, and Moller now connects it with the Megabaroi,
==
Meya^dpoi.
one
"
who These
mentioned, under various spellings, by several Greek and Latin authors. Megabaroi are said to have lived in Nubia, and were neighbours of the Mekaberab Moller identifies them also with the modern Blemmyes. who live
on
study of the inscription of Dr. Schafer explained the numerous extraordinary faults of spelling and syntax which it contained, by reference to kind of mistakes made by Nubians of the present day when writing the same
ScHAFER,
"
H.
"
Nubisches
text
In his Aegyptisch.
Nastesen
an
Egyptian
from
Nubia
"
Arabic.
of this theory he publishes an Arabic letter from his own kind of grammatical and orthographical Nubian servant, showing exactly the same faults as in the inscription of Nastesen. In support
I', 4
24
Ten years ago Maspero published two fragments of a papyrus, which attracted Uttle notice, though belonging to the beginning of the XVIIIth dynasty, at which period documents Ein
des Brief
Schreibers Amasis.
Aahmes, a scribe in the named papyrus is a letter from a man having lived in the as service of a certain PnlltV who is already well known III. I, Thothmes II, I, Thothmes Amenhotep Hatshepsut reigns of and Thothmes
are
rare.
The
The
writer complains
that
someone
removed
slave girl has been taken from him, and given to has written to ask why her daughter has been wish.
Kriterium. Any help towards the exact Ein orthographisches For practical purposes, one of the inscription is an always welcome. Prof. words. of dating is in the spelling and writing of common illustrates Erman as this with the root preposition and adjective ~^, which The determinative "f. took, in the Middle Kingdom, the determinative properly
Erman,
"
often happened, the instead of, the correct with, and confounded used This in Kingdom Middle the ; the use revived occurred occasionally phonogram. in the XlXth in the latter part of the XVIIIth dynasty, and was common and
to the word
belongs
only
when
it
means
Face.
As
determinative
became
was
XXth.
Therefore
any
or
inscription, in which occurs, the spelling ^ would XXth dynasty, or at earliest to the XVIIIth. Curiously
this spelling tillafter the New Kingdom.
Spiegelberg,
K.
"
Das
Grundwort
zum
I.atitzeichen
^
"
d.
^"^ m
a
^^
which
"
as
is
phonetic.
^^
l/A
,
snakes
sharply distinguished
uraeus
which (^"^) He
forth
| Im J which
suggests that
exor
have
surviving
as
an
alphabetic
sign.
The
origin of is wrong.
AXO)
^^
He
is the
He
on
the
"
Menes-Tafelchen
"
of Naqadeh.
| as
im
.
an
early form
of writing the
venomous
snake which
uraeus
The
difference would
uraeus
be between
the
in peace,
the
Uazet, and
the
reared up to strike in
as judgment,
Lidzbarski,
M.
"
The
demotic
from
"
introduced
"
conquest.
25
H.
"
According
to
means
spelt
ill III
written in numerals,
Joy
or
Pleasure.
Hathor
Schafer sugggsts that the Egyptian word must be sought in some word beginning XLII, As to a u(2T-. an uiiTor addition previous paper {A.Z. p. 72)he with
"
.
nil
mentions
that at Denderah
the number
nine
is
written
\iii/
"
Spiegelberg,
probably dynasty,
an or
W.
"
The
term
phrase
^^
":="
to
enter
house
"
is
idiomatic
even
for marriage,
and
comes
down
from
the XlXth
earlier.
"
MoLLER,
"
G.
The
word
ft
'"
00S ^
-^
was
meaning cites
a
means
r^
recognised by Goodwin
the
as
"
covered-up
one,"
and
The bride
comes
closely wrapped up in cloth, and resistsall attempts to tillshe receives the bride price.
the covering
Comptes
Lacau,
"
Rendus,
Acad.
Inscr. et Belles-Lettres.
15 Oct., 1920.
p.
"
Les Travaux
work
At Denderah
interrupted
been
unearthed, older than Nekht-hor-heb, and under the myth of Horus commemorated the divine birth of By the side of this is a Christian basilica, the king as a son of Amen and Hathor. The sacred lake has been built from the spoils of the mammisi of Augustus. found ; it is 31 by 25 metres, with a gate at each corner opening on a stairway. The walls
are
en du Service des antiquMs de I'Egypte 1919-1920. has A mammisi in 1914 has been resumed. built by It was one the well-known of Augustus.
at present.
The
Ptolemaic
water
level
was
metres
lower than
was the parallel to the tank of water which was it, for drawing water to serve house. A the well adjoins private of the store-chambers have been found in the south-western corner
great enclosure. The tomb of Petosiris is next described, which abstract of the Annates du Service.
At Hermopolis
the cemetery of the ibis has been opened, and 200 metres' length of gallery has been explored, containing thousands of burials. Most of but others are in loculi, or in small sarcophagi of stone. these are placed in jars,
1920.
et les enseignes sacrdes.- After
"
Jequier.
"
L'Enneade
Osirienne d'Abydos
describing the
well-known enneads of Heliopolis and Hermopolis, I. At the is from Abydos described the great stele of Tehutmes of Osiris,then Khnum course of Antinoe, and of the Cataract ; Thoth Hermopolis ; Horus gods, and of of Letopolis, and avenger of
the
ennead
was
head
Upuatu
The worship and sacred objects of of the South, and of the North. in later the by Tehutmes I, these gods were three centuries established and temple of Sety I there is figured the sacred head of Osiris, and before it the eight
ensigns of these gods. be, religious,and they remember
Such
seem
was
which are, or may only found in scenes therefore not to be military or tribal. [Yet we must denoted by its god in the earliest times.]
ensigns
are
26
TMs contains two date, more discovery than the 18 report of pages, years after of of the dynasty. Such an interval ought to have sufficed pyramids of the XXVth for the complete publication, instead of adding to the ever-increasing pile of future obligations for volumes. Behind the village of El Kur'uw, about as
of Fine
April-June, 1921.
"
far north of Barkal as Nuri is south of it, lies the pyramid field. There were but weathered heaps of debris, yet these covered the tombs of Kashta, Pionkhy, Shabaka, Shabatoka and Tanutamen. Beside these are other tombs, on what
obvious part of the site, and therefore earlier. Dr. These earliest tombs estimates these as extending back to 900 B.C. finely flint Such sugcontained many and chalcedony. chipped arrow-heads of gest from the Libyan desert. These had been that the rise of this family was
appears Reisner
to
be the
more
by the quantity which the plunderers had dropped as very rich in gold, judging negligible. Fragments of fine Egyptian work showed an active trade in objects luxury. Tombs the queens have also been foimd, and the tombs of the of of horses of the kings, four of Pionkhy's, eight each of Shabaka and Shabatoka, and four of Tanutamen. They were of a short and rather small breed, and were buried upright in the graves. Though no trace of a chariot was found, it seems
four and eight suggest pairs or fours to draw chariots. Beside that the numbers the views of the site and tombs, with ritual chapters inscribed on them, there are figures of a blue bowl with reliefs of bulls ; gold, garnet and camelian necklaces ;
figure of crystal and gold, faience the plaques and necklaces, alabaster vessels of early stages of the alabastron blue figures ivory type ; ; carvings ; alabaster canopic glazed reliefand openwork
silver amulet
a
"
canopic"
heads ; a gold band collar of a queen ; bronze bed legs resting on a goose, of Shabatoka ; the heart scarabs of Shabaka ; a silver mirror and Tanutamen hawk with four statuettes of gods around it ; and a bronze gazelle. Beside the historic interests, there is the artistic outlook of the Ethiopian As a matter of taste, the changes Egyptian work and motives.
adaptation
are
of
all to the
bad, yet the African taste for fat there is a good deal leftto admire.
women
( 277)
REVIEWS.
The Kalahari
or
Thirstland
or
Redemption. By
"
E.
H.
L. Schwarz.
8vo,
(No date
price.)
Blackwell, Oxford.
the purpose of this book is a matter of economics and engineering, it has so important a bearing on the history of the Nile valley and historic changes data and of climate, that it shoiild be understood by our readers. The abundant
facts related here, as well as the author's pubhc standing, show that the conclusions The broad position is that the deserve the most serious consideration. table land, about half a mile high, of South Africa is so nearly flat, that small
impulses of storms, surface denudation, and other transient changes, suffice to spill a river discharge one way or the other in a few years. Also that the short coastal rivers are eating back and tapping the head waters of the internal drainage,
remove the rainfall rapidly instead of letting it feed flood-lakes. The less import than the spread of it over a longer total actual of rain is of much during the period of growth. season, and thus keeping a moist atmosphere The system which such a form of land needs is that of large drainage lakes which
so as
to
can
evaporate, and so produce fresh precipitation and moist atmosphere, instead deep of gorge-rivers, which are useless. The author's remedy of dams does not Africa, in view of concern us here, but rather his reading of the history of North what is rapidly going on in the South.
Nile history is started with the discharge of Lakes Tanganyika and Such has Kivu into the Nile, extending its course discharge about 700 miles. been by lake to forcing the cut off recently rise and volcanoes arising, and thus into Congo. How is be over the the recent spill change may suggested by a native belief remaining that Tanganyika history. may well be within Egyptian old direct channel of the Nile, from near the south end, and the Nile had to make down, the early Nile is stated to have run did discharge northward. Another volcanic change Khartum
a
The
The
was was
to Ambukol,
Berber.
the of Khargeh, Dakhel to Abu The Atbara independent was an and Farafra. river running down The Atbara Hamed, Aswan. desert Korti to on through a or and great valley Abu Hamed then worked back a side stream (? to Ambukol), and so tapped the Nile, and drew it off from the present oasis line to the present Egyptian course, through
the old Lower Atbara. which was The author considers that the earliest Congo discharged northward through the Saharan region, and the evaporation of lakes along its course would maintain fertihty there. It was the tapping of the Congo ruined the which westward
Sahara.
All of these changes have to be kept before us when considering the in visible in the excavation of the Nile valley, and the conditions of man
By
J. H.
Breasted.
8vo, 23 pp.
(Lecture
1918.)
wrecked After referring to the shipping of pyramid times, Sanehat, and the Shipby Sailor, Dr. Breasted remarks on the commanding taken position Egypt in the XVIIIth dynasty, holding the land link of Asia and Africa, crossed
28
by the water
must
products, trees
are
and the Red Sea. The flow of foreign foreign men into the Egyptian capitals
have been
change part of his age show how treaty rights extended to private property of foreigners. The importance of Asia Minor and the Hittite land in controlling the flow of Asia down Syria, is strongly insisted on. The resemblance of the ancient southward
looked
day is well described. A remarkable own strategic position with that of our letterhas come to light from the widow of one of Akhenaten's successors, offering to take a Hittite husband, and so unite the Asiatic power with Egypt. It was the Assyrian menace which led later to the treaty between the Hittites
With
Egypt
an
Dr. Breasted has made a very careful study of the great marriage Simbel, which recorded the festivities of the Egypto-Hittite alliance. Hittite later looked to Babylonia, and stirred clearly decadent, the
up there power A
attack on Assyria. This only led to the capture of Babylon, and the Assyrian to entirely overthrow the Hittite power and civilisation. the of
History
of
Sinai.
"
By
Lina
Eckenstein.
8vo.
202
pp.
22
figs.
(S.P.C.K.) 1921.
8s. 6d.
general history of Sinai has hitherto appeared. of and religions has not produced any summary is This volume different periods which are there commemorated. The first dealing with all the ages of the peninsula. as welcome
with Nabatheans and Israelites,the next After describing the history under Islam. is discussed, temple the cult of Serabit and described, and then the history of the Egyptian occupations The chapter on the early people and place names deals with
third is occupied with Egyptians and Christians, the last third with the nature of the country, the moon its surroundings
are
in Egyptian The last, so well known and the Retennu. inscriptions, remained down to the Raithenoi of Ptolemy, and the Retheny. were the attendants on the mosques at Gebel Katrin as late as 1816. Various who in the Pentateuch and later writers. Two chapters other tribes are mentioned deal with the Israelitequestions, the author taking the new view that Serabit The historical position of Moses is here followed, was the mountain of the Law. setting of locality and circumstance which renders it the more How far this will fall in with the whole account physically probable. needs full consideration. and
a
placed in
interesting commercial rise of the Nabatheans is summarised, and then the Hermit period, and life and writings are described. The history of the follows, and the earlier settlement of Pharan. The strange episode of the introduction of the worship the Alexandrian of St. Katherine saint is have been Sinai in is described. Why fervently so she should strange. accepted Is it possible that her name fitted near enough to Hathor for it to carry on an Convent older worship then near its end ? There is plenty of varied interest in this book, far more and it will make a long-familiar name real to many readers.
The
"
By
William
Radcliffe.
478 pp.
28s.
And
Isaak Walton.
Mr. Radcliffe,
on
wrote of Angling, I shall not say much," delightful the other hand, has written many
Reviews.
29
pages, which are certain of appeal to lovers of folk-lore,archaeology and fishing. A dexterous blend of learning and anecdote fulfils a promise of grace of treatment, by in is implied dedicatory lines Andrew Lang's appeal to the quotation which of
grant that in the shades below my ghost may land the ghosts notes of fish." The book is generously illustrated, and the numerous and references to the latest authorities are an additional delight. Selection is difficult from such a mass With chapters on Egyptian, Assyrian of interesting matter. Persephone
tft
"
and Jewishfishing ahead, one may be tempted to hurry through the section on Greek and Roman times, though one would not willingly miss the account of the discovery by two unlettered French fishermen of the modern method of breeding
fish, nor vexed question of the Excellent historical not solved until 1920. of eels, which propagation usher in the Assyrian and Jewish sections, and the discussion of the summaries reason why these nations apparently knew not the rod in spite of intercourse The fish which leaped out of the river and would have swallowed with Egypt.
on
the
Tobias
(R.V.)introduces
and
frimce noctis
"
of the best anecdotes, for example, that of Chang-Chih-ho, chapter contains some that glittering example of humorous and carelessness romantic detachment his in but baits, time no as his angling, of public opinion, who spent used
was
object
L. B. Ellis.
30
NOTES
WORK
Abydos is
an
AND
AT the
NEWS.
ABYDOS.
extent
of acres of person could hope to work out. Moreover, cemetery far exceeds what anyhving it has been far so at present exhausted that there is scarcely any obvious lead that is not piled with past clearances, of importance, and most of the area
is deeply cumbered with late tombs, which in case no which add materially to history
excavators
can
oppressive site, as
enormous
of hundreds
have been
or
to collections.
of the 1st dynasty were years ago the Royal Tombs entirely later done there did not add anything further cleared and examined, and work In the course to the results which I had found. of later work, about ten years the old ago, yet another party cleared a part of the northern cemetery, near
be attained,
Ez Zebib. Most of the tombs as the Shunet but dynasty, lines of graves Xllth were some and graves were of the amid these Nothing done to was recognised as being of the 1st dynasty. which were complete the plans of these ; and, though carefully recorded, the account ends,
is, are
isolated or connected phenomena, and what their significance However this may be, the close questions which cannot be answered." resemblance of these lines of graves to those around the royal tombs, a mile or these
are
"
Whether
it desirable to examine them had passed, and nothing more done, it seemed was these remains. up The British School accordingly began work
two
distant, made
completely worth
; and
as
ten years
December.
In
two
or
three
days
found, but the site is slow to work structures of tombs buUt over it,large buildings have been placed cutting through the lines of graves, and the ground is riddled with long graves of the Xllth
this part of the cemetery in on line another of 1st dynasty graves was in, as it is encumbered with ten feet of later
Little by little have won we dynasty, which scarcely ever contain anything. front line line of over thirty graves, and a side at right angles almost out a long The been long is now burial had as cleared out, and central pit appearing. for five in Xllth dynasty, a noble Uahemdeepened with large trench tombs the Shenu and his family, one of whom had four of the 1st dynasty stone vases laid
over
found two sides of the second great tomb lines long circuit, of graves, all anciently plundered, but containing enough of fragments The central tomb of this has not yet been to date them. pottery and attempted, as it is deeply covered with heaps from other excavators ; but so
as
her body.
Similarly,we
have
the circuit of graves is clear, we shall know where to sink for the centre. The pottery of the first tomb was evidently within a reign of the time of king Zer, and this was by twice finding his name confirmed and also that of a queen
soon
Mer-nesut.
The
1st dynasty
is
so
completely
known
Umm
be other tombs
Notes
and
Nezvs.
near
31
seems
two
or
were
by
was
built
Such is the definite piece of work that the British School intends to settle, various later things without any a"nbition to undertake the whole site. Of course, burials, but nothing of are thrust upon us in the clearance of superimposed One piece of a stele of Greek period is curious for the importance or value. When the site naturalistic figure of the worshipper, which is here reproduced. Middle down Egypt, to and of the 1st dynasty is cleared up, it is hoped to move from last resume the regular clearance of the western at year's work side
hitherto only been for capital should have temples and papyri, but a nome worked for. The be of the distribution of sought ages to cemeteries of many subject over, at Abydos, by Miss Catonprehistoric flintsis being thoroughly worked School. Thompson, of the staff of the Sedment. The camp Roman will be
at
Oxyrhynkhos,
which
has
the excavation of the British School is expressly limited to the north part of Abydos, we have naturally visited the massive structure behind the temple opened up in 19 14, and which remains in the condition in of Sety, which was Though then left. As I had the advantage of discussing it with Mr. Wainthe wright (now Inspector of Antiquities for Middle Egypt),who managed be be it to to as well sum up what seems ascertainable about this excavation, may which
it
was
unique thrown
building.
over
It
was
remaining the middle roofing of cantilever blocks projected, There is which stretched across.
entirely subterranean, as the stratified layers of marl The parts of it show that it was completely covered. hall was of a type unknown each side elsewhere ; on in below, to sloping carry great roof beams, order
no proof that any water was originally in it ; for the general water-level of the country has risen so much that it would have been sixteen feet lower in the Xllth dynasty, to which date this building probably belongs. The walls of quartzite sandstone were partly dressed smooth, having an
excess
The
end Memeptah.
of two of the
below.
never
The
three inches when built in, to be later reduced by dressing. finished smooth was and was afterwards utilised by The sides were at the top, and the surplus left partly smoothed doorways of the cells around were therenever fore completed, and were
or
hall
been closed. The sandstone floor blocks beneath the walls have never flooring halls to the a across the ; this at smoothed edges receive close-fitting does not preclude a floor having been put in, as the Egyptian was careless about
stillremain, we may outline the history of the site. The grey granite used
a
rarely if ever which was used is true of the quartzite sandstone, which w"is used for the walls, and for the floors which carried great weight ; as it was lavishly used in the tomb of Senusert III here, it also points to the Xllth djmasty date. Certainly there is nothing like all this material to show in either or in the New the Old Kingdom Kingdom, and as it was all familiar in the Middle pillars,architraves and roofing, was before the Xllth dynasty. The same
stone
it is to that period we The purpose of must ascribe this building. the four or five courses of hard stone foundation under the walls and pillarswas to obtain a firm base to carry the enormous The bay weight of the structure. of hills at Abydos is filledwith a deep mass of water-laid sand, with occasional patches of gravel. Such was laid in probably down were
"
Kingdom
for great weights, and foundations for the superstructure. In the to the rock bed
"
32
"
Notes
and
News.
the walls no such strength was needed for carrying a floor, and filledup to floor level with blocks of limestone, which were probably this was all between the outside of the walls and the sand ground. filling, as used abundantly The floor being thus completed, Merneptah have been able to utilise would
the building ; while such limestone floor would be the firstthing to be removed Since then the rise of water level has a quarry. the building became when filled between the the up spaces wall-foundations.
spaces between
Sety planned his temple here, he subterranean building as he followed the same
When
seems
to have
been
was
aware
of the
not enough axis. length for the whole of his temple and its courts between the cultivation and the subterranean, so the back part of his plan was cut off and placed at the side it, in After that, Merceptah described The Temple Kings." as of of the
"
But there
added
"
long approach sideways behind the subterranean, and sculptured the This approach was cleared and published as end wall of the great hall. The use of this building continued till Ptolemaic times, as The Osireion."
a
is shown
as
foundation
a
of the enclosure wall. In Coptic times it became was all removed, the granite beams of the roofs were
the gateway quarry, the limestone floor broken up, and parts of the
deposit, under
architraves and pillars were split to pieces, to cut out millstones. At Thebes, Mr. Winlock's party are continuing the study of the temples and tombs of the Xlth dynasty ; Mr. and Mrs. N. de G. Davies are copying and have begun work recording the painted tombs ; and Messrs. Fisher and Mackay
on
Regarding
operations, for
but rely
on
their
opinion and
wishes.
W. M. Flinders
Petrie.
ENGRAVED OXYRHVNKHOS.
GLASS
JAR, CENT.,
2.
A.D.
VHh
-^-^
ft
ANCIENT
EGYPT
THE
BRITISH
SCHOOL
IN
EGYPT.
Shortly
there
was
had been
published discovered
an near
account
were to said to be inexpHcable, and no attempt was made been As had for their that region extent. search out abandoned eight years, for other excavators it. The British School no reason there was not examining over therefore applied for this place, and has now worked about 500 graves of As such graves of royal dependents have not the earlier half of the 1st dynasty.
this was except around the Royal Tombs, probably the last great group of that age in Egypt. At first we only anticipated finding a square of graves, around a larger burial, like the graves around the Royal Tombs a mile to the south of this. The work, however, continued of 350 X 400 feet, formed tombs known until we had cleared a square of 269 graves, an area large enough to hold all the royal before ; a second square, 250 x 380 feet, of 154 graves ; and a less complete, 260 feet wide, with 76 graves. The graves around
to expand
more
been known
and
more
had diminished in number as the dynasty progressed, Zer having 326, and the succeeding reigns 174, 61, 131, 63, 69 and 26. The numbers of the like Zer Zet, but new were therefore the size of the squares those of squares and
in single or double line, and not in blocks. the graves were in these graves showed that they belonged to the reign of pottery Zet, or very near here were found on that ; and the royal names of Zer, objects Zet and Merneit. far While, on one hand, the number was greater of graves
was
much
larger
as
The
found
than
was
no on the other hand there was central burial. In one large pit, with burials of the Xllth dynasty in the floor of to the east side. However, nearer to one nearer end and much
here,
which
dynasty
come
tombs
a
from
three stone vases of the 1st dynasty disturbed burial. In the largest square the
were
whole searched, but no considerable pit could be found within it. The deeply piled with sand heaps, but the centre of it and a long third square was bared without finding any early burial. The search over that were stretch near difficultas the ground had often been re -used, especially all these squares was for hardly room Xllth dynasties, so that there was the about and XXXth been had burial In large vaulted the later time many chambers another tomb.
The repeated building all that went before them. had been thrown up had of surface chapels retained much blown sand, and more
inserted which
destroyed
34
buried under 3 to 6 feet of by digging, so that the 1st dynasty grave pits were loose sand and later deposit. A large part of our time was swallowed in clearing these later burials, which at least produced three large steles of the Xllth dynasty ; but important
our
attention
was
was
kept
on
ensure
subject
thoroughly worked
a a
Most of these graves were empty or had only fragments of pottery. About complete pots. Only sixth of them stillcontained skulls and bones and some few were had flint No or tools. undisturbed, and copper gold or silver were
found ; yet from such a large number of graves the total produce is considerable. Eighty skullswere obtained and measured, and have been soaked in paraffin wax to preserve them for transport. About half that number of skeletons were found long bones While the whole of the facialbones are the the all measured. and
size as those of the Ist-IInd dynasty at Sedment, the median overall size less in each direction,and less also than at Tarkhan. the skull was about 4 mm. of From the burials around This may be due to the greater warmth of Upper Egypt. the Royal Tombs having been made rapidly in large numbers, itwas concluded that
same
at the death of the king, like the Nubian custom exemplified at the burial of Hepzefa (AncientEgypt, 1916, pp. 74, 86). Among the burials found this year were several which seemed to have been made while
the courtiers
were
despatched
conscious, and one shows clearly the struggle to get the head clear, the skull being twisted round over the back, which lay upward. These instances suggest were that the men and women stunned and then placed in the shallow graves, in the This usual contracted position, and earthed over, so that they were smothered. would likely for the unoffending painless death, and therefore the most Even later in Rome, if a were master courtiers. murdered, all the slaves in the house were killed.
a
be
The most
Zet,
over
remarkable
which
was
unique piece
were,
large ivory comb with the name of king Another was the bark of the solar falcon flying upon wings. These a large ivory wand for a dancer, ending in a ram's head.
was object a
found, eight or ten pieces were in fine condition, and sets of pieces for the prehistoric game. lions, some One had draughtsman More than a dozen the name of a queen on it, Mert-nesut. large flint knives were found, half of them thick for scraping, half thin and wide for cutting ; also many copper adzes, long knives notched on one side, axes,
of
course,
kept in Cairo.
Ivory
gaming
small curved
foiurwooden
cylinder seals, which dozen limestone steles, with the names in relief, being of Hetepone of officials denoted by a flintknife. The graves contained several alabaster neb, the carver, from some Two remarkable pots came cylinder jars and bowls of the usual form.
the girdle, and innumerable copper found ; ivory labels of Zer and Zet were to date such things ; and half-awill serve
at
foreign source
a
two-ha:ndled
wider and
are of very hard thin pottery that rings when struck, one, foreign ones in Royal Tombs II, liv., like but taller,much the jar dark brown, the other a cylinder jaror stand, fluted round the outside,
; they
only part of the top remaining. The XTIth dynasty there are three graves in their floor, half-a-dozen
large steles,found
an
in wide
pits with
altar with 43 names small steles, and there is a necklace of carnelian of one family. In the groups of small objects brilliantly ball beads, a kohl claws and and veining. glazed pot with manganese A tomb for cats had in the recess little offering pots, presumably many
for milk"
35
found the ebony inlays of a shrine of a high priest of Ahydos II, p. (see 45). A piece of a small stele has the but that the gods would grant for the a material offerings, wish expressed, not Aanya." heart day There later to were none sweet several every steles, of them Of the later times Unnefer Osiris named
are
"
important.
Ivory
Lion.
Ebony
Cylinder
Seals,
C 3
36
In
a
distant valley of the high desert we found a Coptic hermitage, complete down to the stove and cooking pots. In a natural cave the entrance was walled across, and a chamber arranged, open along the top, with a sleeping bench and a cooking bench ; an inner chamber opened on one side of it to a larder. At the back
and
were
was
an
wall
across
altar recess All of these Coptic inscriptions,elaborate crosses and decorations. many in facsimile,full The were size, and also photographed. whole place copied larder and chapel in living room, abounded with pegs of wood, bone and flint
" "
the cave and a door leading to a chapel, with a window, in the eastern wall. On the front wall and inside the chapel
The hermit seems to have been very stuck into the wall forty we counted. tidy and to have had a place for everything. The precision, tidyness, brilliant idea of unkempt misery. and decorations are far from the common whitewash
"
gives
more
personal view of
desert, both at Abydos was very carefully searched and Helwan, found. flintsby Miss Caton-Thompson ; in this way the hermitage was to levelled, distribution. the flintswere study all classified and tabulated, is beginning a scientific hope the this that of this subject, of study which may hitherto been the prey of the looter and the casual collector.
The We
has
Nothing
nome
down to Oxyrhynkhos to examine that region After this work we moved for this silence of a dynastic had been found there, and the reason We verified that there is nothing before Roman unknown. capital was
age above water-level both west and south of the present town of Behnesa, which In a search over is bounded twenty miles of on the east by the Bahr Yusuf. were desert to north and south only Roman remains observed. The ground is Roman back foundations to half flat the are now a mile the west so that at water-
have been very littleabove waterseems that the older city must level,and the whole of it,with its cemeteries, has been submerged by the dozen The early cemetery may be beneath the Kingdom. feet of rise since the New level. It
were age ; no tombs earlier than Roman of Roman wide extent of the mounds dynasty at the south found on the desert, except one or two of about the XXXth
end. traced out by deep digging. which stood up in the ruins were At last we reached to No. 28 in the line, which probably joined up to another distance further. The column line at right angles, at a equal to 54 columns feet high, feet centre to centre in the line, and 18 feet apart shafts were
Some
columns
i8|
12J
the two lines. The whole colonnade was apparently 850 feet long or the capitals. The question arises whether the more, and 22 feet high over Antinoe, here Alexandria and Palmyra carried a timber and also at colonnades
between This would town. the bazaars in a modern roofing, like that over to a these costly constructions, providing shady way for public give purpose loitering. The long colonnade here ran toward the theatre, though not quite
and matting
a
directly.
column suggests a third colonnade, but this region is so deep in Coptic and Arab rubbish that it would be very costly to clear. The work will be done before very long by the natives digging for nitrous earth. Even in a
Another
month or two I saw a huge crater cleared out close to the town, exposing an early Arab mosque, which would soon be destroyed. The rate at which the sebakh digging goes on is astonishing. A light railway has been carried from the bridge
round of the Bahriyeh oasis line (now abandoned)
37
a run
hundred down
probably be nothing left but sifted potsherds being turned papyri are miles. Of course
fragments, examined, fragments known.
beside doing
but
none
some
two square the site of some I out, and secured hundreds of These have not yet been digging for them.
There are some Hebrew dated be earlier than Augustus. to be the oldest Hebrew manuscripts of the third century, which seem Dr. Hirschfeld is preparing to edit them in our publication, and they
were
appear to be liturgicalpoetry. A large area of sand and chips which I had looked at twenty-five years ago, before I handed the site to Dr. Grenfell, proved to be the theatre. The ruins are buried under lo to 15 feet of sand, and to clear the whole would be very costly. We have done what seemed reasonable, to find the general dimensions and the detail of the stage. The diameter was about 401 feet, length of stage 200 feet
100
feet.
do not
know
of any
The relation of these dimensions is notable, At each end commensurable. ancient measure
Ebony
Inlays
of
Un-Nefkk.
a spiral stair,exactly on the mediaeval pattern, with centre block with two steps, and the under side a smooth spiral twist. best preserved led to to the stage, but the one stairs did not give access was one
6 feet above the stage, and the stairs continued gallery opening as a window Along back the of the stage were pilasters,and opposite the alternate upward. feet in diameter and about 13 feet high. 2 were ones granite columns, polished
draped statues of heroic size, probably of the Muses. the columns were flanked at the ends with a wall bearing attached columns The stage was and in The benches, footrest bands five to a were each, of with passwith pilasters. From the slope of these it appears that the outer wall must ways between.
Between have been about
100
feet high.
Around
deeply
38
cut band
of flowers and foliage. The capitals and friezesof the stage were of Examples good work for this period, about the Ilnd century a.d. of these will be exhibited. At the end of the stage there was an outside portico 52 feet wide, did into The the building. not open which whole of the seating must have held
larger accommodation a than that of tue theatre of people or more, Athens. This idea at of this remote gives a great of the importance It is hard to see what supported so large at that time. provincial town
10,000
Herodes
town
or
such
immense
cost
of building,
on
the desert
side, without
any
reaching at least a couple of miles each way and allof Roman age. There are four differenttypes of tombs, apparently between the IVth and Vlth centuries a.d. Probably the earliest is that with a subterranean chamber, reached by a stairway, and ground level chambers, with This lower chamber painted decoration. in the XXVth commonly called birbiyeh, made
some
are on
is immense,
is
sometimes
destroyed. This type lasted stairsgoing to an upper storey, now Vlth or century, and also contained small graves in the
floor chambers These are with shallow graves. usually along a wall and covered by a bench of brickwork, with a raised end Uke Sometimes there is a stairway to upper chambers. In various tombs a couch. have recovered a good deal of decorative sculpture. we The apsidal type is remarkable. There is a semi-circular apse about 7 feet
On either side of wide, sometimes with niches in the sides,stuccoed and marbled. it is a small chamber Across in door. a case a low screen one the was with apse of slabs of stone on edge with an opening at one end. A few feet in front of the
Burials are
a
in the hall.
the chapel, sometimes with stone pillars in the screen sometimes has a stairway to an upper chamber. In this arrangement there seems the intention of having
across
seem
to show
that there
was
some
altar. There
Coptic Church
it, such
a
of the apse, nor any altar structure. wooden table eiltar and places it with a clear passage behind table in the tombs would leave no trace. The frequency of tomb
uses
a
the back
is not As the
to explain the Coptic statement that there were 316 churches in chapels Oxyrhynkhos. Such a number could not be in the town, but if every tomb it be was counted might well chapel reached.
seem
Burials were also found. very different type of tomb was made in the built with the were these, chambers open desert in shallow graves. Around These walls were banked up with brickwork rough inside and stillrougher out. built, as upper walls often run far off the lower part, and gravel as they were
A
At about 10 feet high a flooring was laid, could not be built without support. plastered. A doorway at this level gave access. and the walls above that were for funeral offerings,and fragments of a statue of the These upper rooms were found. The chambers were roofed, and a stairway led to the top. deceased were The whole was piled over with gravel, so as to appear as a tumulus with a door half way up. The gravel cover still remains, and unshifted, as we can see by the had been thrown away on the top, after fragments of many that glass cups making libations. They prove that the top surface has only been weathered down by wind and rain, but retains its materials in place. In other instances, the glass cups were found on the top of great ash heaps of a funeral pyre. The largest was
39
collected 15 pounds' weight of glass over a hundred This custom vases. the top, the remains of much I found d5aiasty Vlth a Egyptian, as on the top was at of mastaba probably Dendereh iW. original offering pots lying in place, exposed for about 6,000 years.
In
one
we
of these Roman
tombs
found,
now
in
Cairo. An
eastern traces
of fresco, had been used about left several long Aramaic inscriptions it might be possible to thoroughly famihar with Aramaic hope that some scholar will rescue damaged Varied
as
rock tombs back in the chamber of the Vlth dynasty, with the Vth century B.C. by Jews,who had
visiting some
recover
much scraped and one much, or most, of them if some We much to hve there for a few weeks. were these documents.
on
the walls.
Though
results have been, they advance our knowledge and help to fill up the picture of ancient civilisations. The exhibition will be held College, Gower Street, during the four weeks of July(3rdto 29th), University at
the
season's
hours
10
to 5 ; and
Admission
open on the evenings of the 5th, 15th and free, without ticket.
25th, 7 to 9.
Petrie.
W.
M.
Flinders
4C
THE So
far
as
SET
REBELLION
from
OF
THE
IInd
DYNASTY.
the following monuments, contemporary the end of the 1st dynasty and the accession of Zoser, the firstking of the Ilird :
"
1.
The
Horus-king
Hetepsekhemui,
Nebra.
the
Hetep. ^1^J^^
2.
The Horus-king
3. The Horus-king
Neterimu, the
4\^ ^^
Neterimu.
4. The
Horus-king Sekhemab'
(or Nebui-Hetep-Wnef).
the shoulder of the Archaic Statue No. i of the Cairo Konigen und Privatleuten, No. von i)is our authority for the sequence of the first three kings. That they and Sekhemab preceded Perabsen' is certain, for inscribed with their names have been found in
Museum Statuen (Borchardt, the Set-king's tomb
at Abydos
That
found
Zoser
was
later than
at
in Zoser's tomb
pi. X, 8),and that Khasekhemui fact that his queen Nemathap, Mother of Truth belongs to Apis," is called ii, on a sealing found in Khasekhemui's the King's Children tomb {R.T. pi. xxiv,
" "
viii, 8-13, and pi. xxi, 164-172). is proved by a seaUng of the latter being Khallaf (Garstang, Mahasna and Bet KhalLff, have preceded Zoser is evident from the must
have been and Neterkhet (Zoser) in Shunet Zebib Abydos together the old (Newberry,Annals of at el ii,p. 136, pis. A granite door-jamb Archceology and Anthropology, of xxii-xxiii). Hierakonpolis Khasekhemui discovered Neterkhet were at and sealings of
Mother of the on a and 210), 4=^-king {Mahasna, pi. x, 7). Sealings of Khasekhemui
"
"
found
Hierakonopolis, (Quibell, pis. ii and Ixx), and an architectural fragment of granite inscribed with the name has been recorded from El Kab Khasekhemui of du Service,VI, p. {Annales 239). believed to have been buried at Sakkara, where The first two kings are
have been found (Maspero, Annales du Service, sealings bearing their names III, p. 182 Neterimu's tomb was perhaps at Gizeh, where many of his seq.). Gizeh and Rifeh, to light (Petrie, sealings have been brought pi. v, E). Of
II, {R.T., of Perabsen seahngs from the tomb Perabsen but his burial place has not been located. pi. xxi, 164-172), and Zoser's tomb Khasekhemui II, pp. 11, were both interred at Abydos {R.T., Sekhemab
there
are
numerous
12).
was
at Bet KhaUaf.^
our
It will be noticed that the first four kings of but the fifthassumes an title, and altogether new
one
Instead of placing the Horus Falcon upon his palaceany other king of Egypt. * of Set, thereby declaring that he was an adherent of the sign, he puts the animal god Set, not of Horus, the tutelary deity of the legitimate kings of the 1st
"'
and
Ilnd
djmasties.
Perabsen,
however,
bore
the
titles
^1^^^Lshowing
The
not
came
that he held sway, or at all events claimed to hold sway, over all Egypt. indicates that this king was placing of the Set-animal upon the palace-sign he in Set but Set, Chieftain, was a an that that he only origin adherent of
country.
Now
the god
Set is from
the Pyramid
often called
*!"
"Lord
of Ta-shema"
in the Pyramid Age the whole of Upper Egypt from certainly meant In the Archaic Period, however, the region under the influence Lisht to Aswan.* Set I believe, did not, extend south of Gebeleyn, for from that place up to of Ta-shema Gebel Silsileh was
the region of Horus.' The chief seat of Set's cult was Nubt he derived his common appellation, Nubti, important city in early times, for near an
(Ballas), and
"
it was
of Nubt." the burial place of one of the was earliest 1st dynasty queens, and sealings of the Ilnd dynasty have been brought its ruins (Petrie, Naqada to light from amongst and Ballas, p. 65, and pi. Ixxx, The southern boundary of the original Horus kingdom, as I have said, it
He
28-35).
was
The northern boundary which extended Bow-land. between Esneh and Gebeleyn." The early capital of the Horus was somewhere Hierakonpolis. The country from Gebeleyn to Rifeh was kingdom was mainly under the influence of Set, and
to the north
was
Gebel Silsileh,beyond
the kingdom
of the Reed
I (I
I believe, The Set country from Gebeleyn to Rifeh was, with capital Het-nyswt. divided up into administrative nomes The great importance of by King Zoser. Set in the 1st dynasty
"
is clearly shown
"
by
She who sees Horus and Set II, pi. xxvii, {R.T., and this titleproves that 129), there was then no enmity between the two gods of Upper Egypt at that date. Now kingdom, have been at Hierakonpolis, the old capital of the Horus found
a
_^
"psl ^^,
Khasekhem, of the Horus-King who was Perabsen.y These probabihty contemporary of monuments consist of two in limestone, the other in slate {Hierakonpolis, I, pis. statuettes, one series of monuments
a
in all seated
; xxxix-xli)
also
granite jar, alabaster jar, and piece of ; and, lastly, a fragment of a stone pis. xxxvi-xxxviii) All these monuments bear the name of Khasekhem, and, with the exception of the last-mentioned, bear inscriptions recording victories over rebels of the north^ On the vases El Kab the vulture-goddess Nekhebyt of reunites for Khasekhem
a
an a
an
Year of Egypt the symbolical plants of Upper and Lower with the legend Victory over The two seated statuettes show the king the rebels of the north." tions bases figured heaps of dead, with inscripcrown, on are the the wearing white and
"
giving the numbers of northern rebels slain. On is 47,209, on the other 48,205.
one
These monuments,
has recognised, show and that Khasekhem he united the two Horus, placed over
de I'Antiiuitd,Paris, 1914, p. I55) Meyer as {Histoire that the unity of the empire had been broken up for a time, then that reconquered the kingdom of the north.* It was Followers Set Companions the the of opposing peoples, and of his palace-sign the Set-animal by the side' of his tutelary
42
of the find
Dynasty.
Khasekhemui.y To make this assumed the name he took, just Menes had as taken in earUer days,'" and perhaps under somewhat a northern princess to similar conditions, be his queen. This princess was has long been known from who
secure,
_Nemathap, Ancient Records, I, p. 78), of Methen (Breasted, and is Ilird dynasty kings. as the line the ancestress" of generally recognized of The preceding notes give all that is known, from contemporary sources,
about
But there is the rebellion of northerners at the time of Khasekhem. later inscription which, I believe, preserves a record of this war : this is a much the Ptolemaic inscription in the Horus Temple at Edfu, which is usually known
as
the Myth
I do not mean to suggest that this later of Horus of Edfu. is historically in detail, I do contend that it contains, but accurate every myths, much historicaltruth, and that it refers to the Set rebellion of for this view are the following : My reasons of the Ilnd dynasty.^
"
a preceding vizier d'Horus, pi. facing to the right, and reading from xi), a scroll as though he were actually reading a record of the war written in the lines of inscriptionin front of him. Behind the vizierstands the figure of a king
First, immediately
the text
is
figure of King
Zoser's
Imhotep'-
Mythe (Naville,
with blank cartouches above him ; we king is, but, as he stands with Imhotep, front of Imhotep The hippopotamus
cannot,
he may
stands a priest {mnhw),who is a well-known Setian animal,'^ and here probably symbolises the country of Set, which Imhotep directed to be cut up, and the parts distributed the gods. among
therefore, determine
Secondly, when the rebellion broke out, we are told that the Horus-king was (Nubia) with his array in Bow-land suppressing a rebellion there (Naville, I.e., This be ment I, statement pi. xii, compared may with the record on a frag2). King II, Khasekhem {Hierakonpolis,pi. Iviii), of a stele of recording that king's conquest of Bow-land^ Thirdly, the outbreak of the rebelhon is dated (Naville, I.e., pi. xii, i, 2) in Horus of the Horizon." This is obviously an era the 363rd year of Horakhuti,
"
dating,'*i.e., it gives the number of years from the estabhshment of the monarchy Menes to the time of the outbreak of the Set rebellion recorded by the Horus-King in the text. If we had accurate chronological data for the Archaic Period, it would
be
a
simple matter
to check
this
era
is too
real service, and the text of Manetho is hopelessly corrupt. Our best source would be the Early Annals of the Kings of Egypt, but of these Palermo, Cairo, and University College fragments remain. It is very the only unfortunate that there is no adequate publication of the Cairo fragments in Gauthier's plates'^: all accurate measurements have been omitted, so that it is to useless to try work out with precision'" the number of year-names in the various the original size of the registers. But several tentative attempts to compute Annals Stone have been made, and in my judgmentEdward Meyer's restoration Chronologic, p. Aegyptische (Meyer, 197)is much The
of King first two the most satisfactory. registers of year-names give the Annals of the kings of the The third register of the Palermo fragment gives part of the Annals
mutilated to be of any
1st dynasty.'"
of the Ilnd dynasty, and the fourth register preserves the This last king year-names of the latter part of the reign of King Khasekhemui.'* Meyer's least to Now, seventeen computations years. according reigned at the first two (made from a study of the Palermo fragment registers Neterimu
alone),
of the Ilnd
Dynasty.
43
for the iirstthree registers year-names, and the third 135, making fragment The Palermo is placed by Meyer a littleto the right 345 year-names. block, so the year-names that begin of the centre of the entire of Khasekhemui
Adding about thirty-year-names from the right-hand side of the entire block. these thirty years to the 345 of the firstthree registers,we obtain a total of 375 years from the accession of Menes to the beginning of the reign of Khasekhemui. have thus on Meyer's We restoration a difference of twelve years
conjectural
Meyer's restoration, it must be rememit and the era date at Edfu. bered, if it were, does not claim to be absolutely precise, but, even the twelve years might easily be accounted for by the ancient chroniclers only taking account from the time he reunited the whole country, and of the reign of Khasekhemui between
not from the time when
he,
as
Khasekhem,
was
But
however
new
important who
this may be, I think that we have in an be taken into account fact that must
to reconstruct
one
by any future student the chronology of the firsttwo dynasties. fact in favour of dating the Horus-Set war more to The diflftcult title
dynasty.
first appears
with
King
{A.Z., 1900,
sealing of Neterkhet
name
p. 19)discussing a 20). Sethe {Mahasnu and BH Khalldf, in which the sign takes the place of the ^ (Zoser), (^ss^
"
over
the r^sn
may
.
possibly
Neterkhet
who
"^0(Setof
inreprepo^
Ombos)
This would
over
translation avTtiraXwv
("victorious
his enemies
")for the
royal title
^p
The Shorn
Ptolemaic
Edfu
Account
of
the
Horus-Set
of its fantastic etymologies and some unimportant Horus-Set follows runs war as the : account of
"
In the year 363 of Horakhuti, expedition into Nubia finds that a Mythe d'Horus, He
the Horus-King
Uthes-Hor nome, pi. xii, 2). where, before Edfu, he attacks the rebels, who are flee (pis. routed and xii, 3northwards Zedmet, Thebes, Horus-King to The them 8). pursues xiii, south-east of
a second time (pi. xiv, 3). The rebels then retire to the nome the (pi. crocodile xiv, 5),and here another battle takes north-east of being Still flying north, the rebels place, many of the enemy slaughtered. battle is fought at Hebnu defeated in the Hermopolite-" nome, are a and
and
defeats them
again
are many of the enemy slain. Up to this point described as hippopotami are and crocodiles (both Companions are Set, they nt called smayw of Set
" "
Horus-King
engages
in battle and
defeats them,
are
firston
the
water
xv, (pi. of the Oxyrhynchite nome himself (pi. Per-rerhehw xv, then at 5),
Ast-abt
the southern
the and
is then driven northwards to (pi. xvii, 1-2). The enemy i),and finally defeated at Zaru on the eastern frontier of Delta (pi. then returns south, goes into Nubia, xviii,1-3). The Horus-King xviii,6). He then overthrows the last remnants of rebels at Shasheryt (pi.
44
celebrates a great festivalat Edfu (pi. and later divides up the country that viii), had been under the influence of Set, and distributes it amongst his own followers
(pi. xi).
NOTES.
1.
There
that Sekhemab was the Horus-name of whatever as zur stated by Sethe [Beitrdge altestengeschichte Aegyptens, III, p. p. 36) and Gardiner {Abydos, 39). A fine seahng of this king is published in Abydos, III, pi. ix, 3.'
no
is
evidence
Perabsen,
2.
This
de Travaux, XXIV, originally suggested by Naville {Rec. p. 118), I think it most etc., pp. 34-35), and, in spite of Sethe's criticisms {Beitrdge,
was
probable. Nebra almost erased, and re-inscribed 3. A fragment of a bowl with Horus-name Neterimu, II, found in the tomb of Perabsen {R.T., name was the with viii,12). A stone bowl found in the Mykerinos temple at Gizeh, bears
Klio, ix, p. and Nebra (Borchardt, of Hetepsekhemui 488). 4. In Klio, xii, p. 397 ff.,I identified this animal with the wart-hog, but since that paper was written I have accumulated much evidence to show that
the
names
the Set-animal
was
in fact
was
animal II, xxiii, R.T., II, xxii, {R.T., 178)and Khasekhemui 199)the deity is is form Set head, Sha. At Der human in and named represented with Lord of Shashotep," Siut, pi. Shau is described as Rifeh (Griffith,
"
the domesticated
pig, probably an extinct species, from which On sealings of Perabsen originally derived.
18)
"
city
name
which
means
the
capital of
"
the
and the
was
city
Sha-s-heryt,
were
Terrifying Sha,"
defeated {see p. 43). for swine, and in the Book ofthe Dead, ch. 112, it is said that Set transforms himself into a black sha. The greyhound-like appearance of the Set-
where the last remnant of the Set rebels Now Shau is a well-known Egyptian name
animal might be thought to militate against any identification with a species that when the of pig, but several correspondents have pointed out to me domesticated variety runs wild it reverts to a thin long-legged greyhoundlike
Irish as the variety in Ireland is actually known Rolleston, II, G. Papers, {see Scientific greyhound p. 541). The pig" erect tail is a very characteristic feature of many species of Sus when they
creature,
"
and
one
are
at all angered.
Often
on
Egyptian tail
mounts
the Set-animal
with
feathered
arrow
and Plants, Ed. 1905, p. 95 : The wild boar of India is said to have bristles Cp. Note 13 at the end of its tail arranged hke the plumes of an arrow." below.
"
of Animals
titleof the kings of Egypt see Newberry, 1904, p. 295 ff. 6. For conclusive evidence on this point see Moret, Une
"
5. On
the Horus
P.S.B.A., December,
listedes
names
de la
Haute "gypte, in Comptes-rendus, Acad, des Inscr., 1914, p. 565 ff. the raising of Horus," with Edfu as its capital, 7. The nome of Uthes-Hor, Then came little distance to the north of Edfu. the extended some
@
nome.
The
early
capital
of
name
this
nome
must
have
been
Nekhen,
HierakonpoHs,
is written with
of the
I hid Dynasty.
45
nome
Later the capital was El transferred to Nekheb, bank That nome this the the on extended northriver. of opposite Paheri, who Gebeleyn by is indicated far titles as the was of wards^as Ani as Mayor (Esneh), and scribe of the accounts of and of of Nekheb
cult-object.
Kab,
filledthe heart of the king from Per-Hathor to El Kab Paheri, pis. iiiand ix, I, 9). Per-Hathor ^^aOvpU at Gebeleyn
corn
=
"
"
(Griffith,
(Griffith,
Ryland,
Demotic
Papyri,III, p. 422).
was
"
"
already brewing under Neterimu, who in his thirteenth hacking up of two northern cities (PalermoStone, No. Obv. register 3, entry 8). in be the titlesof Khasekhemui It that the Set-animal and the noted should 9. Hor US-falcon, as well as the Vulture and Uraeus in the NeUy-tiile. face
one
another.
"
10.
11.
P..S.B.^., 1906, Feb., pp. 69-70. her cyhnder seals, If she says anything, it is done on A title which occurs for her," is found also with Queen Mertityotes, the ancestress of the IVth Newberry,
dynasty
62); with Queen Aahmes, Deir XVIIIth Bahari, the (Naville, el ancestress of pi. xlix), and with Satra, de Myth., Ramses I E tudes IV, (Maspero, ancestress of the Queen of 329), XlXth dynasty.
(E.
12.
de
Rouge,
Inscr. hierogl.,I,
See Sethe,
13. Apet
(= Taurt)
was
the hippopotamus
times there
see
my
note
as
a
a small temple in P.S.B.A., 1913, p. 117. Set himself is sometimes represented hippopotamus Diz. mit., pi. ccclxxx : Eusebius, (Lanzone,
Leipzig, 1902. goddess of Thebes, and in Ptolemaic erected to her in that city. On her name
praeparat. evang.,
rert, and
were
this
name
Ill, ch. 12). The female hippopotamus was also named in the light of note 4 above is interesting, for swine dating is the 400th year of Set on the II, in the Cairo Museum Arch., (Rev.
called
rer,
Copt. pip.
14. The
era only other Ancient Egyptian Ramses Tanis stele of the reign of XI (1865), pi. iv).
III (1915), flgypticn. pi. xxv. Festlegung des Alten Reiches Annalen Borchardt's 16. attempt (Die unddie zeitliche der Aegyptischen Geschichte, Berlin, 1917)has been ably criticisedby Peet in the Journal Egyptian ArchcBology, VI (1920), p. 149 ff.
of (LeMusde
KingZer
Mer-pa-ba,
gives in register Az-ab I could read the name in 1914. The the fragment to me
fragment, as Wainwright and I proved in second register of the Palermo (Den). gives the annals of Wdymw 1914 (Ancient Egypt, 1914, p. 148 ff.), I firstbelieved (Newberry18. Following Schafer (Ein Bruchstnck, etc., p. 27), at Garstang, Short History, 1904, p. that the entry No. 4 of the fourth
27)
but Sethe has since register referred to the birth of King Khasekhemui, p. 235) that it really (Journal shown of Egyptian ArchcBology, I (1914), The of Khasekhemui. records the making of a copper statue (mswt'bya) firstsix year-names
Khaseof this register therefore refer to the reign of khemui, and not to his predecessor. du Ricci (La Table de Palerme in Comptes rendus : Acad, des Inscr.,
19. Seymour
1917, p. 107
ff.) computes
275 year-names
4,6
of the
llnd Dynasty.
making
305
In Naville's edition of the inscriptions,the important text that runs along the It base of the wall upon which the myth is recorded has been omitted. is printed by E. do Rouge {Edfou, of the pi. Ixxxv), and gives a summary
long text above it. After the record of the defeat of the rebels north-east the longer text says that they fled to the pehu uaz-ur of the crocodile nome, XV, ; this is not the sea, but the name (pi. of the lowlands xiv, 7-8,
cf.
i)
de Rouge, Edfou, gives {see pi. xix). The summary of the crocodile nome following in fought battles the were names the of tlie places where the
order
:
Edfu, Zedmyt
nome,
to
the south
of Thebes,
]T A
eastern
"
on
the east
^,
then Wnt
(Minieh) "^
Mesens,
Herakleopolis
and,
Percy
E. Newberry.
47
EGYPTIAN
WORDS
REMAINING
IN Part III,
MODERN
USE.
1921.)
B.,
?ATXA.\,
S., S.,
"
"
uVi^
B., 2AAAK,
of
Demotic
1
Late
aiichor." Ptolemaic.
Vol.
s-\i_/y" v.
Griffith, Catalogue
L) (-[] -2a!"
AUo;y,
r^;ji=^
"whip"
Classical Arabic,
ki
J'^J-^ adj.,
.
B.,
AU;'J0,
(] ^ /\
iL"*!
"
AU(;KJt,
B.,
AuuMTn,
S., The
l\
"
=
an
This
expression
rare,
and
certain circles.
"
A;y,
what ?
"
0
"
^^
Very
common
and
iiAAi-coAuu,
Beniseuf.
B.,
"
jargon
BAp^orp,
BA^y,
-^
name
"
to prevaricate,"
a
spoke
"
,^,lj,.LiJlc
S., and
doubled
be
(the instrument).
Be^Biojy,
B., B6^,
form
ww"
/^
ww
wet,
" "
wetted"
in the saying,
"
a.j^"
\j:^'J^\Z^\
1)1
to be empty
; used
metaphorically
in the
of loss ;
B"ip, B.
"
and
S.,
IaxUj, We turned out empty handed," etc* ^%i, in saying J fall down JjJ fell down," o, ; ^^"
" " "
"
^.j
dropped
"
down."
.
Bpiix,
words
*
are
probably of
an
early Semitic
are
*eioT.\,
stag,"
Jj.lty^ni)).
'-^"
*n.\2ioB,
"^J^f^' 'f'l-//
B.,
"
"to
burn."
HTMi,
in the song:
fKO,
Ati),
,1*^
oy
"
"
the
animal
(jMKOT,
B.,
to sleep," in the
"
CS^\
"
I make
you
fall down
or
^U c:,^!
48
*OA.\ic,
"
*OA.\,
^^J^mound." Jj hill,
"
eAq,
"
"
spit
k"
UJU,
I_J!J,
y^^
OAI,,
ocoi),
B.,
"
TU)e.
S..
"drunk,"
^;^
meaning
UAortou,
^\^ ^^^
very
common
expression
B.,
^
,
"
S^ ") (^
' "
"
Also, uniuooT^*^
MOTMor,
foroffering water to babies. baby, anything small and young." strong sunshine,"
yy
B.,
"
'^ 9),
sun,"
MoapH,
big
"
"^^
"
"
sunshine," ^JJI
a
It is interesting to ^ jL^j^uiV^-
becoming
big," pH,
sun."
OTUJiMi,
f,"0",J6. %^
"-^ ioJ\^,
"
"
nicl)0,
B., noxA,
the handle
the edge of
,
plough."
to
'"'J). )^),^^A",
frightensomeone.
iiiiifii,
fl^"n '^Tl'
late Egyptian
^.
"afrit," is used
S., ^l(^p.l, "flea," often called in Arabic cUa.-, particularly , LZJf^j.; The fact that most addresses to babies remain to babies. talking when in Coptic until to-day is most significant, that the Coptic and means homes. language has lingeredlong in use in private
,
nAlj, *"J)A^,
trap," root (?) ^ B. and S., to stretch out niDp^"!,ntopi), (t)op;H, mat used in many ways.
iiA^,
"
^i,^^
"-
"
"
kind
of small
''n"OT,
"
,
jump,"
"
D
run,
A.
"park."
Common
in the
names
of towns,
!r"/-*,
f;nAt,
*GH)i"(jU,
cnAT(5,
"ij;\ll.
"
bunch of dates."
(:aI)(3U, *^-,
x:^,
"
to defile, to dirty."
(;A2t, KAe-Hj,
*
heat,"
^*^
^^
12,
^^^~^
"
Jc-a!^.
"
j-fj^
CIO,
jj_, 13),
"
migraine."
-1
B., cAor,
for water
'(] ^ Or
to drink," I"l_;
; in Asiut, in calling
(bL)"boundary."
^,
.0
=
eu)y,
,.'r
"
^U,,j^,
Ttopi,
hoe."
quici
+KtK,
oAeun,
i^mV) pick-axe."
^
,__j^__^^^
"
l| clCi.; j^5^
'
"
gone bad
"
"
Jl ^joL
TAeu"i,
to invite,"
"u^,j;^-S
invitation."
Egyptian Words
+AUHipi,
toui,
^yoAu,
Remaining
in Modern
Use.
49
i_j^j,
"
"
inundation,"
^^
"
^ooi"f ^'l-i,
different from
^y-:~^
low Nile
a. crraijti
"
3ApKe,
; deficiency
(of water).
"
^epoKe,
iyHu
^6M,
A6.\OT,
wood
"
for burning,"
small boy,"
"
ilji.
"
JjU-i,
the
nose."
dandy,"
young
man."
cr
"^,^^"^"^,blow
"
"
,
having diarrhoea."
5, j"^Ijil
^
"
^^fj
xAiH,
^;Li,
"
the shirt of
baby."
xip,
_i^,
small fish
"
; also in the
sense
_ju5
jjIj^, "very
acid."
?AAOTc,
^^'\^
2AXU1C,
spider's web."
"chatterbox."
^^l^,
"
2HTK,
(ro he continued^
Geo. p. G. Subiiy.
( so
REVIEWS.
The Palace
ofMinos
at Knossos.
By Sir Arthur
Evans.
Vol. I.
Sq. 8vo,
721 pp., 8 pis. coloured, 11 pis.,542 figs,and map. 1921. (Macmillan.) 126s. The harvest is now than twenty put into our hands of all the work begun more years ago in Crete, and the first volume we hope will be soon succeeded by the
This is far more than an account other volumes which are promised. of Knossos, as the results and found by other excavators are elsewhere objects incorporated, to complete the material of each period, thus rendering the work an entire view of Cretan civilisation. Here will be stated an outline of the
two
work
mere
and its relations with Egypt especially. It is truly said that this was There was very littleknown of a pioneer work. loose no and there was pre-Hellenic building which could serve as a objects,
had to be The whole of the sequence of civilisation pattern for the excavation. to light. After a preUminary worked out from the material as it came sketch is Cretan lands, the a first there general connections of civilisationwith other of
chapter on the neolithic period. The seriesof superposed palace ruins importance. a terrible encumbrance of a great neolithic siteof the first
are
really Even on
the shortest dating of the palace period, the neolithic would in proportion extend This great mass to 8000 B.C. of 23 to 26 feet depth of ruins contains the early Though history of civilisation, more the later perhaps completely than elsewhere. remains above it must be preserved, yet it might be possible to tunnel it at different levels, and recover the stratified series of deposits. So far only a few From these the lowest stratum yielded polished stone pits have been sunk. implements, In face. burnished a the middle strata is and pottery with good
; figures of of the incised decoration, some witli white filling human figures heads, limbs animals appear, and and mostly squatting with stump On some women. of these is the zigzag line pattern so usual on the prehistoric The figures are thus placed in relation statuettes of the firstperiod in Egypt.
to those from
the Aegean
region.
The
maces,
by the later period at Knossos is marked like those of the second age in Egypt
:
"
Egypt.
.
. .
used are divided into Early, Middle and Late in Egypt, Kingdoms Old, Middle and New roughly corresponding I, II, III, according to the and each age is divided into three parts, numbered the well-known system of author.
Minoan,
to
The
Early
Minoan
I is marked
on
1st dynasty
found in the as polished black ware, Ilnd dynasty, a in the chalice apparently stands (19D.), globular jugswith long spouts, and heavy
by
as
Reviews.
51
In the second age (E.M. II) the main material is from the cemetery of Mochlos. It is remarkable for the beauty and variety of the stones, which are, however, all soft, limestones and steatite, and not hard silica minerals as in pottery is of cloudy colouring of black, orange and red, varied by Conical cups with short ware. oxidation in burning, like prehistoric Egyptian forms, and cups on stems are like the cups of spouts resemble the Old Kingdom Egypt. The
were ware, metal similar to rivets, copying Ilird dynasty double The Egyptian of Vlth dynasty. spouts of the Ilnd and were carinated," which copied, as also the bowls with deeply curved lip, is taken from the form in the dynasties. A marble vase are of the Illrd-Vth
the
IXth
dynasty.
Imitation
"
Vlth
dynasty.
" "
was one The third period (E.M.Ill) of deterioration. A great domed chamber, Treasury Painted pottery tombs. cut in the rock, is the prototype of the begins to became commoner than stone vases, now and spiral ornament much This was probably preceded by the earliestspiral in Egypt, of Zed-ka-ra appear.
in the Vth
Xlth it is not regularly adopted or till the Xth from the We dynasty. may agree with Sir Arthur in supposing that it came in Along by Cyclades. comes the squared form, with the spiral north way of the The Cretan adaptation of button-badge fret or the meander pattern.
dynasty.
But
"
"
"
"
patterns from Egypt shows that they must belong to the Vlllth dynasty ; the pattern is degraded, and the original did not start tilllate in the Vlth. The period of Middle Minoan I is especially the Age of palaces (M.M. I).
tion the blocks of stone are many signs, referring to the quarry or the destinabelow. Of is we these the this age ; shall notice substructure of a great filled square tower, built in a cellular form with deep blind chambers, which were
Upon up
to make
It is 46 x
51 feet, which
Naukratis later. The
is much
less than
the
or (140feet)
but (190feet),
it belongs
system, which expanded The pipes were of the earliest laying out. On the narrow a to 3-inch bore. end was end an internal collar, so as to give a wide
two
drains of the palace are 30 inches long, and 5 inches tapering stop-flange outside, and in the wide
bearing
on
the flange.
Some
had
pairs of handles outside, in order to move such heavy things safely. Pottery figures A common. was new type is of jars with two handles, either modelling of Painted the neck vertically, or rising from the shoulder at both ends. joining be freely to foliage decoration begins imitations of stonework are common, and
are
are
The next stage (M.M.II) is marked by the laying out of the palace plan on large The built of stone, 30 X 15 inches, catching drains a were scale. great the rain from the open courts and light wells, into which the roofs discharged, highly developed. There are and also draining the latrines. The pottery was and there is also pattern and tallerthan a man, brilliant decoration egg-shell with striking colouring. This pottery and in form and polish. The patterns are was also adapted to imitate metal vases, brilliant From the most the fragments found at perfect and of any period. Kahun, from Abydos, this style is dated to the end of the Xllth and the vase
enormous an
dynasty.
the close of this period the leaf patterns become mechanical formal kind. Seals with hieroglyphs of Cretan origin were repetitions of a much A dating is Egyptian by figure diorite a used. good seated of work point gained
P
3
Towards
52
Reviews.
found with pottery of this age at Knossos, and belonging to the late Xllth or The serpent of born of Uazet-user. It represents Ab-nub, Xlllth dynasty. Uazet is placed on a stand to show that it represents a god, like a falcon on a stand for Horus. Egypt and Crete lead to attributing the The relations of trade between Cretan enterprise. These works were to Alexandria harbour works at great He pubhshed by him. Chief Engineer of Ports, and mapped found by M. Jondet,
in 1916 at the Institut ^gypticn. They comprise an inner and outer in front of Ras et Tin, and running west, and a back breakwater breakwater Before the sinking of the 20 feet deep. over behind, enclosing a harbour now but feet, 10 the ancient shipping was of very light coast this would not be over them
in close to shore. Before the Pharos island was it would be a convenient point for traders, by Alexander to the mainland joined like Hongkong, clear of the Egyptian shore. The basin of the harbour was about in area ; the front of it was outside the present harbour, and the back 150 acres draught,
as
it needed to draw
and
beyond
the bend
of it,on
to the islands
and shoals. A notable view of the life of this age modelled in glazed pottery and inlaid in
the picture; of houses, some general scene, which included The houses figures. were trees, water, animals, warriors and negroid of three Most were built four floors,the windows sometimes divided into panes. or even for flooring and partitions. others of wood, with round poles of stone courses,
comes
from
period was marked by a catastrophe, so general that the palace sites both at Knossos and Phaestos may, which was partially at least, have remained for an appreciable time uninhabited and have in writing, seals and architecture, heaps of ruins." Though existed as mere The latter stage
"
changes appear, yet these are more that the break was seems caused by ideas. There was widespread in new The renewed Khyan, belonging to the XVth life here, of M.M.
as
developments
than
as
new
conflagration and plundering of the palace. Ill, is dated by the alabaster lid with the name of
dynasty.
There
was
the pottery, applied modelling stuck on, and sprays, which remind us of the style of 1870. A greater degree of luxury appears in the inlaid crystal, ivory and gold, for inlay, as the goats, of coloured glaze ware gaming board, the abundance free before fish or cows (long Akhenaten), and delicate drawing of the and the devised on the seals, and a new were frescoes. A weird variety of monsters decoration of great lily plants rises life-size up the sides of the tall jars. The religion is shown in the figures of the snake-holding goddess, the marble cross The writing changes on a stand. of the double axe mounted and the emblem
use cursive form of the earlier hieroglyphs, due to a free and common late Minoan Beyond does the the this not go, stages and volume of reed pans. are for future issue. other
to
more
subjects
The strong artistic instinct of general matter remains to be noted. led decorate to Cretans them the pottery and walls with a great variety of plants then attribute and figures. To these no magic purpose would be assigned. Why Let us credit intent less by to decoration the a magic other peoples. perfect be observed lower races with having aestheticdesires, such as can undoubtedly
Some
examples of multiple beads from Egj'pt, Crete and Britain are but it might be added that the exact fabric of the Wiltshire beads well illustrated, is only paralleled in the multiple beads of 12 10 B.C. in Egypt.
at present.
The
Reviews. signs used by masons about the Mediterranean, where of 15 single signs, 13 are known
The and
2
on
jj
blocks of stone are nearly all well known they probably had regular sound values. Out in Spain, 11 in Egypt, 4 in Karia, 3 in Lydia
In the fullerlistof all the advanced linear signs in Crete about Of these 27 are known 36 geometric. elsewhere, 25 in Egypt, 16 in Spain, Thus the connection with 12 in Karia, 8 in Lydia, 6 in Lybia, and 5 in Lachish.
are
in Lachish.
is closer than with the neighbouring the opposite ends of the Mediterranean Asia Minor coast. With regard to chronology it is to be regretted that the knowledge dating seems to have been forgotten, and the conof the Egyptian sistent supposition of the system which they have left us is regarded as a mere followed is impossibility here The Berlin dating a total time. ; the present kings, XVIIIth Xlllth dynasty alone, of well recorded on that would overlap the dates has Not ever a the single advocate of reduced supposition. attempted
to show
reigns can be compressed into the time. It will be most desirable to trace out the system of design of the buildings, laid out to measure what parts were and what were of mere resultant lengths. how the known
to have been the Persian are measures given, the standard seems into feet inches. This in use in Asia Minor. was three arish, divided of I2"83 The weights also must be published, especially an accurate weighing of the great
So far
as
few
octopus standard. A great problem is that of the future of Knossos. It is largely built of is gypsum, which very soluble and was protected anciently by roofing or lime The plaster. Without any plaster it will now all perish in a few generations.
ancient construction has been largely repaired by modern work, needful to put the place into accessible state. This will, in a century or two, be blended and To keep the site really safe it needs much more confused with the original work. reconstruction and roofing. Left as it is it will largely perish, without the protecting
coat of earth that has saved it for 3,000 years.
Les
Indo-Europdens.By
Albert
Carnoy.
1921.
(Vromant, Bruxelles.)
This work
deals with the linguisticpoint of view, set out by Max Miiller The author disclaims at once the idea of an Indo-European ago.
sixty years being defined by the language, yet littleor nothing is said as to the various race There is a chapter on racial sources of the peoples who adopted the language. the centre of dispersion, but beyond stating that it included Central Asia, Russia
is attempted. Tilak's work, which would place the and Germany, nothing more Aryans at least as far north as Tobolsk, is not mentioned. The increase of cold in Scandinavia at the beginning of the bronze age is noted, but the connection In of that with the submergence period should be mentioned. of the same is hardly developed, but the linguistic general the physical side of the
subject
dealing with each branch and most evidence is fully described with examples dialects of Indo-European The of words is speech. evidence from community food, clothing, classed under all the various heads of zoology, dwellings, utensils, "c., and the beliefs and mythology are it deals. outline of the subjects with which
arms,
fully described.
This is
useful
$4
The
Reviews.
By
H. St.
J. Thackeray,
D.D.
8vo,
lectures is mainly of British Academy occupied with the influence of liturgicaluse on the minor books of the Old Testament, the incorporation The into text. of rubrics, and transformation of such parts of the
as the LXX, version, known being made from MSS. older than the formation of the orthodox recension of the Masoretic text, and far before to counterpoise the value of two any remaining MSS. of that. It is very difficult text, late construction, but opposite kinds of material. In the received Hebrew Septuagint, in care the ; excessive earUer construction, more varied material,
the Graeco-Egyptian
on
its value
as
first The Pentateuch was of precision and careless transmission. The language is the translated, by a small group, in the third century B.C. for general use and convenience, popular Greek, and not hterary, hence it was for library purposes. The familiarity with Egypt shows that it Next Prophets done by another group in the were the prepared there. second and firstcenturies. To them were gradually added the Psalms and lesser and
not
but
lack
done
was
to various editing, and versions subject in Asiatic the the made schools of second century a.d. ; in fact, the translation from peculiar words, to have been made in Asia Minor. parts seems, of some Of the earliestMSS. the Vatican is the best, the Alexandrian (Brit. Mus.)being of
more
as
free paraphrases
than
as
formal
mixed
origin.
the United States National Museum Hough.
Series in Synoptic of Objects the History of Inventions. U.S. Nat. Mus.) Though
By
Illustrating
Walter
{Proc.
this collection scarcely touches on Egypt, it is of great interest for comparison, showing independent lines of invention in America, covering the variety illustrated in the University College Catalogue of Tools and Weapons of the Old World, and continuing the evolution down to the present day.
as
Catalogue
108 pp., 32
of Textiles from Egypt. Vol. II. By pis. 5s. {Victoria and Albert Museum.)
"
A.
F. Kendrick.
8vo,
This is the continuation of the catalogue noticed in Ancient Egypt, 1921, The period of transition and of Christian emblems." The p. 57. It deals with to Coptic art, during the fifth and sixth transition is that from Graeco-Roman being discarded, the centuries. The old skillwas waning, the old noti )ns were disposition to was sense the giving way attraction of bright colours. of ordered
On comparison crosses. examples of woven catalogue begins with many with the accurately dated examples of forms of the cross, the dates in the too Ancient Egypt, 1916, p. early {see catalogue average 150 years 103). This suggests that all these textiles have been dated a century or two too early ; it
The does not appear that there are any absolutely dated examples basis. a as A generally later dating would accord more nearly with Gayet's statements. It is well that the materials should be so clearly illustrated and described, book of reference on the patterns and methods as a and this will long serve of work.
Reviews.
55
6 pp.
Capitals and Bases : a theory of their evolution. By F. Welman. (Journal of Royal Institute of British Architects, 22 October, 1921.)
of the Egyptian. that a wooden bitumen,
This theory mainly refers to Greek forms of capitals, but also includes some As it is a new possibility it needs consideration. The idea is layers of durable by damp-proof more architecture is made
and that the architectural details of design have originated from such bitumen layers retained in place by cloth wrappings and cords. Thus the features of the Doric capital and Attic base are well accounted for, and, less distinctively,
the Ionic and Corinthian capitals. The evolution of forms is a difficultsubject the final product, owing to our ignorance of the series,of which we only know is here few in architecture as true This as and and there a of the earlier stages. in zoology.
was
The basic question is where the forms were developed, and whether bitumen known there. So far as we know there is no trace of bitumen used in any
Mediterranean
country for building purposes. Can the forms have arisen farther In Assyria there is something like the volute (Botta, PI. CXIV), and in east. Persia is the prototype of the Ionic echinus. The latter,however, is obviously II, at Peisepolis (dieulafoy wise otherxxi), for the forms attributed to to be any oriental source there does not seem the use of bitumen. In the dry climates of Egypt and Greece there would not be the same ment inducehave in the north. to use damp-courses that we Yet the forms suggest a soft material held in place. May it be that the purpose was to keep a bedding
a
The suggesso used. material in place to equalise pressure, and that clay was tions of origin of the features of Egyptian architecture is not in harmony with times, reeds, maize stalk, mud, cord, lotus, materials used in ancient or modern papyrus stem and palm leaves. Nor will the suggested origin of the spiral
accord with the earlier examples as surface decoration fret is the spiral squared up in weaving patterns, as seen
on
on
on
the borders of dresses of pre-Persian statues. Die By Cheopspyr amide. Miinchen.)15 marks. by
a
K.
Kleppisch.
8vo.
74
pp.
1921.
(Olden-
bourg,
This work
pyramid, Here we
or
and
meet
showing them The proportion of the radius to circumference, or approximately 7 : 44, for the height and circuit of the pyramid is accepted ; but the author takes up the old and erroneous measures base in the to out that the slope of make order
many such properties are accidental ? form from a wide knowledge of such properties select the that this form combined many different ideas ?
with the external form of the properties that co-exist in that form.
the actual measures give 11,871 to this, there out remains principally the mean base height : : : height : slope ; which proportional relation of \ results in many base face height or area ; relationships, such as area of squared of : face area : : face area base area : whole faces. Another area proposal is and
-f
base
1,000
English feet.
Really
Wiping
as
base
the slope is 356-090, 24^. It seems very regular number, to select the radius and the Egyptian
face
as
220,
$6
Reviews.
is 7 and 44 X 25 cubits, and circle proportions. That the Meydum pyramid Khufu's pyramid is 7 and 44 X 40 cubits gives the strongest reason for accepting that on the originating purpose ; all else is therefore only coincidence.
The Origin
1922.
By
2
Phineas
Mordell.
8vo.
71 pp.
dollars.
This essay deals with the Sefer Yetzirah, a mystical tract on the nature of letters. The author distinguishes an early edition, which is pre-Talmudic, of about 600 words, and later editions with targums, of two or three times the length, which may be of the fifth to ninth century a.d. Apart from the Jewishinterest in the mystical allusions,this tract is of general interest regarding the Semitic alphabet. According to the original edition, the alphabet consisted of ten double letters which had modified values ; aleph (e and o),beth (b, v), daleth (d, kaph (k, j), f), gimel (g, kh),pe (p, dh),vau (u, resh (r, shin
w),
gh),
the other twelve letters had single uniform values. Thus total of thirty-two lettersis reached. The Sefer states that the tetragrammaton
as was
consisted of vowels, so that all the letters rendered It alphabets were also recognised as vowels in Hebrew. times that the consonantal view came in. The modern MordeU's comparisons
are
Yhvh
vowels
in western
to
values according
:
"
aleph
Sephardic
Ashkenaz
(Spanish) a (German) e, o
By
yod e, i
i
vau o, u u
'ain
The Svastika and the Omk.xra. Soc, Bengal, N.S., XVII, 1921, No.
"
Harit
"
Krishna
om
Deb.
. .
Asiatic (Journ.
.
3.)
The syllable
"
parcel of the Vedic religion." As it is pronounced with a long 0, for duplicated, 0 that the suggests (a pothook sign with square ends)was one across another, and so originated the svastika. At first sight this may seem but it is fortified by The a merely guess, other evidence. svastika goes back to Panini, in the Vllth century B.C., when it was a cattle mark ; another reference is well before 528 B.C., and it is on a gold leaf in a vase found with relics of Buddha. On Indian coins of Eran the svastika has the letter m added to each terminal, thus making om, and a variant of this is on coins of Ujain. Two of the Asoka Albiruni marks of the svastika and letter m. Thus the connection of the o an r\) sign is read as om. is indicated. om, The sign, and svastika strongly meaning of the svastika is brings blessing," like the onkh uza senb or that which signifies well-being in Egypt. The earliestexample known is on the spindle whorls from Troy, in
corner
"
"
"
is a
Greek vases on about 600 B.C. in latter the the rather uncertain conjectures part of paper there striking comparison of the names of Gilukhipa, sister of the king of Mitani,
1800
B.C.
It is frequent
the third successor with Guruksepa, of Brhadbala, who fell in the who was Bharata war about 1450 B.C., another Indo-Aryan link with Naharain.
( 57
PERIODICALS.
Comptes
Capart,
Rendus,
192
1.
March
"
June.
dans le Roman Un mythe Iigyptien de Renart. In the XVIIth is Book description Dead the of the chapter of the of the combat of Horus and Set. For this combat the regulations described are hke those of the judicial in Romance The eye of Horus was the injured, of Petubast. and was combat
J.
"
uza, restored by Thoth, and then became whole or healthy. The details of the Horus his between Set are as the same those in the fight of combat and uncle Renard and his uncle Isengrin. The animal gods of Egypt easily gave rise in their mythology to folk tales about animals.
Lettre de M.
Byblos, Keben.
to trade, and
Montet d M. Clermont-Ganneau. This outlines the history of As the port for obtaining timber for shipbuilding, it was essential ments the pinewood from there was used for furniture. Various frag-
have been found there, the names are monuments of Egyptian of HI and Ramessu II. An earlier block, with scenes Tahutmes kneeling king a of offering to Hathor, is dated to the Xllth dynasty by the spelling of Keben. A mosaic floor of a synagogue of the Illrd century has been found about four miles from Jericho. The chariot of the sun is surrounded by the signs of the zodiac, and figures of plants and animals. The Jewish character is assumed from the Ark of the Law, the Holy Lampstand, and Daniel between the lions.
The
presence
subjects
of figures would rather point to the building being being often found in Christian art. named
church, the
July-October.
ex^cutds pendant I'hiver inundation, but the gate of 1920-21. withstanding Hadrian at Philae will need reconstruction, and the small temple of Tafah will At Denderah the whole surroundneed to be completely rebuilt on higher ground. ings
Rapport de
The
M.
Lacau
sur
les travaux
Nubian
temples
are
of the great temple are being cleared. The lake and wells, and the mammisi The fore part of the latter was all cleared removed anciently to build a The protection of the church, but the plan remains traced on the foundations.
are
carefully provided for in the construction. important excavations in the world, work has M. Fillet has taken up the work left at M. Legrain's death, and
most
be considered as all architectural parts that can finished. A large clearance must be trenched deeply to see if any monuments lie under it before using it as a space for arranging and reconstructing the blocks temple and other buildings. The stairway of the great pylon of the Amenhetep
up, and
row
of relieving chambers
S8
At Saqqarah
Periodicals.
Mr. Firth has nothing had been done for seven years, and now It is first intended to clear the funeral chapels of the renewed the work. Vlth dynasty, pyramids of the and then to clear around the mastabas to examine has a figure and texts upon it. On the exteriors. The mastaba of Kagemna inserted in the Middle Kingdom, south face small tombs were with statues of the deceased squatting at the base of the stele. The pit led to a chamber covered with figures of offerings ; the funeral furniture included alabaster canopies of fine work, and many left solid. The clasp of a gold rock-crystal model vases
had been buried here. necklace shows that jewellery At Aswan the great unfinished obelisk has been cleared to ii8 feet length, At Thebes the sarcophagus placed by Hatshepsut in without reaching the end.
her cliff tomb in the Queen'sValley has been removed to the Museum, and from the King's Valley. At Tuneh the stands by the side of her sarcophagus been for Petosirishave the tomb copied sculptures of of publication. has been found of a priest of the sacred falcon, At Athribis (Benha) a tomb
limestone sarcophagus built round with was of Greek period. An enormous nor great blocks, on the ground surface. There was neither chamber pit, as the level did not allow of sinking. water At Tell el-Yahudieh in the reign of Augustus.
more
dated
November
M. Montet
found many
alabaster
vases
at Byblos,
one
with
(p. 332).
M. Montet
colossal figure of
Egyptian
other statues
(p.363).
January-February.
large group of things near a temenos wall : lions couchant model table of bronze, and standing, cynocephali, scarabs, kneeling figures, flies, bracelets and rings of bronze, gilt-bronze statuettes and a coin (illegible) ; a cup M. Montet
found
full of beads
of rock-crystal and
vases
"
quantity of alabaster and beloved of Ra, the lake of the Great House," over but per oa at that time might refer to a temple.
sed heb of Pepy, and on of Menkaura goes back
a
camelian. On pottery.
In
one
large
to the IVth
and
"
two inches long, with three gods upon it, naming hieroglyphs of which are irregularly placed, as in the Ilnd and Ilird dynasties. There is a circular wall a metre thick, round a paved area ; also a temple with four colossi before it,standing and seated ; they are broken away above, but a head was found. There are no inscriptions, and it is supposed to be Phoenician.
the work
was
stopped
in
Januaryby
the rains.
Statement, April, 1922. A cubical Fund, Quarterly Palestine Exploration bronze weight from Petra, described by Mr. E. J. Pilcher, bears on it Khamsheth
"
or
five," showing
grains.
The
form
weight 6f 5 qedet, on the Egyptian standard of 140 of writing is the Edomite Semitic alphabet, and it points to
it to be
a
Periodicals.
59
b.c.
through
Nabathaea
a
as
summary
There
in Palestine
to
pottery and
Bulletin, Part II, 1921. This is entirely season the excavations of 1920-21. At Lisht of a pre-dynastic there was village with fragments of A later village built against the side of the pyramid
of Art,
"
yielded stone figures, tweezers, rasps, harpoons, combs, like those from Kahun. incised black vases Among family these were of Hyksos age, and one of the same dolphins in dark red, outlined by white incisions. of buff pottery with birds and There Syrian This is a new were this pottery. style of also engraved ivory wands, and weight weight, but
a
I there is great confusion, as blocks are I, (3)of the final temple, and (4) from earlier work of Amenemhat reliefs,(2) Under a corner temple reliefscopied from older monuments. of the pyramid found a foundation deposit, exactly like that under a temple (Abydos II, was
converted Amenemhat
the
number stated. As
it, evidently a regards the pyramid of found (i) with Old Kingdom
23J
on
p.
20). The
tombs
The copying of Neferhetep, which contains some PI. scenes (Wilkinson, LXVII). well-known The Theban excavations are described by Mr. Winlock. After finding the
thoroughly with the magnificent set of models, the rest of that valley was but To further was the south the platform for a explored, nothing appeared. leading to it, which ran across the site of the royal temple, and the causeway future Ramesseum. Only one found finished tomb never was small perhaps here, and the great tomb temple was built, probably because the court never
" "
of four princesses proved to have been entirely plundered. work of Mr. Davis at Thebes has been devoted to the tomb
tomb
later tombs were found, Some much centre. moved away to a new fully decorated cofftns in of the charioteer Atefamen, with three
one
a
being painted
sarcophagus. An entirely differententerprise was in the Xlth dynasty temple of Deir elBahri. The work of the Exploration Fund had bared the foundations of six But, strange to say, shrines of princesses, and tombs beneath four of them. no search had been made for the burials beneath the other two shrines. On looking at the paving it was by the sinking over obvious where the pits were, found complete, with the On opening that of Oashyt her coffin was them. in limestone Outside, this was a mummy statue, sarcophagus. and wooden
decorated like that of Kauit, now in Cairo ; but inside, instead of with scenes being plain, it was The wooden coffin also sculptured and painted with scenes. is highly painted with rows funereal figures offerings,and of of the constellations, the thigh, Orion, and Isis. This is certainly the most splendid burial of the
alas ! all been robbed anciently. The sixth shrine, that of Mayt, proved to be of an infant. Some found in her wrappings with a cartonnage over the head, in strings of beads were a plain the beads are some of blue glass, whitewashed box, in her coffin. Among We may add that this year Mr. Winlock extremely rare in the Middle Kingdom.
Middle Kingdom,
in its furniture.
The
had, jewellery
deposits of the temple. It is to be hoped that he will soon publish all of these finest products of the temple, the sarcophagi, the deposits, the wooden and as statue of the king (AncientEgypt, 1920, p. 33),
6o
Periodicals.
as
the dealers' possible of the fine blocks of sculpture which crowded This is necessary to supplement the shops during the previous excavation. Fund. by the pubUcation
many
A search in the convents of the Wady Natrun has been made by Mr. Evelyn White, and plans and photographs secured. A quantity of leaves of early works were rescued, which belong to books previously obtained by Tattam and Tischendorff. Altogether this bulletin is the record of a fine harvest of new be followed by complete publication. we earnestly hope it will soon results,and
Annals
Griffith,
F. Ll.
"
of Archaeology.
OxfordExcavations
Liverpool,
in Nubia.
1921.
This work was at Faras, from Abu Simbel to. the Second Cataract. The earliest a third of the way object here was A a drift type palaeolith of quartz, the only one known so far south. village and cemetery of the end of the pre-dynastic age contained pottery which It is unfortunate that the absolutely was entirely of thtj age before Mena. Royal Tombs is disregarded in calling this protodated series of pottery of the
"
A thin layer of ash and charcoal marked the settlement, which was probably of wicker booths. The pottery of distinctive forms is between 75 and 78 S.D. With this was also the soft black-bodied Nubian pottery with parallel brought down into Egypt after the Vlth incised lines, of the class which was
dynasty
dynastic."
and
The
palettes
and axes adzes (mis-called chisels) ivory of local design unlike the Egyptian, and serpentine, and ostrich eggs. So far as the skeletons could be discriminated, had axes the men and chisels buried with them ; the beads, armlets and copper
Copper
thin oval slabs of quartz. found were ; also a cylinder seal of beads and of crystal, carnelian, garnet
were
died out very soon are ; various causes but be that were the the most obvious would these suggested, groups of prehistoric folk driven out by the dynastic invaders, taking their goods with them, but unable to continue their old handiwork, and gradually becoming lost in the
for the absence of anything belonging This would account native population. to the dynastic culture. After this comes the Nubian civilisation contemporary with the Middle from Vlth dynasty, the to to Kingdom, XVIIIth the the the stated end of range so-called C group.
; the palettes
were
These settlements of
The graves were surrounded by The topped slabs. up with sand and pottery as offerings, as in Egypt {TarkhanII,
the right side, head between like the Egyptian bodies were
on
" "
bj'
was
The xiv-xvi).
There was one south. bones broken. There were armlets of with shell,ivorj',marble and alabaster ; finger rings of ivory, horn and shell ; amulets and a rather geometric figure of a turquoise hawk, carnehan foot, silver o"ifih,
instance
of. a
dismembered
body,
on
hemi-cylinder, of the usual post-sixth style. The beads were of gold, diorite, Patterned beadwork blue carnehan, steatite, glaze. quartz, shell and A drawing has the heraldic shading in squares was also found (the reversed). inch wide at the curious kind of pot is conical, about five inches long and one
a
a mould ; these mouth ; the inside is smooth as if it were but not all have the size found elsewhere. Some such
"
are a
"
Periodicals.
6i
too long for crucibles apparently,
were
and have been thought to be tuyers ; they Another and have no trace of slag in them.
but there Hathor moulded Consid"ifable remains
seems
are
moulds
temple
to
are
no
of this shape and size. objects New Kingdom discovered. the were of built by
Hatshepsut. Another built temple was blocks fragments A third temple various and remain. was which stillshows half the columns of the forecourt, the governor, built it at the request and nearly all of the hypostyle hall. .Huy, harem There is the greater part of of the king. of his sister,who was head of the Lastly, there is a grotto a a granite stele with figures of Tutonkhamen and god. by Tahutmes III, of which built by Tutonkhamen,
to have
been
Setau, which may be a tomb, made II and the governor for of Ramessii A in Merapu Pa-mer-ah. in new son transliteration variation appears of using j for z ; as many people follow the German use of it for y, it is confusing, and
This report is very welcome, is better omitted altogether, as it is so ambiguous. ;" twenty-five things though eight years old, and the plates record the main sufficiently. Annals
of Archaeology,
Liverpool, 1922.
on
interest in Egyptian
lack of due to the imperfection of translation, and loss of the spiritand rhythm of it. This is illustratedby a supposed future The comparisons of Egyptian and Hebrew version of a sonnet of Shakespeare.
"
Mace,
A. B.
The
Influence of Egypt
Hebrew
Literature. The
literature is mainly
the Proverbs set out in parallel columns of Ptah-hetep writings are with Proverbs, Ani Ahikar, the Hymn to Aten with Psalms, Ptah-hetep with with Proverbs, Khakheper-res-senb and the Song of the Harper with Ecclesiastes.
"
Some
of these comparisons were made in Nile and Jordan. important Other articles on megaliths by Mr. Thurlow Leeds, and Minor, Syria and the A gean by Mr. Woollcy, do not touch on Egypt.
on
Asia
/ournal 0/fhe
Mercer, S.
"
Society
of Oriental
Research,
Chicago, 1921.
of two
previous articlesupon the earlierperiods, which 1920, p. 62. Regarding marriage, examples of two wives are quoted, but at Hagarseh six wives are represented ; the chief wife had no children, and have led to the large number The sisterthis may otherwise {Athribis,
Egypt,
vii).
marriage, which was usual in royalty, is said to be of uncertain frequency in the The lower classes ; it is often found in family records, though it was not usual. ideal, habit of speaking of a wife or lover as a sister at least shows that it was an like first-cousin marriage in Egypt The close family affection is at present. Oriental, and the emphasis on children being the noted, like that of the modern being commoner than in early times. The gift of the gods, theophoric names ideal character modern
was
of
country of by an uncomfortable tuning up especially in lax reigns, only to be compensated is a strange allusion by the author (There under an able ruler,such as Heremheb. to coin of that time, whereas there was no centuries later.) coinage tillmany Slavery was slaves were sold and hired out, yet not unmitigated, and though times. The ideal of lifewas they could rise to wealth and power, as in modern Hving in maot, truth or straightness, most prominently stated by Akhenaten
"
; but
there
above the actual standard of any continual slipping away from it,
62
Periodicals.
a strong belief in reprehended, and there was The than at present may be doubted. effective honest to his equals, but has no feeling for his
Lying and deceit were honesty ; whether this was more Egyptian is remarkably modem truth." inferiors. We they
can,
however,
in many are seen races have far intellectual One judgmentof the author seems not much who growth. The Egyptian was too strong when he writes of a their excessive cruelty."
" "
readily believe in the virtues of the Egyptian, Indian at present such as the North-American
"
as
distressing,and there was the inflictionof punishment a great delicacy of feeUng about was (Ptahreferring to any unpleasant subject in ment treatThe Any, 63 are the ; Ptah-hetep, hetep, 26 ; only signs of cruelty
very
kind
man,
to whom
29).
tortures beyond is war, no the and there were of captives ; but then war king The figure a binding to arms the of clubbing of prevent resistance. needful a group of captives is only an emblem of victory continued from primitive times.
Maynard, J. A. Were the Phoenicians a Semitic People? This is a review M. Autran's book, the conclusions of which and their discussion we may briefly of The idea is that Egypt and Mesopotamia were note. not favourable to external likely have to influenced are the world ; the greatness not energy, and greatly
"
however, to show that for the of their works and their brilliantquahties seem, to the are The Phoenicians was the not enervating. compared climate native Northmen for their activity,and are regarded as having gone south to Palestine. in Sicily, In the Phoenician area of colonisation there are no Semitic names
and
nor
are
But
archaic words in Greek are neither Semitic The Greek gods from the older Mycenaean. few Phoenician words in Greek authors are not Semitic. The
come
speech ? as it may
the great Phoenician colony, with entirely Semitic Phoinike, but this proves nothing The primitive name of Karia was lead either way. According to M. Autran it was the Karians who were
the fount of civilisation, of Syria are and settled in Syria. The place names is a large was Maynard's there Aegean as that conclusion origin. claimed of Aegean element in the Phoenicians, which might be only due to a small ruling Altogether there is a whole caste like the Franks ruling the Gallo-Romans. tion, wilderness of theories : Puni from Punt, or from Karia ; the leaders in civilisasingle distinctive art and merely copying their neighbours ; Semites, or intrusive Philistines from Crete ; everywhere, and autochthonous leaving remains nowhere ; with a capital, Motya, without anything eastern yet and merely inferior Greek work ; with an age-long reputation and nothing to
yet without
a
in Phoenicia, with that serious excavation of this confusion. archaeological discrimination, will clear up some show
us
hope
careful
( 63
NOTES
Capt. Engelbach
and has been
AND
NEWS.
clearing the great obeHsk in the Aswan quarry, finds that it is 133 feet long, which is more than any obelisk that has survived. because fissures, It was are there of various plans for abandoned and
dressing it outlined upon it. The official report will give many interesting details. fullof Coptic documents The French excavations at Edfu have produced a jar of the Vlllth century. Mr. Winlock, for New Xlth
at Thebes
batch
dynasty, as well as Deir el Bahri. Mr. Fisher and Mr. Mackay have found a group of demotic contracts at Drah abul Negga. Altogether, with the large quantity of Greek papyri and the earliest Hebrew obtained by the British schools, this may well be called the year
of papyri. At Amama
has been further palace on the south of the plain at Hawata a stone hall, gardens, traced out by the Egypt Exploration Society. There was kennels lake dog buildings ; a with cowsheds and with about it, strewn with
a
flower beds and tanks. Another clearing was done on the workmen's village, long, found, and had like Kahun ; many which straight streets small things were it was At Hagg Qandil occupied until Tutonkhamen. remains of a temple were
under the village, and this region continued to be occupied down to the XXVIth dynasty. A glass factory was found in the town, and the house of the Nekht be fresh kinds of inscribed, to proved vizier well and to show some
decoration.
found
were under figure small seated of early Sumerian work, like a belonging to the time of Urnina, which is about 3600 B.C. figure on a Tello relief, As this is according to the Egyptians about the Xth or Xlth dynasty, it might
"
The remains from Byblos (Jebail) are now Vlth dynasties that the vases of the IVth
With
them
was
a
in the Louvre.
temple.
is a cylinder The earliest agree with the burial of Old Kingdom object objects. lonian hieroglyphs belonging king Khoam, to Thinite a seal, with apparently a Babyor
Amorite,
Louvre
The
Nevshehr
Ra and Hathor as lord and lady of Gebal. naming has also recently obtained, from Cappadocia, at Topola, near the largest Hittite inscription yet discovered, (theancient Soanda),
about 16 feet by 10 feet. Prof. Newberry's very interesting paper in this number adds a fresh datum to the early history, which will doubtless receive full discussion. The presence and of Per-ab-sen in the tomb at Abydos, of the sealings equally of Sekhem-ab and the absence be looked on as
to has caused the first two names there of any of Per-ne-maot, Horus as king, of whom the belonging to one the name ruling it is the same Per-ne-maot. If Khosekhem person as Khosekhemui,
people
was
64
Notes and News. in the tomb of seals of officials of Khosekhem be have to studied. There is of the 363 years will Mena might have started an epoch, but nothing to
no
that only a presumption for that name But there is a likely source identify him with Hor-akhti. under later be in Den, as Semti, the two groups of three hills, taken times readily might This between hills. two to mean sun would closely akhti, the two groups of the in Den began B.C., so the by Egyptians dates the the ; 5383 given accord with
who crushed 363rd year would be 5021 B.C., and this is the last year of Khosekhem the enemies, supposed to be the Set party. Egypt, 1920, p. 59, that a sphinx on A suggestion mentioned in Ancient I therefore the east bank faced that on the west, seemed worth examination. for from Cairo Ma'adi, to Old searching any rock line walked along the east side
into a sphinx. There was ridge of only one might have been trimmed too Basatin, was bank, this southward, and north of rock along this projecting and wide to have ever been cut as a sphinx. A small settlement of late Roman Arab times is on the east side of it. There is,then, no ground for the idea of a
which
contra-sphinx.
W.
M. F. P.
G^
2.
MODERN
LOOM
IN
THE
VILLAGE
OF
MAHARRAQA,
LISHT.
ANCIENT
EGYPT.
TEXTS
FROM
THE
HITTITE
CAPITAL
RELATING
TO
EGYPT.
The
has recently published a number of fragmentary texts in language, Babylonian discovered at Boghaz were cuneiform which and Keui {Keilschrifturktinden Boghazkoi, Part III, 1922 ; copied by Weidner). aus
Berlin Museum
the
The most
sarma,
interesting is part of a letter (No. 34)describing the visit of KhismiII or his the son of the Hittite king, to Egypt in the time of Rameses
successor.
immediate
The
beginning
:
"
and
end
are
lost.
The
following
is
translation of what
"
remains
"
(i) To the royal treasury (hterally, place of the king) in two (2) envoys Zidwalla did not have. (3) [They have sent ?] king, (4)to me the envoys of the and behold I am obedient. (5)I have given (the envoys of the (Egyptian) money) for the journey
.... ...
.
this I will pay back (6)to the treasury of the king ; let the royal treasuries pay Now you say to me : (7)for the king's embassy. Behold, Khismi-sarma departed, (8) when
'
(it)
(9)he departed in the months appointed for departure, (10)and since during the previous year he
' "
. .
The next two lines are too mutilated for translation. (13) Nakhkha (Nekht) Was-] mua-Riaof the domain of [thegod (?)
"
Satep-na-Ria in the domain (14) (User-maot-ra, of Amana Setep-ne-ra) his (Amon),and prefect Leya (Lui, Ria-masesa (Ra-messu) (15) Levi) [of] of the domain of in domain in the (16)mai-Amana of the god ; all 3 officers; to thee for their journey (17)and I have given (the money) in fine the case the the (18) envoys when sending presents of (19)which they have taken to you. And they are with Khismi-sarma (20)together with your envoys who have gone with him. (21)And the royal envoys are protected by the commander of the cavalry (22)Nakhkha of the domain of the horses, the officer of the king,
=
. . .
Obv.
2.
Kulaziti[s] along with the Hittite ambassador Hittite the Zidwalla[s] ; and ambassador to you 3. and they have allowed for their journey from on Hittite days the 4. mission country 14 which Kulaziti[s]
I.
20 (or)
days
E
66
Texts
from the
6. which
took Zidwalli[s]
as
7. to Egypt
he
was
late.
who
.
late
....
sa
Egyp]t
protects their road from the Hittite kingdom to Egypt month 13. their journey year by year 14. [and]
15. He
journey of
the
son
16. for the hire of all these ships 17. at the feet\and he has accompUshed
numerous 18. quickly and has manned to Egypt for for their journey 19. providing
very
[are ready]
20.
to make
[the voyage]
to this account of a Hittite embassy, I append a way of supplement translation of an account of an embassy from Egypt to the Hittites given in the Hittite language by a Hittite king who is probably Mursilis H {KeilschrifUext
By
aus
Boghazkoi, V, p. 41,
"
in the city of Carchemish when my 2. then Lupakki and Hadad-zalma he sent ; so they went ; (the plain of Antioch) 3. into the land of Amka they devastated ; the spoil of oxen and sheep back to 4. the land of Amka
1.
Now
my father Afterwards the Egyptians brought. they 5. 6. heard : they were terrified. Then their ruler, namely Bib-khuru-riyas 7.
8.
at just
of the overthrow
of Amka
(Neb-khepru-ra)
was
that moment
an
died ;
'
now
9. she sent
10. 11.
12.
ambassador she said thus to him : My husband I have no children ; your sons to be grown up ; if to me are [said]
one
to my
Dakhamun
is dead ;
13.
of your sons you give, and if he will be my husband, 14. he will be a help ; send him accordingly I send bridal gifts 15. and thereafter I will make him my husband. 16. After my father had heard this
'
(?)
17. he summoned
certain Hittites
a
[The n"xt
20 21.
a
two
hnes and
half
are
destroyed.]
name],he despatched
son
Egypt [to]
A true report do you bring back, 22. as to the (and) 23. why she has written the letter to me 24. what is become of him ; so to me a true 25. report do you bring back.'
'
[ : (him) enjoining
secretary
....
by
'
of theirruler
What
to
me.
Texts
to
Egypt.
67
the secretary had returned from Egypt after this that my father captured the city of Carchemish he liad besieged it for 7 days 28. 29. and on the 8th day he dehvered battle one day
31.
32. captured
the city
Khanis, 44. An ambassador of the city (sic) of Egypt (Mizri), from its father in to him came return a secretary 45. ruler, and my 46. sent to the land of Egypt who should thus The 47. address him as head of the mission : is he ? me 48. where
'
son
of their lord
; my son to the kingship the general of the army 49. she has deceived (?) has To my father 50. not promoted.' 51. the queen of Egypt thereupon thus
52. wrote back : What is this you say ? I, if me.' 53. She has deceived (?)
'
'
son
and if I my
country country I would have written. has had seed by me.
"
[people] and
no one
my
'
'
There is my
a
so
I have taken
servant
61. and to another country in this manner 62. I have not written : to you, however, I have written ; your 63. are said to be grown up ; so to me one
sons
64. of your sons give, and he as my husband 65. in the land of Egypt shall be king.' 66. So my father was on his knees, 67. and then the lady soon fulfilled (her) words 68. and selected one of the sons."
last line is written in Assyrian with the exception of one word sa man kittan (= Ass. izhat,literally under the sons she took," which I suppose sapal) a Hittite idiom signifying selection. was
"
The
"
Bib-khuru-riyas
must
.
be Tut-onkh-amen The
Neb-kheperu-ra.
Da-kh-Amun
The Hittite ambassador in another fragmentary Kulazitis is mentioned letter [Keilschrifturkunden, III, No. 67), from which we learn that the writer of by No. 34 was probably an Egyptian doctor, Pa-Ria-ma-khu [Pa-ra-am-akhet] Egyptian doctors were name, celebrated for who was resident in Asia Minor. their knowledge and skill, consequently in request in the civilisedworld and were East. The fragment is as follows : the ancient of
"
(i) (2)
"
from here to the land of Egypt you have sent, and according to what I have sent
E
2
68
Texts
from
the presents which you have given to be taken (3) the hand of Kulaziti they have taken ; these presents (4)[by] (5)which you have given to be taken by his hand following after him. (6)you did not give your mind to (their)
.
. .
(7)Thus
now
summon
has written.'
to prepare(8)Pa-Ria-ma-hku has carried out his journey herbs for Kurunta Tarkhuntas;' king the (9) of and he in need of all kinds of medical plants until I sent (them) was ; (10) he I him to come (11)and when you and will recommend to Kurunta the king of Tarkhuntas to prepare the herbs for him ; (12) these two doctors who are with him ; (13)and I summoned for their journey to Egypt ; (14)and do you give (money) doctor Pa-Ria-ma-khu has the (15) who when written shall reach him, day or night let them not detain [him] (16)
" "
"
""""""
No. 66
:
"
1.
Thus
the two
2.
itisibyanib tawi (the king of Upper and Lower Was-mua-Ria. (User-maot-ra) lands),
Egypt,
lord of
son ; of the Sun-god, Ria-masesa-mai-Amana brother king to land ? the the the the 3. [Salutationof] of god Khara of Hadad loves. whom
Satep-na-Ria,
4.
[To]Pudu-Khebe
[Now] to the king there is peace ; to my houses there is peace ; [tothe]queens there is peace ; to the royal children there is peace 7. [to] my soldiersthere is peace ; to my horses there is peace ; 8. to [my] chariots there is peace ; and within all my lands
5. 6.
9. may
there be peace exceedingly !
10.
11. 12.
the [queen],
queen
of the Hittites,may
13. may
there be peace ; to thy children may be peace ; and within all thy lands there may there be peace exceedingly !
14. Thus
now
Ria-nakhta
.
. .
envoy[s?]
'
Or
"
I, the doctor
see
very faulty Assyrian in which the line (13), the same where verb
Literally
Tarkhuntas
"
make." or Tarkhundas
was
in the neighbourhood
Texts
from the
us
to
Egypt.
69
The well
as
pronunciation of the Egyptian royal title,as II ; it may be added that it does not of Ramses the corresponds
to
'
y)-
in another letter from Ramses II to the Hittite III, No. 69), Now I have ordered king {Keilschrifturkunden, : we where read have told him (literally Biqasta to speak all the words which you (fem. !) Biqasta is mentioned
"
given)
in the presence of the king ; he has taken care that (lit. given) Behold ! these words my sons should hear them all as the queen has enjoined. is I Biqasta has have the which offence which reported, what committed against brother ? And what is the offence which I have now my committed against with his mouth you it ! declared : you have committed brother king am of the of the Hittites." safe and sound, and a The use of the feminine in this fragment would indicate that this letter also as well as to the Hittite king. addressed to queen Pudu-khebe I III, No. 70 : Keilschrifturkunden, Suta-khab-sadu (Set-heb-sed 1. [Thus] ?) 2. [the ] of the great king, the king
"
? (fem.)
But
the daughter
was
of Egypt.
3. 4.
5. [To]you the great king, the king of the Hittites, 6. O my [father], may there be peace, and to "c. 7. your [son]s may there [bepeace], 9
10.
11.
Now
father,
12.
has sent to me to enquire after 13. the health of his son, and I
14.
exceedingly pleased, 15. since my father has sent to me health. 16. to enquire after (his)
am
17. The Sun-god and Hadad enquire after the health 18. of the great king, the king of the Hittites, my father,
19. and bestow the good fortune 20. of health and the brotherhood of the great king, 21. the king of Egypt, the great king, with
22.
ever
and
ever.
23. And
they give length of 24. years to the great king, the king of Egypt, 25. as well as years to Khattusili,
70
27. And
they
28. splendid health, and they are 29. in splendid brotherhood for ever
30. Now
31.
as
a
I have sent
father
34
of the best gold, a lot of threads (?) a full-grown ox with horns of white stone
a
.
.
.
35.
36
....
The remaining list of presents is not sufficiently preserved for translation. The mutilated condition of the earlier part of text makes the relationship of the to determine. difficult writer, who bears an Egyptian name, A. H. Sayce.
letter of Dakhamen raises the question of the end of the Akhenaten family of daughters. So far as the data now go, they are exactly in Tell accord with my el-Amarna of 1894, and they give the following dates (and
[The astonishing
:" ages)
Nefertyti
about
. .
2.
Makt-aten
3. Onkh-s-pa-aten
(Dakhamen ?)
1367/
1344
I (23)
was III, as four stillaUve long after the death of Amenhetep letters successive (IX to XII) were written from Mitanni referring to her ; and Nefertyti is associated with Amenhetep IV before abandoning Amen, so there is to suppose that she is not the same no reason Nezem-mut, her as Tadukhipa. but little Mert-aten than was appears sister, ; she older married at about 53 to
Heremheb
whose him.
legalize his position. Mert-aten was after wife of Smenkhkara, death she vanishes. Makt-aten was buried in her father's tomb, before A daughter was married to the son of Burnaburiash of Babylonia, and the
to
fourth is the eldest possible. Of the last two there is no trace. They would be foreigner, 25 and 23 at the death of Tut-onkh-amen ; probably married to some who could not accede in Egypt. find the widow of Tut-onkh-amen ("livingimage of Amen ")named Onkh-s-amen, modified to Ta-onkh-ne-amen or Dakhamen, ("the hfe of Amen "),
we
Then
then 29, appealing to the Hittite king for a son who was be king of Egypt. As her successors Ay and Ty were descent, Ty being only nurse, this shows that Dakhamen
not unreasonable
in
( 71
^
In Ancient
HEDDLE-JACKS
Egypt,
on
OF
MIDDLE
KINGDOM
an
LOOMS.
G. M. Crowfoot
Museum
Egyptian
article by H. Ling Roth and found by the Metropolitan the model of spinners and weavers Expedition in the tomb of Mehenkwetre' at Thebes. Toward
"
one the end of her remarks Mrs. Crowfoot notes that in the model very essential heddle-rod is Sudani loom the the part of missing, supports," and then makes implements lying on either side of the suggestion that the curious wooden loom were the (model) used for this purpose," only to discard the idea because
"
like tools used in the hand to adjust to her, she finally repubAs no explanation along this line occurs something." lishes a drawing of originals of similar implements from the University College these
seem objects
to her
"
much
more
"
collection in the hope of finding a solution." It chances that independently of Mrs. Crowfoot solution which she discards,and believe
I had
ample confirmation of its correctness on the monuments in the originals at University and College
in stillanother in Cairo Museum the original shown to me by Mr. Quibell. Since the
(Fig. i),and
subjecthas
been
opened
it
seems
The originals are wooden cylinders about a foot high, with a rounded, spoon-like, head above a notch in one the model from the tomb of side. ^In Mehenkwetre' 2 and the photo(Fig. graphs in Ancient Egypt, 1921,
frontispiece and in Cairo model tombs Hasan of Bakt p. 99); in another found by Quibell at
and Khety
Beni
to
be
lying on the floor on either loom not far from the the side of ends of the heddle-rod. In all these cases the heddle-rod is lowered to
seen
form
the
counter-shed,
but
to
form
appliance for raising the provided heddle-rod the alternate warp and North threads leashed to it. In the fixed-heddle loom, which is still used across Africa, up the Nile Basin and out to Madagascar, the heddle-rod is eithersuspended
must
the shuttle
be
72
Heddle-Jacks of Middle
Kingdom
Looms.
from an overhead frame, or is jacked up on supports such as those described by Mrs. Crowfoot from the Sudan, stones, baked clay pillars,Y-shaped sticks, or even a couple of pots. H. Ling Roth, Royal Anthropological Society Journal, (See Museum 1917, Figs. 80 and 89A, and Ancient Egyptianand Greek Looms, Bankfield Notes, 1913, Fig. 12). Since there was no overhead frame from which to suspend heddle horizontal looms, some the similar jacking of the Middle Kingdom support
absolutely necessary, and being an indispensable part of be shown in the models and the wall paintings. The cylinders lying at either end of the heddle-rods are the only
was
objects
in the representations of these looms which could be put to this use, and I therefore feel that there should be no hesitation in calHng them the heddle-rod jacks. there is one these jacksand the essential difference between for African looms the heddle-rods of the modem supports already cited. The latter have heddle-rods permanently supported or fixed. Had the heddle-rods of looms been fixed on the jacks, they would be so represented ; the Middle Kingdom
However,
but, down
loom
as
of fact, in most cases the rods are drawn or modelled as slacked This must be taken as a characlying prone beside them. with the jacks teristic in drawn Middle Kingdom the that the conclusion position weaving, and
a
matter
not continuously jacked movable heddle, which was up. To put these theories to a test, there seemed to me to be no more practical method than to make a working model of a loom, about i foot long (Fig. 2). As With the jacks shown in the sketch, it is a perfectly practical machine. removed
had
from under the heddle-rod as in the Mehenkwetre' model and in the Bakt and Khety pictures the counter-shed is formed, and the shuttle is passed from right to left. The heddle-rod is then raised by hand, firstat one end and then at the
"
"
inserted. Evidently it is this operation of raising the heddle other, and the jacks Daga picture is in the Khnum-hotep picture, and the sadly damaged shown which formed, apparently shows the heddle supported on the jacks. The shed is now
are then and the shuttle given the return shot from left to right. The jacks knocked out, the counter-shed again formed, and the shuttle again shot, and
so on.
The
thus heddle-jacks
"
have
to be set up
shots of the shuttle a process which seems it, but which life-long practice probably made
skilfulpair
are
of ancient
weavers
than
we
themselves jacks
spoon-shaped much it lies close to the the end floor ; the rod end then slides into the notch ; a quick jerkis given, and the jacksits upright, firmly held on its broad base by the tension of the warp threads. To lower the heddle-rod a smart blow on either jackbrings down the whole affair. with pair of tall, slender jacks to be designed to be pulled seems
A
narrow or
top is
waists, in University College (Fig. i) knocked out by hand ; but the stouter ones
in that collection, and the one in Cairo, show deep battering on the sides and rounding on the bottom, from long use in looms where the tension of marked over on blows were so great that heavy the warp was necessary to tip the jacks
to have been the usual thing, for in all the earthen floors. This indeed seems in the Mehenkwetre' three Beni Hasan pictures, and model, the assistant weaver holds a stone in her hand to knock her jack (theone who wields the beater-in)
down.
Heddle-Jacks of Middle
Kingdom
Looms.
of Wiety
"
THtHE00Lt-J"CK5DOWHD"ll-INGlfrE"VING-
^Vl
rrom
"SETTIKG
VFTHtHLbiLE-JiCICS-
"THE HE-bbLE-R-AUtb
THt-JACM-
COUNTt.R,-SHl.t) FOK-ME-Q
JHCtS REMOVED
AKD
HtbKt
DOWM-
"VraUIN"5-MODEL-Of
HOUIZONTA
L- LOOM-
Fig.
2.
Ancient
and
Modern
Drawings
of
Looms
with
Heddle-Jacks.
74
Whether
or
HeddU-Jacks of Middle
not there exists to-day
Kingdom
Looms.
a loom working on exactly this principle, loom fixed-heddle Libya the the say. and the Sudan of zone of ancient Egypt's influence appears to me to be the direct descendant of loom. The jacksare now fixed, except when the fabric this Middle Kingdom
I cannot
However,
"
"
is rolled up on the breast-beam, and the counter-shed is made by but rapid manipulation of shed-sticks, which is lesslaborious than compUcated handhng the jacks. But the jacks remain, and the machine is that of the Middle advances
a or
Kingdom, The
far from satisfactory. few have are scenes, these tombs very preserved weaving and in bad preservation ; and they have been copied with scanty knowledge of the working of looms, and have rarely been reproduced in facsimile. In default of
Only
a
except that it is operated in a shghtly different way. looms are available illustrationsof Middle Kingdom
Ling Roth {Ancient weavers, Egyptian really intelligible copies of the Khnum-hotep Greek has for by Cailliaud, Wilkinson, the Looms) and reproduced comparison copies Rosellini, Lepsius, Newberry I and an original drawing by N. de G. Davies.
have attempted to make a freehand composite sketch interpreting Davies' most by Cailliaud (Recherches les Arts et Metiers), sur recent copy from the older ones
RoselHni Daga
Champollion
are published only by Davies xxxvii), here of which are important except the and redrawn with restorations none in his copy. from The weavers heddle-jacks, which I believe I can .ecognize Hasan, H, pi. iv) the tomb of Bakt are illustratedby Newberry at a most {Beni from inadequate scale here enlarged freehand" while those Khety are redrawn
weavers
are
"
new as
Champollion (pi. taken from with the jacks ccclxvi), in the fresh copies can be made from the monuments trations technical knowledge, the student is warned to look upon these illus-
models a loom
looms are makeshifts at the best. The diagrams of the Mehenkwetre' illustration prepared by Mr. L. F. Hall for a future publication of the by the Metropolitan Museum, and those of the working model are from I have made and worked myself.
H. E. WiNLOCK.
( n
%
Mr.
LOOM
WEIGHTS
IN
EGYPT.
Winlock's discovery of a model weaving shop in the Xlth dynasty tomb Mehenkwetre' at Thebes has caused a great revival of interest in the subject of Those in the model are horizontal ones, of ancient Egyptian looms.^ and so far
bear out the evidence of tomb paintings that the looms of the Middle Kingdom horizontal, and those of the Empire vertical. In a country like Egypt, were bounded however, in which all artistic expression was and restricted by convention,
it is dangerous
alone, and it is by no the Middle Kingdom,
models and paintings in that vertical looms were safe to assume unknown Mr. Ling Roth inclines to do,- that in the Empire
a
result of Asiatic influence. The simple form and in the tomb paintings could be used with facility in equal natural to suppose that either position, and it would be more under some circumstances a vertical adjustment would be found more able. practicThat is as may be. In any case itis quite certain that the conventionalised
paintings are very far from giving us a complete picture of the knowledge of them is there any suggestion of weaving that the artist must have had, for in none Egyptians had. loom, a looins the certainly weighted of and weighted tomb
Egyptologists have
have been found
as
been
the loom
weights
that
in Egypt
apologetic,
were
though had
that objects
were or
Why
should ? We
we are
exist, and to affix a foreign importation label to anything that we do not much like the As
are a
matter
no means
of fact, warp
uncommon
by
I find
them
by
the
(Empire Period) of
Kahun and doubt example, there is no that
mud,
for
I.
Muu
AND
Stone
Loom
Weights,
Lisht.
articles. Samples
'
of both types
are
shown
in Fig.
1920,
i.
See
"
Metropolitan Museum
Egypt,
Bulletin, December,
Crowfoot.
Part
II
and
the
articles in
Ancient
'
Studies
an
1921, IV, by Ling Roth and in Primitive Looms," R.A.I. may quote which Dr. Hall
was an we
Journal,XLVIII,
warp
"
"
As
example
Museum,
University
where these
the
weight
from
p. 141. Kahun
in the Manchester
Aegean
pottery
not
found," Egyptian
article."
in the ruins of houses was a temporary probably warp weight of Ancient Egyptian (Ling Roth, and Greek
was
probably
found
"
"
76
Loom
Weights
in Egypt.
The Egyptians must then have used weighted looms. The question is,what form did these looms take ? The most natural supposition would be that they belonged to the so-called Greek type, an upright loom with a single beam, the place of the second beam being taken by a seriesof hanging weights. There is another way, however, in which weights can be used, and one more easily
" "
two-beam
looms.
(frontispiece),
the southern Lisht pyramid. instead of being attached to the warp beam, are diagonally upwards to another roller,over which
taut by
to-day in the village of Maharraqa, close to It is a pit treadle loom, in which the warp threads, carried under a roller, then they are bunched and kept principle is adopted in Syrian
The same means of heavy stone weights. looms, but with a difference,the bunched warp threads in this case being carried back and suspended over diagram in Ling Roth's the head of the weaver (see Ancient
Now
Egyptianand
Greek Looms,
more
p.
39).
"
Greek practical form of loom than the upright hkely to be adapted to the existing variety, and, as we said before, one much more Egyptian type. The system of suspension weights would apply equally well to
this is a much simple form of loom, such as the ancient one must have been, and I think it more so used. than likely that the weights which turn up in our excavations were it is loom but Indeed, is from a a development quite possible that the modem
a
"
form that has persisted in the district since ancient times. Such survivals are common enough, as every digger knows, and the excavation of the ancient town site of Lisht has furnished us with a number of other very striking examples.
A. C. Mace.
77
ON
THE
MEANING
OF
I
y
"
It has
on
been
assumed
in the group
which
occurs
II, PL II, pp. 8-11), dynasty {R.T. several first represents the nehti name objects likely, however, that it is the archaic form of more of an early king. It seems Beitrdge I, p. 32 ; Griffithin R.T. II, p. title, meaning consort (Sethe, queen's Examples
48).
of this title are found in the titulary of queens in the Old Kingdom Masfaba PI. LXII Hieroglyphiques, (Mariette, 183, 225 ; De Rouge, Inscriptions in Kingdom the Middle (De Rouge, Inscriptions Hieroglyphiques, and LXXVII) ; PI. LXXV, Tunis
Queen Aahmes
dynasty
in that of
XLIX).
is written
examples
Kingdom
"consort"
w
Yl^ci,
onwards
"
is replaced by M, in accordance with the Horus form part of a In the titulary is combined with
It generally occurs in combination with phonetic usage. it It may title of the King, when consort reads of Horus." Horus." longer title, {Smert) companion reading and consort of
"
" "
II, PI. XI, p. the word consort of Queen Nefert {Tanis 17), the vulture and uraeus. by the word sign only would be quite in The writing of the word consort keeping with ancient usage regarding the orthography of titles. The presence
"
"
of the group
at Abydos
consort,
as
after the
name
Neit-hotep
on
an
was
found
{R.T.II,
PI. II, p.
was a or
11)is strong
queen. Nebui, The
"
Neit-hotep
Nebti,
"
the two
goddesses,"
evidence in support of the reading basket signs would then read the two lords." The latter reading is
two
corroborated by two
are
mean
satisfiedwith thee "). If this be the correct reading, Horus and Set, and the two baskets be a variant of
PI. V,
12
^
a
^
The
or
of
^
"
(R.T. I,
; PI.
VI,
4,
8), and
represent
the synonym
the two
:
^
"
II, aJ {R.T.
PI. XXIII
191-200).
"
lords
v\.
Kingdom
gains further support from another Old ^ She who sees Horus and Set X_j'"25
"
(De Rouge,
to
aux
six
dynasties, premieres
go Mahdsna,
back
which 45),
The
persistence of
title would
the title
^"^
not be surprising. Oo
"
She
who says anything, itis done for her and this epithet
occurs
210,
Mahdsna,
PI. X,
7),
also in
[^\ ^
II, PI.
"'^^^
Queen
Aahmes of
consort
XLIX), and
(B.M., Registration
y)
380).
L. B. Ellis.
78
REVIEWS.
The
Lifeand
Times
ofAkhnaton.
12s.
By ("d.
Arthur
Weigall.
1922.
New
and
(Butterworth.)
Mr. WeigaJl has taken the place of an apostle of Atenism with much success. preface describes the actual detail of work connected with the discovery of the king's burial. The conclusion is that the tomb in the valley of the kings originallymade for Queen Tyi ; that she Amarna, the body of Akhenaten abandoning
was
was
was
buried there ; that on the court removed from his tomb in the
Later, when his memory reburied in Tp's tomb at Thebes. from Tyi the tomb to bury her was attacked by the priesthood, they removed with his funeral furniture, including the alabaster elsewhere, and leftAkhenaten in discovered, with the sides of the great Then 1906 the tomb was canopic jars. Unhappily wooden funeral shrine of Tyi standing in the front of the chamber.
now the work (all dead)ignored the responsible for managing means of preservation, and let this magnificent carving covered with gold foil in better treated, and is now go to pieces. The king's coffin, farther in, was in this The skull of the king, photographed good state in the Cairo Museum.
those
who
were
upright, for volume, is set sloping backward ; it should be placed 10" more ear the true plane (of and base of eye)to be horizontal. This tiltgives a false in publishing skulls. When idea of prognathism, and is a fault often seen the true vertical outline is placed round this photograph, the drooping jaw of the
On comparing the skull with sculptures is very marked. droop is seen to be due to the short distance between the the face.
ear
The work is divided into chapters dealing with the parentage of Akhenaten ; his birth and early years and the influences bearing on him ; his foundation of a new city ; his formulation of the rehgion ; the middle period of his reign ; the later period ; and the last years, ending with tracing the fallof his ideals. The translations give ground for much interpretation and apphcation, with guesses
less likely,but within reach of a passable amount or of and suppositions more British mind. imagination, needful to impress the self-satisfied There are some matters consideration. The ages of kings which need more by the bones ; the family histories at their death are not quite so exactly fixed
must
III was 16 at his also be taken into account, and probably Amenhetep 'teens," as in his on he be be p. 27. not yet could not said to marriage, so that In general, the ages of marriage are put needlessly early, unlike those in other but he to be a dwarf god at Memphis, On p. 13 Ptah is assumed periods.
"
foreign form
was
dwarf,
as
mixture
with other
Reviews. Though
79
in 1892, the author does not mentioning the work done at Amarna he it in as I was to know the pubHcation of seem says that in 1910 1894, alone his death." That thirty in my beUef that Akhenaten was at of age only years in his basis fully dating was reign 1894. Nor of the chronology of stated as the leftby the successors does he seem aware of Akhenaten of the quantity of
"
objects
at Amarna,
which contradict the shortening of the time between Akhenaten and for which there is no evidence in writing. Nor is there any hint of Heremheb, fully described in the fact that the artistic, ethical and religiousrevolution was 1894 from the archaeologicalevidence only. The last thirty years has not altered, and has scarcely added to, the account of the history : in only one small detail is there any change to make in the long account of that period stated before the into fashion. Later writing can came only amplify that, by quoting subject a daughter texts which were not available earUer. The idea that Nefertyti was precluded by any hint of that relation when he describes her in his be accepted. the supposed title of own tomb ; nor can royal father-in-law Besides a few misprints, there is a slip on p. 64 describing an ivory figure as of Ay
seems
" "
from Diospolis ; it is from Ballas, as described where it is published in Prehistoric Egypt. The only heart-scarab formula might be quoted, as a break with the past, from the scarab at University College,and another heart scarab of Akhenaten
silver plate is in that collection ; there is also the Maudslay scarab with a only appears in the present number gold plate. The last addition to the subject Onkhsenamen to bring a Hittite in as king of the attempt of of this Journal, with
a
death. The various matters named here are but after Tutonkhamen's fluent to the subordinate and attractive account of the most extraordinary growth ideas is known in that of any decade of the world's history.
Egypt
The
append here the authoritiesthat we have for the portraiture of Akhenaten. outer line on the left is the profile of the plaster death-mask, slightly worn on The inner line is traced from the outline of the the lower part of the nose. by described Mr. Weigall. The portrait on the right is the best sculpture skull,
[We
have of the king, from his alabaster statuette in the Louvre. that we The identity of the three is remarkably exact ; with a stereoscope the outlines and be combined. This result conclusively settles the sources sculpture can of the F. P.] skull and the death-mask.
"
8o
Reviews.
du Moyen Empire. By Gustave Jequier. Sarcophages (Mem. Inst. Fran^ais d'Arch. Orientale, Cairo.)
This is a great work of archaeological research, which will long be a standard of the figures of objects of reference. The subject represented on the interior of has long been a cofiins,as a substitute for models, or for the actual
objects,
recorded by M. Lacau some Kingdom Sarcophagi,and he gave separate drawings of the has far exceeded that, and has taken the Now M. Jequier discussed and illustratedby reference to the actual This is,in fact, a of the archaeology of daily life.
of the drawings and the details. It was worthily years ago in his Cairo Catalogue of the Middle classified. objects as a text, to be subject where such are known. objects
corpus
The material isclassified Toilet,Sticks and Sceptres, under Costume, Jewellery, Weapons, Furniture, Food, Purification and Ritual. There is at the end a complete index of all the hieroglyphic words. Thus it is easy to find the way through the mass of detail. The minute distinctions between different signs and varieties
are
are as
carefully observed and described. A few details may be here noted. P. 32. The varieties of cloth are discussed, and twenty-four differentnames Some are from colours, as green and white ; others from places, quoted. Hermonthis and Hierakonpolis. The single large bead
P. 49. the neck should be noted as the nameon No. bead which identifiedthe wearer. {Amulets, 77.) P. 50 and elsewhere the drop-shaped beads are never strung in line imtil the dynasty. XVIIIth discs to rattle on P. 86. The Xllth dynasty, already furnished with Beni Hasan. cross-bar, as at sma sign appears distinctlyhuman in the earliestrepresentations, II, ii,8-10), but it was afterwards to the union of king and queen {R.T. applied bowdlerised. sistrum
a
P. 81.
The
was,
in the
P.
clearly P.
on
"
120.
a
It is difficult to accept Fig. 324 as a serviette. It seems to be dress, with fringes on the neck, arms and legs. {Riqqeh, xxiii.)
The
122.
the washstand xxxvi). seems that which cleans obviously the origin of sapo; yet the difficultyis that the Romans attributed the invention of soap to the Gauls (Phny,N.H., Aretas states that the Greeks obtained it from the Romans. and xxviii,
"
identificationof suab as soap is notable, also the cake of soap The word D. II, of Debhen in the IVth dynasty (L.
for washing hands, and also to scented refers to smem.a It be that the name may absorbent. earth, used suab referred to crude transferred later to the carbonate of soda used in Egypt for cleansing, and was European true soap of soda and fat, which was of origin.
Athenaeus
The seven sacred unguents are fully discussed. The various types for stiffgrease, and narrow-necked for oils. figured, of open-mouthed be fixed is discussed at length, but not much The meaning can of the names The basis men, was the considered to be with certainty. of several of unguents is a fat which took up the scents, with which it was mixed, much as oil of roses
P. 141.
are
vases
of this leads us to associate it with the in Egypt, equally in the prehistoric age, the the commonest unguent which was 1st and the XVIIIth dynasty, and which is believed to be palm oil brought from The hati ash or the West Coast. essence suggests that there was some of pine absorbed
at present.
The
general
use
"
"
Reviews.
81
to separate turpentine or cedar oil. The latter easily separates, of distillation simple heating and chilling and condenses at ordinary temperatures, so that some would separate it readily. The free use of cedar oU for embalming shows that it
mode
was
"
easily obtained. The hati ent Tehenu strongly suggests olive oil,from the (AncientEgypt, 1915, p. 97); this must have been an oil very olive land
"
familiar to the Egyptian, from Libya and Crete, and would be almost certain to be used. Various other unguents and perfumes are also described from the
early lists. The various eye-paints are mentioned. P. 159. The variety of staffs are discriminated, the straight for walking, the crook of those curved below, the thinner staff of dignity, the forked staff, princely rule, the mokes hke a disc-headed mace with a blade rising out of it
carried by kings, lastly the divine sceptre of the uas or zam. P. 181. The oha or kherpsceptre is described, but without referring its use Egypt, 1921, p. 86). The nehhet was rather similar to the head of a clan (Ancient but rounded at the end. The flail was specially a divine emblem. belonging P. 203. The distinction of the disc and pear-shaped maces, as It must always to the firstand second prehistoric age should have been noted. long after they be remembered in use, that various ceremonial remained
objects
disc mace, the harpoon, the dress below fictitious the breast with shoulder straps, were all survivals, like the Speaker's the barrister'swig, or girls'college-gowns. mace, fans used by cooks, as at present in Egypt, to blow the P. 296. The had disappeared from daily life. The
charcoal fire,are represented ; it might be added that the models in copper are found in tombs of the Vlth dynasty {Diospolis, XXV). The listof nine kinds of grain, and as many P. 329. The
object
proposal that it represents two bows in a case is too short and wide for that purpose, and it evidently termed a rammer object it, perhaps it is the wig stand. has something The put over named object forming be a two seems to a 848) short pieces perches (Fig. vertical rod, with triangle
with the granaries. of Neit is not explained ; the likely. The seems the most
Looking at on one side, and a white disc halfway up {Riqqeh, xxiii). the way the Egyptian put guide-Hnes on his work, with a triangle on one side to to the opposite edge (L.D. II, le ; Medum, was mark that the measure viii), to be survey posts for marking these seem out ground, with the triangle to show that the opposite edge was the true line. The white discs might be for levelhng
will long be fresh explanations to be considered, This fine classification of the as many of daily enigmas are before us. objects life will be an indispensable text book for this side of archaeology, useful for training students, and as a basis for fresh researches. marks. In such there subjects
82
PERIODICALS.
Archives
Naville, E.
"
Suisses
d'Anthropologie, 19 19.
de Bale.
This is
round-topjjed
figureof Sa-setet,bom of Sat-khati-ur. stele,with a recess containing a mummiform He appears to have been a grandson of Senusert I, whose figure is in a recess by the figure of Sa-satet. See also the next stele.
Melanges
Naville,
de la SocUt4
E.
"
Auxiliaire
du
Musee,
Geneve,
1922.
"gyptienne.This stele was dedicated by Une stele fundraire Sa-setet in the nineteenth year of Senusert III. It bears figures of Ameny, bom of Sat-ameny, and his mother, Sat-ameny, bom of Sat-sebek. This was the father
of Sa-setet,whose mother was family. From the dates it
Sat-khati-ur ; also of twelve other members of the a great-grandson most Hkely that he was of There is another stele of Sa-setet he claims as his ancestor. Senusert I, whom III (Louvre). dated in the first year of Amenemhet
seems
A finales du
Daressy,
hunters
"
G.
"
Sur
une
(?) of
rendered
difficult to define in its relation to the goddess ; it is read as piqueur," seems in Cairo Museum, on a slab from Sakha, and on a lintel The are sheser. versions The figures are (i) like Bes, holding two in one of the top chambers of Dendereh. knives, Two bull-headed gods, joining hands. with the head of a crocodile. (2) Two lionLion-headed god, standing on a serpent, or holding two knives. (4) (3) h ands Long or headed gods joining ; jackal (5) gods. serpent monkey-headed four firsthuman-headed, dischead, are third on ; jackal-headed, gods second which
or
hands, and a god fourth hare-headed ; or two buU-headed gods joining Serpent with two pairs of wings, on which are two hareholding a serpent. (6) A Set-headed god, grasping a long serpent, bull-headed or headed gods, (7) gods.
on which is a similar god. The smaller variations and details should be studied The resemin the plate if the foregoing outline leads to further comparisons. blance to the Gnostic material is evident.
Daressy,
G.
"
Le Dieu Hdrdn
sur
les Monnaies
du
nome
DiospoUte.In the
Fayum
similar to
was
several monuments show figures of the Thracian god Heron, which are There a figure on horseback on coins of the great Diospolis, or Thebes. Cohors ii Thracum at Thebes, about 200 a.d., and Cohors i Thracum at
about
100
Hammamat,
A.D.,
which may
AnnaJes
du
83
Gauthier,
Henri.
"
travers la
of a limestone tomb have been found of a general Mentu-em-taui, of the XlXth a tomb was At Tell Moqdam Dynasty. opened with a broken limestone coffin in one chamber, and an intact granite coffinin another. It contained remains entirely
rotted by The main piece is a of jewellery. seated on a lotus flower, and Hathor and Maot as supporters pectoral with Khnum bracelets, figures between a a ; scarab with apphed of winged pair of heart a of and short gold work, scarab, of very version, uraei, several other pieces
water,
but
with
good
amount
supposed
to be short for
one
of the Karomomo
queens
of
Various reliefs very graceful imitations of the Old Kingdom of funeral offerers, All of these monuments in the Saite age, have been found. are preserved in It may be added that there the museum of Cairo," except one at Alexandria.
"
is of is another piece at University College. The present illustration from Tell el Ferain (Buto) ; beside this the others are three from three from HeUopoUs,
two
slab Memphis,
new
from
Bubastis,
one
from Athribis. A
Sphinx of grey-green stone from Sais has cartouches partly defaced, of Psamthek I or II. A statuette in black granite of Uazet has been found at Buto, confirming dedicated by Peda-Her, born of Tedathe identificationof that place. It was Asar-unnefer. A sandstone stele found at El Barada, near fieldsto Horus Khenti-khatu, lord of Athribis. has Qaliub,
a
Ptolemy
offering
Lefebvre,
Gustave.
"
Textes du tombeau
de Petosiris,Part III.
The
first
is
death of IV.
"
with usual desires, and then bewailing the untimely infant, mourned by parents and family. The usual request to passers-by to recite formulae for the dead is
"
for such help : Read the inscriptions, amplified, and enters on an argument in in pouring abundant favour celebrate the rites of my name, pronounce my name libations,give me food for my mouth, provision for my lips. This will not tire As your mouth to repeat, these are not riches which will fall from your hands. one that is leftbehind one shall do, so shall one be done by ; it is a monument God himself shall requite one to say a good word. according to the way he to him ; behaves to my request ; whoever does well to me, so shall it be done
""
he who praises my ka, shall have his ka praised ; he who does evil to me, so shall it be done to him ; because I am a devotee of God, who will grant that you shall by be treated in the same come those way who shall after you during all time I have to come. sin,without reached this tomb without having committed having incurred reproach from God."
At
Engelbach,
Kamak exchanges
R.
"
of land have been made, to expropriate householders. property to scale of all tombs and government necropolis at Qurneh a map is being made. More land exchanges are carried on here, to clear the
In the
i/iooo
In the Courts, punishments have been firmly given for not reporting the finding of antiquities, and for selling forgeries,and selling without a licence. The discoveries are
tombs.
-.-^
F 2
$4
Lower
Annales
du
part of seated figure of Sebek-hetep IV. ka in concentric circles. Scarab, kypselogenia, kheper with neferui Stele of Khuy, made by his son ari nekhen Her-nekht, bom of Ates-senb, and his son Her-hetep, and the lady Osha-senb. Stele of Her-behudti-mes, son of Her-hetep, bom of the priest Arer. Stele of Her-her-khutef, son of Rames, and his wife Tuf
.
Ushabti
and his wife Hent-neferu, adoring with the four genii on the lotus before him. seated (asOsiris) Part of black granite statuette of Humoy, keeper of the house of the divine
box
of Pa-nef-em-dat-amen,
Horus-Ra
wife. Onkh-uas amulet of green glaze with Limestone stele of youthful Khonsu.
names
of Taharqa.
Basalt base of statuette, formulae but no name. Bronze legs for furniture, and simpula for dipping wine. Limestone stele of Hat-iay. Coptic ostrakon, letter,piously asking for attention to MuNiER, Henri.
"
fla-x crop.
These are various Manuscrits Copiesde Cheikh Abad^h. fragments of Psalms, Prophets and St. Mark ; Index of Sunday lessons ; fragment of Anaphora ; fragment of Matthew xxvii, 4-6, with variant.
Fasc.
Edgar, C. C.
a
"
2.
fourteen years. stopped out of salary, with interest therefore continually changing, and the transfer of two female slaves. A matter of importance is that after a settlement the debt was considered to start de novo, and the interest would not amount
the details of
debt running
ofZenon.
to
more
than
There
aie
many
details of the
Hymn Alphabetic
in
Coptic. This
is in four-line
verses,
each beginning with a successive letter of the alphabet, and the last line in each being the same, He who was incarnate in the Virgin."
Engelbach,
R.
"
Fragment
in
Coptic. This is
ix, 13, to
16.
A letter, or memorandum,
R.
"
CopticOstraka.
and
twist
patterns.
ScHiAPARELLi,
various notes
were
on
"
E.
"
La
Missione
Italiana
Ghebelein. Three
pages
of
removed. relazione," "c. ; but why not publish ? Let us hope that no more tolerated tillall the important things that have been removed properly published.
the site,but no results of all the large cases of antiquitieswhich Riserbandomi dare di questi scavi piii ampia e particolareggiata work will be to Turin are
was
La barque d'or du roi Kames. The treasure of Aoh-hetep found by natives, and only some months afterwards did Mariette obtain it. Hence there was no authority for the positions of the figuresin the boats, except
"
Daressy,
G.
Annates
85
an
the material indications. In the boat with three gold figures, the soldier with has been misplaced on the socket of the mast ; he should be in front of axe in^the bows. the man
a sealing from Deir El is did It a not explain. which variant of a titleof an hat Setep-ne-ra ta (neseten Ra-user-maot) (em per Amen),the Thus being Domestic in the sections seal reads of the parentheses omitted. house of Setep-ne-ra."
Daressy,
G.
"
Sur
une
is
Maspero
"
Stele of the ninth year of Fragments HdracUopolitains. king who dedicated Pef-nef-da-bast, giving 50 setet of land ; doubtless the same Bast. Ra-nefer-ka, Pef-da-bast, mes the gold statuette of Hershaf there, named front, and p. {Ehnasya,
Daressy,
G.
"
18.)
This general submitted part of a stele of the general Bak-ne-ptah. Herakleopolis to the High Priest of Amen, Usarken, in the 39th year of Sheshenq III.
Upper part of a stele of Pa-da-bast, successor of Her-sa-ast. Statue of black granite, about the XXXth D3masty, of a governor of the south, over of the all the prophets of Herakleopolis, Sam-taui-tafnekht, son is be Sam-tauiOnkh-sam-taui. No reason the similar stated why this should not D3masty. taf-nekht, well known early in the XXVIth
Upper
son
younger brother recites all that he has done for the tomb of Petosiris, speeches of Zed-tehuti-aufGood is the Some unusual protestations occur : onkh, and of Seshu, his son.
Gustave.
"
de Petosiris. A
"
who obeys God ; happy that which has happened will of God, I will have you advance in to the eternal home, it is because come way of the man I will tell you
is he whose heart strives to follow Him. I will have you informed of the to me, the knowledge
I have
heart is fully on
the Spirit of God loves.
the ways is in my
of His Spirit. If I have done good upon earth, and my All the night of God, from my infancy to this day. do I in to that the morning which He soul, and rise
I have seen this (one) I have done justice, I have detested wickedness. lives, in is He I done have that the pure things which He who which pleased ; loves ; I have not agreed with those who know not the Spirit of God, but I lean on those who act according to His will. I have not taken aught belonging to
another, I have
ill to anyone. Truly I have gained the gratitude of I done all my neighbours. with the thought of reaching God after because I knew that the day would come my death, and of the masters of justice, is he who loves Happy division in they the the Judgment. would make when God, he shall come to his grave without sin." It looks here as ifsome of the Jewish
not
done
had had been in Egypt some settlements (which centuries when this was written) Egyptian knowledge Psalms, influenced tone the religion. of of the spread the and
Lefebvre,
Gustave.
"
Deux
A dedication
"
son
Phatres, is for Ptolemy and Cleopatra and their children ; Heron Horus, the dedicated the the great god. altar of refectory and of Year 30. Pachons 8." This date proves it to be of Euergetes II and Cleopatra Karanis The god Heron appears again here. From III, date June 3, 140 B.C.
from Theadelphia
is a lament in 18 lines of
girlof
20
who
died unmarried. F3
86
Annales
du
Fasc. 3.
exicuUs a la grande Pyramide. The flow of visitorsto the pyramids during the war led to an official wish to render the interiorof Khufu's pyramid an easier show place. Accordingly the fragments of broken casing were removed from the north face to clear the way to Al Mamun's
Baraize,
Emile.
Rapportsur
les travaux
"
Steps horizontal to the start of the ascending passage. have been provided to divide the course-heights so as to walk up to it easily. The passage has been enlarged where needful. To rise to the ascending passage
runs
A wooden is placed up the ramp, past the entrance gangway provided. is Chamber, Queen's which guarded at the end of the gallery floor. A is placed all up the gallery with a handrail ; steps up over the wooden gangway It was big granite step are provided. proposed to build up the old hollows in
steps
are
to the
to be omitted, the entrance passage floor,into a tidy staircase ; but this seems hole. Next forced be by interioris to to both the are the entrance and and exit have electric hghting. interest in The old of scrambhng and out, alone, and
has vanished. Tourisme triumphs, and everya light sometimes, without even thing is smoothed down to the capacities of those who do not think it worth any are a contradiction trouble. Handrails, iron cramps and steps, and wooden flooring,
to
a
pyramid. Baraize,
6mile.-Rapport sur
"
It wiU la reine Hatchopsitsu. halfway up a cliff, ; rock (AncientEgypt, 1917, 130) screened by a projecting Mr. it, disclosed Carter Hatshepsutthe sarcophagus of cleared and second and
been removed to the Cairo Museum, a difficult task, as it was 175 feet above the floor of the valley, from which there was also a further descent. The weight is over a ton, but cut so thin that it could not withstand shocks. Access for the work was by a ladder, 65 feet high, secured at the top. The sarcophagus
now
This has
safely lowered this distance, and then moved by a light railway laid a difficult matter to remove winding round the valley down to the floor. It was it from such a position ; how about the people who succeeded in placing it there ?
was
The two sarcophagi of the great queen now stand side by side in the Cairo Museum, in one tomb, the other which she placed in the this cliff which she abandoned beautiful in colour, in the refinement of proportions, in the delicacy royal valley
"
in the Cairo Museum of low reliefs. The thought always recurs, especially, is the world fit to assume responsibility for aU these treasures of the past ; to ensure that fanaticism, violence, or greed will not extinguish them ; to guarantee
them
for some
last stage ?
thousands of years of existence ? Or is all this exposure the Gold work is robbed from museums almost every year, and everything risk when exposed to the changes of an ever-shiftingworld some
more
"
Baraize, dynastie.
Emile.
same
"
Rapport
mountain
sur
la ddcouverte d'un
tombeau
de la XVIIF
the previous tomb the natives had detected It proved to have By successive ladders it was another clifftomb. reached. been entirelyplundered anciently ; a scrap of gold foil, fragments of an alabaster found. There must be somewhere vase, and a littlepottery were aU that was In the
as
another tomb of this date, from which the natives obtained the great find of XVIIIth Dynasty jewellery ; the only piece that has yet cleared the market is the massive gold statuette of Amen, which Lord Carnarvon exhibited at the recent
Annales
87
Exhibition in the Buriington Club. The rest is somewhere unknown ; ifrepression is too vigorous, the knowledge of it may die with the present owners, and the by fair it,but Government be l""st. A save the whole poUcy of payment would legaUsm is too often against the interests of archaeology.
Engelbach,
on
"
R.
"
^otes
"
April,1921. of Inspection,
Work
has been
carried
in clearing the quarry obelisk at Aswan. a scarab of Pepa (Shesha), with scrollborders.
begotten by the royal son of Dudumes, This titleimpHed royal descent of some generations in the XXIInd Dynasty. of Ramessu,"
was
"
"
"
back,
royal sons Stele of Amenemhat under Shabaka, with his wife Khikhiau. iron fork, Coptic decorated, with two very long prongs. found in the government A quantity of ushabtis of Ramessu VII were
in the
"
store
at Luqsor, of the usual very coarse work in alabaster of that age, though none discovered. of the king were yet recorded, and it is not known where these were Remains Domitian behind a were the markaz small temple of of observed buildings at Aswan.
Gauthier,
Henri.
"
iravers la
the obelisk, a lintelof a tomb was found, which led to at high Nile. The largest chamber series of small tombs, aU swamped divine father of Heliopolis, kher-heb, Rames. The jambs and lintels Only
some common
in Cairo Museum.
blue and
were
found.
the two great (Kom Abu Billu, 35 miles north-west of Cairo), being are mounds rapidly worked out by sebakhin. Five steles have been found One is figured here, with a woman half reclining and and sent to Alexandria. holding a cup ; a table with offerings,amphora and sheaf of com, below ; name At Terenuthis
Thaesis of Bekhenthos, and her son Asklas (for Date probably about Asklepios). Other late steles from there are at Tanta ; those give the names 200 A.D. Hippolenaios, son of Ptolemy, Tatitouos, Eudemonis, Antemidoros, Theodosios, Tlaktota, Ammonios A
Benha
much
; it was
and Arphbichis. II and two damaged triad of Ramessu leftin place as not worth transport. Seif.
"
goddesses
was
found
at
Karnak de modeles de sculpture. by group of sculptors' trials were accident, on land which had been exchanged away to a native. It is said the best were quickly removed, but down on the remainder, seized them, and had the finders punished. the guards came This harshness is the sure way to make natives secrete all they can. The new Une
Hakim
Abu
trouvaillea petite
found
law that all antiquities in private land belong to the State, will ensure their theft, destruction, or re-burial wherever possible. It is fatal to archaeology. Textes du tombeau de Petosiris. In further addresses Amenti is the dwelling of him who is without sin, some phrases deserve notice. happy is the man there but he whose heart is who reaches it. None can come
"
Lefebvre,
Gustave.
"
and does aright. There no distinction is between the poor and the rich, but only for him who is found without sin, when the balance and the weights to judge every man before the lord of eternity are according to his deeds upon earth."
true
...
1-^4
88
Annales
du
how
he managed the property of Thoth, during seven trouble in the south and confusion in the there was to have been a part of the This seems dismantled.
He then describes his labour and eleven years of Persian misrule, 342-331 B.C. devotion in restoring the state and property of the temple, and his founding He buUt the house of the wives of the in the temple garden. a temple of Ra in the interior of the temple, because it was god ruined, and they had to live in fine the temple. He built the house of Nehemouat, and that of Hathor, in limestone. He enclosed and protected the temple precincts. He found the it. temple of Heqt in ruin from time immemorial ; the inundation swamped He called the scribe of the temple and gave him untold silver to restore it.
LVI,
1920.
Bruchstilck des Bestattungsrituals der Apisstiere. Detnot. Pap., Vienna, 27." Brugsch recognized this papyrus as an Osiris ritual or Osiris mystery. Spiegelberg shows that it is a book of ritual of the Osirianised
W.
"
Ein
Apis, written in a mixture of demotic and hieratic : the beginning and end are lost. The provenance is unknown ; by the writing it is undoubtedly from Lower The texts of the recto Egypt ; Spiegelberg suggests the Serapeum of Memphis.
B.C. 100 and verso are by two different hands ; both are Ptolemaic, about 250 is illegible The recto is easily legible ; the verso is written in a flowing hand which in places, and which is often only decipherable in that it occasionally contains a similar text to the recto. The scribe was most famihar with demotic, though, like all scribes, he also knew hieratic, which was stillused in late times for all
"
religiouspurposes.
who
were
papyrus contains instructions to certain priestly officials concerned with the mummification of the Apis, especially the hri ssti In this case, hriw four Jib, who were the priests of the cult of the dead. The
ssti
term
is manifestly the leader of the mummification, lates and Spiegelberg transLittle two Ritual Besides these are mentioned Leader. as
"
the text
more
wr
of
Companions."
comparison
same
its present form is Ptolemaic, it apparently includes passages ancient ritual. That it is not the final canonical form is proved by of the texts of the recto and verso of the papyrus, which describe the
Spiegelberg describes his translations as merely rites in different ways. intended to The recto as it stands preUminary, prepare the way for further work. begins with the instruction that the Apis mummy is to be laid on a bed of sand,
whilst a lament is to be made by the Ritual Leader and the four lector priests. The body is to be fastened to a board with metal rings and laid on a stand. Sarcophagus, shrines and boats are to be brought, and draped like the mummy. Then follows an exact description of the bandages for the head and extremities, which are to be prepared by the Ritual Leader and lector priests. Next comes A special priest a description of the bandaging and anointing of the mummy. is to direct the preparation of the skuU, which is described in every detail, including the wrapping ; to (.') of the horns : he is to stuff the cranium four teeth ; to place wax, myrrh and incense in the head ; then to bandage the mouth and anoint, stuff, and and face, then the eyes, nose head ears The bandaging the whole head. the ; then to bandage and of
remove
89
breast follows ; the legs are to be stretched out as far as possible in order A lector is to stand in front of that part of the body which not to be bent. Spiegelberg saipposes to be the abdominal cavity, to wash, stuff and bandage it. The embalmed is then to be set up, after which follow further mummy detailed instructions for bandaging.
and the priests {hmw ntr) raise a lament. is bier, to take place on the coffin and
"
At
the
"
fathers
"
in the laying of the Apis mummy the Apis stable, and a zed,pillar is Then the corpse is to to be fastened behind and in front of the sarcophagus. traverse the Isis Lake of the Kings," which is to be crossed from the west.
near
and Nephthys, Upuaut of Lower Egypt, Ra, Horus, of Upper Egypt, Upuaut During the Thoth and the Bed of Ptah are in front of the god, who faces south. to be read aloud are are crossing, nine papyrus rolls (which named by their titles)
in the boat, including the
"
Osiris." Then
follows
the conveyance of the god to the place of embalming and the performance of the Opening it enumeraMouth. The the as the ceremony tion recto stands ends with of by the priests of all the things they need in the embalming room, and of their purpose ; these include straw, byssus-cloth, jugs, vessels, mats, boats, Horus metal (i.e., sacred eyes, "c. copper, perhaps copper instruments used in is frequently mentioned. The verso of the papyrus also contains embalming) directions for embalming part of the Apis ; the exact part is uncertain, as the
term
" " " " "
rendered above
as
abdominal
cavity
may
mean
MoLLER,
Georg.
"
Zur
"
Datierung
Reichs. By comparison XlXth Dynasties, of which a short survey is given, Moller proceeds and early to determine the age of the following papyri : to Amen Cairo Hymn (Papyrus (i) de Boulaq, ed. Mariette, No. 17 ; (2) Medical Papyrus, Brit. Mus., No. London
"
des Hiilfte
Neuen
Harris Collection ; (4) so-called Astarte Papyrus of the Amherst Conquest Papyrus verso Harris 500 recto (love (The 500 of poems); (5) Four of the dated MSS. used by Joppa and the Tale of the Enchanted Prince).
10059 ; Papyrus
the (3)
in the palaeographical section of his edition of the Western Papyrus, Papyrus de Turin," Papyrus Ostracon 5625 Boulaq 10, London namely, the London Ostrakon be for the palaeography of the XVHIth 5624, cannot and used
"
Erman
Dynasty, the
error
The author protests against and XXL by general effect,and insistson the necessity for making list of the signs and comparing a complete them with the available dated material. He gives a selection of 31 signs, in three tables, from the five the Palaographie," and summarizes papyri in question, with references to his
as
of dating
hieratic papyrus
"
of recognizing papyri of the XVnith beginning of the reign of Rameses H. Moller dates the Cairo Hymn to Amen
means
Dynasty
Dynasty of the XVHIth on the basis of the similarity of certain forms in the handwriting with those of H (such to avoid protrusion as the time of Amenhetep the form taken by ^^
to the middle
beyond and
the end
of the
line), and
of
such
as
those
cswo
of
^.
"^.
Though
the forms
^ |, ^, "^ I^,
,
and
are
those
of the Ebers papyrus, this apparent discrepancy is explained by the assumption an that the scribe was old man who retained certain forms learnt in his youth which were antiquated when he wrote the text.
90
shows
later form of
/j
than do papyri of
the period of Amenhetep III and Amenhetep IV, but it so closely agrees with them in other details that it must be placed as near them as possible. In it are thrice mentioned recipes which had proved efficacious in the time of Neb-Maat-Ra.
The
entry
occurs
twice
as
}^
CSlS]
^"^ III
once
as
time, nor in that of his immediate could not have been referred to thus in his own form of the second reference Moller disrespectful successors, the that suggests and
'^^^
shows that the MSS. must have been written at a time when this king's race had waned, probably in the reign of Tut-anch-amen. On palaeographicalgrounds, it is impossible to give the papyrus later date. Similarly, the Astarte a is in date, London Medical near the papyrus papyrus and cannot be much
more
It probably belongs to the time of Horemheb. The Harris papyrus 500 has certain signs in common with the handwritings II, Seti Menepthah, Sapthah the time and of of and others in common with those of the end of the XVIIIth Dynasty and the time of Seti I. The order of the
recent.
signs
^or s=,
as
in the
ver$o
is characteristicof these
That this pap3n:us comes palaeographically papyri of the firsthalf of the N.K. between the Rollin papyrus of the time of Seti I and certain MSS. of the time of is proved by the form of some Menepthah and his successors of the signs, the actual
form of writing being older than those of the dated MSS. of the second half of the II. Moller would, therefore, place the older texts of the recto reign of Rameses at the end of the reign of Seti I or the of the Harris papyrus 500 (love songs)
II, and the texts of the verso (TheTale of the beginning of the reign of Rameses in the firsthalf of Conquest of Joppa and the Story of the Enchanted Prince) latter king. the reign of the Amongst the wrongly dated papyri he includes the Millingen papyrus Vol. 34, pp. (Griffith, Zeitschrift, with the Cairo Hymn. Sethe,
"
36 and
which 37),
is undoubtedly
contemporary
K.
"
Die
a
new
is written
z"',
sometimes
^
as
I
a
etc.
The
"
give
uniform
name
word
term
for
oasis
throughout
f\/xo'
Egyptian
|^v
oasis
OTAee.
in which
a general term individual Oases. designate not The word w/iit,which was the general term for oasis from the O.K. onwards.
the word whl.t is used in N.K. texts, it seems for all the Oases of the Libyan desert and did
had
U u]]
o
,
"
IS
field,"which
survived in the
name
for of
the Wad
^ |_" ^^ \ ||| ^
"
"
i,,
"
name
its inhabitants
U.IJU VJ^.
field-dwellers."
91
"
Spiegelberg,
W.
"
Neue
of temples with steles are described and figured which record the endowment Institute of land by priVXite individuals, (i)A limestone stele (Strasbourg Ra of I making Egyptology, No. depicts Rameses an offering to Amen
1378)
were
Pa-Bekhen.
According to Brugsch,
which
there
was
{plbkn), all of
an
in the Delta.
The
of the fort ; endowment of 50 arura of land to the temple by the commander 21 arura to have been presented at his own seem charge, and the remainder at A limestone have disappeared. (2) the charge of others, most of whose names Institute of Egyptology, No. 1588)records the dedication of stele (Strasbourg The five arura land to Thoth by the scribe of a troop of Libyan mercenaries. of
and titleof the benefactor (who is figured larger than the god) and the dynasty. style of the inscription,which is mainly hieratic, point to the XXIInd from The drawing is based hand-copy three on a (3) muchmade of the third stele
name
weathered fragments of a limestone stele which Spiegelberg saw in Cairo in 1905. Behind the goddess Sekhmet of stands a youthful god with the Libyan name HwKi. in a long tunic holding the Approaching the two divinitiesis a man sign, which The hieratic text
means
is much damaged, nevertheless eighth year of Shashanq) A limestone Spiegelberg thinks he can detect the word l/d in the 3rd line. (4) a in in Cairo the taken was stele, gift of squeeze of which 1903, records land on the west of Sais to a temple, in the 23rd year of Psamtek I. Only the the (dated A stele in the Cairo Museum southern and eastern limits of the land are given. (5) XVIII, 1896, p. 51) shows Neith with the wis sceptre instead of the (Recueil customary papyrus sceptre. In front of her is a male figure, possibly the king as the official donor, and behind her is a dwarf. Below is an incorrect inscription,
mostly in hieratic, recording the gift of arable land, presumably to a temple of Neith, by a man of Iwilhini, the dwarf of Neith." of the Libyan name
"
Erman, frequent
Adolf.
"
Zusammenziehung
of forms such
as
zweier Worte
in der
Aussprache. ^The
"
occurrence
of such being caligraphical errors, and suggests rather the disappearance of one or two similar consonants in consequence of a slurring of two syllables in in writing, which speech. Erman extends this explanation to another error in old texts and in those of the late N.K. This error consists in omitting in cases one in which the last syllable of a word ends with the same consonant initial This explanation preas the consonant consonant supposes of the next word. that the two words were run together in ordinary speech, and that
occurs
there
"2i
was
^
no
vowel sound after the last consonant proves that the demonstrative
even
"
; for instance,
for
was
tacked
was
on
to the substantive,
and that the feminine ending, Similarly mdt for m mdt -atu.
something like -ai and not with ointment shows that the preposition was The to the substantive and was that joined without a vowel ending. objection by mistake, thinking that he had already the scribe omitted the second consonant
in old times,
"
case m a
of words
,
with the
same
sound, but
different
are
before
tabulated
not
Erman
list of examples
of the omission
of
92
Georg.
"
34)recounts
was
that
"
priests. The
oldest
called Truth.' before hearing on cases, turned toward was put and The the successful party as a sign of the verdict. picture of the goddess of Truth hanging from the neck of a Chief Justice is met with occasionally in inscriptions some of the time of Ptolemy III Euergetes ; moreover, statues of Chief Justices have been preserved showing the sign of office. The oldest known example
ornament
was
his neck
he
'
wore
an
"
time of Necho)is in the Louvre ; there are two in Berlin of the time of Nectanebo and Ptolemy V Epiphanes respectively. Figures of the goddess of Truth, hke those represented in the statues, are also in existence ; the Berlin
the (of
has three specimens, all made of lapis lazuli,and all with a loop at the A passage in the Gnomon of the Idios Logos, which Moller restores and is allowed to wear the Court of Justice) the renders as : only the President (of in least was the that this use at sign of Justice," shows symbol until middle of the second century a.d. back.
"
Museum
Ranke,
H.
"
renderings of Egyptian
"^
names
Vici
v:",
(2)An/jara
]\
^^^
on
the assumption that Twtw is a Semitic name, there is no objection to identification Dudu, Egyptian high the the phonetic grounds official of high occurs so frequently in the Tell el Amama the (whosename letters) with
(i)On
IV, called Twtw, who was His buried at Tell el Amama. official of Amenhetep conclusion is confirmed by details in the letters and in the tomb inscriptions. promises him anything he desires if he will only intercede for him against the enemies who slander him at Court ; Aziru fears the king and D?'idu. Twtw states that he the requests communicated Palace, in in the in that I was daily the (house of of the foreign ambassadors D/idu
"
"
"
; Aziru
"
the king
?), and I went out to them Majesty's commands." In the cuneiform titulary (2)
"
as
equipped
II at Bogaskeui, the king is of Rameses described as the god, the ruler of HeliopoUs, the brother of Anha.a.ra For his former translation of brother of the god Horus," Ranke now substitutes
.
. .
"
for god.
brother of AnMra, reading an as a syllabicsign instead of as the determinative This reading would correspond very well phonetically with the N.K.
brother of the king termed king I, 6, 30, where the same
" "
vocalization of 'In Hr, the only god who is ever in hieroglyphic inscriptions (c/. Mariette, Abydos
mentions Amama
The (3)
of
an
"
Egyptian
king.
is generally taken to which King Manahpija is called the father of his father be Akhenaten IV should be Manahpija. Phonetically, ; consequently Thothmes There remains is impossible, as the p of hprw becomes an this aleph in cuneiform. III, but Ra in Middle Babylonian times was rendered as riya. only Thothmes Failing the supposition that the scribe in question omitted the sign ri by mistake
Zeitsclirift fiirAegyptischeSprache.
in two
separate places, there remains
an
is
rendering of
abbreviation of the
Men.Kheper.Ra,
namely
e;;^
W\,
after the pattttn of 'Imni'i for 'Imn-m-hit {Zeitschrift. 42, 144). The occurrence in is two an these of such abbreviation places only explained by the fact that the does not form part of a passages in question are in a letter, and that the name formal address or titulary. On phonetic grounds this explanation is satisfactory, but the actual difficulty III as the father of his father of regarding Thothmes be by can overcome only assuming that the expression is used in the sense of
" "
"
ancestor."
This is
forced explanation, as the same somewhat in connection with the writer himself must
Zu Herodoto Geschichten. (II, aegyptischen ^Herodotus Mycerinos he built that the third Pyramid ; that he was relates of 129 ff.) especially ; that he lived at Sais, or at concerned with the administration of justice least built there ; that he reigned not long before the Ethiopian domination ; and
" "
MoLLER,
Georg.
that he ruled for six years only. this is explained by the interchange of two rolls, the restoration of which [All history in is It to find the an perfect useless puts order. elaborate explanation
of only
one
of the
errors
"
F.
P.]
from f.)
(2)Spiegelberg
derived
'Ep/uoTu/Si'e?(Herod.II, 164
^^
"^
^ ''^
"
horsemen."
Moller
substitutes
to
A J t ^'^^ "spear,"
the
term
for the
mean
second
according
which
would
spearmen, not cavalry. II, (3)Mai/e/j"09 (Herod. contains mention of In a passage from Nymphis
a
herdsman's
LV, p. grave inscription {Zeitschrift, 56) lament on a reed flute for the god of vegetation. it is seen that the Maneros is a song of the country In the hieroglyphic
text, the
man
79). A
who
is caUed
|tri\y
UAweetoor,
which
would
become
in Greek
Mai/eiw? ; the
was
In Mai^epw? MoUer therefore would then be introduced for euphony. recognizes the song of the cowherd, which was sung for Osiris, and which accordingly also sung at burials, since the late Egyptians regarded aU their
r
dead
as
embodiments W.
"
of Osiris.
Rom
und die
Aegypternach
dem
Gnomon
"
was a special officefor dealing with irregular sources of revenue, fines importance to it is That Romans the such and seizures. attached great proved by their placing a Roman social noble at the head, who was of the same Viceroy. He frequently Logos. The Idios as the was rank called simply the
A new regulations for the Idios Logos were papyrus codified in a Gnomon. dating from about a.d. 150, of which the text only was recently published by Schubart, provides us for the first time with about 120 extracts from these Regulations. When Egypt became a Roman province, Augustus drew up a new Gnomon,
which appeared as a Decree ; the introductory paragraph of the papyrus tionaries. that the Decree was shows and funcsubsequently added to by other Emperors The jjapyrus is incomplete and scrappy, being obviously a compilation only, and in it imperial regulations are mixed with purely local ones ; nevertheless, it throws much hght on the Roman The sections administration of Egypt.
94
dealing with inter-marriage, and the inheritance rights of the offspring of mixed marriages, reveal the exclusion of the Egyptian from Roman citizenship ; whilst those relating to rehgious matters have added to our knowledge on certain points.
In general, the children of a mixed marriage shared the nationality of the inferior ; from the mitigating clauses relating to ignorance of status, partner (Egyptian)
it is clear that members indistinguishable of different grades of citizenship were in appearance and speech, so that differences which were originallynational had become only politicalin course of time. Egyptian wives of discharged soldiers to for business purposes. If an Eg5rptian were not allowed call themselves Roman became
same
a
status
on
served
fleet. Evidently
Egyptian
had
to marry their sisters. spread, as one clause forbids Romans In spite of lack of clearness and completeness, the paragraphs relating to the priesthood show that the State wished to protect religion; a clause, however,
the state to appropriate which empowers to the persons receive these bequests were
"
bequests
no
precautionary. by the priest. Priests were of the gods, nor might they
Yoimg
bulls
to be sacrificed unless previously sealed have any calling other than the service to not allowed
were
not
wear clothing, nor have long hair. Certain wooUen high hereditary to be reserved for the were rank which were priestly officesof family, whilst those which might be sold were the not to be sold at auction (see in in there ; England) sale of next presentations every sanctuary with a naos, The to to be a was revenues. the was prophet," who receive one-fifthof office
"
was obtainable by purchase ; stohsts could take the place of prophets." of stolist Only the President (presumably the of the ecclesiasticalcourts) might wear highest class of the lower grades (see symbol of Justice ante). Pastophores (the
"
of
"
allowed to call themselves priests,but they might seek lay allowed to take part in processions. posts. In Greek temples, the laity was to Prophets were not allowed meats, but this prohibition partake of sacrificial Those who failed to send clothing for the did not extend to the pastophores.
were priests)
"
not
or
Theoris
"
were
not permitted to be
prophets,"
to carry
naos
provenance of this statuette Siegelin is probably the small cemetery at Abusir excavated by the Ernst von It is in in Berlin. figure is This now small seated 1909. carved in expedition in height and 18 cm. across 42 cm. yellowish slaty limestone, and measures
" "
Steindorff,
W.
the shoulders. The condition is not good ; the right hand and the lower part inlaid, and of the body down to the feet are missing, also the eyes, which were The man is seated on a hnd stool, the four legs the left side is badly damaged. by arched stays. The head is almost neckless ; the lefthand of which are joined
prominent
moustache
the chest. A long cloak passes from the left shoulder under the leaving the right shoulder bare. The skin and the cheek bones are are ; the eyebrows modelled ; the face is beardless, with a small The the ears. ; the hair is parted in the middle and justcovers
on
strands of hair arc roughly chiselledin vertical lines ; the curly ends are indicated by horizontal strokes. The fingers and toes are but slightlyindicated ; the body
is not
finely modelled.
The
style and
treatment
with other
Zeitschrift fiirAegyptiscJieSprache.
examples
95
Paris, Leyden, Berlin, Naples, and of archaic seated figures (London, it is Steindorff that the the ; series,and suggests the oldest of Cairo) considers It is largest dynasty. the beginning of the Ilnd early example of a portrait
figure with inlaid eyes.
Unfortunately, there is no
inscription.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1.
now
WiESMANN,
H.
w
"
discussed the word ueAT ; he is the definite article,and that the word is really bat.
"
Wiesmann,
is
an
H.
uniup
emphatic
XLIII) showed that the negative adverb -Rahlfs [A.Z., imperative ; the absolute form, of which unp is the construct
form;
in late Egyptian
e-
^v
-ss-,
uncup
appears
preposition
3. Wiesmann,
[lR.ec., XXIV)
Wiesmann
as
derivation of eroore was given by Spiegelberg later but {A.Z., hrdw\{.w), LI) he suggested {a-dwi{.w). The
one
to be preferable.
H. According to Peyron and Stern the word eoeire Garment, 4. Wiesmann, is masculine, in distinctionfrom eoeixe Hyaena, which is feminine. Wiesmann be of either gender. He points out that the usually now shows that it may accepted derivation from
originally a feminine word, and Hyaena, the gender was Such changed. Coptic derivatives known. are their and
suggests that it
was
206it6
words
5. MoLLER,
who
not
was
of Egypt, also
a later ruler El ibn Hdkim 'Aziz reformer, namely rehgious (a.d. 996-1021), Though MoUer does under twelve years of age when his reign began. a
G." A parallelcase
to that of Akhenaten
is found in
wish to change
name
of
which
he
as
Echnaton,
probably pronounced
6. MoLLER,
small carved ivory reproduced from the second volume 331, fig.456)is not a pectoral but a portable sundial. of MacaUster's Gezer (p. Hitherto, sundials of this kind have not been known earUer than Ptolemaic
"
G.
Moller challenges Macalister's statement of a fiUing of green enamel, real enamel was not known until later, and inlaid ivory is not common.
times.
as
The inscription on a damaged 7. Spiegelberg, W. obelisk in the Borgia Museum Champollion at Velletri records itserection by a man with three names. identifying last deciphered Sextius Africanus, two the as the correctly without
"
Spiegelberg proves that this name is Titus. It is impossible to identify the Titus Sextius Africanus who erected the obelisk ; for during the first century B.C. and the firstcentury a.d. there were several members of the same family who bore these three names. first name.
9^
Notes and
News.
NOTES
AND
NEWS.
All the world has been stirred by the great news by of the discovery of a royal tomb Mr. Carter, working for Lord Carnarvon ; a noble result after years of discouraging clearances blank rock. Here the archaeological facts may be recorded, so far as which only showed On November yet described. 5th, Mr. Carter found a step in the rock under the path leading to the tomb VI ; this is in the spur on the west side of the valley, immediately of Ramessu looking up the Hatshapsut This position proves that the burial, and the robbers' ravine. VI. After Lord Carnarvon had attack on it,took place before cutting the tomb of Ramessu Broken the arrived, the stairs were cleared. pottery, flowers, and water skins lay about At the first remains of the funeral, which could not be re-used after serving for the dead. After removing wall, a break in the plastering showed a thieves' hole, resealed by inspectors.
"
appeared another sealed this, the first chamber was seen, containing of Bes, Hathor, and lions ; beds, carved, gilt and inlaid with coloured stones ; the four sides of a chariot, gilt and inlaid ; the throne with Tut-onkh-amen and Queen beneath the Aten rays, on the back, inlaid with turquoise, carnelian and lazuli of indescribable delicacy
was
entered,
in which
was
broken
Then
door,
Opening
of Akhenaten and hole, sealed up. thieves' with three colossal gilt couches with heads
box
with
names
and grace ; the stool, with Asiatics for the feet to rest upon ; alabaster vases of intricate forms, as yet unknown ; sticks, with a gold head of an Asiatic, and one of filagree work ; gilt sandals ; a stool of ebony with ivory inlay and carved duck's feet ; gilt bronze musical instruments ; a box, inlaid, containing royal robes embroidered, with stones inserted, the
; ; a box containing emblems and interesting of all the objects of the underworld box hunting for scenes faience dummy blue a vases ; ; royal robes and wig ; painted with rolls of papyrus, which Dr. Gardiner will go out to edit ; great quantities of provisions,
most
novel
and
there was a confused chamber pile of chairs, boxes, statuettes, alabaster in the firstchamber has doorway Another and more gilt beds, piled up 5 feet high. figures of Tut-onkh-amen, the life-sizewooden holding a golden stick and mace, standing on but with the tell-tale thieves' hole in the either side. This leads to a third chamber,
vases,
wreaths. In a second
that Tut-onkh-amen and perhaps other royalties are buried in this it cannot To handle such an be entered till a clearance is made. Mr. Carter has been to Cairo to buy up cotton wool, enormous mass of delicate objects, wood, and preservatives, and Mr. Lucas, the Government chemist, will take part in the is a puzzle. detail of dealing with this treasure. it can stand in the Cairo Museum Where
comer.
It is supposed
;
third chamber
but
The
museum
is full
felicitationsto Lord
it. Our halls to show this prize will need a couple more to Mr. Carter for the for his enterprise, and congratulations and to Mr. Callender who is with him, on having such a gorgeous
M. Bach and Mr. Starkey, are at work for the British of Qow el Kebir. Mr. Greenlees is with Mr. Fisher at Thebes. The intention of the Egyptian Government to alter the law, and leave excavators without any claim on their discoveries, has called forth a united protest from all the British and American of excavation- to an workers, who consider that it will bring the present course with
end.
Meanwhile
great
of the
in Palestine, where the hill of Zion, the site of the Jewishmonarchy, is to be open to excavation.
prospect
opens
k'
"
+T0NAeTONN60NA.W'lAe
2,
"
MHCANOT6
0ClWTHWWI"i6^
KMO^eo+iAtreupnocoi: N^PI6CeNTWBTxeTeiKATA!
MOSAIC
FROM
SHELLAL,
560
A.D.
.0
ANCIENT
EGYPT.
THE During
the
SHELLAL
MOSAIC.
the Australian troops found a great mosaic pavement of a by had been Turkish between This was trenches. church which cut up much Beersheba Yunis ; and it shows what prosperity existed down to and Khan in what is now the time of Justinian, a barren region incapable of supporting a
war
As any dated example of mosaic is valuable, for comparison with it is here decoration, from issued or the other mosaics reproduced copy oiificially in Egypt. The broken border is here omitted, except an example at the top, population. in order to give the figures on inscription also at the bottom.
a
a :
built by our was most and in the year 622 according to It is supposed that this was according to the era of Gaza, the nearest city, with an era of 63 B.C., which was also usual in other Syrian cities. This date would be therefore equal to 560 A.D.,
spacious
. .
.
."
or
Justinian.
330
a.d.
in the mosaics
of S. Costanza ; but the development of flowing lines to form the circles comes from the vine pattern with leaf or grapes in the circle, as at S. Vitale, 546 a.d. The idea of placing animals in these circlesis seen on the ivory throne of Maximian
at Ravenna,
550
a.d.
The
one of the earliest from two is found till not peacocks, which generally
Shellal mosaic
has
at the base
mosaic was most carefully removed by the Australian troops, stored in during the war, and then removed to Australia. Beneath the inscription found a burial, which was was doubtless that of our who most pious George founded the church.
"
"
W.
M. F. P.
(
AN
98
)
IN
OLD
WORLD
CUBIT
AMERICA.
Every
be traced between the civilisations connection that can of Asia and America is so important, for lightingup one of the greatest of historical questions,
on
record, in hope of drawing out further information. Research at Santa Fe, New Mexico, has been exploring
the remains in the Chaco Canyon, which was proclaimed a National Monument fifteen years ago. An account of the work, with many is given illustrations, in Art and Archaeology for September, 1922. The structures described by
Hewett built of naturally faced pieces of sandstone, like tiles, are 8 inches to 12 about square and a couple of inches thick. They are laid with remarkable regularity to form walls with flat faces, which were covered with
Mr. Edgar
white plaster. The principal class of remains are circular areas, with a bench about 3 feet high, around, and a wall behind that about 6 feet higher. Joining to this is a it, and the ; and around the circular wall is another beyond square chamber intervening space divided, by cross walls, into between eight and fourteen chambers. In the floor of the great area are two rectangular pits, in which had been a great burning ; they are about 3J feet deep. The great size,the regularity and also the fine finish show the importance and the care in construction of these works, us in examining and justify whether they were made by measurement.
that are given it is obvious that they the measurements 20 7 inches. This is not found by guessing, but by unit of about between on a slide rule, until a series of the numbers trying all simple ratios in found is be which shall multiples proportion to the quantities. Thus at
over
On
looking
a
indicate
"
Chattro Ketl"
Inches.
In South-West
Colorado
"
1,632
80
20-4
An The
Old World
Cubit in America.
are
99
direct statements ; others are starred measures the plan in Anthropological Papers of the American Museum 2, Part 1921. xxvi, Other dimensions
Now from
are not detailed enough to give an accurate result. these it seems clear that the unit is about 20-68 inches by the In the circle at Aztec it appears that the inside of measures. most accurate 25, 40), the benches and the outer wall are the simple numbers of design (24,
and the intermediate numbers result from 7, 3, 3 and 2 cubits for chambers and Egyptian cubit : 20-62 in the walls. This accords exactly to the well-known best early example, 20-65 in later cubit rods, 20-76 on the Roman Nilometers. Babylonia
had
a on was
rather longer form, 20-88 for the cubit of Gudea's plotting that rests upon his knees in the Louvre the drawing-board
also the standard of Asia Minor, 20-6 to 20-9, mean of all Mexico ? It was could this reach New evidently Asiatic. We have evidence from weights of an Asiatic diffusion of a Babylonian original India, China and Etruria. If the cubit similarly passed to China, it might over
20-63.
How
It has been already pointed out in this Journal thence reach North America. how in its detail of cross was the at Palenque (Southern Mexico) (1916, p. 108) derived from Italian crosses ornament of about the eighth century, probably by to Nestorian China the route the Asiatic cubit carried mission. By the same may
have passed
over
to the New
World
at some
earlierperiod.
W.
M.
Flinders
Petrie.
ICO
WAS
THE
CONSTANTINOPLE
OBELISK OF
OBELISK
PART
OF
?
THE
108-CUBIT
HATSHEPSOWET
While
lying in a quarry at Aswan, which studying the unfinished obeHsk, now I excavated last season, I worked out, with a fairdegree of accuracy, what internal ifcompleted, were supported strain due to bending would be set up when the obelisk,
at its centre of gravity.
are,
in the rough
:
"
Overall length
,.
..
..
..
,.
..
..
..
..
2-5
.
,,
Height of pyramidion
The The
total weight, when
4-5
"
fine-dressed, would
have been
over just
1,100 tons
(English).
result of my calculations is that, if this obelisk were supported at its centre of gravity, the stress due to bending would have been 1,086 lbs. per sq. in. The maximum for granite is given as 1,500 lbs. stress, or modulus of rupture
" "
may be noted here that if the obelisk is supported at the base per sq. in. (It base the and of the pyramidion, the stress set up will be very nearly the same, the difference being in the plus or minus effect of the pyramidion in the moment
formula.)
obeUsk cannot endure the strain set up due to its own weight, an in the packing when it was being undercut in the quarry or the to have been seem slightestconcavity in the bed on which the rollersrun (which in in even more the this across ; would result obelisk snapping applies used),
an unevenness
If
considering the question of itserection. I believe that a modification of the theory let over is genercdly accepted. that the obelisk was the edge of an embankment If this was the means employed, it is essential that the obelisk be rigid enough supported at its centre of gravity. The theory that the obelisk was pulled and levered up while engaging in the notch on the pedestal is,to me, untenable for a 1,100-ton obelisk, however well it maj' have succeeded when The Mechanical (Barber, with the 35-ton obelisk of Seringapatam The standing obelisk of Queen Hatshepsowet the Ancient Egyptians).
never
to resist breaking
Triumphs of
at Karnak
in the pedestal-notch, as the inner edge of the notch, unlike those of all other obelisks I know, is quite sharp, and the obelisk now stands it does not stand square on the several inches to a foot away from the notch (as
has engaged
pedestal).
reached the figiu-e mentioned above, which leaves a very narrow margin considering the shght flaws unavoidable in very large granite blocks, it occurred to me that if the Constantinople obelisk is, as held by several authorities,merely the top of the 108-cubit obelisk mentioned in the well-known
inscription of Thutiy been erected by Hatshepsowet, it would suffer an even greater strain,if supported at its centre of gravity or ends, than would the Aswan Obelisk, had it been completed.
as
Having
having
Turning 132,
we
to Petrie, A
History
xviith and xviiith dynasty, pp. ofEgypt, iii, 27, 11) Taking : (L.D.
"
131,
the
fighterobefisk, that of Hatshepsut, which weighs about 300 tons, if the thickness increased proportionaUy to the length on 185 feet,it would imply a weight were of over 2,000 tons. This is so obviously excessive (asthe heaviest blocks yet
lOi
II, 800 tons at the Ramesseum, the colossi of Ramessu and 900 tons at Tanis), that we cannot suppose that the thickness was proportionate to the height. Probably, therefore, the missing obelisks should be about the
same
width at the top as the other great obelisks,and wider at the base. The only obelisk that could fitthis requirement is that of Constantinople. It is only the top of a broken obelisk ; but the inscription on the south face is
"
exactly parallelto that on the west face of Hatshepsut's obelisk. If it continued have to about 120 feet ; but it may, of course, like that, its height would come 172 feet (or100 cubits, been a longer inscription. If we suppose that it was is leaving 13 feet for the then, as the top about 5 feet 6 inches wide pedestal), the broken end 7 feet wide, the base would have been 10 feet 2 inches wide, there being no perceptible entasis. As the Lateran obelisk is 9 feet 9 inches, this size of base would be very probable for a longer The calculation of the stress set up in the proposed obelisk is as mass."
follows :
"
allow 7 feet for the pyramidion, since we have no exact details of it, have a length of 165 feet or 2,000 we and since it affects the problem very little, inches, the side of the small end being 66 inches and that of the large end 122
If
we
inches.
_
-2000
JU
"f
CG of Obelisk
Wt. 868 Tons.
\M^%' Ss^t
iteC.G.
434- Tons.
"
Centre
The
of Gravity of the
whole Obelisk.
distance of the centre of gravity from the large end (D) of a truncated pyramid of length I, having sides to the thicker and thinner ends A and a respectively,is given by the formula :
"
/ rA- + 2Aa + 4 1 A^ + Aa +
3fl-\
'
a^
J
:
"
we
have
^"'^l 14884
/ 14884
16104 +
13068\
J
+ 8052+4356
44056
807- 12 inches.
27292 Width
ofObelisk at
"
itsCentre
ofGravity.
inches.
at Centre of supported
1
"
122"^^of (122
Centre
66)=99-4
when
Here
99-4. G3
1 02
Therefore the distance of the Centre of Gravity of the half-obeUsk measured from the thicker end is :
"
807-1
4
807-1
^
~
4
=
"
+ J'14884 I 14884+
+ 29641 -08"^
~
807-1
68778-68
12126-8 + 9880-36
4x36891-16
376 3 inches.
distance of the Centre of Gravity of the half-obeliskfrom the point of 376-3 430-8 inches. support will then be 807-1
The
"
Weight Calling A
a-
side at other end, the volume is 12127 + 122-) 3, which x 807- 1 ^ inch 1 lbs. to 70 9 X tons. 435 The obelisk (at cubic foot) weight per cubic then, if of two similar halves, would weigh 872 tons. Now due to bending) on (Modulus (Stress of Section) (Sum of moments
A" + Aa +
or
+ (99-4-
one
'''
(99-4)'
"
12 Substituting
we
have
:
"
M
12
V
.
(nO-7)-x
=
,
807-1x170
^
^3^.3^
17zo
from which c S
(110-7)2x807-1x170x430-8x12 ^ '= =
^^^^
Thus it would not carry a third of its own weight if supported at the middle the ends, as granite breaks at 1,500 lbs. per square inch. If the Egyptians could have handled and erected this obelisk, it would have been the greatest down to us. engineering feat which has come
or
the exception of the obeHsk of Hatshepsdwet at Karnak, which has is in difference no the proportions of the taper, there very great rather slight Since the resistance to bending of beams known. large obelisks now with the it follows to is linear dimensions their same measurements, proportional relative With
a
that, with obelisks, there must be a limit to their possible length. Taking the taper, this length is somewhere about 140 feet, though I doubt sharpest known that length could be erected unbroken, since granite whether an obelisk of even
is so rarely perfectly homogeneous. The of subject in my in detail, the quarrying, transport and erection of obelisks is treated Obelisk, which is now in the press. volume The Aswan
R. Engelbach.
[We may
long for it to carry its own It is at the base, and 19 feet at the tip, and would weigh about 11,000 tons. be impossible there ; must, quite evident that such a size and weight would F. boasted 108 the P.] therefore, be some size cubits. of other explanation of
"
100 be the sizeof an obelisk 172 feet (or cubits) feet be to 36 It square would need about weight.
I03
s
A
VALUABLE
THE
RISE
OF
PRICES
IN
ROMAN
EGYPT.
Collection of material relating to the course of prices in the Ptolemaic Dr. Egypt has been Angelo issued by in Segre, under the title Roman and period in in Egitto (Roma, Circolazione Monetaria e prezzi particolare nel inondo antico ed Libraria di Cultura, 1922). Such a study has a special interest now that Europe
is suffering from precisely similar troubles of depreciation of currency, and consequent The Roman did the not worst world suffer rush of prices upward. modern State loans nor paper as there were no course, peimanent effects of that immoral Loans between individuals were debentures. only for short periods, and could
be called in and much loss. There was nothing like the entire confiscation of all the loan capital of the saving classes, such as has lately smitten The effects of that in wiping out Europe in the East, and partially in the West. to say the saving class, and deterring from saving, in Austria and Germany without readjusted
"
nothing of Russia
to
the stability of those peoples for in come. effect than the War which preceded it. generations Every stage of this terrible process of destruction in the Roman Empire has its interest for The us, are dissolution. depreciation a who watching similar practical
"
to injury
and
to
between wages and prices sent up nominal prices to 5,000 and at last race 500,000 of their true value ; in this crisis, labour ceased to be paid in cash, in com was ; at last everything went on to a fixed pure gold basis, and payment is beginning to be accepted in Europe. course the same which
For the examination of the true value of nominal money there is no better In modern basis than wheat in the ancient world. times it is complicated by importation from entirely different economic States ; in the Roman world there
from outside that. The production wheat came was little under various conditions, and therefore was averaged ; there was difference of quality, and no variation of demand. Labour varied much more
was one
no
in quality, while slaves, animals, oil and wine varied greatly. The standard in Egypt was the artaba, equal to 0-8 bushel. We may first quantity of com how true the was note value of debased money closely understood ; the amount by no means known of silver was obvious, yet it was and the value reckoned Taking date for a the main period, we find on the average middle accordingly.
that the price of the artaba
B.C. A.D.
was
:
"
..
..
..
63
70
1-4
(bygold)
The
last is by gold value, taken as 14-4 X silver. This suggests that silver in demand or more became rather scarcer, for plate, between the early Ptolemaic Roman was age ; otherwise the silvervalue of com and early remarkably stable
over
Comparing 70 grains of silver centuries of great politicalchange. it be 530 values, per artaba with modem would grains per quarter ; and on 5s. our recent changes) usual price (before of silver, per 480 grains, this would be 5s. dd. a quarter, or about a tenth of the modem Silver and price of com.
many
gold therefore
were
about
ten
times
more
valuable than
recently.
G4
104
^f^f ^i^f
ofPrices in Roman
Egypt.
In looking at the prices of labour it is remarkable how uniform they remain when reduced to silver values. From 270 B.C., at 1 to 2 obols, the price slowly The risesin relation to com, and in corn values the rate is 1" obols, in 100 a.d.
in com at 338 a.d. is equal to H obols, reckoned at the old rate of payment 2 drachmae of silver per artaba. In the seventh and eighth centuries the gold rate equals 14 obols. So for eleven centuries the real silver value of a day's
work was about 1| obols. This seems that precious metals were worth about equal to 2 J drachmae, or \ of an ounce
but as we saw with corn, very low; it is now 10 times the present amount, of silver in last century values Is. 8i.
"
As the wages in Egypt were 5d. a day, or up to \{)d.or Is. before the war, it seems that the ancient \\ obol had about double the purchasing power of even Since the war the wage is about the ancient the higher modern wage in Egypt. in but higher value, prices are proportion.
Wine followed a slightly different course, probably influenced by changes in the average of the quality recorded. It shows a slight fallfrom 300 to 100 B.C. At 300 the wine prices, like the com, and no distinct rise tillabout 150 a.d.
In the fourth century the gold values quoted are about those rushed upward. of the higher qualities of the Ptolemaic time. A very low price appears for more than vinegar ; and by 690 rather soldiers'wine, which was probably little
a
high price, suggesting that wine was scarce. The price of slaves is naturally very variable, from 55 to 570 drachmae
real
;^100.
com
value, average 250. This in equal modern values would be "20 to Under Philadelphos little girls from Syria sold at "20 to
values. Among cattle,the ass was naturally of various quality, from 26 to 100 real drachmae of silver,average 53 ; or by corn values "7 to "28, average "15. This is about the modern price. Camels varied less in general, as might be expected, for there were fancy prices ; from 60 to 200 drachmae, with an average of no 140 ; or in modern com values "17 to "56, average "39. For a horse the common price
was
1 100 ; in very fine black Cappadocian was corn values "11 to "14,and "300 exceptional. The price of sheep was in Byzantine as in Ptolemaic time, about 8 drachmae, equivalent to "2.
40 to 50 drachmae,
but
All of the ; but goats were only 1 or 2 drachmae. in as same the are com these modern equivalents of animal prices values much at the present time. In order to be able to show the whole course of prices over such an immense
Hogs
were
about the
same
variation, the only way is to draw it on a logarithmic scale, as on this diagram : ifit were all in proportion to the bottom part it would need to be some miles long. As far as about the second century a.d. the lines of price were drawn from the lines of diagrams of allthe data ; beyond that, where the prices riserapidly, the single data are spotted on this diagram and the lines drawn through them. The first and obvious result is that the celebrated Edict of prices under
mean
Diocletian in 301, marked here as E, was not unfair or arbitrary; it falls well into the line of actual values. The lines of wheat and wages keep close together through the E values. The oil and wine values of E may have been too low for
for the wage and wheat lines the time, keeping to values of twenty years earlier, have E through the cannot gone up vertically all points. The E values are closely about the copper value of currency. The real intention of the Edict is now explained. It was not a foolishattempt
to stabilise prices by law ; Diocletian
was
too able
an
The Rise do that. But coinage having unions from making a nominal
"
ofPrices
to
in Roman
Egypt.
lOS
copper, he tried to check the trade rise beyond copper values. The aim was to avoid inflation by and keep to real values of metal. money of account," artificial That thb astounding rise of half a milUon, or a million, to 1 was not due
come mere
THE
300
RISE
OF
B.C. O A.D.
PRICES
IN
THE
700
ROMAN
ZOO
EM
300
PIRE
THIS
ON
A
IS ON
NATURAL
LOGARITHMIC
SCALE
OfTHC
VERTICALLY,
LOWER
PART high. OF
SCALE
BE DISCS
IT THE
WOULD
BLACK TO
SIX
AMOUNT UNITOT
SMEW
COINS
EClUAU
THIS
UP
TMEORICINAL
DEPRECIATION TO "VALUE
THAT THE
ACCOUNTSTOR
or CURRENCY RISE
or
RISE
COPPERT
TO
Rises
ACAINST WAS
WORTH
nominalprice UNTIL t
A
BY
TRADE
TRADE,
NOMINALLY F E LL TO
PENNY
AFTERWARDS
10
WACES
AFTER THE
THE
WERE
ED ICT
IN
RAT
AND
AT
SOON
ABOUT
PRICES
ORI"cNAL
METALS
LEVELS.
LEVELS
ON
OF THE
CURVES
DEPEND SIMILAR
UNITS
OF ftUANTITY.
SIONIFICANCE DIRECTION
IS IN THE OF LINES.
300
lOO
B.C. O
AD.
I OO
too
400
more
of 500-700 a.d. go back slow decline in the late curve of wheat probably shows an far cheaper. level but in seem that wages age. Wine was exhaustion of gold, wheat and wage beginning. The
curves
disturbed and poorer ages the to the old silver values of the
I06
The Rise
ofPrices in Roman
Egypt.
probably because all the finer kinds were extinct and only the sour wine was left, rations. which was previously at this level for soldiers' On looking at the coinage, there does not seem for such any sufficientcause The alterationswere not so much in weight as in the amount a change of values. is to reduce a of silver in the billon. The worst that this change can make 480th of its value, when it arrives at plain copper. The very sHght. The silver denarius ends in the fourth a.d. same The foUis does not decrease, B.C. the at just century weight as it was itshalf. The Byzantine coinage, numbered 40, 20, 10, 5, 2, fluctuates,but nor nominally silvercoin to changes in weight were
a
does not diminish ; and it seems, by the weights, as if the 10 of that scale was denarius, had been the already copper. which reduced to mere The worst examples of reduction of weight are outside of the system of Rome Constantinople. Tetricus had a barbaric coinage in Gaul or Britain, which or from 35 to 10 grains. The the half Antoninianus of 40 grains down Egyptians struck blank spangles of copper, which copied the 20-grain Byzantine Yet even copper with only 1 or 2 grains of metal. such reductions could not
ran
than a reduction to a twentieth of the value by weight, and there make more is no evidence of such a change imperially. We are faced, therefore, with changes of value of perhaps 1,000 to 1, by change of metal and weight, but these cannot possibly explain a change of a million to 1 in nominal values. The only explanation of such changes seems
a race of prices against wages, such as we experienced just after the War. In trying to avoid the general loss each union of wage-earners insisted on more the loss of all producers) ; in turn, production demanded pay (increasing We ran perhaps to double in this race, it was a higher price. and then saw
to liein
hopeless.
to have run ceaselessly on this line, until times their prices and wages value. This shows the terrible bondage of the trade unions, in which all labour was frozen ; without a rigid despotism over a trade it would have been impossible to force an arbitrary rise
The
Roman
were
to force it so that metallic more above the level of other trades, and still though not in purchasing power. currency became of fictitious value in name, How could the currency bear it ? It never affected gold values of goods ;
of wage
the gold solidus was worth 16 silver drachms, or 7,680 copper drachms, but during the reckoned mad rise of nominal prices at 600,000 drachms, or 100 higher. Thus, so far as gold was talents, and rose even concerned, the rise was
was
In mediaeval times various European nations money purely in of account." in traded entirely current having money of account," all the coins that were their fractional values, justas I have handled a dozen different currencies of
"
"
irregular values for payments in in Egypt. There is money of account nothing improbable, therefore, in the whole trade for a century or two going on in the Roman world by money of account, incessantly driven higher by wages, by prices,by increased rating of the currency, on a fictitious basis. As a collateral matter, the dissolution of the third century must have closed a large amount of trade ; there was therefore an excess of small currency floating,and it tended to depreciate. This, however, was only a predisposing cause which started the in the finds of silver and billon coins buried later than Gallienus, there few There was immense an are amount coins before his time. of burying very of money during his reign, nearly half the groups that are found ending during his reign, and about a third of the groups start with the currency of his reign. system,
as,
"
"
Obviously all the old money of higher standard was either buried bad one cases the clearest of money driving out good. of
or
melted up
"
The Rise
of Prices
in Roman
Egypt.
107
of Segre here noticed, it is a pity that so valuable a collection of material should have no listof the works quoted, nor any explanation of the abbreviations used for references. The students of papyri, such as Reil
Regarding
the work
in his study of trades, forget that their sources and references are peculiar to There are also some their arithmetical slips on p. 145 which suggest subject. I have to thank Mr. Grafton be to the author. that a slide rule would of value drian Milne for many references, and the weights of his large collection of the Alexanhe has kindly supplied. most mint, which
W.
M.
Flinders
Petrie.
[Therehas
been
the price of hiring slaves in the xviiith prices are expressed in rings, of which
This shows that the rings were a rather light shekel 1,500 grains. All other values would be impossibly low It cannot so many mean taken at literallya single day.
17 days is named a long period, as the ; but it might mean hire of so many days' service in every month during a year. The result would be that a nominal day (=12) was fixed at 2 shekels, so a single day would be in Ptolemaic silver. As certainly 2 Jth shekel, or justthe obols that it was far commoner in the xviiith dynasty was than silver was copper under the Ptolemies, the rings cannot have been of copper. On this basis the other prices 12 ; bull, 16 ; female slave, 24 drachmae ; cow, ; work out at : goat, 1 drachma
land at 4 drachmae Such prices an acre must be the hire for one cropping. are about half, or rather less than the Ptolemaic prices, but that would not be improbable. W. M. F. P.]
"
"
"
"
io8
DUALISM
IN
AFRICAN
RELIGIONS.
It is possible to consult many works on comparative religionwithout being able tively African religionsthat are at once true and clear. Comparafew works have appeared in which religious ideas, and more especially West African religious ideas, have received adequate notice. For the ordinary
"
African religion is characterized by the term fetishism," one of the most indefinite and most ill-used expressions that it is possible to imagine. Properly in fetishism is the doctrine of spirits embodied speaking, material and
man
objects,
to
the popular
idea of fetishism
can
be
discovered in
of this false notion of fetishism, African homogeneous, though in point of fact there is rehgions often conceived of Mistaken etymologies as great diversity there as in other parts of the world. have also been a source for many years there has been of misunderstanding, and
to the dominance
as are
current
"
Wounded
Tsui-goab, the
name
means
ago Dr. Struck unearthed an account of the Hottentots in a du Royaume de Sham, which work published in 1700, de la Loubere's Description had apparently been completely overlooked by bibhographers and descriptive In this work are eight pages devoted to the Hotantots," whose writers ahke. A year
two
"
name
appears to be derived from a word which they repeated in their dances. Regarding their religion, de la Loubere says : "I was told at firstthat they
no
reUgion ; but I learnt later that, though they have neither priests nor to celebrate public festivalswhich temple, they do not faU at new and fullmoon I extent tinged represent their religious rites. suspect that they are to some had for they recognize good and evil principles, whom they call The former, height deep.' they say, is so captain of the captain of the and good that there is no need to pray to him ; it is enough to let him go his own But the captain of the deep is malevolent, way, as he does nothing but good. and they have to pray to him to prevent him from causing mischief. That is
with
'
Manichaeism,
'
'
'
'
what
they say, but to all appearances they do not pray much." Our principal authority for the Cape of Good Hope in the early eighteenth century is now recognized to be Peter Kolbe, and the above-cited account is in that this dualism, therefore assume agreement may with what he says. We which
was
by rejected
Ratzel
more
as
European
"
ponds Nama
so
as
in
our
own
god, and an evil (red) of the Kalahari that they recognize a good (black) No Nandi, Equator. do Hamitic Masai the reader and north of the precisely as
of A. C. Hollis's accounts of the latter two tribes will be tempted to interpret his data as to duaUsm, as the result of European misinterpretation. We may therefore accept as accurate the older accounts of Hottentot reUgion. the Touquo a miswritten Kolbe speaks of two gods Tsui-goab), (perhaps
"
the good god who gives honey, cattle and milk. evil god, and Gounia, the moon, There is littledoubt but that they are identical with the pair mentioned by de la Loubere.
Dualism The
in
AfricanReligions.
109
completely isolated in South Africa, and there is some their linguistic position. Meinhof has assigned them to the controversy in matters of religion adds force to the Hamitic family, and this near agreement
are as
Hottentots
to
to the Masai and Nandi, who are Hamites, not as I turn Niger, a centre of the reincarnation to the area negroes, of the Lower brought into relation with the Egyptian creed, which I have, for other reasons, Eg. Arch., 1920, VI, behef in the ka (Jl. 265-273).The Edo of Benin City believe
that each
man
has two
same
precisely the in language to the Edo, under whose domination they stood in the seventeenth learn from Romer. On as we the other side of the Edo are the Ibo, century, and in their reincarnation beliefs also is believed to have two area each man
we
or doubles), one ehi (geniuses good, the other bad ; and Ewe Togoland, intimately related belief is found among the of
less of the beliefs of the Yoruba, who it is therefore uncertain whether this feature reappears in their creed. These facts would have perhaps littlebearing upon dualism in religion were it not that among the Edo the dualism repeats itselfin their dogmatic theology, Their supreme to speak. so god is Osa, probably a sky god ; the Edo proper,
I recall, the surrounding tribes of the same stock, have duplicated Osa. They believe in Osalowa, Osa of the house, and Osaloha, Osa bush Their names ; the latter is regarded as malevolent. of the correspond to these given to the ehi and eri. though
not,
so as
dualism ; in the Asaba We know eri, one good, the other bad. lie immediately to the west of the Edo ; find the
same
far
creed is different,but there are points in it which lead to the conclusion that their behefs have undergone great changes in a not very remote by no means a regular pantheon, a characteristic of negro past ; they have now creed is in this feature similar, though the details differ. For fundamental this tribe we have really only one text, the account published in by Baudin, Ellis issued in his Yoruba-speaking Peopleten years 1884 which again later without a hint that it had appeared in print before. The Yoruba believe
The
Ewe
in
they have handed on to the Edo, their neighmischievous being, Esu, whom bours on the east. We have no account of the cult of Esu for the Yoruba, but in Benin I found that he had a though his ritual priest and received sacrifices, differed from that customary in the cult of other deities. The Ibo again offer Ago, to a sacrifice mischievous sprite of the same order.
a
So far, nothing has been said of the peoples of the Gold Coast, who share with the tribes aheady mentioned the reincarnation creed but do not, so far as know, hold the view that the genius is double, both good and bad. DuaUsm we
deity of a red colour, is ever3rwhere propitiated. It is a singular circumstance that the opposition between red god and black is repeated here. ance For the rest of West Africa, partly, it may be, owing to our profound ignortribes, there is no evidence of dualism save among of the beliefs of many the Igara and the Kerikeri. The former, who are in language closely related to is, however,
to worship a good god, Ojuosi, and an evil god, Opoku, according Notes on the Native Tribes. The same work tells us that the gods of the Kerikeri are Dege (good) Fifila (bad). It can be asserted with some and included good definiteness that the Temne of Sierra Leone, though their creed
and bad
or krifi
had spirits,
no
no
Dualism
in
AfricanReligions.
It has been pointed out already that in East and South Africa the creed of dualism (if we Bantu) is Umited to tribes of except some of the Nyasaland Hamitic speech. It is,in this connection, by no means neghgible that Yoruba that would be mentioned in any account of Hamitic influence as manifested in language. It must, however, be admitted that the Yoruba, hke the Ibo, have but a very attenuated dualism, so far as dogmatic theology goes. But if dualism is foreign to the negro mind, this is precisely what we should expect ; alien influences
(oneof
west)is also
one
are assimilated or modified according to whether they find an echo in the native breed or not. Were it not for the dualistic features in the reincarnation beUefs
it would
at all.
When, however, we find dualism in a well-developed form in a creed which has, at least in part, a foreign element in it,it is worth while to put the question whether the situation is not best explained by supposing that the dualisticfeatures to them in the reincarnation creed are not a reflection of a feature which came
part of a religious creed, and did in fact obtain some native religion,but flourished unchecked in another fieldto which that of human psychology.
originally as
"
hardly be accidental that dualism in religion is seen at its fullest house is wholly ahen and absolutely in Benin, where the type of development it does though to not fo'low that house form and climatic conditions, unsuited
It
can
area manner. transmitted from the same and in the same creed were to commit In putting together these few considerations I do not mean but I facts as one wish to present the myself to any theory of Egyptian origins ; if internal to due an African are they not religion which, of the problems of
development
tribes,can It is easier to label elements of material culture with their date and country of origin ; but if we admit transmission in the one case we cannot well refuse to do or though the identification so in the other, even may prove difficult of sources
other should expect to find many parallels among which we influence from the Mediterranean area. best be accounted for by some
to
impossible.
NoRTHCOTE
W.
Thomas.
Nigeria with the great dualism of Horus and Set in Egypt may be noticed in Eri the good and Esu the evil deity, at Asaba on the west. on the Niger, and Yoruba adjoining P.P.]
[A possible relation in
Lower
"
Ill
ANCIENT Considering
EGYPTIAN
MATHEMATICS.
learning of ancient times the fact that most of the mathematical be traced back to Egypt, it is certainly surprising that we have recovered so can littlein the way of papyri or other records deahng with the mathematics of
Ancient Egypt. With the exception of the so-called Rhind Papyrus and a few isolated examples of accounts and temple gifts,we have very littleto work upon. Apart from the Egyptian records, the earliest mathematical knowledge dates back
to Thales, who
in 600
the heights of pyramids in a semicircle and similar problems. Plato spent 13 years Pythagoras studied in Egypt in the sixth century B.C. at the University of On^Heliopolis about 400 B.C., and two centuries later for Euclid made a name himself as professor at Alexandria.
"
He wrote on eclipses, himself visited Egypt. lengths determined by the of their shadows, the angles
B.C.
The study of mathematics arose out of necessity. Arithmetic was essential The need for geometry for housekeeping, business and government. was of boundaries in Egypt, importance as a where of country such property particular liable to be obliterated by a fluctuating river. It was were essential to have
of preserving the boundaries of fields and of re-measuring the land the waters had altered. Herodotus (II,109) tells us that geometry which Diodorus also refers to the fact (I, 81). originated in this way.
some means
The
are
Rhind
Mathematical
Papyrus
but isolated pieces of mathematical work. The papyrus was copied about 1700 B.C.
It appears to be a handbook perhaps, to 2000 B.C. the agriculturalist, and gives tables and worked-out showing how to examples deal with problems such as the scribes of estates would meet with in their daily
duties
of fractions. Then foUows the solution of certain equations, problems on division in unequal shares, and on the areas volumes of granaries. The geometrical section concerns of fields of Then come the pyramid calculations and a number of problems various shapes. of
as
the division of a number of loaves among of grain required to fiU a granary, and so on. The firstpart deals with arithmetic and the use
"
gang
of
men,
the amount
practical nature. information From this work and the other meagre records we can glean some to the mathematical notions of the Egyptians. in use firstdynasty From the onwards, a decimal system of numeration was running into millions.
a
There
was
separate
sign for
million.
(SeeFig.
1.)
112
Multiplication
was
effected by
"
:
"
Calculate 9 to 6 times.
"
9 18 36
*
*
""
54 together."
Here the scribe had to multiply 9 by 6. On the left,he indicated by dots or figures the multiple of 9, written down As the work proceeded he watched these numbers and, ticking those which totalled 6, completed the addition on
' .
^ the right.
1,45
4.r6
uro*
ihu^ urrUtevx.
(5 ee
.--
^'^111111
CC
Each
nnn
nn
n
im
III
therefore, involved writing out such sum, to have tumbled seems The Egyptian never been do.
was
have
as
we
simplified by treated
as
"
part of the multiplication to the fact that his work tabulating the multiples or learning them by
:
"
Division
Multiply
"
""
14 4
28
56
1 1 together."
in dividing 77 by 7, the successive doublings bring the scribe to the number 56 : he then sees that 7, 14 and 56 add up to 77. Ticking 1, 2 and 8, he adds them to obtain the result, 1 1 In this
case,
.
'
replaced by asterisks.
113
complicated since later) only fractions with unity in the numerator of examples, thus ;
"
The
fractional system
was
one (with
were
"
ik
"
Multiply
"
8 to find 19.
8 16 2
1
together
but
are
denominator, added by reduction to a common integral the as written alongside the result part of shown/ The fraction of smallest value occurring in the Rhind Papyrus is
J
^
are
not
appears to have conceived of the fraction as the last part the sixth part," of the divided whole, thus : \ was part 4," namely, the last and shaded portion of the diagram. Fig. 2. He could not work with mixed
" "
"
The
Egyptian
stVy*
"
fractions
"
such
as
-{^
I
or
/y. These
I
conveyed
X
no
meaning
V^yj,/,A
to him.
X tke
ic.'rt "
J-
J.
Jiji
( I I
34
II 1 1
"Z"
r"
r"
II I
3i^6
I
J.
J^
i-
J-
exception mentioned above is ",which plays a large part in the mathematical The Egyptian down work. could write f of any quantity without have yet been discovered. calculation. He may have had tables, but none The
'
In the following,when
fractions are
are
to be
added.
H
114
expressed by writing the symbols r," the consonantal sign originally the mouth," Fig. (See 3.) meaning part." of
were
"
"
As mentioned already (withthe exception of "), the Egyptian could not deal with such fractions as |. He realized it was seven times ^,but he preferred to express it as ^ \ I. This brings us to a very important fact that any fraction can be expressed as the sum fractions. This may be of two or more done in many different ways, e.g.:
" "
i+i + i+ I+
^^^
so
on.
root-fractions." of this and made great use of sucn Tables of them have been found, and they existed down to Coptic times. Hero, the Greek mathematician, made use of them in the same way as the Egyptians. from A table in the papyrus gives the result of dividing 2 by odd numbers
3 to 99, e.g. :"
2
1 I
1 1
The
Egyptians
knew
"
_L
_1_
_L
There
This fractionalsystem held the Egyptian fast in itsgrip from the earliest period. dimly fractions however, some indications that were are, understood mixed in a limited fashion, but even among when their use had become common
" "
held to the cumbrous methods illustrated the Greeks, the ordinary folk still above. A littleconsideration will make it clear how these very cumbrous methods necessary in practical problems of division of food and originated and were other commodities. Suppose that five loaves primitive method (a)Divide each
are
"
The
is
as
in half.
loaf to each
person.
loaves
(6)Divide
remain. these two loaves in quarters. Give one quarter to each person. Two quarters remain over. (c)Divide each of these quarters in thirds. There are six parts, one for
^ -\\^ ^^ oi s. loaf.' In Fig. 5 this is illustrated -\the shares of each of the six persons are numbered correspondingly. graphically and The following is one of several examples from our Papyrus, and deals with
ten persons : the division of nine loaves among The making of nine loaves for ten persons. ten times."
"
"
Do
thou count
it
", ^, ^Vi
Here
out
as
the
answer
"
is given
", ^, ^o
"
follows :
Professor Petrie points out that the proceeds Scotch fishing boats, in precisely the same manner,
'
of sale values
are
divided among
crews
of
1 1
Line
(a)is firstmultiplied
but
by 2,
1'
i
'-
^+
thus
we
get
is multiplied by 2,
-iV^and
Vt
= -
-.V
s't7 ;
i+
thus
we we (d)
have
line
(c), which If +
TO-
and 4 is multiplied by
=
'.
tV
4 + tV ;
2, giving 9 loaves.
Adding (rf).
lines
(6)
and
have
tV -f
7 +
Other examples provide for double allowances of food for the chief officials. The rule deals with the multiplication of only example of a common fractions :
"
"
Making Make
of j of a fraction, according as it is said to thee, what thou its double, its six times, that is its "."
not the fractions, must
is
f
"
\.
be multiplied, thus
.
1 ^~2-5
+6-5~
.^ i"
u-
30
The
reason
is obvious, since
"
The
the
use
^
_y -[-
19
was
effected by
To
of root-fractions,in the following way : 7 is added its | part. The result is 8. Egyptian fashion), and the quotient 2 ^
the
answer
16 J |. The solution
:
"
the modern
19
8-^^
=
16|.
such
:
"
or
some problems we get a glimpse of higher knowledge Geometrical Progression. The following is an example
"
In
as
Arithmetical
Divide 100 loaves among five persons, f of the shares of the first three being equal to the shares of the rest."
"
The
"
are
assumed
Proceed
as
follows.
The
difference is
5^."
Then
taking the share of the last person as unity, the scribe writes down the is 60, he proceeds to increase each amount other shares. Finding that the sum by " and checks the results by adding to 100. The question arises,how did he obtain the would in these days be found thus :
"
"
common
difference 5J,"which
With
+ (rf
a)
similar to the
H
2
were
referred to,
or
use
was
made
of
formula
Il6
in the papyrus. Other examples of Arithmetical Progression occur Papyrus there is an example of a problem on the Volume of In the Moscow This is of particular interest as it indicates a direct Pyramid. a Truncated formula : the modern application of
"
Volume
-^~-
(sum of
areas
/product of areas).
The top and base are squares and the last term is obtained directlyby multiplying the sides of top and base together. This problem is not to be found in Euclid.
The
Geometrical
probably
were
Section of the Rhind Papyrus is full of gross often did not in the least understand
errors,
due they
what
writing about. However, it is clear that the Egyptians knew that the area of a rectangular In the case fieldwas to be obtained by multiplying the length by the breadth. introduced by taking the length of a slant of the triangular field an error was side for what we An extremely
now
the
"
attempt
to
"
square
to be
a
the circle." A rough diagram shows Inside is marked circle of equal area.
The working indicates that the area of the circle is %\ X in use : following the empirical rule was Subtract \ from the diameter and square the result."
"
(diameter)-, and
"
This gives a value for tt (ratio of 3- 1605. of circumference to diameter) The Pyramid of the pyramid calculations indicate how the measurements The were the gave a measure reckoned. seqei of slopes quantity called
. . .
"
"
the slope of the pyramid-face away from the vertical, and number of spans displacement per cubit of height. A cubit was Thus in the case of a 4 : 3 pyramid (Fig. 6),
the seqed ^
=
was
H-
are
indications, too, that the Egyptians knew that if the sides of a to 20, 21 and 29)the triangle is rightproportional to 3, 4 and 5 (or
occurs.
sum
The
2801, which is then starts with the number second calculation, however, multiplied by 2 and 4 in succession in Egyptian fashion to obtain 7 x 2801. This gives the same result as before.
a
=
an
-^^
a
"
"
1)
"-,
"
"
"
when
a"s
this
.,
case,
7x^-^
0
7x2801.
Now
other the Egyptian knew how to obtain the number 2801 in order to check his result. It is necessary to emphasize again the fact that our knowledge is derived from isolated mathematical fragments. Of the really great mathematical minds
some means
or
by
117
know Yet there must we have been the ancient Egyptians nothing. like Greek for its successors, the some their own studied sake and who, subject whose work gave so great an impetus to learning. Speaking'-generally,the Egyptian appears to have regarded the from subject in to his the a strictlyutilitarian meet standpoint order needs of everyday life. among
i^
4
if s
IX.
("
il iKny
k'^Jii
/61W:
n
that more complete papyri in the nature of mathematical textbooks may yet be discovered. Such works must have existed and Pythagoras alludes to them.
not too much to hope
It is, however,
R. W. Bibliography.
Sloley.
Eisenlohr, Ein Mathematisches Handhiich der alien Aegypter. Griffith, Notes on the Rhind Papyrus," Soc. Bihl. Arch. Proc, Vol. 13, 14. Borchardt, Zeitschrift der Aegypt.Sprache,Vol. xxxi, p. 9.
"
Ii8
PERIODICALS.
Recueil de Travaiix,
Maspero,
from
XXXVIII,
3, 4.
C.
"
Introduction
I'dtude de la Phondtique
Sgypiienne(resumed
equivalents of
It is represented by A in a large number of words, as Amenti, Amen anok, Anup, Alexandres, Arsinoe and others. It appears as and its compounds, E in a few words ; as H in others ; as I in iri,Inaros, Imuthis, Isis ; as O or U
.
(I
Assur, In the xviiith dynasty is initialA as Amen, in Osiris, Onuris and On. Arvad, Akhsaf, Apki ; also as medial A in Amen Appa. The passage into O later is seen in Arunta becoming Orontes (Gr.) ; like the change in (Syrian), English of All into 61
as
pronounced.
^, in
Texts
There is
no
the
xixth with
dynasty
changes
with
(1
.
Many with
words
in
Pyramid
beginning
II ^,
begin
with
or
^^
in
later times.
of initial
^^
it is
regularly A. It sometimes
names
positions it is always
does not
i,
change
n,
10.
with
In
(I
.
in Greek
a,
and The
Coptic
into
"?, t, "w,
Greek
medial
=
^^
is
i,
ij, o.
transfer to
is
seen
in
^cz:^
*^
^^^^^
KASHA
KUSHU,
0
Assyrian.
It passes with
into
"
in Coptic.
; and
(I ^^
or
this double
vowel
for the
one
guttural is like writing Aali for AU. In Greek it is A, rarely E the vowels.
In Hebrew it is 'ayin.
.
of in
(Assyrian).
as
The
cuneiform
always
for terminal
is
a or
place,
"-="
riya
for
The
rendering
also
usually
as
in Singara in which
and
Gaza
Assyr.), {Khazatu,
'ayin and
in (I 1]
Anab
and
(1in
Anath,
it varies between
in aleph The
the Phoenician.
names
give
(Ias aleph
in Absha
(initial) and
'Amu-ansha
as
conclusion is that it had the the Latin A has become every other vowel in different
The (final).
Periodicals.
1 19
and in English A has quite different values in father, man, so the original A passed into every other vowel by what, all, leopard, name, The proved Coptic times, though it is more usually A than any other vowel. between the xviiith dynasty and change of A- into O and U in proper names words in French, Greek
times confirms this. The group
+ l^
,
\\
*^,
was
to
represent
'ayin, like
ee
(1 (Iwas
was
[I modifying
it like English
in
se",
partly a diphthong, but as medial and final it was usually a vowel, varying between E and I according to dialects. This is the last paper that Maspero wrote, and there are not even notes to
show what else he intended ; but it is of great value as a practical study of facts In face of these facts Akhenaten has now been spelt irrespective of theories. The search for vocalisation is a vain quest with E, I and O initialin Germany.
for
permanent Daressy,
for Egyptian.
du decret de Van XXIII de Ptoldmee JJn second, exemplaire in Rec, first decree was Epiphane. example of this xxxiii, p. 1. published The present example, found at Asfun, is in sandstone much worn away, and in The name the gaps the previous copy. scarcely supplements of the father of the canephoros of Arsinoe is corrected to Persomedos. The
Chassinat, Berlin.
Psemthek This
E.
"
building
de
disputed, and
"
The
sense
Qed-nezes of
; the word Qed-nezes of Hermerti Osiris in Remehet being looked on as an epithet of Horus, like Qed-hou, constructor of the body the modeller. of Osiris, which again is Hke Khnum
the temple
"
"
"
This is two parallel slanting JJn signe hiiratique peu connu. be strokes : these appear to used for a duplication of the single-stroke sign of abbreviation, and may uraei, lion heads, feathers, replace the eyebrows, jaws, MvAUD,
E.
"
wings
Devaud,
E.
"
Le Conte du
Naufrage.A
discussion of grammatical
sense.
detailsof
expression, which
Chassinat,
Gaston
Maspero. This
full picture of the activitiesof feeling pupil who writes with a warm
a
is
Tome
Naville,
a
XXXIX.
.
being
"
do, as beside This is similar to Enghsh .c3"infinitiveit in book," or comes me "do this as simple send such phrases have I do." to English Where are the watching which [Notealso the parallel for It has ? form future, no are or "] past, you making of present which all
"
E.
L' Auxiliare
"
expressed
particles and auxiliaries. After a detailed discussion of many expresses mainly the relation of passages it is concluded that the auxiliary "2". in done. an happened time or a matter was the time, as event when," which
"
by
1 20
Periodicals.
The placing of corn-grinder stones in Moulins funiraires. is in here said to be frequent graves prehistoric times ; but the references given to a kitchen-midden of De Morgan, to xiiith dynasty pan-graves at Diospolis are and one stone at Mahasna, apparently the only instance, as another stone there
J6QUIER,G.
"
ismerely
there is
rough fragment.
are
dynasties,
a
not model real prototype of the figures of the high priest of Memphis grinding The two alabaster blocks with before Ptah, except as a servant of Ptah. corn lion figures at the side, found at Memphis, libation tables (Cairo, called
"
The millstones with servants grinding, in the ivth-xith So it seems doubtful if stones for the dead to use.
"
claimed as representing corn-grinder blocks. [Sincethis paper, found, of the xixth dynasty, in a tomb at similar blocks with lion figures were Sedment.] Another sloping block resting on two crouched lions is of the
are 63-64),
vth dynasty
that the
from Abusir.
Nemes. coiffure
"
This paper agrees with Dr. Capart's view is the cloth covering the wig. Quelques passagesde Sinouhit. Some passages are here discussed, and the are identifiedas the anthropoid coffin and the sarcophagus. words ua and mest-pet The kherp sceptre had various other names, as obcl,hu, adcft and sekhem. Origine de la
nemes
"
mal lus. One hieratic sign is used for two words, khenti. Here and a mineral, and has been supposed to be the nose, to be the known baker the evidence is given for the firstsense ; word retehti has been for as the mineral, which was used and the second seti paint, and guessed imported from to be green, red, yellow and clay by different translators. It was Devaud,
"
E.
"
Deux
mots
"
baker
"
"
Nubia
and
in
so jars,
M.
Devaud
c*-r"
"
Nubian
"
earth
and
he
Louis.
"
Un
8 by 7 inches, with one line on up. of the type of writing that my is here proposed. The text consists of as papyrus It is one developed Atmu
according
to the taste
charm the back, visible when it is rolled name endure may flourish,"or ideas from common sources, some
" "
setting), [readrather Abdu, Abydos]. Grant me your attention O ! guardians of the Duat, open to me (thegates of heaven and earth).Receive this good O ! guardians of the hall of the two Maots who guard the (bull of the Duat).
O ! Anubis
in Ut, I
am
Words spoken by of the time. It reads : I am Ra at his rising,I am true voiced, born of Asgertet, true voiced, I am his Osiris Khentamentet, the great god, lord of the East (at
'
of the guardians who watch for Osiris. Take pure for thee, water from Elephantine, milk from Athribis brings to thee a jarfull of drink offering. Receive fresh water of one May thy ba go forth to foUow the God. temple the of Mehen. of Ra He will not thou sittest as a thee from heaven or from earth reject Busiris, Thou the thou established art great ; shalt appear at prince unto end.
one
...
is thy dwelling. To thee (are the rays of the Sun, the pure given) flow of the jar of drink offering in the midst of Dendera, thy flesh Receive for thou art united to thou art before the East. rejoiceth, thee water from the altar of Thesduat at Heliopolis. (I the breath of Amen,
... ...
am)
On the outside is written, thus eternally.' and the water of the Nile. I am An effectual phylactery. May it remain on thy bones and rest on thy flesh, being destroyed." without
"
"
Periodicals. Blackman, a.
121
ideas and usages in ancient Egypt. At Heliopolis Ra was regarded as being purified by water before the sun rose, and the washing the high-priest performed of the image of Ra daily. The highin Therefore the the King of HeHopoHs." was of course prehistoric time priest
W.
"
Sacramental
"
priests acting as Horus and Thoth, otherwise from identified with taken was pool which the water was and from which the sun-god was Nun, the primaeval ocean, born. [Thissuggests to on was seen that the worship arose the coast, where the sun the rise over
to be piu-ifieddaily by
Set.
The
was purified by incense and natron mouth-wash. insignia. The same bore was course then robed and of ceremony was applied At the king's death the body was to the Ra image. to be similarly prepared for
Red
He
Sea]
its admission
to the company
In the Osiris system likewise washed, and this was be to the corpse, which was revived by eating the eye otherwise stated [Butthe passage of the Pyramid Texts quoted to show the washing, never it, but is concerned with purification by disincarnation : Unite to
"
revivified of Horus.
mentions thee thy
bones, take to thee thy head," after the skeleton had been dissevered and stripped. The different modes of purification must be carefully distinguished. Again in the idea remained : May Anubis attach for thee thy head xixth dynasty the same
"
in the presence of Horus and thou be purified Set." Such passages should not be misquoted as referring to washing a corpse.] Various examples are then illustrated of the lustration of a deceased person,
to thy bones.
...
Mayest
As these actors are funerary officials, and not gods, it implies that this indicates the actual purifying of the body, and not a moral purification by deities. This purification as applied to the dead Osiris is linked with the
figured in tombs.
inundation whom
as
as Osiris,as the god from covering the fertileland, which is the same Various other connections of ideas naturally arose, vegetation springs up.
from the pure caverns that the water was of the Nile, that it represented the it from fluid was was the Pools of Life ; the Egyptian vital of Osiris,or that in interminable ideas. The formulae use capable of permutation of of solar Osirian ceremony may suggest that the lustration is first solar ; but the priority of Ra or Osiris is a very complex probably to be solved by their both subject, being immemorial different races gods of coming from east and west.
Chassinat,
E."
"
Un
sous
I'ancien
empire. This
deals
sale of
at
house
"
10
fl
and Q,
This shot had been taken as a measure amount. of cakes, valued at the same from the usual word shout, cake. But examples are here quoted from the xviiith dynasty
"
of values in
"
^^
which
is assumed
to be the
same
unit, and
translated
1 deben totals as 2 dehen 4 ? shot, 16 shot shot ; and in one case ring -f implying that 12 shot was In it was deben. a to a standard any case, equal is is left but Here this we : the of standard may of value. ask why subject known dehen, deben The ? a as and therefore l/12th 1/lOth well qedet was of of a
for 1/lOth.It looks like the leaf-shaped likely to be another name in but was that unknown metal in the ivth dynasty, and only arrow-head, nor in the xith ; and it is too heavy for a flint arrow-head, could approached this is not
The that be made of regular weight. light value for the Babylonian shekel
a
=
very
heavy
deben would
be
12-7).
1 22
Periodicals.
in exchange or tizebis rendered by replacement," which barter, be for term It to turn round." a general would agreeing with uzeb, was certainly usual in later times to state values of all kinds of goods in weights The phrase
em
"
"
"
"
did before silver coin became usual. A listin the as the Romans of copper, just keeping papyrus Mallet is quoted, also the supply of 50 deben of copper for the houseRamesseum, in list we the the the tomb at and may add of values
Sur quelques passages du De Iside et Osiride de Plutarque. bom feeble in his legs is traced to the form that Horus was E.
"
"
"
of the hieroglyph
in the
name
D ^^^
S).
The
fish,as
an
emblem
of hatred,
is the fish betu, and betu, to execrate or hate, has the fish determinative. The accusation by Set against the legitimacy of Horus is confirmed by passages where Isisstates his posthumous The story that Isis allowed Set to escape, conception. in wrath tore her royal head-dress off and Thoth replaced it by a bull's The mutilation of Set by head, is found at length in the Sallier papyrus IV. Horus, stated to be represented at Koptos, is a misunderstanding of the usual
Horus
figure of Min.
The pig is stated to have been unclean, but sacrificedand eaten because Set, chasing a pig by moonlight, found the coffin of Osiris. at full moon The sacrificeof a pig is named among offerings at Edfu. Chassinat,
;
a
E.^ Fragment
"
des Actes de
I'Apa Nahroou.
One
leaf of parchment
Jequier,G.
"
Monde
treat the invisibleheaven like the visible,the commoner the astronomical scenes that some subterranean passage served to pass from west to east ; view was or an animal with two heads, double lion, double bull or double sphinx, which
Lastly, the passage became swallowed on the west and disgorged at the east. divided into hours, with successive gates and monstrous guardians.
GuNN,
Battiscombe.
"
The
Egyptian for
as
"
Short."
The
ignorance
about
ideas is remarked
"
; and it is proposed
fi
^^ -^^
recourse
short,"
as
in several passages
long."
"
To
have
to
is proposed
as
the
rendering
"
of
j\
"\
illustrated by several passages. A note on the verb WRS proposes that it is not only it implies the whole time, and szr means time," but that is The sense that of continuous occupation. night. Chassinat, E.
"
to spend
the
day
deux scarabdes. A splendid scarab of lazuh, 4 inches for the chief of the royal caravan Pedatnubt. long, is inscribed with nesut da hetep 2 inches long, in has Another scarab, schist, eight columns of inscription Note
sur
IV, who smites naming tribute brought by the chiefs of Naharain to Tehutmes from from Naharni Kary," is interesting to to lands This the south. north III. as the forerunner of the large historicalscarabs of Amenhetep
"
Periodicals.
123
"
TouRAiEFF,
B.
"
Les
pertes rdcentes de
land, where they destroy with so unhappy has lost in the recent months many Saleman, Radfoff, Wesselowsky, Chukowsky,
we
"
I' Russie. Our orientalisme en much zeal the acquisitions of tion, civilizaits Nikolsky, of eminent orientalists. de Lemm,
are no more."
To these
must now add the name of Turaieff himself, a victim since writing this dirge : The death of the greater part of these scholars has been hastened by the terrible here." A short biography of Nikolsky events and which unfold themselves is given. Oscar de Lemm
L. La stele de Mai. This Moiy was scribe of offerings to all I Abydos, in Sety a son the temple of the gods at of chief of archers, Bes, and The stele shows Sety I receiving life from Osiris, with his chief son Urmur. This behind him bearing a feather fan, without a cartouche. Rameses {tep)
Speleers,
"
was recognised already dead, and that Rameses proves that the eldest son was in Sety's lifetime. The hymn to Osiris, in fourteen long columns, is as chief son completely set interlinearwith the parallel copies I and II of the Middle Kingdom,
Kingdom and chap. 181 of the Book of the Dead, with a full of New translation. This will be the standard text for the future. There are also many notes and a statement of the position and functions of all the gods named, with references for every point, a very valuable key to authorities in mythology.
III-V
Jequier, G.
The
a
"
Le
prefixe ^^
words
dans
les
noms
du d'objets
m
Moyen
Empire.
formed of
conclusions
are
that most
beginning
with
sense of for, verbal or substantive radical, with preposition m The preposition m may be comSome words with men are whole radicals. in, pounded of. Before a strong and mes. with the following letter in one sign, as in men The examples, for instance, guttural, k ox q,m is followed by " or 0 for euphony. beauty," men-qebyt "for life," "for are m-onkht, an amulet, "for
"
for
the hone.
Fils royaux de Kouch et le personnel administratif de r"thiopie. This paper completes the account of the Ethiopian viceroys given in the listby Dr. Reisner. does not mean The title royal son an actual son of Nekhebt, royal sons of the king, but is a titleof the viceroy ; there are other Gauthier,
Les
" "
"
"
"
etc.
The
Aohmes-sa-Tayt,
Nehy,
about 1486-1449;
The probably descendants. with the king, before their acting solely civil, and not military. The names 1555-1538 ; 1570 B.C. ; his son Aohmes-Tura,
are
Usersetet,
1449-1423
or
1335 P-1325 ? ; Amenemapt, Any, 1297 ?-l 280 ? ; Pasar II, 1299 ?-l 297 ? ; Heq-nekhtu, 1280 P-1262 ; Setau, 1262 or earlier-1237 or later ; Messuy, 1237 or later-1214 ; Pasar III, Hera II, 1180P-1170?; Sety, 1214-1209; Hera I, 1209-1180?;
I,
1409
Panehsi, 1155-1130?; 1020 ?P Nesikhensu, 1 130 P-1 110?; Her hor, 1 1 10 P-1 102 ; Pionkh, 1 102-1080 ; 1006; Uasarken onkh, about 850. Various other officialsand lieutenants of Kush are discussed, for which the paper should be studied. 1170P-1160?; Un-ta-uat, 1160P-1155; Rameses-nekht,
"
124
REVIEWS.
La Religion d'Israel. By
Richard
Kreglinger.
1922.
(Bruxelles, Lamertin.)
in This is another volume of the series which was noticed in this journal here, in dealt The first the 57. 1920, p. with principles admirably ; work to a them and debatable case, there is naturally complex very application of
The author begins with the dating of the scope for temperament. sources of the Old Testament ; he would place the final revision of the Hexateuch to the age of Malachi, whUe taking portions of it as being of the two or three impossibly late, when we look at These dates seem generations after Solomon. much
more
He agrees to the date of the earlier part of Isaiah, the general historicalstyle. but what a gulf of style there is from that to the book of Samuel ; then again, difference ; again an immense what a gulf between that and the opening of Exodus the business-like style of Exodus and the poetic style of Genesis. Can in ? two centuries of a uniform kingdom be through pushed all these great changes It looks far more like the five centuries back to Exodus, with large differences between
affecting the nation in the interval. There may have been small editing, but to require something very near seem their face value the bulk of the documents late as after the return from exile, as in dating. Again, if large changes were could they ever have been enforced on all the Jews who had been scattered in
be elsewhere at the exile ? The accepted body of writings must Ezra later In history, as new and works. pre-exilic,except those which were other respects Prof. Kreglinger sets his face against the extravagances of Cheyne and others, and keeps to a quiet and sane judgment. Egypt
and
to override the archaeology when we read, The literary point of view seems La critique biblique est essentialement litteraire ; elle recherche la date d'un texte ; mais non point celle oil les idees que ce texte exprime furent pour la
"
ou
par ecrit."
; criticism must
The
facts. of statements and their relation to known formation of The various races and factors that enter into the complex Israelite ideas are then discussed. There is the Troglodyte, as at Gezer, with his sacred caves the pig sacrifice, at the Haram (kept and Bethlehem), up still
Next the Canaanite Semites paintings as in Europe, and Neolithic work. who burnt the dead and sacrificedthe first-born. Here the author parts with the in North old view of their home being in Arabia, and recognizes the early Semite Syria and Babylonia, whence he spread to Assyria. This view, lately enforced
cave
Reviews.
\2
by Prof. Clay, is strongly supported by the North Syrian invasion of Egypt in detail of human A remarkable the Vllth dynasty. sacrifice,at the foundation is bodies Gezer building, burial the ; at of similarly at the Labyrinth of parts of Hawara, body body, a woman's found at cut in three, were and paft of a man's
in the sand-bed beneath the corners 33-4). of a building {Labyrinth, Next the Babylonian influence is considered, and the dynasty of Hammurabi is called Amorite. Tablets of his age name Yau-ilu, or Yahveh is god, centuries
Ishtar appeared as Ashtoreth but attracted other Israelites. The Egyptian repelled some in Sinai under Zeser, but it was as old as the 1st dynasty quoted
before Moses.
The
Babylonian
There in
a
are
statements
text
than
is there
a
here which show the unfortunate habit of reading more La pratique de la circoncision dont les Israelites :
"
qu'ils I'avaient adoptee," with belief, that the Jos. such only the statement had died off. Then the winged disc is said to generation which left Egypt the high-priest's dress, with reference to Ex. xxviii ; there is no ornament
tort, que
c'est
no en
v,
Egypte
2.
There
is
On p. 75 it is said that David set up a of any such ornament suggested. on to connect the threshing-floor of Araunah, this with the worship of stone but it is he built an sacred stones ; really stated that altar and sacrificed. On p. 87
trace
the brazen serpent is said to have had prodigious powers in the rout of Amalek ; it is never in to Further, that account. alluded all the temples were guarded by a serpent ; there is no trace of that in Palestine. The facile statements,
for which
"
references are support in those references ; this quoted, have no is too common a habit with biblical critics. reading in The references to Asher under Tehutmes III and Sety I ; to Samnu under Tehutmes III, and Samhuna IV, as Simeon ; to the well-known under Amenhetep Yakub-el and Yusef-el, are quoted as reasonable. Also the Khabiri and the
"
Aperiu are both accepted as 'Abri, Hebrews, though one can imagine some hard things being said if anyone but a critic equated 'ain and cheth. The account of Deborah is accepted, and not theorised away has been the fashion. The as is read here as tabu ; but that distinct usual word shaqatz for an abomination is not applicable in Ps. xxii, 24 : sense For he (theLord) hath not despised nor or tabued the affliction of the afflicted ; the simple abominated
" "
" "
"
four codes of different were After Ex. xx. the recognized code of at Sinai there was sanctuaries recorded. in Ex. xxxiv, are the law attributed to the second tables, of which ten commands Deut. 14-26 ; there was v, 6-21, Mount Pisgah, the form of ten commands at which might belong to the sanctuary of Beth Peor beneath was Shechem, the code of 12 commands at Mount connected Lord the of the Covenant. There
are
"
tion interesting suggestions under Magic, Mimetic rites,Vegetamany Prophets functions as rites, the ceremonial, the and their against mere influence of Persian views of Dualism and the hierarchy of angels, and the
rather too mechanical a view of all these an a lack of the sympathetic realisation air of analysis is In even to the dealing most which essential anyone with aspirations. mistaken devotion one may write of it from the worshipper's point of view, if it is to be really understood in its bearing on life, its implications. One must or be all things to all men if one is to understand their minds.
seems
"
There
126
Reviews.
Die
Plastik der
168 pis.
Fechheimer.
Sm.
4to.
59 pp.,
giving many large photographs lished of sculptures in Berlin which are not pubor collected together elsewhere.
as
We
may note the remarkable sharp profile III (53), the strange head of Amenemhat the ; (54-56) queen with high cheek-bones
and massive hair,like the Galla and El Kab sphinx type (57, 58). The group of Amama is welcome, pending a lication heads (79-93) pubThe excavations. of the German
aspect of the profiles is greatly altered by the wrong positions given ; the facial slope has been sacrificed to keep the neck more
upright
is proved
what the true position should be bust (86) by the Louvre which
places the brow and chin in a vertical plane. Some heads (as83)are tilted up 18" skew. The
same error
is
seen
in the hawk
head
(45) repeated on the cover. is not from Medum ; by probably from Saqqara.
Queen
of
it is is
The
German
Galla
Type.
On the Physical Effects Consanguineous Marriages in the Royal Families of of Ancient Egypt. By the late Sir M. A. Ruffer. 8vo, 46 pp., 27 figs. 1920. ("Proc. Royal Soc. Medicine," Vol.
xii.)
This paper puts in shape the family histories of the XVIII-XIXth dynasty The Ptolemies. dynasty XVIIIth the that shows genealogy of the each of and full I, who a was six generations married a half-brother except Amenhetep
brother ; and the last three married Syrian princesses, probably of Egyptian descent. Certainly these latter marriages did not improve the family vitality,
and there is very littleto show of any bad effects in the six related generations. dynasty there was closest in-breeding for three generations without In the XlXth II as being completely any obvious illeffects. It is rather hard to write of Ramessu
bald ; he had a fairfringe of hair leftwhen he died at 77 at least,or more dynasty the Ethiopians followed half-sister marriage. probably 85. In the XXVth In the Ptolemies full sister marriage was The usual. physical condition does
not
seem
to have
deterioration, even
is that there
was
main point which congenital disease,which is usually attributed In modern to such marriages. times it may well be that certain weaknesses of draw to together, from unconscious sympathy structure tend of and a sense difference from the average world ; in short, the in-breeding is a result of the
no
been much affected, but there for that bloodthirsty age. The deaf-mutism
or
seems
to have
been
a moral is pressed
( 127
NOTES
AND
NEWS.
Tut
great event of recent weeks has been the opening of the tomb of It will always occupy the first place in public imagination, amen. -onkhas making the world familiar with the magnificence of the Egyptian monarchy. has hitherto only been imagined by those The existence of such kind of The
objects
who
familiar with the monumental representations ; now all the world display Great The House." the the art will also sumptuous of will realise it impress the public with the ability shown, though will not surprise those who knew the fine work of the tomb of Yuaa, or the stillfiner style of earlier times.
were
"
The
in the alabaster vases, made in one with the stands, and overloaded handles, differs from beauty the simpler and more with elaborate much designs graceful of previous epochs.
taste shown
we
cannot
from
tomb,
seen
in the
couches. cow-head couch has spotting inlaid on foreign to Egypt, but is well-known in Mesopotamia, The
the Louvre.
as on the couchant bull in dog-head is weird of another couch also entirely un-Egyptian. Now, as Kallimasin, king of Babylonia, sent to Amenhetep III a couch of ushu ivory three thrones couches and six wood, and gold, with of ushu wood and Babylonian couches in the Theban palace ; and gold, it is certain that there were this description of ivory and gold refers to the dog head with ivory teeth
The
and tongue, while the other couches are of wood and gold only. Later than III, Syria was too much disturbed, and Egyptian prestige in than Amenhetep Mesopotamia too slight, for such presents to be sent. was They must be as old III, and there seems Amenhetep doubt that these are the very furniture as no described in the Amarna letter. In accordance with this, we find that each
Furniture to fit together. constructed in four parts, with bronze jointing is in Egypt in But for fixed a rough one, naturally all united made joints. with land journeyof over a thousand miles, it was couches with needful to make frame base, in to them. transport separate sides, and order pack and
was
imitation of Egyptian motives, as in the Hathor This only shows that they cow-heads, and the tails copied from lion couches. for Egypt, to were the work of foreigners presents made and not that they were in Egypt, because there would be no purpose in the elaborate bronze jointing,
there
was an
No
doubt
instead of solid joints. This detail would not be necessary if they were merely moved about the palace or put on a Nile boat. We see then, for the firsttime,
court
furniture of Babylon, the and it will be of great interest to examine details The technical it with Egyptian work. of the construction and compare short form of the couches shows that the Babylonian slept contracted, like the prehistoric people, while the Egyptian
couches
are
128
Notes
and
News.
thus of a previous generation, it is very likely that articles were likewise others old ; and the footstool,with nine foreigners under it, may II as figured a century before. On the death well be that used by Amenhetep Tut last legitimate family, king it seems amen, was the of of the great who -onkhsome
were
If
was
as
there
was
no
heir to
Of all the Egyptian work the most informing to personal detail. The colour weaving, the attachment that is new of jewellery, will show much astonished people, but, as Miss Murray both among offeringsand also worn. The immediately
urgent matter
us
to
observes, gloves
are
in the dry air of Qurneh,and not A large new building must be provided in any case, as the Cairo Museum is far full too to take in properly all the which are piled up in four chambers of objects The obvious site is Qurneh, There the tomb. somewhere south of Deir el Bahri.
substantial museum should lighted from the north. Then
a
is that all these things should be preserved taken to the winter fogs of riverside Cairo.
of all this
cannot
mass
appropriation
of
upper floor, and entirely the question of the efficientpublication will come The Egyptian Government should begin by an be built, without any
museum
and
"20,000for
has been
per cent, of the value of what grudge a No one can hope that these things will last for they get everything for nothing. another three thousand years ; probably this sheen of gold will perish by A complete ignorant greed within three hundred years. photographic and
from various points of view, and with coloured reproduction of every object to the past, which full diagrams of details,is the least that this generation owes now. has guarded its treasure till
SCHOOL
OF
ARCHAEOLOGY
have
IN
EGYPT.
four students
remains of the great cemetery largely exhausted by native, Italian and German workings, without any record be A discoveries. or the cemetery will soon prehistoric past publication of in district. This is in tombs is do that to much copying examined, and there
the only British work in Egj'pt this winter. for Oxford Mr. Mackay is in Mesopotamia
steadily through the working to have been ; the site seems at Qau-el-Kebir
been
and American
work.
It is hoped
that he will also clear up the history for the British School, in view of the Ob behalf of our School also,
important
site at Jerusalem. These been caused by the intended change in the Egyptian law of antiquities, by which from an the Government of interest or importance could take everything
excavator.
a
of the early civiHsation in the Persian Gulf Egypt. possible connections with to reserve been an made appUcation has extensions of the British School work have
American
excavators
have
change would
in Egypt.
ANCIENT EGYPT
EDITOR.
PROF.
FLINDERS
PETRIE,
F.R.S., F.B.A.
Quarterly Part,
Yearlv,
ts. Post
Free.
2s.
BRITISH
SCHOOL
AND
OF
ARCHAEOLOGY LONDON
AND
IN
EGYPT. YORK;
MACMILLAN
U
CO.,
NEW
EGYPTIAN
RESEARCH Chicago.
ACCOUNT,
/ y
is 2s. Net price of each number from booksellers free, four for are Subscriptions the js., quarterly parts, prepaid, post received by Flinders UniversityCollege,Gower Hon. Sec "Ancient Egypt" (H. Petrie),
Ancient
Egypt.
Londbn, W,C. 1. Street, Books for review, papers offeredforinsertion, or " Editor of Ancient Egypt,"
"
news,
should be addressed :
"
Subscriptionsreceived in the United States by : Miss Helen Gardner, Art Institute, Michigan Boulevard,
'
""'"""-"'"-
Adams
^.\
1 : I
ALABASTER
FIGURE
OF
MENKAURA.
GIZEH.
ANCIENT
EGYPT.
PORTRAIT
OF
MENKAURA.
This remarkable figure, obtained some time ago for University College, London, is cut in white alabaster, highly poKshed. It shows a further stage of the idea of the great Khofra statue ; there the king's head is shielded by the falcon'swings, spread
was
out
behind
the head-dress ; here the king is himself the falcon god, in front view, entirely bird-like at the back. How the figure below is a difficulty lower is dealer had the ; part gone, and the
simply
seem
added plaster for a flat base. Was it seated or standing ? It would likely that the figure was seated, and the falcon's tail spread out on legs to come forward unaffected. the seat behind, leaving the human The
more
is obvious at firstsight ; and the falcon the protecting of would accord with this representing the being Further, on successor of Khofra. of it,the dealer at asked about the source once said Gizeh, without apparently any idea of the portraiture. There can from one hardly be a question that it came of the two temples of Menkaura. resemblance development We of the dedication of falcon figures in the temple of Sneferu at Meydum Medum, (Petrie, xxix,. and see xxxiv-v).This is a parallel figure of the king's ba, in its guise fitfor the heavens.
know
Portrait
of Menkaura.
early date, obtained for University College, is a cylindrical measure with a loop handle, cut in dark green volcanic ash, or durite. It is fluted around the body, probably copied from a reed on a much enlarged scale. On either side of the handle it is inscribed. It is clearly a standard measure of from Edfu. the temple of Hor-behedet, and was stated by the sellerto have come Another
unique
of object
Lord of Edfu give aU Mfe and health prayer to the hawk-sphinx, The finely simple and bold outline of the seated to the great god Hor u." sphinx shows the early date, and it could hardly be assigned elsewhere than to
On it is a
.
"
Evidently
the Horus
name
space left above the chick, apparently owing part. What names could be intended ? The firstending in u is mezedu Khufu. for In the Vth and Vlth dynasties most names end in kho-u. There is only room one sign possibly extending down before it. sign over the u, and only for a narrow
Sekhem-kho-u
would be possible. There for user, If,however, or neter before the chick. to be room does not seem nefer, it is had been intended, to difficult see the common engraver signs why any very hkely that it was baulked, and waited for instruction. It is far more the was Shepses-ka-ra,
or
Onkh-kho-ra
Merenra
unusual
explicit in the hieratic writing to sign mezed, which was not sufficiently then, probable that this is of Khufu, make sure how it should be cut. It seems, his a part of the general ordering and regulation of the country which was
great work. The contents
20-8 cubic inches ; this was the old Syrian unit, known later by the Greek name of kotula. It is reckoned in metrology as 21 c.i.,the Eg5rptian the examples that we have is 20 8, and in the tomb of actual middle of
are
"
figured averages of the Ilird dynasty, the external volume of the measures 21-1 cubic inches, and, therefore, a httle less internally. Petrie. W, M. Flinders Hesy
'
. .
( 3
THE TO
MAGIC
SKIN. OF
A CONTRIBUTION
THE
STUDY
THE
"
TEKENU."
in a skin, which was drawn on a is the figure of a man wrapped dynasties. The sledge at the funeral, as represented in the Xllth and XVIIIth discussion of the Egyptian examples in follow the second part of this paper will
[The
Tekenu
may
serve
to explain
the rite.
"
F.P.]
true aim of archaeology is to put lifeinto the dry bones of the facts revealed by excavation and research ; to reconstruct the skeletons of ancient customs and ceremonies from the bones of facts unearthed ; to clothe them with flesh, to enable us to appreciate and so by comparing what we are with what we were,
at their true value the possessions, mental, spiritual,and material, which
we
have
inherited,for the benefit of ourselves and posterity. Egyptology has unearthed or less complete, but the bodies many such skeletons of rite and ceremony, more
had ceased to live ages before the reUgious practices had ceased to be performed, and one may well be pessimistic as to whether the ideas and beliefsthat underlay be discovered. But, to use a medical simile, the body of the them will ever
of facts that Egyptologists have at their disposal might well be tested to a derived from ethnological greater extent than is yet being done with the serum research, of which the Golden Bough is a notable example, so that the reactions
mass
knowledge be noted, and more concrete may ideas, beliefs and practices which lay behind. religion and ceremony and may
magic fluid,imparted by the touch of priest, king, and god, and by magical implements, like the ankh, and urhekan, for example, as was as real and vivid a reaUty to the ancient Egyptian the medicine of the African witch-doctor of to-day, known in other verbal guises in various parts It implies some prana,or haraka. supersensual influence of the world as mana,
or
"
"
gained thereby of the genera of The mass of our ideas about the Egypt lifeless are as of ancient and stiffas the sculptures the walls of chapel and temple. We represent them on
"
It is not in itselfpersonal, though it may dwell in persons as well in fighting It lives in the song-words of a spell,it secures success as It has the daily life. benefits in it one can the every walk of who employ and include spirit energy of range in idea of power, might, influence, and may
or
power. things.
character and
world
on
majesty
...
an
immense
reserve
.
draw for good or ill. may which man beliefs." in Indian many religious thought existent and primitive African has man On the West Coast of Africa [it is beUeved that] Similarly : within him It wiU kind of life power called kra : it existed before his birth a
,
.
"
...
aU the activitiesof nature wave, the lightning flash, the strength, cunning and be The dead must lethal characters of lion, leopard, snake, and smallpox. Primitive tribes us appeased with offerings lest he return and injure
.
.
It is behind
working
on
dances to promote
the
growth
and abundance
'
of plant and
(Home
University
Library).
A
2
4 At the
same
The
Magic
Skin,
time, it may well be true that quite early in Eg3:ptian history, the glow of lifehad faded out of reUgious practices : that the ritesperformed by the tribe had become sacerdotal ceremonies, merely dramatic representations illor whose meaning was misunderstood, or even completely lost, the performances being regarded only as mysteries.
It is clear that in primitive society this lifeessence, prana let us call it,was supposed to imbue the sacred person of the totem, whether plant or animal, to The tribe was of animals as well as men ; the men which the tribe belonged. kangaroos danced and leapt, not to imitate kangaroos, but for natural joy
"
.
. .
were
Tribe As belief in magic kangaroos, of the Kangaroo intense desire issuing in the making or being a thing, was once copying of it."i
...
Besides this engine-like up pumping of prana by the kinetic action be brought human it into dance, body sacramentally on the the tribal could of special occasions by the very materialistic and practical method of eating a body prana-filled either the totem animal, or a member of the tribe specially Similarly, it could be imparted to the fieldsfor the devoted for the purpose. benefit of the crops by scattering the chopped fragments or ashes of the burnt When body upon them. the idea of holiness and the concrete belief in the prana would existence of gods materiahsed (godsstillof a very human type),
:
"
"
similarly be transmitted to them, and the material body of the lifedevoted for to be regarded as a sacrificein the ordinary sense the purpose would come of the word. Now the prana with which the sacred body was imbued (the blood being the like be blood, life by as the the the skin of the vehicle would, absorbed stream) in rite and for dramatic dance, The so skin eminently adapted usage sacrifice.
to religious performances, would thus become an important adjunct and could be used to impart prana to the crops by hanging it on a tree or pole, as the com typifying vegetation, or to superintend the growth of the com
ceremony,
examples of ritesperformed with the skin as a vestment. At Hierapolis a worshipper knelt on the skin of a sacrificedsheep, drawing the his own head and shoulders. He prayed as a sheep's head and trotters over more of a sheep.' Similar, and even sheep to the goddess to accept his sacrifice
are
observed by Indian Moslem pilgrims at In fulfilment of a vow on recovery from sickness, has lamb his head, so that the to kid a or over a man, the slain waist, stripped is him. He in How blood flows upon the skin. then wrapped could the be identificationof the man is kid more the with represented graphically ?
a
custom
"
"
subject
The
and
of
our
following rite was at Sohag, Egypt, performed by a Nubian woman It is a form of the Zar," which the narrator learnt on enquiry was Egyptian. is in fulfilment in to a vow a a saint connection with performed of and wish for
"
The
woman,
the
Ritual
vower,
procures
brown
or
black
ram
Jane
Ainus
Harrison,
Ancient
Art and
'
at harvest
' *
Jane Harrison, op. cit., practice with bear skin. p. 90. Frazer, Golden Bough, i, p. 18. with goat skin.
Folklore in the Old Testament,
Frazer, Frazer,
i, p. 414.
The Magic
Skin.
and feeds it 30 or 40 days. She is then purified with henna and cuts her nails. Henna is applied to the ram's brow against the evil eye. At dawn she and her
into a room. A fireis lit in the female assistants, clad in white, bring the ram and, with the aid of her assistants, she rides round the fire middle of tht room, As her bare body, apparently, in contact with the ram. or times, eight nine fire. rides incense on the she she throws
and goes out. The reputed for sanctity then enters, slays the ram, is feet are steeped in the blood, which woman's also smeared on her hands, brow, head, and breast. The assistants feast on the flesh,and the hoofs are tied to the lies hair and are afterwards kept by her. Prior to the feast the woman woman's embowelle on the blood-wet skin of the ram, which the slayer, entering again, had disA
man
As she lies, the others cook the meat, and feast.^ and cut up. The Hausas of Northern Nigeria, whose religious beliefs and practices are shown to have curious affinities with ancient Carthaginian cults, perform skin At the sacrifice to the totem rites,of which the following are examples. animal is he-goat, its killed, blood black buU black tree, failing a or, a the that, and and smeared on the tree, and led by a channel into a hole at the roots of the tree.
The
and the head buried. four other priests,don the hide in turn. round the tree, and eat the flesh.
flesh is eaten
The chief, who is also chief priest,and They and the other worshippers dance
In the worship of the snake totem, a black bull or he-goat was killed,and The meat was the blood spilt on the ground for the snake. eaten by the worshippers, in danced the skin still wet with and the priest-king or priestess round blood. Hag Ali, Tremearne's trusty informer, explained that the skin was worn in order to obtain haraka from it. The king, when his strength fails, is killed and wrapped in the hide of a bull. In other His successor smears himself with the blood.- This is in the North. king is dragged to his grave in the body of a bull, parts the slain (strangled)
the new which has been slain over The practice in Ancient Egypt
king
so
that he is drenched
on of killinga ram Ammon, be fitly mentioned here the on the statue of and placing may skin ii, There is believe to that the skin of a goat, the aegis reason (Herodotus p. 42). of Pallas-Athene, was similarly placed on her statue, and Haj Ali's explanation
cases.
in the terrible ancient similarly imparted to the new god-man killing flaying man the the ritual,after who had represented the and of godhead, and been previously and similarly imbued with the divine spirit.* Similarly, priests dressed themselves in the skins of slaves, sacrificed to the
as the incarnate god.^ These cases god of fire,and were worshipped are all of the same category as the Hierapolis ritt before-mentioned. Examples have now been given of the use of the mystic skin to impart its statues of gods, and deifiedliving men, and one can readily powers to crops, men,
Mexican
thoughts turned to gods above them, they should appreciate how, when men's have sent them prana to fortify and restore them by sacrifice of the prana-chaxged man beast. or sacred creature,
'
" ' *
Wakefield, Tremearne,
Tremearne,
Cairo
Ban Hausa
Feb.
1911.
Frazer, Golden
Bough,
"
6
The
reason
The Magic
Skin,
for stuffingthe skin, and placing the animal in a plough or field The spiritbeast of crops, or placing them about the tomb, is also clear enough. imparts his blessing to the fieldsor mystically ploughs it.
In Transylvania, at Ascensiontide, the village girls dress up the a threshed-out sheaf of corn as a girl, with a broom-stick for arms. is stripped and thrown into the river by boys.
"
"
Death
"
"
The Death
girl dresses in the discarded clothes and they go through the village in procession, singing the hymn with which they had brought out the Death : Death the girl is a resuscitated death." " We should rather say that the name rite fate. its The a misnomer, through confusion of the dummy was victim with seems closely alliedwith the Mexican practice above described, the dress playing
A
"
the part of the skin. from an ancient A trace of a magic skin with powers of a diffused kind comes The Dream In Celtic source, Mabinogion Wales. one the tales, the of of of Rhonabwy," the hero enters a ruined hall, and finding rest impossible on the
"
and comfortless straw mattress, eventually liesdown on the old yellow it for before the smoking fire on the hearth, a main calf privilege was -skin There he has a series of wonderful anyone that should get upon that hide." verminous
"
prophetic dreams. Examples will be next given where the virtue of the skin is of a less diffused kind. If the prana is absorbed by several persons at once this wUl naturally be
regarded as with this
a made become
one
rather, the skin could readily be employed object.A number of such rites are given by Frazer.'- The Scythians They all by treading upon the hide of a slaughtered ox. covenant
a
bond
of brotherhood,
or,
"
subanother : treading the hide is a stitute by in it." Pacts for wrapping were a man made similarly completely in The idea between two halves two. body the walking of the of an animal cut behind this appears to be brotherhood through ritual birth by passage through with the animal and with
one
the body
killa cow or mare, a child is bom, lay in the the the cut open and stomach, and child stiU warm receptacle. feast A The tribe on the rest of the animal. variant of this custom is,to catch or a mare colt, hold it upright with lassoes, split the animal open, extracting
remove
of the animal. The following example of a ritual rebirth The Patagonian Indians sometimes, when
seems
to be totemistic.
the heart, and place the child in the cavity whUe the body is stillquivering. in the future. fine horseman The motive is to ensure a the child becoming It is a piece of sympathetic magic designed to endow the child with equine
"
the same embodying An analogous skin rite is performed, before circumcision, by the Kikuyu, who call it being bom again, or born of a goat. A goat is kUled and a circular piece of the skin is passed over one shoulder and under the arm of the child to be The reborn. The other shoulder is similarly treated with the goat's stomach. mother, or woman acting the part, sits on a hide with the child between her knees ; she and the child being bound about, together, with the guts. She groans
'
'
as
Harrison,
"
Testament,
The Magic
as
Skin.
J
the navel string, and
as
though it were
new-born goat. in assuming that the use of the skin replaced the employment of the body, with all its unsavoury accompaniments, among races rite became latter being as more besides a the they the practising skin refined ; much handier way of performing it. The strip of skin clearly takes the place of the whole hide in the following Galla custom. It is customary for childless couples to adopt children. The real parents reUnquish all claim to the child. An ox is killed,the blood smeared the chUd's brow, some of the fat is placed upon with portions of the skin.^
on
further stage of the development of the rebirth rite, from which the element is eliminated, is the form practised in India by persons of high sacrificial as an The sufferer has rank expiation or cleansing from ceremonial impurity.
to pass through
the golden figure of a woman as though in parturition.'or cow in the case reported a a vessel in the shape of a lotus (containing or a large pot representing consecrated mixture of products from the sacred cow),^ is, or was, in India the womb, an as employed expiation for caste pollution in (pp. note below), which the person was sealed up for a prescribed time.'' A
Instead of
cow
was tub fUled with fat and water, in which a man sat with clenched fists, similarly in India he by before as a employed purification could return simulated re-birth to his family after being given up as dead : that is,no doubt, after ghost-laying
ceremonies had been performed against him in his absence. A large number less graphic, are or of other re -birth performances, more Frazer in by in one this the given part of work question, of which must be quoted in conclusion of this section, as the development in excelsis of the principle,
'
a man since by means of it,in conjunction with certain sacrifices, become to a god for the time being." thereby After being sprinkled with water he feigned to be an embryo
was
supposed
up in
'
hut
(the womb)
"
and was shut A white robe and black antelope skin typified the inner
Frazer,
tribes had
to Arabia
the kidskins," p. 6 seq. In this chapter Frazer discusses Gallas, the and regarding the similarity of their usages to those in direction of indicating that elements the of these go which near the north-east coast of Africa (and,therefore, were enough
"
by Semitic customs, if not of similar origin to the Arabians) have been may equally to support the suggestion, that such customs or to both, in the distant that they developed out of usages common
past.
Frazer, op. cit.,ii,p. 35. It was in the eighteenth century performed by two Brahmins defiled themselves by going to England. the body The of a who passing through in cow Travancore, was as 1894 by as the Maharajah of accordance colossal performed recently had
to attain high caste by rebirth : the family being by birth low caste (I.e.). with custom, The in the figure of a cow. Cp. Herodotos, ii,p. 129. Mycerinus' daughter entombed however, detailed was above. rather that of the Galla and Kikuyu practice
* 2
object, '
That
Used
by
Maharajah of
Travancore
in 1854.
Kikuyu,
or
man
'
in North Frazer,
figure is a refinement of a practice similar to the Patagonian, probable by the fact that for fancied or real pollution a child legs (p.39). India is passed, or crawls to and fro, through a real cow's fully. Rites of rebirth
were
where this interesting rite is given more Greece celebrated with the same object. ' Frazer, op. cit.,p. 32. It is called the diksha (v. also Moret, in ancient
Mystires).
A4
The Magic
Skin.
outer membranes respectively, and a belt the navel-string. He kept his By fistsclenched, and ifhe moved it was because a child moved in the womb. his natural body, he acquired a new these observances, besides and he by became birth body new a with superhuman glorified powers
and
"
...
...
god." To summarise
our
conclusions.
Rites
are,
or
were,
of adapting, to human of animals with the objects force we (which magic call prana)which the animal being
one
a
performed with the skins needs, the inherent vital possesses by virtue of its
or or else a sacred animal (probably the latter implies the former), is immanent in for Prana devoted things, specially sacrificial slaughter. all but the lifeprinciple is especially rich in it a sacred or devoted lifeeminently The blood and skin are vehicles of it, especially convenient to manipulate so.
totem
"
benefit the gods by supplying and apply in any desired direction. Man can it for them with through sacrifice, the restoration of their energies. Through the body it may be of general benefit to the wearer on the skin worn ; it can imbue him with its own divine nature and power, or bind him in brotherhood through it to the persons who are in contact with it at the same time. It can impart its dead by to man a the the contact with corpse. The benefits of virtue spiritof regeneration and purificationby virtue of the prana can be achieved by simulating physical birth from the body of a sacred animal, or the quaUties of an animal be imparted to a human being by simulated birth from it. This is done by can
simulacrum of the animal, with The same or a skin of the animal. end can be appropriate rites and adjuncts, but, in by development as an the this at womb, stage of achieved embryo acting is to the form of same the the the the element, potent applies rite, and ritual of employing
or
of the animal,
simulacrum of a body is used. At any rate, the materiahstic or utilisationof prana is not evident : if anything, this virtue is drawn down Lastly, deity by human from on a the the the effect soul of ritual. attracted
be counteracted by a rite of rebirth, if the soul in funerary ceremonial can fact, in is,in body is dead and the still the flesh. Virtually, the man's question is performed to benefit his soul. This is the nearest we ceremony get to rites of rebirth performed for the benefit of laid before the reader.
a
Thomas.
(To he continued.)
CUSTOMS
AND
SUPERSTITIONS WITH
PREGNANCY
a race
OF
THE
EGYPTIANS CHILD-BIRTH.
CONNECTED
AND
conservative. During a period of more but few changes. They than sixty centuries, the essential type has undergone stillretain those distinctive traits of physiognomy, and peculiaritiesof manner the testimony of their monuments and custom, which united and the literatureof the past reveal to us as characteristic of their ancestors. Among the customs which have been handed down and preserved in this The Egyptians
are as
eminently
interesting than those which surround the birth of a child. I believe to be identical with those which were observed in ancient times, and so have suffered no material change since the earliest days of Egypt's history, remaining unaltered among all the vicissitudes of fortune which the
more we cannot centuries. Though experienced in the coxu'se of so many trace the origin of each particular custom, and explain the meaning of always many practices and observances of to-day, we may safely attribute their obscurity
nation
a part of the apparently meaningless character to the fact that they were primitive rehgion of the Ancient Egyptians, and have only become inexplicable since the rehgion itselfbecame obsolete. Following the natural order, then, I will deal firstwith pregnancy, giving a
and
brief account
of the system of hygiene and general treatment which is reliedupon during this period ; and will then devote my attention in greater detail to the treatment adopted during confinement, which forms the main subject of my I shall lay stress on the points which have an archaeological interest, paper. and
or
only mention in passing those of a purely medical consequence. In those places in which the harem system is stiU duly observed in Egypt, in the houses of the lower middle class, or in those of the country, the male
at aU to do with the pregnant
It is not until woman. in to treat the that the positively endangered physician steps case, has only sprung up in quite recent times, with the this custom and even increasing beliefin the efficacy of medical science. In spread of knowledge and Cairo and the other towns there are many well-known accoucheurs who have than they can do ; but in earned a great deal of reputation and they find more her hfe becomes
the country, the old Except when a serious case of stilldominate. prejudices this kind presents itself, through the whole the entire responsibilityof the woman is by There the midwife. are period undertaken at present two orders of midwives. attached well taught.
'
to the Government
the graduates of the School of Nurses, and midwives School of Medicine. These are well educated and called hakimahs, feminine of hakim, which is the popular
are
The
of subject
on
the
Egyptian
writer
Government
recent
first treated in 1904, and published in the Records of this article was School literally copied by a Medicine, Vol. ii. It was almost of The the Copts. antiquarian present version of it is written from an
not
point of view
and
from
medical
one.
lO
Customs and
of
a
Superstitions.
It is a misnomer, because they are really no more than ones, traditional that are The the ordinary midwives. second order of midwives keep up the old state of things. They usually learn their art from their mothers, in their neighbourhood, and then, women and old relatives,practise it on some before they can be recognised by the Government, they pass a most perfunctory from the sort of examination in order to obtain a licence. They usually come
term
medical
man.
and Lower
Egypt,
they reign
hear of the midwives of Egjrpt in Exodus i, when they were asked by to them is to kill all male children of the Israehtes. The name given in the Coptic version called ct)eqeuecio, from the verb euocio, to deUver. The common term in Arabic for the ordinary accoucheuse of the second order is We Pharaoh
ibLs
the
dSyah.
The
classicalterm hold
is ^\i, qab'l^h.
a strong belief about the changes which take place in woman, the system of pregnant and their effectsupon the unborn child. The health and appearance of the coming offspring is thought to depend is brought into contact before deUvery, upon the objects with which the woman The sight of a beautiful face, which has three months. especially during her first
The
Egyptians
nervous
goes far to guarantee the birth of a for which the mother has shown a fondness before comely child ; and any object A delivery tends to be reproduced in shape or form upon her child's body. her first three months, and woman who had had a longing for apples during to have to birth a was to was them, child with a growth of unable get said given been
habitually looked at by
the
woman,
who had trained reddish colour, not unhke an apple. In a second case, a woman an ape during her pregnancy, was said to have been delivered of a child of an A similar belief may perhaps be traced back amongst the ape-like appearance. in Genesis xxx, Jewishnation by a reference to the similar occurrences recorded has formulated the law that 38, 40, 41, and xxxi, 10. Thus the custom all for." long have live they women what pregnant should comfortably, and should
a
"
In this way has arisen the practice of giving to a woman any kind of food or drink that she demands during her period of pregnancy, in order to avoid the risk I have upon her infant's body. of reproducing the shape of the desired
object
ladies of good position who during their whole about with them the picture of a beautiful child, at looking, believing that this practice would ensure features in their own offspring. This belief is not a
known
period of pregnancy carried constantly which they were the reproduction of similar peculiarity of the Egyptian
Certain cases are women not attributed to any nation. of barrenness among disease, or physical defect in the generative organs of the female ; hence it is to be The causes are considered absurd to consult a physician in such cases. Certain kinds the ancient coins, whether of coins, particularly sought elsewhere.
Greek, in fact any gold jewel that is made of what they call Venetian by female 24 if on a visit to a friend in confinement worn a carat gold, gold, to stop impregnation. The same are supposed effect is produced on the confined Roman
or
or
woman
if the visitor should chance to see a funeral or dead body on her way to her friend'shouse, or have about her any old relic, as ancient Pharaonic amulets, In all these cases barrenness results. have been herself recently confined. or Such condition, when it arises,is not, of course, to be treated by ordinary human methods, but must be assailed by remedies of the same nature as the objects it. to Relics those which caused the mischief, caused and coins similar
which
Customs and
Superstitions.
it
ifpossible the
be taken and soaked in water for a certain length hours ; the infusion thus produced is to be drunk of time, usually twenty-four by the patient. If the cause were the sight of a funeral or a dead body, then the lias been woman thus affected by her friend has to visit the cemeteries or who dead bodies or parts of corpses. They often request mortuaries and step across
same ones,
must
special permission
rooms
This
if^li*^, and
woman
thus affected
is spoken of
as
The
must
word
comes
month,
and, unless I
not
much
mistaken,
The whole superstition,in fact, refer to the monthly periods of a woman. isbased on the idea that if a woman is losing face, another who is confined causes her the harm. The superstition is absolutely indigenous, and I have looked for
or
the neighbouring nations of Syria, Palestine, any traces of it amongst the Sudan, in vain. In the dictionaries of the Arabic language the word meshahrah does not possess this sense.
or
it
by old women reason prescribed for the same of by A worn are them. those experience, and obediently who consult pregnant by the smell of any pungent substance, such as lime woman may also be injured in process of slaking, carboUc acid, assafcetida,garUc roasted in butter, and so on.
Charms
and
amulets
are
odours are supposed to be obnoxious to any open wound, and when is at once put down to the fact that infection takes place in any wound the cause These
same
has smelt." Justas in the ancient times people were very curious to know the sex of the coming offspring, so do they nowadays methods adopt almost exactly the same as described in the ancient Medical papyri, such as Ebers Papyrus, the Berlin, the Magical Papyrus of London and Leyden, etc. The methods are so similar that the wound
I need not As
"
feltthe midwife arrives,and brings soon are her is to sit while she is in labour. the chair on which the pregnant woman with This chair is a sort of stool, with the seat hollowed out from the front in the form of a half-circle. Two upright rods are fixed, one at each corner of the front
to grasp when she bears edge of the seat, and these act as supports for the woman down during the second stage of labour. These chairs are sometimes decorated, tunately, and they differ in their make according to the position of the family. Unforin they are disappearing quickly in Cairo and other central towns Egypt with the advance of modern methods of medicine, but in the country they are stillvery usual. This method of delivery is extremely ancient, and we find
it adopted is common
same
dynasty. since at least the XVIIIth half-civihsed people in Africa and elsewhere.^
manner
It
do not, unfortunately, speak of any ordinary monuments instances. In the delivery, but cases there are many of the miraculous ones of story written in the Westcar papyrus- the birth of the firstthree kings of the Vth dynasty is described. Also in the series of inscriptions and pictures at Deir
Vol. xiii,p. 213. de I'Egypte, Description Marchen des Papyrus Westcar, Plate X, p. 7 Maspero, Contes populaires(4thEd.), p. 38.
'
The
Larrey,
"^
Erman,
Die
; Plate XI,
1. 3, pp. 62-65 ;
12
Customs and
Superstitions.
El Bahri.i at Luxor,^ which depict the birth of Hatshopsitou and Amenhotep III, both directly descended from Amen Also himself. certain pictures of the Late Period depict the birth of the Sun or other deities. From these documents one of certain data which are precise enough, and which The other enlighten greatly about the ordinary methods of accouchements. data found in the Medical Papyri' and the Magical ones* contain a great deal for our instruction.
can us
can
In the earliest times the chair had not yet, apparently, been in use. One easily suspect this, as M. Jequier says,^ from the determinative of the words
"^^
"
woman
signify
on
The
the helping
women
around The
her.
use
of the chair,however, must have been very early,and itsdevelopment in the Bulletin,T. XIX, 1921, p. 39. and evolution isdescribed by M. Jequier Apparently
the most
the
word used.
was
~^
which Ij'^,
was
commonly
^JoI^TT
called
Tceuici,
Coptic i.
come
was
an
word
from
found.
^ ^^^ J] [ji
Q'^ilN
which
has not
yet
been
In
(sing ]lt^).^
interfereswith the progress of affairs, and leaves She simply sitssquatting in front of her patient
"
and invokes the aid of all the saints of which she knows, that they may intervene b' ^^ ^'"'^ ^''^^''^ Uaxlil ^j and facihtate the labour, ^ "iU^ ^ dy 31 w^P*"." 3nt*'yn3 m'n O Lady Kahla, deliver us from this difficulty."
^\s^^\
"
While the patient is uttering cries and shrieks in the severity of her pains, all the members of her family sitround sympathising with her in her suffering. When
the child is born the patient is transferred to her bed. If the course of labour, however, be prolonged in any way, by weakness or any other cause, hot stimulant drugs are administered, which are mostly decoctions was So was it in the olden times, treatment applied in of cinnamon or crocus. the form of external application to the lower part of the abdomen in the form of injections, or ovules to be introduced in the patient.
' "
or
internally
All sorts of
Deir Le
El Bahari.
Plates
XLVI-LV. Monuments,
CCCXL-CCCXLI
"
Plates
Med. No.
Ebers.
Plate XCIII,
Pap. Med.,
Pelrie Papyri, Plates V, VI, pp. 7-11 ; Pap. Ebers, pp. 169-173) ; translation of Joachim,Papyrus 1921, of Berlin, etc., see the Bulletin de Vlnstitut Fran";ais, T. XIX,
;
Griffith. The
the (cf.
Recueil de Mon.
Bulletin, Exod.
of this word
is
"
It might
be cognate
to
]1M, "stone"
by
also
Medical
Journal, 1908,
September,
Customs
and
Superstitions.
13
used, viz. : salt,honey, onions, oil,incense, mint, wine, even pieces material were in Hot drinks were as tortoises Just also scarabs.^ olden administered. of and incantations diseased breasts for were times medicines and utilised and milk,
are also adopted. is placed in her bed and thus the first is born woman the the child In the morning the midwife proceeds to perform the operation night is passed. This is done by raising the child'seyelids and painting of opening the eyes." so
nowadays As soon
the
same
means
as
"
solution of coal-tar
^^,
and
with
kohl.
There
are
many
burning incense and as an The soot obtained in this way being very soft is employed eyepaint, the is black. to use the eyes constant supposed colour of which is Leaves of to special treatment. On the third day the woman subjected
kinds of kohl, but that used for children is made up by almonds or nuts, and collecting the soot that is formed.
sanioninica Coptic,
(Ar.
^om+ Ij;),
are
boiled
together in water, and a decoction is prepared therefrom ; with this are administered hot douches, hip baths, and stupes. is supposed The next point to be considered is the diet. A puerperal woman firstly, for the loss of to compensate blood, etc., which she has sustained, and secondly, to fortifyher system and assist the secretion of milk for the nourishment of her baby. However poor the woman
to be
abundantly
purposes,
may be, she has to provide herself with one chicken at least for each of the first three days of her confinement ; should she be better off, she is kept almost exclusively to a chicken diet during the firstten or twelve days. Wine is given Another very common but important article to nearly every puerperal woman.
of diet is a sort of pudding made with bread cooked in treacle and the seeds of Helbah. It is the Trigonella Foenum indigenous plant named very common Graecum.
It is named
in Coptic
niA.\i,-
and is supposed
to be called^
"c="
in
It belongs to the group of bitter stomachics, but is reputed ancient Egyptian. to be a nervine tonic, restoring health to the exhausted patient. Another most important drug that is used is made from the powdered root of a certain plant known
in Arabic by the
"
name
of tulLc.
Mugat."
The only
name
I could find to
to
it in scientific language
is the French
Grenadier Sauvage.
It is indigenous
Arabia, and
JiliSl
.
with
j_"_,\ji^
or
"compound
Nigella cloves,
Ju=^, Ceratonia
siliqua caroube,
^i^.^J], cinnamon,
nutmeg, and various other drugs of the aromatic series are often butter is first mixed with it. The preparation is made as follows : a quantity of is in it, then some are mixed with it,and mughat crushed nuts roasted melted and the whole well cooked together ; lastly,water is added, sweetened with sugar, and the mixture
' *
up and
be replaced
L, pp. 4-22.
p. 61,
\Ibid., p. 61.
rI4
Customs and
Superstitions.
sesame oil or dispensed with altogether. It has the consistency of a jelly brownish-yellow colour, with a delicious aromatic odour and taste. of It may be noticed that this preparation is drunk not only by the confined but also by all her visitors. woman, Mughat," as a decrepit old midwife
with
a
"
informed
"
me,
sohdifiesthe liquefiedbones of
i^S" is also very commonly
puerperal
woman."
A decoction
of hot caraway
used.
women
A
Haldwdh
is given to puerperal
.
is known
as
the
Mefattaqah .UDLLci.i^-
or
the
"
composite sweets."
It consists of
the powdered extract of forty kinds of odoriferous plants, mostly of the species I shall make the study of these forty drugs the of the bitter stomachics. subject of
or a
These
them
are
rocisted in
sesame
oil
i^
treacle strig),
liberally, and the whole is eaten with the greatest rehsh. Women of experience have to be called in to prepare this dish, for it requires great skill to obtain the correct flavour which makes it so rich and delicious. When made with black treacle it is of a dark greenish-black colour and
very thick, and of a rich and agreeable taste. This halawah or electuary is usually eaten with
a
honey
kumagah
^^^l^
which
is made
ornamented
sesame.
with
layer of honey
i^
^
and
butter
(or oil
if the
in a fasting occur patient be a Copt and the puerperum season). halawah kumagah^ The are usually distributedin small quantities to friends and and
near
.-^-j)
relatives, and
are
highly appreciated.
kishk" 'sauce, are Before closing this and flour (cJjli). also eaten. it may be mentioned that it is customary part of the subject among the Copts large quantities of wine to drink, a stimulating to give to a confined woman
milk
treatment
which
now
may
to
We
come
or
the Lelet-elSubi't'^,
^)X^\ aLjJ
.
To
the fete is never really held on the seventh day, except very rarely. Most often it is to the tenth, fifteenth,or even to the fortieth day. Among the adjourned rich,especially those who have few children, this night is kept as a great festival;
a
splendid banquet is served, musicians are hired, and the occasion resembles a us is the treatment wedding feast. But what chiefly concerns which the mother hands babe The the the of midwife. and receive at seventh night is the first is bath, unless he be the offspringof syphilitic occasion on which the child given a he is not touched with water until the end of his firstyear. case in The water which the child is washed is not to be thrown away, but is kept in a K the child is not weished, the pot pot, j.ji".\ glazed earthemware jyr^
parents, in which
"
'
Greek
This word does not exist in the Arabic look about it, and from come may
dictionaries.
an
It hcis
an
absolutely Coptic
*KOTUAAO"e,
or or
original *KOUOxe,
Kovfieya ? ?
'
I have
never
met
with
it.
as a
The
plate, chicken
saying, in speaking
of
as a
("\^.(.\ ^ji
"
Customs and
is filled with water is placed
an
Superstitions.
15
girl. In either case the vessel in question is decorated with the usual insignia of the respective sexes. Thus the ahriq is adorned with a tarbush and watch and chain, and the qullah with a headkerchief, Round the rim of the pot are stuck three candles,^ which are earrings,and so on.
a
In the centre of the pot piece of soap is lathered. big ahriq, JLijI (a washing pot, a copper vessel commonly used infant is if boy, a or a the the hands), (theordinary qullah,^
a
in which
")djj
if it be water)
lighted simultaneously. The parents and friends choose three names, and each for At a name. the the the candle stands evening end of candle which burns
longest gives its name This custom to the newborn chUd. may be traced to an Hat-hors'' that were ancient Egyptian mythological origin. The seven supposed
candles. herself the night midwife provides with small quantities of com and cereals of every kind, wheat, maize, peas, beans, lentils,and others, nuts, in the pot. Another and places a portion of each, together with some is into a small pillow, with the help of the instrument stuffed portion with which the cord is severed, and on this pillow the child must sleep until he has grown old On the
same
seven
This is purely magical to protect the child name. enough to distinguish his own from the evil spirits and to prevent his being exchanged by some evil spirit for A third portion is tied up in a piece of cloth and placed a measly, feeble baby.* under the pillow on which the mother rests her head. In the morning of the eighth day the child is taken from his bed and placed
in
large sieve
(^^^S), and
shaken
as just
remove
the
pebbles from it. (SeeAncient Egypt, 1915, p. 88.) A large brass pestle and mortar are then placed by the child'shead, and the midwife takes the pestle in her hand and makes with it a loud ringing sound as if she were crushing As she makes this"noiseshe mutters a sentence in the something in the mortar. Hear thy father's orders," says the midwife, wielding the ear of the child : dust and
"
Follow thy mother's advice," she continues, and the mortar rings again under her blows. Then the mother is directed to step three times her child as he liesin the sieve. over
pestle vigorously.
"
The abriq or qullah is next taken out of the pot, and the water found in the latter is sprinkled over Sometimes a boiled egg is the threshold of the room. in is to to the the pot eat. Each of the guests given oldest person placed and in in to the tries to snatch some the pot, giving return a piece of money of the nuts midwife, and places what she has captured in her purse for luck. A very interesting
procession then follows. All the children in the house are gathered together, holding in their hands lighted candles. In front of the procession walks the midwife, holding the child to her bosom, and carrying a quantity of cereals
and
common
salt in
piece of cloth.
The
the
room
in
The word is Coptic word x^OA "dj the into Arabic unchanged. ' The seven, original number of candles was Christian influence it has still so ; but through
'
'
KAAe,
"ci"
and
has
passed
it is
Maspero, Marasmatic
Contes
Le Prince populaires
Predestine.
are
"
congenitally by
specific,are
believed by
been
changed
Ljji^. the^spirits,
16
Customs and
place. All the
Superstitions.
company
chant
in quaint
Arabic
the
thy hands and thy feet,a golden ring in thine ears, mayst thou Uve and rear thy offspring." This hymn is, of course, addressed to the infant child. In in the building, and the midwife sprinkles this way the procession visits every room When the round is completed the child is returned to the grains in every room.
"
With
the mother, and so ends the ceremony. between So far there is no difference in the adoption of these customs Egyptians, and except for occasional mention Christians and Mohammedan of one the names cannot tell of saints, and the use of certain Christian names, the difference. There is no doubt those customs from the Copts.
Cairo whatever that the Mohammedans but adopted
never
Circumcision amongst the Copts in Upper Egypt is common, it is the rule. Mohammedans or large cities. Amongst
in
Baptism
follows
on
canons
the twentieth day for boys and the fortieth for girls, of the Church, but it is often delayed through negU-
Dr. Late
Geo.
P. G. Sobhy,
School Ainy
Senior Assistant Professor of Anatomy, El of Medicine ; Physician, Kasr Hospital ; Lecturer in Medicine, School of Medicine.
17
REVIEWS.
and
was
at the beginning
recorded.]
Hrozny.
Part I,
Das
pp. 216.
Getreide im 1914.
alien Bdbylonien.
By
Dr.
Friedrich
(Vienna.)
Hrozny's brilliant researches,
our
Thanks
to Dr.
knowledge From
of cereal conditions
"
has passed beyond guesswork. Aramaic annotations ideograms SE knew, BAR indeed, we that the tablets cuneiform and SE PAT, in later for barley. Such was times, stood the abyss of ignorance, which occurred however, an that even absurd suggestion found support that the ideogram
on
"
in Babylonia
GUGAL
mean was
to be of American maize, though maize is known origin. Babylonia has been deplorable more the since ancient all to be the home of the cultivation of grain. The importance
is manifest from the mass of Babylonian records which are concerned with the revenue and expenditure of temples and palaces and with taxes and leases. Whilst silver was used as currency for purchases by Babylonians, taxes, were the rents and wages mainly paid in field produce, yet particularly in the older periods, hence the frequent mention of varieties of grain in cuneiform texts. (Inthis connection it is interesting to note that, in spite of in kind cannot be conto the contrary, the stage of pure commerce statements firmed by the cuneiform texts, as the oldest documents mention silverand copper
as
payment
media.) The
most
numerous
contributed
In such departments cultivated in Egypt. of archaeology, Assyriology is far behind Egyptology, and even these finds date to the latest period, and have not been investigated botanically. The author appeals to all explorers to pay heed to the vegetable remains in graves, store-houses, clay bricks, etc., as being of He also directs attention to with records and monuments. equal importance the varieties now cultivated or growing wild in the Euphrates land, and quotes brought Glaser, who back some ears of grain from South Arabia, which enabled Dr. Hrozny sets out to ascertain which kinds Komicke to identify it as Emmer. and Akkadians), cultivated by the ancient Babylonians (Sumerians of grain were Assyrians, importance the these also grains and their utilisation. and relative of Furthermore, he surveys the cereal conditions of the whole ancient East in connection with those of Babylonia, and discusses, with all due caution, the problem of the home of the varieties of grain from the Assyriological standpoint. The second portion of this (the the numerous cereal products first) volume concerns been translated Babylonia beers, have names the not (flours, of of which
etc.),
hitherto by those working on the inscriptions. The results of these researches are embodied in a glossary, in which for the time being, at any rate, numerous on the queries have to be inserted. There is also an appendix by Dr. Frimmel identification of seeds, and the chemico-botanical methods utihsed in the examination was Dr. Hrozny's preliminary work pubhshed in of carbonised specimens.
B
18
Reviews. hist. Klasse d. Kais. Akademie der Wissenschafien (1909, phil. in interpretations his were 1910, Nos. 5 and 26), the main accepted and
=
by his fellow experts. Confirmation of his conclusion that the ideogram GIG of Murashui wheat was given by the Clay Inscription : Business Documents Museum, Penns., The Sons, of Nippur, dated in the reign of Darius II (Univ. of
No. 69, where the ideogram Se GIG-BA Publ. of the Babyl. Section II/l, 1912), is in Aramaic an (identical with GIG) marginal note by the Aramaic (?) rendered word for wheat. Dr. Hrozny
shows
ZIZ
or
ZIZ-A-AN,
that next in importance in Babylonia after barley was dicoccum Schr.) by {Triticum with Emmer which he identifies with been
the presence of the Akkadian (Semitic-Babylonian) annotation kundSu, kiimuUlui has Hitherto, he kunndthd. Aramaic the juxtaposes which
rendered as Emmer
is an ancient variety of wheat, now dicoccum Schr.) [Triticum in that the grains little cultivated. It differsfrom wheat {Triticum vulgare)
"
"
but
are
dressing process at the not freed from the glumes by threshing, but require a in Southern Germany, Switzerland, is before It mill milling. still cultivated
Belgium, It
was
France, Spain,
Italy, Southern
Hungary,
Serbia, Greece
and
Russia.
; cultivated in Neolithic times in Europe, and by the Greeks and Romans Egypt, Persia, in in Asia Minor, Palestine East, the ancient also cultivated in ancient India Syria, Babylonia, Arabia and Abyssinia, but was unknown and be China. later The explicable by ethnological supremacy and of wheat may
Some remains of the once movements. remain widely-spread culture of Emmer in the East to this day. This variety is stillcultivated in Abyssinia, Southern In Arabia, Luristan (Persia) with the circumstance and Egypt.
conjunction
that Spelt has not yet been proved with certainty in the East, the fact of the shows that we are right in recognising the ancient present cultivation of Emmer It is also very important that Aaronsohn, Eastern grain as Emmer, not Spelt. the director of the JewishAgricultural Experimental Station at Haifa, found wild Emmer
[T. dicoccum
var.
dicoccoides Asch.
and
Gr.)in
Palestine and
Syria,
wild barley. kinds three of grain are mentioned throughout the entire literature is possible by means from the earliesttimes. Their identification of the numerous In first finds from Coptic names. the the and place, barley was prehistoric
generally in
with conjunction
In Egypt,
cultivated. four-rowed
barley.
were
The
Egyptians
called barley
(1
black barley
differentiated. Srt
prepared, also seems also beer were in ancient Egyptian cereals place tricoccUm This word The Schiibl.).
has been
to be barley.
was
by Emmer
is
as *
{T.dicoccum
.--^
,
Schr.
var.
old Egyptian
bdt, Coptic
BtDxe.
Herodotos
fe"i,which, according to archaeological finds, can only be of oXvpa, or White, red and black bdt were Emmer. differentiated. In distinction to barley Emmer Schweinfurth was the Upper Egyptian com, called Lower Egyptian com.
Reviews.
19
into Egypt in the V-VIth millennium places the introduction of barley and Emmer B.C., as Legrain found these grains with contracted burials at Silsileh without trace bronze. In or has found been in Egyptian of copper addition, wheat graves duruiA {Triiicum Desf. and Triticum
GOTO.
turgidum Red
and
L.).
white
The
sivt
Egyptian
were
name
was
^,
In
swt,
Coptic
differentiated.
Ptolemaic
background
(Emmer) receded further and further into the oXvpa influence, its place was Greek to taken by nrvpo^, wheat. and, owing
times
soon took up more than half of Egyptian cultivation ; in the second place far smaller extent, and last came to barley, a came oXvpa, Emmer. KptOrj In Imperial Roman was times, Emmer practically suppressed ; the papyri and was never "7rvp6"; of this period only mention and Kpidrj. That Emmer occurs there, if but wholly supplanted in Egypt is proved by the fact that it still var. tricoccum rarely only (var. farrum ?). and
Wheat
ostraca
cultivated principally wheat barley ; both are named about equally often (30times) A third grain of kussemeth, which is named was three times only. The LXX ancient Canaan 6\vpa by ?ea. As these Greek words translates this word twice by and once
The
Old Testament
shows
and
always been translated as Spelt, kussemeth was also translated in the same It has, however, been shown to be Emmer. identificationrests The new way. fact on on the Egyptian finds of Emmer, the that the ancient and ascertained is confirmed by the meaning important by Aaronsohn in Palestine and Syria (see above). in the Old Testament One of the three passages in which Emmer is mentioned for the gives valuable information on Babylonian grain, and furnishes a source cultivated Emmer, find of wild Emmer
not
had
Egyptians
Spelt.
This
grain conditions of the Babylonians other than the cuneiform texts. According to Ez. iv, 9, the prophet Ezekiel (who was led into captivity into Babylonia in the time of Nebuchadnezzar II, 604-561 by Jahveh to put was B.C.) enjoined into a vessel and make bread wheat, barley, beans, lentils,millet and Emmer From in the Old Testament, it the rarity of the mention of Emmer therefrom. may be concluded that the Hebrews cultivated this grain to a slight extent only. The case may have been very different in still Tale of Sinuhe older times : the
"
"
hdt, grew in the fertileland of Yaa, which was records that barley, at, and Emmer, in Palestine, Sinuhe and which somewhere received from the prince 'Ammiensi. The group of signs ZIZ-A-AN in the name or ideogram occurs of a month ZIZ-A-AN, the name arah which was of the eleventh month, corresponding times. The suggestion that likely as the ideogram is month all the more KUD, harvest month," contains a grain of the following month arah SE KIN It is com, Emmer barley). sign (SE, strange that the month should precede the harvest month, as Emmer ; possibly ripens later than barley (Exodusix, 31 f)
to
February
"
in New
Babylonian
" "
means
Emmer
the grain
was
harvested
as
green
corn.
of a month after the grain would In Egypt, also, a Ancient East. the month Tybi bore the
name
Were other proofs wanting, the naming in the alone show the importance of Emmer Emmer : was month apparently called after
sf.
"
bdt.
Erman
states
that
this
once word occurs only, in the calendar of the Ebers Papyrus, as a popular name in place of the later Tybi, meaning probably, the wheat swells," and certainly
"
"
not
strength of wheat
(Brugsch).
B 2
20
Reviews.
lonia the second most important grain in Egypt and Babyname, alike : in both countries it was called by the same which in all Egyptian A in influence on Babylonia. Babylonian strong probability originated
was
Not only
Emmer
bu-tuwas agriculture is thus indicated. The Semitic rendering of ZIZ-A-AN According Thus bututtu be Emmer or a thereof. ut-tun. must also product to another record, bututtu was (Emmer) by pounding, prepared from ZIZ-A-AN so between half-product a that it was the probably grain and the flour, most probably the grain freed from chaff. It is very important to find this Babylonian in the old Egyptian name The ancient Egyptian word bdt, Coptic bm"t";. d corresponds to the Semitic d and t ; the word may well have been pronounced botet, and would thus be completely identicalwith the Akkadian bututtu. Another instance of the passage of a word from East to West, from Syria (Babylonia ?)to Egypt, may be furnished by the possible derivation of the Egyptian word for
Emmer
bread
which,
according
was
"c:r"
to
Herodotus,
(
"
was or
prepared
from
oXvpa.
The
name
of this bread
),
krst
to
n
1^
klst; it is not
traceable
before the time of Seti I. It is tempting Aramaic kundsu-kunndthd ; as the Egyptian the
converse
derive it from
can
the Babylonian
to the Semitic
correspond
/,
may is Dr. Hrozny proceeds to show that kussemeth, the Hebrew for Emmer, name Babylonian k u-su-um that the old probably also of and origin (cf. mi-id-di-tum) Aramaic nNU^ was probably derived from m'u, for Assyrio-Babylonian name an
,
also hold.
Emmer.
centre
From
an
of Aaronsohn
the these derivations, the author concludes that Babylonia was ancient cultivation of Emmer, which radiated on all sides. And as found in Syria and Palestine, Dr. Hrozny Emmer {vide wild
supra)
is forced to the conclusion that the cultivation of Emmer considers that one Emphasis be must originated in ancient Nearer Asia, especially in Babylonia. laid on the fact that Emmer in Asia. the eastern parts of was not cultivated be Since the wild form has not been found in Europe, this continent cannot in first Emmer, considered the seat of the company cultivation of and with the Babylonia for the Orient, Europe be be to dependent on must whole considered culture of the grain. Emmer is mentioned in the earliesteconomic documents of Sumeria, which dated to about 3000 B.C. Schweinfurth places the introduction of barley are
into Egypt about 6000-5000 b.c. The Babylonian culture of Emmer and Emmer least be bdt from Babylonia. derived their name as ancient, if the Egyptians must at There is nothing difficult of acceptance in this theory, since the Sumerian kinds of flour, bread and malted beer show a high stage records of numerous in handling and utilisingthe grain, resulting from age-long experience. The unity of the area of cultivation of Emmer in the Ancient East is shown
but also by the for Emmer, the identity of ancient Eastern names fact that Emmer was the second most important grain in the Ancient East, in Babylonia wheat particularly and Egypt, ranking next to barley. When
not only by
second place, a foreign influence is usually recognisable, as in Emmer was where and in supplanted under the Greeks and Romans, Babylonia under the Persian kings. A further proof of the similarity of agricultural
conditions in the Ancient East is afforded by Dr. Frimmel's identification barley of (four-rowed) of seed from excavations at Nippur as a many-rowed Gezer from as primitive cultivation, and of seed wheat, probably excavations at Triticum turgidum.
Both
these grains
were
Reviews.
21
Thoth
the Hermes
of Egypt.
By
Patrick
Boylan.
8vo, 215
pp.
1922.
los. (Milford.)
6d.
This work is, a valuable collection of all mentions of the god Thoth, grouped his different discussed to as their relations and bearing. under connections and The material of the Berlin dictionary has been used, with help from Erman and
Junker.
continue
The
purpose
to distinguish and explain all the aspects and late texts have been freely used because they usually
various aspects of Thoth are to be fairlyexhaustive of the material. classed under sixteen chapters, which seem Yet in all this completion there is a lack of new light or synthesis. One does not reflect the views of early times. There are see any further, or differently,to what was already accepted. in a but no twinings the the many around conflicts of reference (except gods, to the historical aspect of the conflicts as being those of the god's footnote)
seem
The
to
translated as the conquest worshippers. Even the Horus and Set combat is never the other. of one tribe over The many diverse aspects and attributes of the gods is thought surprising but it was only the reflex of the extreme (p. 82), who might pluralism of officials, hold half-a-dozen high offices which seem incompatible. The season quite of
November is referred to, when Nature One sentence of Osiris because the rivalry of brothers is the most obvious, and the most widely known." In the listof names compounded with that of Thoth, four in Lieblein's dictionary are omitted, and two others {see Ancient Egypt, C. 170-1, D.
"
it is in the north, when the trees shed their foliage, was visibly tending to decay," but the opposite is the case in Egypt. is the brother He (Set) could only have been written in Ireland :
as
"
126).
The
(pp.22,
Why
the stand, not on the tongue of the balance (57).The have done their work excellently, with only three small in Oxford Press to have a branch seems the 148, and
on
212),
no
Vienna.
we heartily welcome a new must in English field, has book, us a the (orIrish) writer who given valuable and who we may hope will long increase in strength and production.
is there
index
Altogether
The
Racial Origins
12 plates.
1922.
By
R.
N. Salaman.
Bvo.
22 pp.,
This address to the Jewish Historical Society breaks new ground, and happily combines history and ethnology. With a biologist'straining. Dr. Salaman views the mixed types as ancestral combinations ; and a wide range of practice here and in the East has made the varieties familiar to him. Even among the exclusive tribe of Samaritans, though mostly dark and small and extremely
sallow, there Chaldees, was
blonde with red hair. The Hebrew some origin,from Ur of the in contact with the round-headed, aquiline Sumerians, here claimed The Hebrew the long, upright-headed Semite. as kin to Hittites, and stock is be Habiru, The to the the Shasu or Bedawyn. trek round by who were granted
are
familiar to that people. The Aamu was figured at Beni Hasan are mixed Bedawy Habiru The Amorites the type. are of a accepted as a source with fair type. The Hittite type is well known short and thick-set, with large full, heads, faces, ; short necks, rather puffy rounded with a rounded wide nose The modern refined lips and a sharper nose. others have a small mouth, Haran
"
Armenian
eyes.
is the representative of the Hittite, with fair skin and dark hair and Though the earlier faces from Palestine are of Amorite type in 1500 b.c.
B
22
Reviews.
far north as Damascus, by 1300 both Hittite and Amorite appear in North Syria ; and rather later three out of four people of Askelon are like Hittites. This agrees with the movement of the Hittites southward, which is recorded.
as
and In Egypt the mixture would be with the Semitic Hyksos Hittite population. HI The defeat of the Pulostau by Ramessu remains on the eastern border.
The Hebrews,
then,
were
Bedawy
an
Amorite
the Syrian coast to form Philistia. The total disappearance of the Philistineslater in history shows that they were gradually absorbed in Palestine as the fair Franks the much population, though they left their name, have been absorbed by the Gauls. In Zechariah ix, 7, the mixed Philistine is
threw them back
on
described be the
"
as
governor in
a
"
Judah."
It
seems
a
to a fifth of strain, which amounts pseudo-Gentile the modem Jewish people. Though the Armenoid Hittite is the dominant t5^e, yet the other survives, as in modern Greece the Armenoid type has overrun finally,is the old fair Heroic type. The summary, that the Jews are sprung
"
of the fair
; that they original Semitic Arabian stock, the Habiru (orKhabiri) freely mixed with the Amorites, the Hittites and the Philistines,and that of these three races, whilst the firstis probably Semitic, the latter two are definitely
an
from
The Hittite possessed characters which dominated the others, and non-Semitic. less as a result the more or to-day Jews of present completely the Hittite majority be It Armenoid or type." might added that the absorption of the Khazars and other tribes in the last two thousand years continues the same process. It
is rehgion and not ancestry that defines the nation.
A W.
History
of Egypt from
Petrie.
to the XVIth
Dynasty.
"
By
8vo, 294 pp. 1923. (Methuen).12s. has This new been entirely revised, to include all edition of the History The entirely new fresh material down to last autumn. parts are in the viithd5masties Syrian Khety kings are put in order ; and the xth dynasties, where the the latest arrangement of the xith dynasty ; and the grouping of the Sebekemsaf
M. Flinders
southern dynasty contemporary with the earlier half of the xiiith This last period dynasty in the north, with a fluctuating frontier between them. like dynasty, was that the the somewhat northern kings alone are of xxist where
as a
family
in the lists, but contemporary kings. At the end are with a dynasty of Theban king to the end tables giving the complete hieroglyphic titles of every known of the xvith dynasty.
1921.
3s. %d.
Sm. Lieut. Victor L. Trumper. -Com. Press, Manakh, 37, Mission Sharia (Nile the short hand-lists of places that over the country, to give them some
Cairo.)
This handbook supplied to the army
is modified from
were
idea when advancing Short statements of the history before them. of the events connected with identified. The places are are 430 are each site given, and grouped sites
be given to the various explorations of places, which would make visitors understand how much importance is attached to the sites. This well supplies the place of a handbook for any traveller who is not going expressly for the sites and history, for which
geographically, with
Some
reference might
he would
need
more
detail.
Reviews.
V Architecture, choix de documents.
By
23
Jean
Cap
art.
Sq.
8vo.
1922.
(Vromant, Bruxelles.)
This is a Very useful collection of 200 plates of architectural from subjects The facilityfor study is given by a full various works, mostly photographic.
in 47 pages. Rather more bibliography of works referring to the than subjects, in have Dr. Capart's Art a quarter of the plates Egyptien, appeared of which this is deal to one more a volume completely with particular branch. section,expanded One also complete references to the text of that work. subject^a ; it was rose-lotus capital, pi. 194 should have been put to the Old Kingdom found beneath the level of Merenptah, doubtless from was and much re-used
are
" "
There
plates will be mainly of use for teaching in class ; but an analytic work, placing together all the examples of one feature at a time, is what is needed for advancing the study of the subject.
earlier work.
The
Les
I
pastes cerdmiques
8vo, 57 pp.
Artigas.
Josep Llorens
mission sent to Paris to study the ancient faience, reproduction in Spain. For us the value of it liesin
the collection of analyses by various chemists. The base of the blue glaze is iron in changing truly stated to be a siliceouspaste, though the influence of a little is The body materials are : the glaze to green not noticed.
"
pottery.
Glazed paste.
The two including copper are mixed with the blue glaze. The absence of lead is noted, but lead is essential with iron for the Ptolemaic apple-green. The is attributed to decomposition on saline efflorescence seen glazed ware of the alkalis in the paste ; but the least acquaintance with Egyptian remains shows Several from salts in the soil,which are very difficult to remove. that it comes more analyses of the white paste are supplied, but they fall within the variations before the XXth Unfortunately the dated specimens are none above noted. If the writer had come from the Louvre to London, he could have on back the through the prehistoric, and been supplied with the studied glazes complete studies of the production of the blue colour by Dr. Russell and Prof. Laurie, who are not even mentioned. dynasty.
24
PERIODICALS.
Vol. Aegypiische Sprache, Zeitschrift fiir LVII, 1922.
der Seelen der das Kennen K., and colleagues. Die Spriiche fiir heiligen Orte. The whole paper (of which the firstportion only is published in deals the this number Zeitschrift) with those chapters of the Book of the Dead of
"
Sethe,
which
a a
were
numbered
These
occur
sufficiently uniform group or collection of texts. In late versions, these chapters are Four stages of separated only by Chapter 110, The Fields of the Departed." development (1)no titles; may be distinguished in this group of chapters: complete
"
"
in title and
(2)non-funerary
.
titles;
. .
(3)funerary
,"
titles;
(4)the
uniform
title
"
knowledge
not necessarily and it is possible that the texts were of the souls of in the Middle funerary in origin. The sequence of the texts was a fixed one but varied later. The contents of these chapters are divisible into Kingdom, texts concerning Heliopolis and Hermopolis, and dealing with three groups : (1) texts relating to Buto and Hieraconpolis ; (3) texts the sun and the moon ; (2) independently West. East texts Several the the concerning and which appear
in late versions of the Book of the Dead are only variants, and only occur in the instance when the original texts are missing. The firstgroup only (Chapters first is dealt with in 1 15, 1 14, 1 16, and a chapter which disappeared in N.K.
versions)
this portion of the paper. An interesting change is traceable in the titleof Chapter 116. In Pap57rus dynasty, the title reads Ea of the XVIIIth Another chapter for knowing the Hermopolis," Chapter 1 14, of which it is a variant, is not included. though souls of
"
based on a model which preserved Chapter 114. was this papyrus dynasty onwards, the titlechanges to Another chapter for knowing because in Ea it follows Chapter 1 15, which the souls of Heliopolis," presumably In XXIst dynasty, Chapter 1 14 isincluded with the correct deals with Heliopolis. independent text at the end of the collection. as an title(Hermopolis) From XXIst
"
Evidently
The general titleof the collection of chapters reads : "To know what Thoth knows of preservatives," (2) to know every sanctuary," (3) to be a spirit in
"
"
There is a clear connection between rh of the first two sentences to all the chapters, and with which the which is common his knowledge the secrets, and which also Ues at the root of speaker affirms of I know The sentences, however, contain the refrain the souls of funerary directly it be sd^w, which is presumably a nature nothing of unless
the underworld." I know and the
" "
"
."
to preserve." The words r pr nb show that the title aetionis of swd\ belongs to the whole collection, not to the following chapter only. It is conceivable have belonged to the collection before the texts that the title may
nomen
"
included, for these do not refer to a the West were funerary in Like some sanctuary, and were probably character from the outset. introductory living as titles, be by this the a title other of used equally well could
concerning
the East
and
dead person. The r/i bhv titleof Chapter 1 15 is not preceded by an older title; as the title of the firstchapter of the collection,it may possibly have served as a model for the uniform re-naming of the other titles. The final refrain
by
a
Periodicals.
"
25
I know
the souls of
case
V'w be rendered by
in which
real connection with the text, unless history," etc., an mystery," abstract expression such as these are Ra, Shu and Tefnut," must be explanatory sentence t)ie
..."
has
no
"
"
"
secondary.
Moreover,
plural, namely,
by
is expressed by the old form of the the word souls three-fold repetition of the word-sign for "", whereas the definitely enumerates The inorganic nature of three gods. between Chapters 1 14 clearer in the chapter which comes
"
"
the three gods in this case are the chapter deals with embalming, gods of the dead, namely, Osiris,Anubis and Isis. The firsttwo are referred to in the text, and from the context cannot be included in the Souls of the New
"
he addresses. festival," the visitorclaims knowledge, and whom of whom 1 15, the deceased claims admission to the sanctuary of Heliopolis, br hr)the sacred eye of because he is one of the eldest who may gaze on [i"in is His damaged to sun the restore the eye. He knows the mythological god.
Moon
In Chapter
"
"
object
their origin : firstly,the injury certain institutions owe by eclipse or clouding over, is represented as a mutilation of which the mouth of the sun god ; then the attempt of a serpent Htm or Imj-w" "/to Ra inheritance Heliopohs. This the contest with attempt gave rise to three of
events to which
to the
sun
Heliopolitan
"Diminution"
(" J
follows
"
the |,
a
"Thirty"
sun
(Spears), and
god
the
"
Brotherhood
"
festival. Then
with
woman outwitted the High Priest of Heliopohs wears a curl like a woman. He is called first the pigtailed one,"
" "
creature called Imj 'imsf ("he who in the form or with the help of a
"
Ra
reason,
or
this with curls." head, his bald on plait the bald one," and, his father," he received
one
"
then
sees
finally, in his character of heir and great one the titleof wr-mKw, which is usually translated
"
"
"
who
"
as
great
of
seers."
references to
to injury
the mouth
"\\
^.^
feast
M
of
CTD,
"
festival"
the (possibly
''^
("
)'
h^^ niouth
As
was sun
mutilated and
so
arose
decrease the must suffered injury, god's mouth lunar festival mean a solar eclipse, even a though itis stated to occur ; regularly at in this case 'ibd,which is usually the second day of the month, must be the day of the month." the
the
"
new
moon.
In another
who his character of moon is caused by the moon. This chapter comes .solareclipse MSS., but disappears in the New and 1 15 in Old Kingdom
belongs to him
(yVof the disc) chapter, the injured part of the sun functions i.e., Thoth, who thus the parts," counts also in It seems knew that the then that the Egyptians god.
between
Chapters
114
Kingdom.
Once again
He affirms that he understands the deceased seeks admission to a sanctuary. healing or embalming, and is able to heal the injury which the eye of the sun day from he demands The on new moon. the the entry suffered of whom persons Souls of the New Moon are those who are at the New Moon Festival," or the
"
"
Festival." From Kingdom the New chapters 114 and Kingdom there are two versions of the Middle onwards dealing with a visit to the temple of Hermopohs, namely. 116. This chapter is obscure in certain important details.
Chapters
26
has Injury
Periodicals.
been suffered by certain sacred things in the temple, including the eye of Horus, which Thoth had to find after Set had swallowed it. The speaker he comes as the emissary of claims initiationinto all these mysteries, moreover
the
the injuries and to hand over the eye of Horus to Thoth, it. is the pushing of the feather into One the counted injuries who of is twn, determined the shoulder of Osiris ; the verb used in the Middle Kingdom by the horn. Sethe suggests a direct connection between this passage and the
sun
god to remedy
" "
had
"
"
name
of the twenty-seventh
day of the
moon,
-^^
"
N^'^x?,
"
the pushing
is referred to as the of the horns." A further injury shining of the red crown." After the remedy, the red crown is to be black, as if that were its natural colour. is the eating of the eye, which is evidently the eye of Horus The third injury from analogous passages elsewhere. Possibly the feather and the red crown represented other manifestations of the eye of Horus, which was susceptible of transformations. The final words of the Middle Kingdom many versions of Chapter 1 14 are : "I know the souls of Hermopolis, that which is small on the
{i.e., the new second day of the month moon), that which isbig on the fifteenth day of the month In Chapter 116, two the full moon), It is Thoth." {i.e., U'' to triad ; these are of recognition," gods are added make up the usual sy'^, difficult
"
"
"
"
"
and
r/i tm,
"
Omniscient."
moon
of the paraphrases of the clause affirming that knowledge of the chapter ensures against hunger it to three thirst ; may refer chapters of the sub-group. all the
It is possible that these names are epithets is by 1 followed a final Chapter 16 given above.
and
Alexander. Borchardt
"
Ein
Rechnungshuch
des koniglichen
on
Hofesaus
der
18). It
Griffith have
^.
papyrus
found
at
Dra'-
abu'n-Negga in 1860. The beginning and a large piece of the middle are missing ; writings, was the complete document probably 7| metres long. It consists of two handof which the larger one only is dealt with in this article.
W",
and
he
bore
the
title
5 |jg
"^fea"
His office was at Thebes, where he kept the accounts of the rationing of the Court. These accounts cover periods extending from the twenty-sixth day of the to the fourth day of the third month (Paophi) second month of Inundation from same season, the the (Hathyr) and sixteenth to the eighteenth day of the of
It is unfortunate that the month, in the third year of a King Sebekhotep. daily balance sheets give the total issues without mentioning the number of persons supplied. The scribe received his orders either by word of mouth or in
same
transmitted by his chief,direct from the writing. The verbal instructions were to be brought to N.N. Cabinet of the king, to the effect that are good things is not specified,so that presumably The nature of the the scribe good things is entered by worked to standing instructions. The execution of the commission
" " "
"
done according to this order." The scribe made a copy of his written the words instructions ; his work consisted in reckoning out the respective shares to be issued by the three Administrations of Stores. Certain costly items, such as eye-paint,
wine and honey, were, however, actually issued by the scribe himself, as the entries for these invariably begin with the words taken from the sealed place." The for issue on daily regular receipts are called "kw, whilst the occasional revenues
"
"
Periodicals.
27
are
tabulated in three columns : The daily arrears. (2)amounts (1)amounts actually received; and (3) issues balance sheets consist of a tabulation of receipts and ; the balance is The
"
called 'inw.
latter
carried forward to the next day, and correct working is indicated by the sign I The daily recipients are the royal family, the Court officials, and the servants. five households Among the king's sisters (wives) the royal recipients were and
"
"
each booked for these days. In of the two festivalsof Mentu, and extra stores were to fragments of the papyrus occurs the name of the town of Cusae, which seems in Hyksos Theban have been the northern boundary kingdom times. of the
Spiegelberg,
appear to have received supplies of king's sisters. Several high officials led into the hall to eat were occasions only. About seventy persons
"
on
"
special
on
W.
"
Ein
historischesDatum
aus
XI
bears a stele (No. 110)from the Serapeum of Memphis date at the end, which Spiegelberg translates as follows : Written in the fifteenth year, which corresponds to the twelfth year, on the sixth of Mechir (?) of Queen Cleopatra and King Ptolemaios surnamed Alexandres, when he was with the army
Alexandras
A demotic
Spiegelberg is not sure words in italicsneed explanation. identical with the town ; it is undoubtedly of the reading of the place name in Mag. Pap. I, Griffith be Pelusium. to took nnpfiuoTN mentioned which The double dating corresponds to 103-102 B.C., when Cleopatra undertook a
at Pelusium."
The
against her rebellious son Ptolemaios X, Soter II (Lathyros), which was Alexandres. According led by Ptolemaios Leclercq, to Bouche nominally Pelusium was the base of operations against Syria. campaign
Horns als Arzt. Diodoros (i, 25) relates that Horus like his An in the Strasburg ostracon practised medicine, mother. unpubUshed times. Unfortunately collection (H 111) takes this belief back to Ramesside
Spiegelberg,
"
W.
the ostracon
is not
complete,
but enough
remains to show that the inscription extolling the healing effects of the md.w (spells)
in the Pyramid Texts. In Vol. liv of the Zeitschrift, Sethe discusses a rhyme for counting on the fingers which Spell for obtaining a ferryboat," which was by Grapowfrom ends the pubUshed Middle Kingdom coffins. The initialsentences of the spell are nearly identical
"
GuNN,
"
Battiscombe.
""
Finger-Numbering
"
with the beginning of Pyr. Spell 359. Then follows the dialogue in which first To M '-/r'.y and later 'Kn delay the magician and questions. with objections This august god will say hast thou brought me a the last of these, namely :
"
" "
his fingers ? the magician repHes by repeating the number who cannot in question. rhyme Gunn points out that Pyr. Spell 359, which is also a spell for transportation by M '-//'./, The passage in question ends contains an allusion to this matter. is in This Pepy charge (.?) with the words : of the Eye of Horus which is his
man
"
"
own ; this Pepy is going to the numbering of fingers." Gunn infers that there fingers is to be a on the other side of the water, in which the numbering of deceased king wishes to take part. The motive for the rite remains obscure. It seems to be closely connected with the eye of Horus.
"
"
[This may
which
was
be connected with the quinary system of the assertions of innocence, probably learned on the fingers ; so the finger numbering may be the
school
name
as
repudiation of sins.
"
F.
P.]
28
Periodicals.
WiESMANN,
H.
"
Mannes sprechenden
texts, words
in den Pyramidentexten.
have
; general determinatives
not used.
Thus
with his
a more
hand
to his mouth
(w)and
that
of the papyrus
have (r-"^)
restricted use than in later times. A listis given of the words in which these determinatives occur with and of the number of times they are used. The man his hand to his mouth is the sign for eating, and occurs in some twenty words, minative of which nine designate food, or some process of eating. The use of this determay be explained by analogy, connection of ideas, or substitution for The sign determinative, in all but five of the remaining words, another human is designated book document in it or a thirty-four words ; r--^ used originally
and
was
usually conceived of
with these meamings, also for expressions which were being written, and for legal or ceremonial expressions.
Sethe,
,
K.
"
Kurznamen
aufj.
To the New
Kingdom
now
pet
names
ending in
Sethe Zeitschrift,
to ancient
"
adds
several examples
.
from
the Old
Kingdom.
According
usage
seem of a god, king or suppressed element is usually the name in distinction the beautiful name that the Egyptians termed the abbreviation full This to the big name," name was as the agrees with the Old called.
"
"
The
custom
no
of
caUing
nicknames,
such
"
as
(j^v ^^ (I
, ,
(I
,
^^
beautiful
name."
the author's opinion, the fragment of sculpture dealt with in this articleshows Greek influence. It is sculptured in finely-grainedyellowish marble, and represents a cynocephalous There is no trace of ape squatting on a pillar and holding a roll in its paws.
VON
"
BissiNG,
W.
Ein
KuUhild
des Hermes-Thot.
In
on an
the roll. Including plinth, the height is 13^ inches. On the pillar ibis. The ape bears a disc on its head ; from the front of the disc
with disc and horns. The back of the disc is touched, but not hand, which is proportionately large. Ape and ibis grasped by a carved human Thoth to the ; position of the hand leads Bissing to suppose that clearly point the figure to which it belonged was closely akin to the representations of Hermesuraeus,
Thoth
on
an a
depict
times
from
HermopoUs-Eshmuneyn.
crown
an
These
coins
holding
; in front is
Egyptian
baboon [see
occur and they became HorapoUo in Graeco-Roman times. 14)relates that there was (i, popular only Egyptian variety of cynocephalous ape which knew its letters,and that apes an brought to a temple were given writing materials by the priest to which were of this variety. The three manifestations of the god are ascertain if they were
Middle Kingdom,
limestone tablet of the Roman period, which is divided into three ape is represented on an registers. In the middle register, a cynocephalous it holds it is an on disc which is altar ; crowned with and crescent and
also found
on
object
a
ape is flanked by Thoth is divided into three panels : the central register
perched
an
ibis. The
and
one
Harpocrates. is occupied by
The
bottom
fully-dressed
Periodicals.
29
bound hand and foot ; in each side panel is a kneehng figure with bearded man its hand to its mouth. [A writing tablet in Univ. Coll. has all three forms painted baboon, and ibis.] it, human on -Thoth, MoGENSEN, Maria.
"
Ein
Boxkampf. alUigyptischer
rare
terra-cotta
in
the Egyptian collection of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek (Copenhagen) represents boxing boxing match between a cat and a mouse, the on the fore gloves witness paws of both animals, whilst the hind paws show the claws. The bird above is explained as an eagle, waiting to award to the victor the palm of victory, which it holds in its claw. The terra-cotta probably dates to the first-second century
a
A.D.
It
was
found in Egypt,
possibly
near
Memphis. A statue
an
Spiegelberg,
W.
"
Der
Stratege Pamenches.
Serv.,
wearing
1918)represents His name and titles,which are given in demotic on the wreath. pedestal and in greater detail in hieroglyphs on the pillar, show him to be the In the demotic, the father'sname P^-'sm {'/im), strategus Pn-mn/i, son of P^-'sm.
Denderah
a
"
in Ann. (published
mr
are
was equivalent 'lepa^. Pamenches in the Thebaid, of which the north and south boundaries ms' wr crTpaT-ir/o^, formed by Denderah and Philae respectively. He was also priest,and generally
by
the Greek
the high priest,in the temples of the gods who were worshipped in this region. From the style of the demotic, he might have lived in the firstcentury b.c. or a.d. He is dated to the time of Augustus by an inscription in the quarries of Silsileh,
apparently preserved of the title snjns avyyev^'i, which was Roman Emperors. To judgeby the to beginning the the time the only up of of in he his Greek held, he Egyptian, an was attire. priesthood which spite of Of these, Spiegelberg also gives a listof strategiknown from Egyptian texts. and
use
=
by
his
the strategus Hierax mentioned on a Berlin ostracon identical with the father of Pamenches.
Kees, H.
"
b.c
is probably
Ein
alter Gdtterhymnus
a are
als
was
Begleittext zur
This Opfertafel.
known
;
was
these
a
are
hymn,
an
belonged
perhaps
to the
(1 "^^r-"^^^
which
were
recited
at definitetimes.
from
the Pyramid
An instructive parallel is furnished by the similar use of extracts Texts in two cases, in which the text under discussion is also
used. Whereas these extracts are suitable for recitations accompanying offerings, have to be a direct can this text contains one passage only which considered Behold, everything is completely brought connection with offerings, namely :
"
to thee from
In general, the orthography inhabited places." ancient. Certain characteristics, such as the sparing use the occurrence of certain ancient word signs, show that
based, of the original text, on which the existing versions were corresponded with that of the Pyramid Texts. The introductory description is Kees has no applicable to Nefertum, though this god is not directly named. hesitation to making this identification, and considers that the introduction of is Horus the the other gods named is 'nti,\ myth secondary. Among who functions here independently
of Horus
or
he appears to be equated
later.
30 Kees,
Uitnern.
Periodicals.
H.
"
Die
Schlangensteine und
ihre Beziehungen
zu
den Reichsheilig-
the accompanies the word 'itrty, Two name of the royal palaces or national temples of Upper and Lower Egypt. Sethe recognised the of these signs together form the word sign for snwt. In the Pyramid Texts, the sign
mixed
word
sign
in
an
incompletely-preserved
temple of Sahura of a god who cannot stele of the form Q at Cairo, on which
snake
called
was a Kees maintains that the snwt of the house of Horus Khenti Khet." building in front of which stood two steles shaped like the sign Q each of from Henna, On Saft deitj'. naos a such el which bore a serpent as a protective
,
support for the view that such gate-keepers," and there is some There for are also indications that stones were protection. placed at entrances the use of snake stones belongs to a religion older than the cult of Heliopolis, The word snwt as well as Ra. In old texts, Min was connected with the snwt, Elder of smsw in an Old Kingdom occurs title snwt, which is usually rendered
"
stones
are
called
"
Man. New
November,
1921.
Light
on
of Bronze.
"
Prof. A. H. Sayce.
"
A tablet
of Sargon of Akkad describes the size of the provinces of his kingdom, and their from the distance from the capital. The summing up is that his rule extended to the lands of the rising sun, lands of the setting sun namely, to the Tin-land beyond Upper sea the or Krete) (Mediterranean) countries and Kaptara (Kaphtor and Dilmun Lower Sea and
"
(Dellim-Bushire countries beyond the and El Hassa), inscription later Sargon, governor In a Gulf). another of (Persian
Magan
in 2180 B.C., he stated that he had conquered Egypt, then under a Nubian dynasty, when we dynasty ; this would fall in the confused age of the XVIth know of a southern immigration from Nubian pottery at Esna, and also by the Another record which is earlier than at Hu and elsewhere. pan-graves
"
"
Sargon of Akkad, states that 5 minas of pure tin had been received at Lagash. A Hittite text from Boghaz-keui mentions where various materials were obtained black iron of heaven from the sky, copper and not yet identified) (places and
"
"
"
Taggata."
Palestine
The
October, 1922.
proposal that various bodies should joinin the excavation of Ophel is is considered to be the here noticed. This region south of the temple area It is original hill of Zion, the site of the palace and tombs of the Jewishkings. in be Palestine Fund taking up a will well supported much to be hoped that the The whole direction will obviously have to be under the portion of this work. Department
work. An
account
a
finding
Periodicals.
31
Academic
des
Mai-Juin, 1922.
M. Virolleaud reported on May 8th finding in the contents of the sarcophagus III, the signs soldered on to a at Byblos a small gold cartouche of Amenemhat lid inscribed vase. a on an the recess base plate, which fittedin of
drew attention in a letter to the resemblance of the obsidian with gold settings to those published in Lahun I. On July 7th was reported the discovery of a second cartoucheof Amenemhat
M. NaviUe Also of three bronze
vases
vases
III
fittinga second vase (?copper), of of obsidian. is a basin 17 inches wide. which In the same part are drawings of a slab lately found at Athens, of the fifth century B.C., on which a game of hockey is carved.
one
Bulletin
New
York.
August,
1922.
from a tomb, but This records an interesting group of which came objects As usual with bought from natives, it is said not from Tell el Amarna. objects found is no together. A double assurance there that the whole of them were limestone ushabti for Khoemuast and his wife Mest gives the only personal name, There is a fine lotus of the tomb. and he is supposed to have been the owner IV flower goblet of alabaster, with the Aten cartouches, and those of Amenhetep heavy Tut-onkh-amen comes Nefertyti a ; gold ring of shows that the group and down to the latter part of his reign. There is a green faience globular vase with
of Akhenaten and queen in black inlay ; two ivory on one a lotus flower on the head, on the other a lily; and heart scarab, with the name The period assigned to the left blank.
names
of Akhenaten
in this paper
seems
impossibly
short.
of Fine
Arts Bulletin.
Boston.
No. 114.
"
^The well-known tomb of Tehutinekht at Bersheh had been published, with a date of the 31st year of Senusert I, but owing to heavy fallsof rock, the burial shaft had not been searched. The
of Dehuti-Nekht
and his
Wife.
had been plundered in Roman times, but no later attempt had been made Harvard in the there were until expedition 1915. On entering the chamber had the ends remains of two burials. One great cedar sarcophagus and coffin had been Both boards. ; another removed separated as sarcophagi and both tomb
inscribed for Tehuti-nekht. coffins were lay 4)iled between the great sarcophagus left side, facing the doorway painted on A
mass
and the coffin. By the doorway is a scene before the a table of offerings. The painting of funeral articles of noble seated is of the standard type, but unusually fine in detail. The best of the models is
of models of ships and servants lay on its the wall. The mummy
of a procession bearing offerings ; a shaven priest leads, carrying a tall vase, three women with baskets and birds follow. There are also models of ploughing a with yoke of oxen, and of five men making bricks, bringing clay, mixing it, and pressing the bricks.
32
NOTES
The
lamented
AND
NEWS.
death of the Earl of Carnarvon has made a tragic break in The climate of Egypt the history of his and Mr. Carter's greatest success. prevents visitors realising the varied risks which easily beset those who are fatigued, and the strain of the last few months leftlittle resistance to the familiar
all the contents of the will remove Cairo, where they will inevitably deteriorate and slowly perish. An has already been made for an extension of the present Cairo estimate of "36,000 Museum, in its most undesirable situation. How it will be possible to transport the mass of the weighty shrines is one of the greatest difficulties. The side
tomb
will have to be entirely quarried away, and the shrine cut of the rock chamber into Each side of the outer shrine will weigh up such sections as can be moved. be in anything like that mass ton, handled a not nearly and could without
the gilt gesso and the inlays ; it must be cut into many sections for There will probably be over ten tons of such material to be removed removal. in dealing with all the successive shrines. It will be a much slower and more halls at Cairo, and then shift the existing collection, expensive affairto build new
crushing
and
new
than objects,
it
building up at Deir el Bahri. would be to place a new Mr. Mackay has been successful in finding an inscription of Samsuiluna, identifying the site Tell Oheimer as Kish. As the successor of Khammurabi,
there
we were
may The
four supremacies of Kish before that, going back to the earliesttimes, hope for fresh insight on the earliest stages of Babylonian civilisation. Egyptian
Government
so now announce
on
not
be changed The
till 1925,
arrangements
season.
British School has continued the clearance of the large cemetery of Mr. Brunton reports that a region containing Kebir, begun in November. Qau el been reached, which was tombs used from prehistoric of all periods has now Italian have cleared most to Roman times. The former German excavators and
of this
mere
nome
without
plundering, and
to issue any record of their attempting ten years ago as it was as bad a century
RECENT
The
DISCOVERIES
OF
THE
BRITISH
SCHOOL
IN
EGYPT.
College, from
Exhibition of Antiquities from Qua el Kebir will be held at University July 2nd to 29th (evenings of 10th and 20th).
A public lecture, with lantern illustrations, will be given by W. M. Flinders Street, on Thursday, 17th May, at Petrie, F.R.S., at University College, Gower
2.30 p.m. Admission free, without ticket. This is the first of a guinea course of lecture on lectures Thursdays. The be Wednesdaj-, 23rd, at on will repeated six Admission free, without ticket. 5 p.m., and Saturday, 26th, at 3 p.m.
"^
ANCIENT
EGYPT.
THE
TOMB
AT
BYBLOS.
We
the reports of a tomb of the Xllth dynasty, noticed in past numbers fall found last year by an accidental of the shore-cliffat Byblos, 20 miles North The discovery has now been published fairly completely in the French of Be3Tut. have Syrie (1922, journal pp. by 273-306, with nine which must be studied in detail plates), Here we can dealing with the eastern Mediterranean archaeology. which
are
most
important
in their bearing
subjects.
The burial chamber is rather irregular, The shape of the tomb is complicated. 17 X 14 feet at the largest. About 3 feet has been walled off by rough stonework Opposite that wall is a filled to support the roof, leaving it about 14 feet square. The up pit, the whole width of this chamber, made for lowering the sarcophagus. in a third wall, by a bent and sloping passage, 47 X 66 inches at the access was smallest ; this is 44 feet long and was reached by a shallow pit from the surface. small circular chamber has broken through the side of the passage ; This system is entirely it is about %\ feet across and had its own pit for access. Egypt. from native and not copied The form of the limestone sarcophagus is likewise not due to Egyptian
a
Accidentally
influence
on
are
unlike anything in Egypt, as also is the curving of the top edges and of the lid to fit that. Happily, accurate measurements are given in the plate, though not These show considerable care in the repeated to show the variations in accuracy. They are here reduced to inches, as proportions, and also the unit of measure.
being familiar to
our
sense
of size.
111-14
H-
40 21
2-778 inches.
"
58-35
83-07
-r^
30
12
=2-778 2-769
= =
"
33-39 48-54
-^
2-782 2-774
"
-^
\1\
"
Depth
out
66-18-*- 24
=2-757
"
may be due to the bottom being invisible, The mean being only made from the ground. of these, and the measurement being last, is 2-776, This measure mean error the " palm omitting -004 -002. inches. 1 1 10 " -01 multipHed by 12, 24 and 40, was probably a quarter of a foot of
"
34
The
Tomb
at
Byblos.
Forty-six years ago, I published deductions from measures which we may compare this foot (Inductive Metrology). Hauran Byblos, 1922 Syria
...
of monuments,
with
Sardinia
Carthage
Asia Minor These then
no
regions are all of Syria or the Phoenician doubt as to the true home of this foot.
Colonies, and
this leaves
The lidof the sarcophagus was in place, and the gold dishes in it suffice to prove interpret. The it it had never difficultto been opened. are that contents of The place of the feet is shown by two silver sandals. With those were the jug, linked. Fig. 3, the fluted silver vase, bowl double 17, a silver spiral pattern interwith
Rather
handle toward
Fig. 8 ; and a falchion lay with the the other gold dish, 10, and an was
The
Tomb
at
Byblos.
35
obsidian ointment jar and lid, with gold mounting, like that found at Lahun, III inlaid in the lid. Near this was a gold plating but with the name of Amenemhat bracelet, a silver mirror a had and dish. The puzzle is which wooden co^"ered found. There were only some patches of broken bones, skeleton was in comer a on the of the head end. When each patch patch sandals, and it incredible that the had seems remained, of these are, such slight bones, as some Of these fragments of bone massive limb bones could have entirely disappeared. two were human, beside two teeth, others were of goat, ox, partridge and fish,
that
one
no
apparently remains of food offerings. ten large jars(Fig. In the chamber, outside of the sarcophagus, were 14), one (2) many plates, a copper vase and three tridents (1), of them inside a broken 5),and a pot with handle (6). jar. There were also two large copper basins (4, found lying on the floor,with the stem interesting pottery cup (7)was from large Some copper rings with long stems, had evidently come off. These lay woodwork, probably 9 inches thick, indicating massive furniture. It is also stated that some together in one comer. glass were pieces of Roman A
most
broken
found and
in the chamber.
over, was
attempt
upon
strong suggestions that it had been entered left behind, and no were yet copper basins and vase the sarcophagus. There
are
Syrian
Pottery.
the sarcophagus everything was covered with a thin layer of ashes : this was a black substance, brittle, (cendres) shining in places, very damp, and bearing here and there the impression of woven or less closeness." stuff of more This layer was nowhere more From this description than a couple of inches thick. Within
"
that
as
over
linen there had been poured a layer of cedar resin, so often used blocks with glittering preservative : this perishes and fallsinto little
to damp.
the absence
of
skeleton
We
found. objects
The date
of the obsidian
and
III is beyond doubt, as it bears his name under Amenemhat That this was not an older object closely resembles one of his in Egypt.
C
2
36
The
Tomb
at
Byblos.
reburied is shown by the string of 102 amethyst beads and an amethyst scarab, found except in the Xllth dynasty, when the vein of as such are hardly ever a heart amulet, Other Egyptian works are a gold uraeus, amethyst was known. ferrules with lotus flower a silver plate with part of a spread vulture embossed,
silver mirror, two alabaster vases, typical of the Xllth dynasty, and pieces of ivory and glaze panels from the sides of decayed caskets, like that of Lahun. These inlays were blue and green glaze, but most have faded to white and yellow by the damp.
pattern,
a
time are the important matter, as they give us for the first objects The dynasty. dated Xllth to the things many peculiar sarcophagus exactly has been noted (Figs. 10, 11). A most interestingdiscovery is that of the jugand 3, 5). The raised basin for washing hands, like the modem ahryq and tisht(Figs. The Syrian
centre
serves
It to the basin marks the purpose of it distinctly as in present use. for the jug to stand on, to prevent it dripping when hfted up ; it marks
"
distinctly that the use was for sUght ablution by successive persons, the waste water lying round the central island. No one would have credited these objects So far as we know, the Egyptian half been found undated. the age had they with never used such tillafter the Arab conquest ; they show, like other things, the independent and superior civiUsation of Syria. The pottery cup (7)is again a Syrian invention, which
later produced the lotus cup
of the XVIIIth
dynasty,
III. This also explains the taken by Tehutmes after the Syrian craftsmen were forms foot, source of the cup with a of clumsy which are found during one or two dynasties, after the Syrian invasion of Egypt in the Vllth and Vlllth dynasties. The two golden platters or saucers 9) are probably Syrian, as such are' not (8, The copper bowl with a handle (6), the tall jar(2) and the dish flat brim The flesh Syrian. hooks are (4) probably all wide with of copper (1) are not to be compared with heavy agriculturalforks ^oolsand, Weapons, LXVII), but with the light fleshhooks of various forms ^oolsand Weapons,LXXII, 61-5).
a
found in Egypt.
The silver sandals seem to be probably Syrian, as the outhne is rather straighter on Such funeral copies in metal are, however, the inner side than the Egyptian. known in Egypt, as there is a pair in thin embossed copper in University College.
The
are
pottery is valuable as a starting point in dating. The forms 12, 13 and 14 from the tomb ; but 15,16 are from the small circular tomb which broke into
the passage, and might be either earlieror later. The handles of 15 are found on foreign pottery in Egypt of the 1stdynasty. The falchion isprobably North Syrian
or
Asiatic.
The Cretan
vases
of silverare excellentexamples,
now
in relation fi:"ed
The
to Egyptian
Tomb
at
Byblos.
37
with a spout carries on in metal the idea Along with it lay a silver of the many stone vases with long spouts from Mochlos. interlaced having three branches. bowl with a Souble row centre spirals,each of Such design lasted long, as it is also found on scarabs of Hatshepsut, and on a history. The fluted
vase
golden vase in the fourth tomb of the ring at Mykenae. This tomb is thus a firm starting point for the dating of S5Tian work, the definitionof Syrian types, and the relations of Egypt, Syria, and Crete. Let us hope that this most important site of Byblos temple and tomb will be soon which alone can of worked with full record and publication of all
" "
groups
objects,
M.
on
firm historicalbasis.
W.
Flinders
Petrie.
38
NOTE PAR
SUR
UNE MONSIEUR
TOMBE
D^COUVERTE
FLINDERS
PR^S
ET
DE
CHEIKH-FADL DES
PETRIE
CONTENANT
INSCRIPTIONS
ARAMEENNES.
LoRS
de
"
sa
au
decouvrit environ
montagne
M. Flinders Petrie de fouilles 1921-22, a Bahnesa, campagne d'une excursion sur la rive droite du Nil, et a 8 kilometres cours de
I'E.N.E.
Cheikh-Fadl
"
^un
tombeau
creuse
au
sommet
de
la
arabique dont les parvis portaient les restes d'importantes inscriptions de suite qu'il sa peintes. Le savant anglais, avec maitrise ordinaire, reconnut des II bien, liberalisme textes un a arameens. avec auquel je voulut avait affaire suis heureux
de rendre hommage, demander de relever ces textes afin d'en me le dechiffrement. En mars 1922 je pus profiter de deux journees entreprendre les les inscriptions, mais je lieux et copier sommairement pour aller examiner
bonne copie. Le n'avais rien de ce qui aurait ete necessaire, pour etablir une le d'eclairage du tombeau travail etait rendu tres-difficile et les par manque de distinguer portees par les accidents des parois qui empechaient ombres les caracteres subsistants. Je pus neanmoins me rendre compte I'importance de la decouverte de M. Flinders Petrie pour I'epigraphie arameenne.
nettement
de
1922 pour faire une attendre decembre de M. Lacau, Directeur General du compagnie
nouvelle visite a Cheikh-Fadl en Service des Antiquites, qui avait textes ces tenu a examiner lui-meme la nouvelle decouverte et qui pour sauver davantage par I'airou les arabes a la science avant qu'ilsn'aient ete endommages
"
Je dus
du
lui M. avec avait amene voisinage du Caire. En Musee nous trois jours,
"
ecrans miroirs pour eclairer la tombe, plaques panchromatiques, de la polychromie des peintures colores a cause obtenir de bonnes photographies de la presque totalite des textes^ et prendre de nouvelles copies. C'est a I'aide
appropries
"
"
des
unes
et
des
malhcureusement Cheikh-Fadl.
de donner autres que je tente aujourd'hui bien incomplet, du contenu des inscriptions du face
un aper9U, de tombeau
compose d'un vestibule dont les parois ont ete tailleesa Anciennement un toit fait de materiaux rapportes peut-etre soutenu par des colonnes du devait couvrir cette premiere salle et il est possible egalement cote de la plaine
"
Ce tombeau
s'ouvre
Test
au
sommet
II
se
"
d'acces ait ete menagee en avant pour gravir la pente. Cette n'ayant pas ete deblayee je ne saurais garantir premiere partie du tombeau I'importance que presenterait I'exactitude de cette description. Etant donne la decouverte de nouvelles inscriptions,M. Lacau doit charger un inspecteur du
qu'une
rampe
service des antiquites de degager entierement ce vestibule. A la suite venait le dit, une piece rectangulaire d'environ 4 m. de large sur 5 m. tombeau proprement dans le calcaire dont le plafond est constitue de long et 2 m. de hauteur creusee
par la plateforme
"
meme
du sommet
de la montagne.
nous
n'avons
Au
pu
fond,
en
une retrait,
Par
num^rotds
photographier
les
textes
Note
siir
nne
Tombe
39
niche beante
et aujourd'hui
un
portequ'on
tombe,
retrouve
qui devait etre autrefois fermee par la sthle-fausse Dans Tangle, sud-est de la dans les tombeaux congeneres.
a trois (?)chambres que nous puits carre qui donne acces les caracteristiques a nous avec se presente done n'avons pu visiter. Ce tombeau Moyen Empire, il du des funeraires et monuments est probable qu'il generales
s'ouvfe
fois beaucoup plus mais il a ete reutiliseau moins une de la ce tirer tard ; c'est qui subsiste de la decoration. conclusion qu'on pent les quatre parois, occupe Cette decoration, fresques en teintes plates, qui orne du hauteur de Om.74 d'une a un compter plafond. Au-dessous la roche registre les traces de I'outil employe au creusement qui n'a pas ete par^elaisse voir encore fut
creuse a
cette epoque,
de I'hypogee. la description de ce que Ton peut deviner des peintures : Voici sommairement bateau rouge a 21 (?) la grande parol (Sud) a droite de la porte, un de la dans un double cadre meme rameurs couleur, plus loin des personnages la niche, dont les pieds seuls debouts, face a gauche, c'est-a-diremarchant vers
sur
subsistent.
vers
Parol
du
fond
?
a
a (Est),
droite de
barque
(decoration primitive
la niche dont un debouts allant
a
effacee ensuite ?) au-dessus personnages marchant disparu. Meme nages parol a gauche de la niche, deux persondroit : le premier a gauche, peint en bleu, conduit (?) un
veau
(?) rouge.
encore
a
Grande
comes
parol
en
momifies, disque et
deux quadrupedes de la porte (Nord), (?) tete, encadres de rales rouges, plus loin un epervier,
a
gauche face
plus loin
C'est
des personnages
droite tenant
le sceptre
|.
peine si Ton peut saisirquelques lineaments de ces tableaux et dans ces conditions ildevient impossible de preciser la date des figures d'apres le style le bateau a rames dire de M. Lacau et la facture de ce qui subsiste. Au dater du le la decoration de Moyen-Empire, reste serait plutot pourrait(??)
saite.
Impossible egalement
tres
conserves
et mal rapport improbable. avec elles. C'est cependant quelconque les figures etait peinte sur Toute la partie superieure du registre contenant banc de calcaire plus friable que le reste, elle a presque completement disparu un le les En textes avec des inscriptions. commencement outre, elle emportant qui
rouge
de preciser si les textes arameens, peints les figures, un presentent qui coupent
I'encre
par le frottement du les directions par les sable, marteles par endroits, et sont coupes les autres grecs,coptes et arabes. II est impossible posterieurs : un arameen, graffiti de savoir a quelle hauteur se trouvait la premiere ligne des textes, et dans plusieurs cas on ne peut egalement determiner avec certitude ou commengaient subsistent
sur
conservees
les parties
ont
ete
et finissaientles lignes.
se
trouvent
encore
augmentees
quand
rouge.
Je
discerner
a
17
neuf lignes
meme
Les
textes
ne
separes par des blancs. et les situer a leur place respective, jeles ai numerotees N'ayant pas de 1 a 17 sur le plan reproduit ici,d'apres le releve de M. Lacau. dimensions les texte, a de cette lacune j'indiquerai pour remedier note chaque
approximatif de mots
contenus
dans
une
ligne moyenne
C4
40 PAROI
No.
Note
stir
une
(SUD).
1. Sous
le grand
bateau
rames
deux
lignes comprenant
quelques
caract^res seulement.
No. 2.
Ce texte
encore
comprenait
9 d'entre ellessont
le d'affirmer que nous Je suis incapable, pour le moment, possedions encore des lignes, mais ilest certain que la fin manque.^ Cette inscription commencement se du des de la tombe, 1. 8 : I'ensevelissement ou a parait rapporter proprietaires
. .
. .
ohh
vh
.
lui {parce Lehi {?). avec jenc peux I'ahandonner, jereposerai beaucoup j'aime que) On pourrait traduire aussi beaucoup la vie en j'aime prenant le ^ comme
"
jeprefere la premiere
Sous reserve de la vocalisation du preposition introduisant le complement. traduction parce que nous retrouvons ligne 3 :
nom
propre
oi-h rv^y
13^"
"
"
"
lui
et
un
arrangement
conclu
des tiers a
ce
: sujet
17
16
15
14
13 12
11 10
11)00
n
3
1- 6,
aux
celle d'un
divin compose
avec
h'?
]n2N p hS
son
Mn'i't^ ]-!3onN
"
"
"
"
A TMNRN
dieu.
Si
jelui donne.
Nos. 3 et 4
au
ne
coupe lignes ; il semble que nous possedions la fin des lignes ; tout le commencement texte Ce est separe du precedent par un espace ou tout a disparu excepte manque. lettres deux H ne t^Tl saurait etre question de le regarder comme
.
milieu la partie
torment qu'un seul et meme texte ; une grande lacune verticale On peut dechiffrer quelques lettres de 8 conservee.
"
"
"
du representant la fin des lignes du No. 2 parce que sa premiere ligne (derniere II la 6eme du precedent. etait neanmoins texte) correspond comme position a la suite logique du No. 2, et devait contenir des clauses defensives contre les tiers
Ici et plus loin je numeroterai de lignes manquantes. suis du nombre
'
les lignes
en
partant
du
bas
dans
I'ignorance oii
je
Note
sur
tine
Tombe
41
C'est
5^
No.
"
"
^73 rron ""ini [ur]2" Tout homvie (?) qui sera la.
"
"
lamentable.
Le plus important de la serie malheureusement dans un etat Restes d'au moins 11 lignes (12 mots dont 9 semblent a la ligne), de la patience. Les lignes de ce texte susceptibles d'etre dechiffrees avec immediatement la robe d'un personnage bien de commencer a gauche paraissent 5.
la fin des lignes de la visible. Un large trait rouge vertical marque du la texte, incomplete tranche suite egalement par le haut est comprise premiere second trait de meme entre ce trait rouge et un couleur qui lui est parallele. De ce deuxieme texte, 5 lignes (7 mots a la ligne) seulement peuvent etre utilement
encore
dans ce No. 5 les noms etudiees. Je crois retrouver 1. 9 et 1.8 deux fois,et de Taharqa, 1. 6 deux fois,1. 5
"
"
de
une
"^U^QDDPsamdtique,
:
fois,appele 1. 6
" " "
"
nrsn
n (O -\hi2
rot
^'^ims
wp-inn '7':'^
....
de Kous
nom
que le
de Taharqa
I'egyptien
par
Oppert^
comma
tjrpe primitif
de
ce
nom
La
mot
"
rendu lecture
"
dans
"
la Bible
"
npmn"
les deux
peintre avait
s'est ravise
ne
parler de la forme insolite du informe. II semble que le tache presentant qu'une premiers signes doute commence a ecrire un sans a t^^"l!il2, "O, songeant puis qu'il voulant pas donner a Taharqa le titre de roi d'Egypte et de Nechao
^""^2^13
"
sans
mentionne
comme
haj^ nj^lS
"
"
le Pharaon
Nechao.
Je
complete
nom
d'apres le texte du
numero
8,
jecrois saisir
"
invasions se pla9ant relaterait certains evenements les II demeles de Psametique I, de son retracerait pere assyriennes en Egypte. Taharqa. Un des morts ensevelis Nechao, et peut-etre d'un autre prince avec comme dans la tombe oil un de ses ascendants aurait ete mele a ces evenements
La qualificationde mon ''i^ltS seigneur qu'il donne partisan de Taharqa. 1. 5, me semble I'etablir. Je ne crois pas que le roi d'Assyrie ait ete a Taharqa, dans les parties du texte qui sont conservees et je suppose qu'a la mentionne
" " "
"
"
le No. 5
"
"
1. 4 I'appellation
"
"
-t^^vD
"'N"l?2"
"
le roi
mon
encore
Taharqa.
Entre la fin du No. 5 et Tangle peut-etre y avait-ilencore oiirien ne subsiste.
un
texte
PAROI
(EST).
mots
dont
jen'ai qu'une
copie et
ou
jedistingue
"
"IQN
Nn'^t^
"
"
"
"
"
le dieitdit.
"
"
No. 7,
un
seul mot
"
Wy^
"
7 sont 8 devait contenir pour le moins 13 lignes (10mots a la ligne), dont la fin se perd sur les pieds d'un personnage. J'y releve 1. 7 conservees ilparlaet dit 1.6 : rTOD b^p'^nn n2V "inW
No.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Mimoire
sur
Lettres.
Me'moires
et BellesEgypte et de I'Assyrie, dans /ic. des Inscrip. rapportsde I' l^re VIII, 16re Tome divers Strangers. partie, s^rie, savants par presentes
les
page 625.
42
Note Taharqa
sur
line
Tombe 1. 4
aecotiverte
prh
" "
de Chcikh-Fadl, etc.
au
Id-bas
encore
"
"
"13; ny""E7
"
Pharaou
Ndchao
ici
nous
avons
affaireaux
la
No. 9, texte qui faisait probablement suite incomplet k droite. ligne) reconnaissables,
" " "
precedent
7 lignes
(7mots
7in ]^h!JD
"
"
rh^
10,
"
"
"
1. 1 nyiD.
PAROI
No.
(NORD).
au
moins 4 lignes dont on nc distingue presque plus rien, j'yai note la presence du cependant verbe 23tt^ indiquant que ce texte avait un funeraire. caractere No.
11, una
ligne
(4mots
h.la
incomplete ligne)
"
t^pinn
12
"
"
"
"."
tonp
.
on
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
....
12, traces de 12 lignes trcs incompletes ; il y etait fait mention, jecrois, des penalites qui frapperaient ceux qui voudraient se faire enterrer dans la tombe
No.
et ensuite de certaines fetes
(?).
la ligne); a ce te.xte, bien que le commencement indistinct,parait complet. la J'y releve mention I'a termine Fan V." Malheureusement de ce qui
nom
No.
13, 4 lignes
(4
"
mots
des
M III HittM
rhh^
..."
un
de
roi. Le
souverain
n'etait probablement
au
isole entre
un
personnage
indetermine. objet
haut et 6 en bas du panneau ; en I'intervalle disparu. Les deux dans a textes paraissent qui existait differentes. Celui du bas se termine par mains avoir ete traces par deux inscription au "'f ^^"1DD7 2r\2 Xir"2 scribe qui a ecrit (cette) Entre les deux textes un graffito arameen.
tout
"
"
No. 17.
qui terminaient
* *
un
texte.
s'ecarter de
.en
Paleographiquement
papyrus lignes reproduites ici.^
arameens
te.xtes
ne
paraissent pas
I'epoque
des
d'Elephantine,
ainsi qu'on
pourra
bn"'niN
'-"
""
i^Vt
"
robe
*
de Tinscription n" 12 et ont 6te choisies parceque debut au Elles appartiennent ou le quelques caracteres apparaissent entiers. lis sont peints en rouge c'est seul passage d'un se transcrivent la sur materiellement ainsi : personnage et robe verte
Note
siir
une
Tombe
43
Photograph
of
Preceding
Inscription.
La mention
de Taharqa,
de Nechao
et de Psametique
n'apporte pas necessairement une contre-indication a ce Ainsi que je I'ai remarque plus haut, le n" 5 relate vraisemblablement certains quelque peu anterieurs a I'epoque oii il a ete ecrit ; au moment evenements oii I'Egypte faisant remonter Le recit nous mains des Perses. allait passer aux d'histoire Taharqa caractere jusqu'a pourrait n'avoir qu'un retrospective rappelant les precedents d'une situation politique qui se serait etablie plus tard. Le tombeau aurait done ete reutilise pour quelque fonctionnaire civil, dont I'inscription retracerait a militaire, voire religieux,de langue arameenne, Si reellement ce fonctionnaire, comme il semble, grands traits le curriculum. dependait de Taharqa on pourrait songer a un ancien fonctionnaire assyrien qui Assurbanipal, pour passer au service des ou aurait trahi son roi, Asarhaddon Cela fixerait approximativement la date maitres provisoires de I'Egypte. des inscriptions entre le milieu du VI feme et la fin du VIeme siccle avant J.-C. Toutes ces questions ne pourront avoir leurs reponses que lorsque les textes traduits. Ce travail ete definitivement analyses ici auront sommairement
demandera
encore
beaucoup
de temps
Cheikh-
des nombreuses
hypotheses
qui viennent
NoiiL
GiRON.
44
THE
BRITISH
SCHOOL
AT
QAU.
The
a headland work of our Society this year has been entirely at Qau-el-Kebir, This was known to of the eastern cliffs, about thirty miles south of Asyut. have been an important place, probably of the Xlth dynasty, under a series of
As it was being continually plundered, it princes, who left large rock tombs. Unfortunately it has in recent times seemed desirable to finish what remained. been largely worked by an Italian and by a German, neither of whom have is Italian their the ; account of much published any of work plunder artistic
importance, yet it lies piled up in a case in Turin, useless at present to anyone. It was therefore rather a work of piety than promise, to follow after so much clearance had been made.
The oldest remains found were a collection of mineralised bones, mostly hippopotamus, but including portions of three human skulls,which, strange to say, had been gathered and piled in an ivory worker's store. The reason is difficult
The very hard and almost unworkable. may have subject such importance that it will have to be studied on the spot next year, to find Small prehistoric cemeteries were found of the natural source of these bones. A fine group of the second period, which we hope to work further next year.
to
see, as
they
are
from a tomb of the Ilnd dynasty were obtained, and many examples of bright the red polished pottery of the IVth dynasty, which has seldom been secured from recorded sites. The historic interest begins with several tombs dynasties, with characteristic alabaster vases. With these of the IVth-VIth are the stone amulets of parts of the body, deities,and animals, which are thus
vases
fixed to this period. These amulets continued in use, rather rougher in work, brought and of ivory and green glaze, along with button badges, which were in by in by the Syrian immigrants, and were Syrian invaders use the continued also the seals with geoof the Vllth and Vlllth dynasties. With these were metrical
figures of men, pyramidal seals with animals, and figures of lions and other beasts with geometrical designs on the base. The whole of these varieties, all tied together, and connected which have been vaguely known hitherto, are now
with the two Syrian dynasties. Entirely distinct from this group there appears in the IXth dynasty a revival of the use of the scarab, but always with designs greatly degraded by repeated copying, showing that they are the successors of intelligible d esigns. These an same the the scarabs of agree with earlierclass of Thus the period which have been found at Harageh, Sedment, and elsewhere. of the scarab has been cleared up evidently as far back as the Old Kingdom. The architectural system is The great rock tombs still need planning. Large sloping causeways were made up to the entrance ; in the remarkable. to led large a peristyle court levelled into the rock, main tomb the causeway
use
In the axis like the forecourt of a temple. to the portico of the tomb above, cut across
behind it.
Qau.
45
dynasty the ivory worker's shop is the to the XlXth coming down a thing, principal great number providing of simple pieces, and some of artistic interest. In late times the importance of the place continued ; a batch of 50 found. were solidi of Constantius II, and several Coptic tombstones
On
discovery of the year is one of the earliest Coptic biblical book of nearly a hundred a narrow pages of papyrus, St. The or missing. John ; only a minor part is injured containing the gospel of is very regular, most like the Codex Vaticanus in the beginning, handwriting outstanding It was manuscripts. The of it. Thus it ranks in age with It differsfrom the printed version of the the earliest authorities for the text. Coptic ; and when the various readings shall have been collated, it will have much weight in settling which class of Greek readings was recognised by the
and
more
the authority in the time of our earliest copies. This papyrus book has only one It had been evidently buried column on the narrow page. It was a doubled time at of persecution, probably under the early Muslimin.
as
Egyptians
up
twice
across
cloth, and
buried
in
jar in
the
graves. All of this work was carried on by Mr. Brunton, aided by Mrs. Brunton, M. Bach, and Messrs. Frankfort and Starkey. I was prevented from going, Harageh owing to the necessity of finishing the publications of previous years. has been Courtiers, are
season
much
can
issued ; Lahun II is being printed ; Sedment, and the Tombs of the for I in the previous the press. When was at Oxyrhynkhos ready I found at Sheykh Fadl on the eastern desert a tomb of the Old Kingdom, defaced, with Aramaic inscriptions. There are very few scholars who
deal with such material, and I asked M. Giron, of the French Embassy, to He it, M. Lacau had inscriptions to tomb. the gave much attention visitthe and The firstreport on them is in this part, and is of great interest, photographed.
as
far up in Egypt as early as the reign of showing that the family here went back to
so
eighty years before the fall of Jerusalem. This proves that these people, and doubtless others, were passing freely through the Greek camp of Tahpanhes have been familiar Greek must continually, and with words and and
objects
in the time of the earlier prophets. Thus a strong light is thrown on M. Giron has preferred now to the literary criticism of the prophetic books. hand over all his copies and the photographs to Dr. Cowley, who has the greatest
thoughts
and subject,
if any
further results
are
possible, Flinders
we
shall be
to reap them.
W.
M.
Petrie.
46
THE
MAGIC
SKIN.
When
: definite piece of evidence is the statement of a certain Wapwatua in Amenti Khent in Osiris the temple of Majesty allowed me to slay oxen Abydos I forth hides there owing to the greatness of over the went and favour His favoured me.''^ the Majesty with which
The most
"
His
source
a valuable made contribution to the subject His conclusion is that the Mesqa was originally the skin used in rites of rebirth, and that meska (mesek), mesken, mesqet, which occur fairlyfrequently in the Book
longer on such sure ground. no in religious texts. Lefebure has in his discussion of this word.^
are
of the Dead, and in tomb-chapel inscriptionsoccasionally, are cognate words which to be applied to media and came and places connected with ceremonial
objects
rebirth in
the roads traversed, and the places synonym words to be designated byreached, country, island, lake, mansion, city, sky, all came determinative or or ; of this root with without the appropriate termination names were time these same at the same used symbolically of the skin. This clearly opens a very wide fieldfor diffuse and mystical theorising. A further flight of esoteric fancy represented the skin as the wings by which the Sacred Lake.* reached the sky, or the Cow that bore them across
symbolism
came
to be
of this sort is characteristic of Ancient Egypt, and indeed all mystical philosophy, and there is no inlierent difficultyin accepting Lefebure's results.* The main hindrance is that the texts upon which so much depends, are so
variously rendered by different translators. This applies especially to the Book Budge translates Mesqet as the chamber of torture, which is of the Dead. * clearly the significancewhen the deceased prays that he may escape it. One of
' " * *
Crum, S.B.A..
Sphinx,
Munich
d3masty.
Crawford
that
he found he had a reputation for making certain villgige, His fame for drawing teeth had preceded him. Demon
a
in the Luba (W. Africa), among to cease. the roaring in the mouth that roareth in the mouth might
"
well be
denizen mystic
"
of the Ancient
names
Egyptian
have
a
may
and many of the Dead, For example, similar matter-of-fact meaning. is Osiris, lake If is oars." the the name the end of
inferno from
the Book
hence
suggested
explanation
of the
name
of the
The products of the sub-consciousness of the savage and the civilized mystic would not family complexion. unnaturally have the same ' Naville, B. D., ch. XVII, for the difference of meaning accounts of the words by of "hide," English "beating." "hiding," the "skin," words comparing and
Skin.
^7
passages
is
a reference to Anubis he who passes Budge's translation reads passing is Anubis who is behind the through the pFace of purification within the Mesqet chest which contains the inward parts of Osiris." The pertinent portion of I have traversed the liquid of be translated Pierret's French rendering may
(Pierret), which
over
(Budge), andxvii,
"
79-81
"
this liquid of purification in the place purification in the place of rebirth is behind box is Anubis the containing the entrails of Osiris." of rebirth who The true meaning of this important text will be perhaps settled by the German
....
version of the Book which is in process of publication. The mesqa however is associated with an Ancient
every appearance
Egyptian
rite which
has
of being
skin rite,namely,
the Tekenu.
The
Wapka
Scene.
See
next
page.
This,
in many
as
is well known
of the chapel
since Maspero firstquoted the name,^ tombs of the nobles at Thebes, and
is the designation
at El
Kab,
of
an
roughly describable as pear-shaped, which is dragged by men object, upon a small sledge in the funeral procession. It is evidently a man, with a bull's hide about him. That it is a hide is proved, taking all the representations of it together, by the colour and markings. The walls of the chapels in the Theban are so damaged necropolis often seriously sledge would have where the Tekenu arresting
probably
hearse that it is permissible to the ox-drawn dynasty it suppose and played a significant part in the rites, in the was larger chapels. The suggestion the represented pictorially of majority has been made that the frequency with which one part of the funerary pictures has been marked out for destruction, points to the work of a single
namely,
near
"
been"
objector,
probably
Akhenaton,
to the deceased,
as
in Menna's
on
that has been written exhaustive Bough. the mainly classics, and Golden material, subject He argues that qeni, mest, shed (sed) for names khen, khensu, are other skins seshed, shedt If qeni is a hide, the meaning seems of rebirth, local perhaps, other than the bull. of mesqen is the
most
"
Moret,
Mystires
:
the
based
Egyptological
clear.
"
Mission
Archeologie
V. fran^aise,
II, p. 435.
Mentuherkhopeshef.
48
The Magic
Skin.
chapel, for instance. In either case the importance to the deceased of the part destroyed is emphasised by the act of erasure. The earliestrepresentation of the Tekenu known is that of Antefaker, Qurna With the Xllth dynasty). Sehetepabra^ is also of Middle Empire date. (early
itdoes not appear in chapels of the singlepossible exception of Mentuherkhopeshef XlXth and later dynasties until the Saitic period, nor in the tombs of the Kings.* But although the archaistic revival of the Saitic brought back Old and New
,
in which manner styles of tomb-chapel decoration, the lifeless disjointed are displayed are eloquent of ignorance of what the scenes they really represent, is to suppose that the rites themselves were no reason reintroduced in and there ^ The inscriptionattached to the Tekenu scene throws no light on the old manner.
Empire
its significance,nor
does the word itselfyield any radical illuminating meaning.* The following are the translations given to some of the best known examples ^Antefaker (xi-xii) Dragging the Tekenu. a.
. .
b. Sehetepabra Renni
(xii)
To the West, to the West in peace to Osiris Lord of the place of Eternity. Dragging
To the Kenu
to this Khent
c.
d. Paheri
Amenti.
The
e.
following Nebamon
are
. .
the place where thou I come life, (?he comes).* art, the land of sweet dynasty : at Thebes, and of the XVIIIth in peace to Khentamenti Dragging the Tekenu
"
the West,
to the West,
/.
Amenemhat
with the people of Pe, Dep, and Hatehe. Dragging the Tekenu by the people of Ked (?) and the Sa Serqet priest,going forth and coming in
the
northern for
our
nomes
(?)
g. Mentuherkhopeshef,
is subject,
* *
Ramesseum. Quibell,
The
figure
on
to
be the Tekenu
by
in the Wapra
the
scenes
of Opening
Mouth)
insufficient evidence in view of Maspero's very convincing Revue de I'histoiredes Religions, 1887, p. 164). rites (Maspero, general nature of the Wapra * In Ramesside Maspero suggests and later times the rites centred about the Tekenu Dead, and (Mentuh,M.A.F.) may be the theme of the curious vignette to ch. 168, Book
before the statue, is considered on [op.cit.) rather and Moret translation of the text, and the
of
Illustrated Moret, stela C15 Louvre. op. cit.,pp. 56 and 64. Ancient public rites naturally devolve into secret mystic cults. * Moret translates an inscription in Renni as he who passes under the skin is this Griffith khensu imakhy Renni," Renni (Tylor, whereas and Paheri) takes the word in in A figure leopard's to the a sense travelling." skin Moret) (skin of according usual
"
"
"
"
stands of the
a
"
pours
water
as
to represent,
in front of it. A damaged part and milk in Moret remarks, a woman draping a man
"
c.
in a shrine long garment ' Refesences to above Tylor, Renni and Paheri. Gardiner,
*
on
the sledge.
See Appendix.
: a.
and
Amenemhat.
Davis,
Antefaker.
b.
Ramesseum. Quibell,
Moret
'
This text
was
land of renewal of life (uhem ankh). But Tylor and Naville Moret largely his on relies very rendering of these two texts. ankh." Gardiner by from type Menkheperaseneb restored which is of the same this
:
The peoples mentioned but also damaged. Delta whose living forbears accompanied that the serqet-like Res. Account. is a object human
Osiris
v.
in these texts appear to be denizens of a heavenly For Sa Serqet, and the theory on earth.
skin,
The
Magic
Skin.
49
In Rekhmare the sledge-drawn Tekenu does not appear, but one may be sure it occupied its place on the surface which has been broken away. He is also shown in Above we dealt only with the sledge-drawn Tekenu.^ face in lying downwards his wrapped egg-shaped several chapeJs skin, on a
bull-legged bed.^
in Sennofer, without inscription, occurs and the front of a sledge, alone remains of what was where a rope held by men, In Rekhmare Tekenu. the inscription reads the sledge-drawn probably as a Tekenu Bringing to the city of the skin (Meskawith skin determinative) The
same scene,
"
Here is another of the who lies under it in the pool of transformation." on few tangible pieces of evidence that the Tekenu the couch is engaged in a Meska here indicates. kind, as some very clearly skin rite of
one are the usual concomitants in other chapels where it is shown less fragmentally and without inscription. Two men stand at either side of small twin-altars facing each other. One hand of each hangs next the edge of the altar nearest him : the other arm of each is raised above the altars towards
The following
or
more
A double stream of blood (?) Hows arch-wise under the raised his companion's. digs with a large over the outer edges of the altars. Next to them a man arms Behind him two men stand with their arms raised as scythe-shaped mattock. the altars, but these latter are replaced by two small obelisks. Beyond them again, a girl kneels towards the previous scenes at a small altar with pots bread wrapped as up superscriptions indicate : hit containing wheat and Over her head is legless taou carcass the respectively. of a bull, which and
over
" "
bears
in shape to the Tekenu on the couch. Virey,^ who a general resemblance in detail, and puts upon them, in has studied all the elaborate funerary scenes their entirety, a rather involved mystical interpretation, sees in the groups just described part of a symbolical representation of incidents in the story of Anpu blood of the bull into which Bata was two persea trees, and these are became represented by the obelisks. changed is Osiris an : the Bitau (Bata) That the story conceals ancient undoubted myth born afresh."'' The offering of the bit bull is a form of Osiris, the bull ever and Bata The Brothers).
"
taou
mixed with earth and spices for germination,* pots, the corn representing the body ready to be resuscitated, fit suggestively into
the bread
a mystical drama-rite. The is, however, on the whole evidence and magical resurrection inconclusive and the rest of the scenes which fillthe wide wall space in the chapel, in spite of names and inscriptions, of officiants* corridor of Rekhmare's
leave the uninitiated as unenlightened as before ; such was probably the intention. scene, to the wrong The fact that inscriptions occur or attached without scenes, and
scenes are
no
two
chapels
are
the
scenes
in
'
Moret's
reason
fragments
"
Donation, (Capart is
an
the
swathed
figure
as
the
Tekenu
in the
Neferonpet
de
is Bruxelles)
not
evident.
There
objectin
a
Eastern
on
Upper
a
an
ox-hide
"
rolled into
ball.
It rests
much
like
Mission
were
du Caire, V.
and
Bitau
worshipped
at Letoplis.
Lefebure.
Dendera
"
this interpretation of the pots is correct is borne out by the op. cit. inscriptions relative to the Osiris cult. Moret, Revue de I'H. des Rel., 57, 87. That
at least twenty
on
In Mentuherkhopeshef throw
no
in Rekhmare
light
their actions
part, but
their titles, as
so
the
same
The
Ma^c
Skin.
scenes order, or are allthe same shown, render elucidation of the mystery of Egyptian funerary ritual at present impossible. for the In the list of tomb-chapels from which material has been drawn for was special consideratio purposes of this study Mentuherkhopeshef reserved above
have been carefully studied by Maspero and separately. The scenes Davis. The difficulty of decipherment has been increased in recent years, as Davis found that the walls had suffered considerable damage since the artist whose his visit,and that his work is not to be relied has discovered. There is no internal upon in view of the errors which he (Davis) from the Maspero date evidence of the places it early XlXth of this chapel. resemblance walls, and from the name of the style to that of Setil's tomb it as Tasuit his Davis implicitly of early XVIIIth, from the regards of wife.
drawings
Maspero
employed
made
"
"
style, and from the fact that the only other chapel containing remains of similar is that of Amenemapt, scenes of which sufficientremains to date it by a cartouche II. It was only recently discovered, and Maspero would have had to Amenhotep it against the evidence of the name Tasuit. This chapel presents many He is shown in features unique and remarkable connection with the Tekenu. leading the procession in front of the ox-drawn hearse. He is not clothed in the
to weigh
on
hands
and
knees
on
the sledge isdrawn on edge. sledge ; i.e., he is lying on his side. In front of the large zad emblem.^ Over the Tekenu a
what appears to be the edge of the This has been interpreted to mean that
"
that he may depart to his city." being Another inscription at this stage reads, M. coming to see the Tekenu These brought (dragged ?)and the ointments conducted to the mountain top (?)." On him oxen. between or and the another part ointments oils are on a sledge M. coming in peace to on the Tekenu, still the sledge, is read, of the wall, over
"
is a shrine containing a ram and is written Come drag the Tekenu in the usual way. His sledge is drawn by men
oxen
"
is above The Tekenu enters the dragging of the Tekenu on his sledge." over a sledge drawn a walking figure in front of M., and the Tekenu sets out it is feature, on which the by men drag a as before. In front of the four men who
see
" "
"
"
bad state of the wall, and the doubtful accuracy of the artistabove mentioned, doubt. The latter represented it as a large skin, held up by a man, cast some
it. A tailremains, however, and does a good with the work Meska^ written over deal to restore confidence. In fact it can hardly be doubted that it was as shown in the drawing reproduced At this stage then it would by Maspero. appear more the Tekenu was wrapped in the skin, and then set out again in the manner commonly represented ; having in the skin.'
1
reached
he had
departed,
ram that the straight horned really the being the that was sacred animal classical writers goat unanimous Gaillard Faune (Lortet, Mommifhe, p. 107)thinks that the goat replaced in the New ram in the Mendes Lortet's opinion is that Empire cult.
Grif"th
(Mendes) considers
represents of Mendes.
the ancient
goat, Durst
the straight-horned
the straight-horned ram confused and goat, and that the former in Ptolemaic The fact that the goat was times. sacred to Dionysos Egypt, as well as the bull, weighs in favour of Durst and Griffith.
no
as
writers replaced the ram cult is traced to whose But there is apparently only
other evidence that the goat was sacred to Osiris as well as the bull. As god of herds would well as agriculture, one expect to find it. " Meska a regenerator of the spirit. written with the ka sign suggests that the skin was " In holds man flaying a bull. Another registers there is a picture of a man adjoining from inscription is This the horns hide. is to the clear of an animal's head, attached the which Perhaps behind him." as em sa Davis translates ef putting a skin behind him."
" " " " "
on
his back
"
is
possible rendering
:"
The Magic
Skin.
51
No useful purpose would be served by describing the scenes on the two upper in which now and then we get details reminding us of some of the more registers/ in Rekhmare Men seen digging stereotyped ceremonies and elsewhere. with the large mattocks before described and several large holes (represented as in two
circles)
of which are bulls, several slaughtered cattle, and goats evidently being driven to the slaughter constitute their subject.^ In the lowest register,however, below the Meska skin, is the scene for which Two men About their necks, kneel facing one another. this chapel is famous. or rather across their necks, are short ropes, the ends of which are held by four
men,
two
to each
"
is evidently a scene of real or mock is the sekhem sign of power. the heads of the standing men Nubian Anu," and above each of them is a crenelated cartouche
containing the double sign kes or keres ; each cartouche being supported by two small kneeling figures. To the right of the group two figures lie extended : laid aside laid on their side." Beyond or them again is a pit containing
"
"
"
To the bearing the in question. a sledge, towards are which two men object left of the group is a fire-encircled Tekenu," pit containing the word above signs representing the hair, heart, haunch and hide of a bull ; the hide following and Tekenu." perhaps forming a word-group with the word
" "
or
as a unique representation of human sacrifice, is it. it Moret the an ceremony survival of actual sacrifice which considers and of the Tekenu, Maspero and Davis consider it very probably the real thing, but not proven ; but the latter leans to the side of the mock ceremony more than Davis considers the crenelated cartouches containing the word the former. scene
The above
is well known
name are
pit containing is digging with a large mattock ; which is of identical shape. which a man There is a clue perhaps to the reason why such a barbarous practice of however, Egypt its high not entirely guiltless which, with all civilisationwas
"
"
death in the rite. That the word is shown by the form a city name
"
of the place the Anu came destined to be swathed in the crenelated cartouche
" "
from.
Maspero
"
of
therefore for
should have been introduced into Egyptian funerary ritual and for posterity in this way. One of M.'s titleswas King's Son Bearer on He was the King's right hand." also Governor Nomes. King's Son Governor Southern Lands was the the of
"
"
But King's Son, Fan Bearer, dynasty. of the Governors of Kush in the XVIHth ^ etc., was also the titleof some of the Governors. in the S. Sudan showed that Hepzefa of Reisner's excavations at Kerma in the Xllth dynasty, was in a Assiut, Governor buried at Kerma of Kush
'
The
walls
are
divided
into three
registers, partitioned
off by
vertical lines.
the pits, goats, and slaughtered bulls, the following is of interest (Ban of the Bori, 33) which is the continuation of the sacrifice of bull was bull and goat, and skin dance {v. sacrificed above ): ^On the 4th day another flesh day, being buried in 7th a he-goat the the this ; midnight, every except and part of for the bull's blood. The worshippers the hole. their hands over the hole made washed In connection with described by Tremearne
*
"
(The
*
magic
influence
was
not
to be brought
into the
house.)
r. de K., Receuil des Trav., V. xxxix, p. 179 seq., criticising length of list. Reisner's S udan Notes Records, I, iv, (Reisner, rule of 231.) Davis calls M., Viceroy and for in Reisner's or Gauthier's Kush, but doing. reason His no so does name occur gives not of
Gauthier,
Fils
list.
D 2
52
tumulus
The
Magic
Skin.
in which was discovered upwards of 350 body its in on the passages.' A about the couch and have been perpetuated in the Sudan until as late as It is a plausible reason at any rate to account
"
human
skeletons
grouped
appears to
the Prince coming to see spite of the legend This is the name both of Kharga Oasis and Diospolis Parva in the Delta,
well, apparently, as a spiritualregion like Dep, Pe, and the rest. Was he Governor of Kharga, and did such practices prevail there also ? In any case, whether the Qasiare human to or not, there is no reason sacrifices imagine that they and the Tekenu are the same, to the same treatment.' or subject is,on This is the opinion of both Maspero and Davis. Tekenu Nevertheless the the strength of the Qasi reliefs, spoken of by a number of writers as a supposed
possible human sacrifice. It is not certain in what order the registersshould be read. It may be that is in bull, Tekenu's hide burned hair the the pit with the of the and that the is in hearse,* his the the bottom ox-drawn which sledge precedes procession which
or
is the representation of the finalstage of the journey to the mountain of all, register chapel, and that M.'s Tekenu goes to it skinless; having completed the ceremonies at the chapel in the plain below designed for these rites. On the other hand, the taken, together remains of the hide of the bull from which the Tekenu's skin was
with the other portions of the animal, may have been burnt in the pit ; the Tekenu designation applying to the remainder of the hide, or perhaps to the hide for him. The suggestion is often made that at the the animal which supplied is But, as Davis last moment the bull substituted as a victim for the Tekenu.
" "
notes, there is nothing in the inscriptions in other chapels to suggest that there
is
He usually accompanies an element of sacrificeat all about the Tekenu. to the the hearse-sledge, preceded by dancers to perhaps the cry of the legend land in West, to the West, the Paheri, of sweet life." The concluding words " in he comes," but I come be or course, a sense, taken the sinister might, of
" "
"
be meant. Moreover, the inscription, which is similar to one often the ox-drawn coffin, may, in Paheri, be an instance of a legend written over instead of a scene, for the cofiinsledge and ox-team are not shown, to serve written doubt on account of the small dimensions of the chapel. no To summarise : the following is a suggested explanation of the role of the
tomb may
Tekenu,
sources
based upon
examples
of skin and
analogous
rites quoted
from various
above. There is clear evidence that the skm played its part in Egypt as a vehicle body could absorb by contact with it. The role of magic power, which a human He possibly out of the skin as he lay on the couch. of the Tekenu was to come
1
Reisner,
"
Baker,
was were
an
Ismailia, Vol. II, 205, quotes the Arab historian Ibn Batuta, servants eyewitness of the burial of a chieftain, at which many and
with off.
informant
buried himself
"
him
he himself
had
been
but had
buy
In Amenemhat the
are
Tekenu
hearse is depicted in the bottom the funeral cortege with bull-drawn it. In Mentuherkhopeshef Antefaker (and above
probably)
in (were)
the bottom
shown.
In Horemheb,
Tekenu is in bottom register, register. In Anena, Nebamon, Ramose, in Renni, cortege and Tekenu are
topmost
*
register. against
the
one
that there
are
two
Qasi.
The Magic
Skin.
53
to have performed a similar rite for the played the part of Anubis who seems is the Bull : bull-hide, the Tekenu dead Osiris.^ By contact with a sacrificial is issuing from the he born, like he an the Bitau BulLand embryo when emerges
as the bull.^ womb, from a complex of ideas depending on an This idea is a natural development implicit belief in the real, almost material potency of the skin ; analogous to the like the Indian diksha described above : development which resulted in a ceremony like the skin represents a kind of uterus, the Indian antelope skin. The prana of
the spiritualcounterpart of which is brought into being by the Tekenu thereafter and all the rites associated with him, react on acts of the behalf of the deceased, who himself is thus enabled to revive in his new ment environthis Bitau
Bull"
"
by
Tekenu The
"
blood
but the potent prana incarnated temporarily or when required for the purpose of the drama, in the Tekenu, who lives and moves and equally and acts : the blood plays its own function becoming important Transformation a or as (kheper) part.
" " " "
bull is dead
the of the bull whose hide covers the persea trees to spring up.^ and causes his skin can materialise a spirit bull, of
is thus intelligible. bed or skin being the lake where the Tekenu lies) of the skin (the In the XVIIIth dynasty another striking rebirth or resurrection rite was employed, perhaps simultaneously with the Tekenu, as an extra reinforcement of power.
This is the corn-growing practice, a development corn-germinating rites, practised in the Osiris temple
no
ritual, which almost forms scenes the of pot-offering certainly and other pictures which are subject figure,formed by seed met with on the tomb-chapel walls. This is the Osiris corn in in other ways. figure Osiris drawn or an on canvas, earth-covered grown of seed-filledmodels of Osiris in mud and spices* to promote an easy transition of ideas, familiar to us from St. Paul's allegory, life-giving life. Each the principle was transferred from vegetable lifeto human
Corn
was
from
individual seed was a corpse, capable by the magic of water and soil of producing life: the seedling is born out of the grain. When once the close parallel with human life and death seized men's the minds it is easy to understand why have latter being the the vegetative rite should superseded relegated to animal ; ^ an esoteric mystery sublimated so as to be hardly recognisable.
Why Kings ? is not the Tekenu in the funerary scenes in the tombs of the shown is, that the King was A plausible answer Osirified in lifeand therefore has been no need for the funerary rite. A good deal of evidence
there
was
chapel 54 Qurna, there is a picture of Anubis being dragged on a small sledge is perhaps the chest of oils which the with a chest which generally accompany Tekenu. Anubis's head also appears above the destroyed area over the small sledge referred to previously as probably the Tekenu 's. by
men,
'
'
In tomb
The
mes
root
in mesqa is significant. For discussions of other manifestations the of concomitants of birth in A.E. ritual, vide Blackman, in Murray Man, XI, 1 1, 97, also Moret, and cit.
of the
J.E.A.,
op.
in ithe ritual, v. Davis, Five Theb. other possible indications of Bitau elements flower, or the persea olive tree representing p. 16, models of the bull, fish emblem, men reed-crowned representing the soul-flower. These are at present unique scenes occurring in Mentuh. only. and Amenemapt
For
Tombs,
"
Moret, Revue
'
Mysthes,
pp. 56 and
65.
D
54
The Magic
Skin.
established to show that the Sed festivalwas fundamentally a riteof Osirification.^ In the scenes shown in representing the King, from Den onwards, he is always the tight-fitting shroud of Osiris,holding the flail. Now on the North Wall of the Birth House of the temple of Amenhotep III at Luxor, there is,almost certainly,
lying on a the almost defaced sculptures a representation of the Tekenu Sed festival scenes in On East the the skin.^ the sledge, entirely wrapped wall displayed.^ The King follows the sledge with a long rod held horizontally, are directed towards the Tekenu. He is probably about to strike him, but the action likely does not necessarily imply violence. Purification is a much more among
object.*
ceremonies required to be performed regards this scene as referring to The scene does not suggest to ensure the new birth celebrated on the East wall." two consecutive acts : namely, that the King himself is in the skin. It is more likely that the rebirth rite is being performed by deputy ; an interesting link in that
case with the similar rite performed for the dead.* Frazer, in support of the theories he advances to explain the customs and his to he deals in Golden Bough, the justifies appeal rites with analogous rites in by an other parts of the world in support of his explanations which with argument
Campbell
"
to this study. The positive and indubitable the change of a word applies fittingly in one evidence of the prevalence of rites reasonably part of the world, may be allowed to strengthen the probability of their prevalence in places for which the evidence is less full and trustworthy."
"
E.
S. Thomas.
C. Campbell, Miraculous Birth, 79. 73 seq., 188 seq. Man, contend that the xiv, 2, 12. The last two writers would Sed festival took place when Prince took up the regency with his ageing father, the Crown The drama and that the Osirification replaced the killing of the King. would be completed by the burial of a statue of the King. from the IV (?) The large Osiris statue of Mentuhetep
'
Moret,
Mysthes,
Petrie,
Apries. Murray,
hill-tomb
connection
" "
behind
by
the
Mentuhetep Petrie.
temple
at
Deir
el Bahri,
has
been
referred
to
in this
Professor Miraculous
Campbell, Gayet
But
Birth, 73.
bull.
bad
thinks the objecton the sledge is the trussed Bitau .F.) could find no trace of the requisite bodily features. * to dispel striking cp. Frazer, G.B., ii,pp. 215, 216, 233, for examples of ceremonial influences ; to make healthy, and to purify generally, living things and inanimate
[Luxor Temple,
M.A
Campbell
"
"
objects.
into the Hall of Eating says that at Soleb the King and his Ka are dragged in skins, on sledges, but I have not been able to find the scene on the plate of the If this is so, a Tekenu publication of Soleb temple. rite would appear to have persisted in
'
Campbell
wrapped temple
ritual long after it ceased to figure in funerary dynasty. the end of the XVIIIth
ritual
i.e.,after, roughly
speaking,
The Magic
Skin.
55
are
Tekenu
passages in the Book of the Dead with the exception of No. 5. him head from
(Budge)in
which
the
(1)58.2.
(2)64.6.
head when
the divine Mesqen chamber. Hail ye two hawks who are perched upon your resting places who hearken to the things said by him who guides the bier to the hidden place who lead along Ra.
.
(3)64. 11
Make
thy thy roads glad for me and make broad for me paths when I shall set out from earth for lifein the celestial one regions. I am of those about to enter in. (Addressed
thou
to
Ra.)
come
(4)64.27.
I have
Sekhem
....
(5)72.7.
I know
concerning the events of the Duat. nose also the name of the mighty god before whose is Tekem. When set your celestial food and his name
opens carry
an
ye he
up
me
his path
in the Eastern
heaven
Let not along with him let doors be shut in my face me not your end of in because my cakes are the city of Pe and my ale in the city of Dep, and there in the celestialmansions of heaven which
....
....
Tem
(6)78.3. (7)100.11.
wheat and Let not him that would do me harm draw nigh unto me. If this be done for the deceased he shall go forth into the boat Ra day. every of
.
hands
lay hold
on
the
(8)125.4.
protector (?) advanced to me and his face was covered fell he hidden the things. and upon (9)149. VIII. 4. The 8th Aat. The name of the god therein is Oahahetep
. .
my
and of the earth to the god Tem. (10)149. IX. 6. The 9th Aat. He has made the city so that he may dwell can therein at will, and none enter in except on the day of transformations. great (11)149. XIII. 6. The gods and the khus though they wish to enter into them
. .
.
it gladly IX
....
so
that
none
I have
cannot
do
so.
(12)169.13. Thou
so
come
nigh thee.
The word Tekenu spelt ^:^ (also thekenu, kenu
|^^'
"
is rendered )"
approach
by
in the dictionaries,and is,as will have been seen, translated in this sense Budge in the above passages ; transitively in No. 2.
In 6, 7 and 12, this seems the obvious meaning ; 9, 10 and 1 1 perhaps also. to suggest that the word may In 1, 2 and 8 the obscurity of the text seems be No. 1 is especially interesting, as the word taken used in another hidden sense.
D
$6
is immediately followed by
The
"
Magic
"
Skin.
the skin word Mcsqen, and Lefcburc {S.B.A., loc. Nos. 2 and 4 are has drawn attention to it as a reference to the Tekenu. cil.) from one of the oldest chapters of the Book, and are sufficiently obscure to it probable that the true sense has not yet been discovered. make In 6 out of the 1 1 passages above quoted there are references to Sun gods or their emblems, the hawk and the bennu bird.
is mentioned in the Book except in the passage quoted nowhere Is it possible that the final under No. 5, and is clearly a name of a Sun god. It is referred in the context, ? be Mesqet was nu the that syllable will noticed
Tekem
the deceased's ox-drawn well as the inhabitants of Dep and Pe who accompany have seen inscriptions, as we hearse, with the Tekenu, according to some Sun The {v. god. pp. 14 and 20). Tem is also mentioned, the old sledge-drawn
as
sledge-drawn Tekenu would thus be a solar rebirth ceremony. Two derivations of the word Tekenu have been suggested ; both of sinister import : viz., Maspero's (Mentukh, M.A.F.) tek, to cut up, and nu formative 8, 5). and Lefebvre's Tektenu Libyans {Sphinx,
57
WAS
APRIES
OF
ROYAL
BLOOD
The
XXVIth
A (Petrie,
History
of
Psamtek Nekau
Psamtek
.
I
.
II
Uahabra
Aahmes Psamtek
.
(Apries)
.
III
that Nekau, accepted on the authority of Herodotus II, and Uahabra Psamtek were the son, grandson (Apries) and great-grandson I Psamtek more the ; and recently evidence of the Second Adoption respectively of Stele has been regarded as establishing conclusively that Apries was the son of
It has long been
Psamtek
on
II.
to.
which The
on
It will therefore be convenient before putting forward the grounds this view ma\' be doubted, to consider what the evidence really amounts Second Adoption Stele informs us that Psamtek II died in his viith
year
rose
and that
"
thereupon
his
son
( ^^) Apries
"
"
The question is whether the word here translated son up in his place." implies physical relationship, as has been assumed. There is well-known evidence that it does not always do so, but into this we need not enter, since the stele goes
on
to say
that
Nitocns
died
out
on
her
daughter
fekl
the two all the ceremonial of the burial.^ Now Adoption Stelae have demonstrated, before their what had been conjectured discovery, that the succession to the Theban principality was kept up by adoption.
Ankhnesneferabra carried
II and
Takhuat)was
the
adopteddaughter
I and Mehitenusekhit) as was the latter (daughter of Nitocris,just of Psamtek We daughter of Shepenapt. use the adopted thus see that the mere of the words which
we
does not daughter son customarily translate by and believe in a blood relationship if there is sufficient evidence to
"
"
"
"
meaning. in this case primary ground lor not accepting the ordinary meaning is that the hypothesis of adoption enables us to explain an anomaly, which it is been satisfactorilyaccounted for ; viz., that Uahabra, believed has never the The throne Apries.
name
of Psamtek
case
I, is the
name personal
occurred parallel to account surely we are entitled to look for some very unusual cause The learned Dr. Hincks, of Dublin, discussed the problem as far back
'
No
in the whole
1855,
Gauthier,
58
Was
A pries
of Royal
Blood?
to the conclusion that Apries received his name born because he was and came in the reign of Psamtek I.^ It is almost certain that this was so ; but Dr. Hincks did not explain why this particular prince was given the throne name of the
A personal name was not. reigning monarch when others were often repeated dynasty, be the name same a throne within and repeated after a long might interval in a different dynasty ; but there is only the one instance of a king's Why ? All kings must, becoming a later king's personal name. throne name
fore except in periods of chaos, have been born in somebody's reign ; and it was therein blood were the that the the not named clearly rule princes of way so is This common the nobility. among precisely the rule that would be expected
to prevail, if only
as
conclusions high officer, him, after the manner that Apries was the son of some who named his in It is honour Pharaoh. the class, of of reigning submitted that the latter conclusion is by far the more probable. The circumstances of the times and of the persons are consistent with our hypothesis. Egypt, no longer dominating in the neighbouring nations, was danger from more is there than one that quarter ; and every probability Psamtek II left no son of sufficient age to take command in the field. This
.seems
two
matter
to result from what we know of his daughter Ankhnesneferabra. She was in III,^ Psamtek 70 some her the short reign of alive years after adoption b}' Nitocris in the first year of her father's reign, and may have lived course of
longer.
her to be 80 years old at this time, she would have been 10 years old at her father's accession, and therefore about 15 to 16 at his death.' It is quite possible that any son he may have had was even younger, and there
Assuming
was
not likely to be
or even
by adoption,
of commanding that anyone of suitable age to discharge this office must have been born in the I ; and, other things being equal, such latter part of the reign of Psamtek believers in omens were as the Egyptians would be likely to give the preference
no claim by descent, his for by Aahmes, he had been reasons, overthrow military chosen when found incapable, would be regarded with far less disfavour than a revolt against in ordinary course. one who had succeeded to the crown
son very much older. What more natural than to provide by pretended adoption, for the succession of a king capable the national forces ? It will be seen from the listof the dynasty a
to
one
who
bore
royal
name.
were
Not only does the name there is a yet further confirmation. of Apries not of royal birth ; not only do the circumstances suggest that he was II render an adoption highly probable ; but Psamtek death the of existing at fulfilsin there has been fortunately preserved to us a record of a man who
And
the most
strikingmanner
A very interesting
Vol. XXII, Royal Irish Academy, pp. 432-3. du Service, Vol. VI, p. 131. * II lived into his seventh Psamtek Although the 23rd day), he had year (dying on longer than five full years. has argued (Ancient Prof. Breasted probably not reigned much
'
Transactions,
"
Annates
the adoption of his daughter by Nitocris was a political device be carried out as early as possible in the reign. If this be so, Psamtek have come his daughter to the throne not long before the eleventh having month, would i. 1 1 With Thebes from Sais on date of the this agrees the earliest known arrived at .29. installed which born on Nekau, doubtless was reign, i.11.9, when the Apis was .xvi.2.7.of in the same calendar year.
502) that
Was
Apries of Royal
Blood?
59
find of bronzes at Mitrahiny (thesite of the ancient Memphis) described by M. Daressy^ includes a plaque greatly injured but stillin large part legible. The first register shows II presenting an Psamtek offering of incense to certain divinities, while in the second register
Ira'
"
8 '^
^-O^
Qr
^=
son
1^
'
%\
'^ ^
deceased," stands in adoration before an altar of the General Psamtek-aaneit We thus learn the bearing offerings to Amen, Mut, Khensu, Mentu, and Tum. following facts :
"
was a general, and the son (1)Uahabra-aaqenen bear the military title associated with other offices: therefore conclude that he was may of military stock, before him, made the soldiering serious business of
of it
a was
II. It is living and holding high office in the reign of Psamtek It important to observe that the plaque is not at all of a funerary character. one in the same was find, all clearly dedicated in a temple as of eight
(2)He
was
objects
of securing the divine favour for living persons. (3)The general Psamtek-aaneit was born in the earlier part of the reign I and received the king's personal name. Psamtek his son Uahabra When of born in the later part of the reign, this son was was given the king's throne name.
a means
This hypothesis
alone will fit the facts. If it be permissible to look for the future king outside the ro3-al family, no other candidate for the position so eligible as this one is ever likely to be found
F. W.
"
Read.
Annates
6o
THE
OBELISKS
OF
PYLON
VII
AT
KARNAK.
in the Annates du Service, Vol. XXII, p. 245, by article has appeared M. M. Pillet,Director of Works for Karnak, in which he carefully estimates the height of the two large obelisks which stood before the pylon which we know as Pylon VII. He arrives at 51 metres for the height of these obelisks by calculation,
An
which
seems
he cuts down
an
to
some
46 metres
as
the probable
height.
To
me,
this
over-estimate.
us
as the scribe Hori in ancient times put the problem, much have the base of an Before Pylon VII we : them to the scribe Amenemopet III. to Tuthmosis height. The dates taper and obelisk of unknown obelisk
Let
set out
"
Find
the height.
"
The obelisk M. Pillet tackles it in this way (I translate from page 245): Actually, must have been much larger than the standing obelisk of Hatshepsowet. intact, 3-17 its is base, measures the south side of metres, while the still which 2-44 metres measures mean of the sides of the base of that of Hatshepsowet I 2-107 metres that of Tuthmosis only. The difference of heights of the I is, in round numbers, 10 metres obelisks of Hatshepsowet and Tuthmosis 0-34 3A bases or 19-60 that their metres metre (29-50 of millimetres and metres), in height ?). Applying these figures to the obelisk of per metre (difference and Tuthmosis
III, which
one measures
at its base
Hatshepsowet,
more
than
that of
Generalised, this is equivalent to saying that, if the difference in the height ^ of two obelisks of very different taper correspond to a certain difference of base measurement, then the difference in height between another obelisk of is larger known two taper and the obelisks proportional to the of the unknown
difference in their bases !
The height, on
A base
this assumption,
as
follows
:
"
to
difference in
Therefore
difference of
^V
or
Ill's
date having a base large enough to other obelisk of the same known as the useful comparison with that of Pylon VII ? That now Obelisk has a base of 2-87 metres.^^ Let us apply the above calculation any
from its basethis obelisk, assuming that its height is to be determined is in 430 base measurements millimetres, so ; here the difference measurement that its height will be Vv or 12 -65 metres higher than the obelisk of Hatshepsowet,
to
making
'
But
only.
one
the number taper I mean of units of height required in unit width. " Gorringe, Egyptian Obelisks, p. 145. By
The On
was
Obelisks
of
Pylon
VII
at
Karnak.
a
6l
to extract proposed to the granite being flawed owing this is almost of identically the same
base of size as that of the obelisk before Pj'lon VII ; is 2-02, while that of Pylon VII below the moreover, the width just pyramidion lower down the shaft,yet this obelisk is found, from a fragment, to be 2 -08 a trifle
(see my
Aswan
Obelisk, p.
8).
The
is only 32-10 metres high. The late M. G. Legrain's calculation of the height of this obelisk is correct as that of Hatshepsowet, the same that its taper was and only if it is assumed This it in sense. Euclid's to not justifiable, that it was assumption was similar^
as
the
taper is about
which
1 in 42-8, which is far less than any other known I in 28. Legrain estimated the length of
.
M.
Fillet comments
on
as
being
an
underestimate.
Obelisk, p. 42, all known obelisks could As I have pointed out in The Aswan have been supported at any point in their length without breaking owing to the Egypt, 1922, stress set up internally due to their own weight, and in Ancient
Part IV, I show that, if the upper part of an obelisk now at Constantinople formed in the 108-cubit (56-7-metre) obelisk mentioned part of the problematical inscription of Thutiy,* then the stress set up, if supported at its centre of gravity, of the ultimate breaking stress of granite.* In other words, would be far in excess it would do what a ship often does in an ice bank, and that is break in two.
that, in the adventures of an obelisk between its quarrying and its liable to be supported for an instant at its centre or its was erection, it never look we then must upon obelisks as evidence, not of clever engineering, but ends,
If
we
assume
M.
Pillet'smost
the top and was and find what slightly stronger obelisk than that which he assumes erected) its I will not is is stress centre of gravity. set up when the obelisk supported at give this extremely wearisome calculation at length ; a similar one is given in full in the volume on the Aswan Obelisk on page 42. The stress which would inch. be set up in the 46-metre obelisk would be more than 1950 pounds^ per square Granite, iffree from flaws, breaks at 1500 pounds* per square inch. It will be seen from the above remarks that (a)mathematically, (b)by
conservative estimate of 46 metres for the height, bottom bases to be 2-08 and 3-2 metres (that is a
examples, and (c) comparisons with known mechanically, the calculations given in M. Pillet'sarticlemight be questioned. Though to have no very definite relation between base and obelisks seem
the height is about equal to the radius of a circlehaving a circumference equal to the circuitof the base, yet all obelisks, about which I have notes, have their height between 9 and 1 1 times the length of
height
as
was
the
case
of pyramids,
where
of Hatshepsowet's
obelisk of which
the height
taper are not necessarily similar obelisks having the same another ; further obelisks, whose upper portions are identically be similar unless the obelisks are of equal length. equal, cannot ' Legrain, Annales du Service, Vol. V, p. 12.
that
to
of)one
' '
"'
Breasted,
Ancient
Records,
2,360 pounds per square inch 137 kg. per square centimetre.
cm.).
"
62
The
Obelisks
of Pylon
VII
at
Karnak.
When M. Pilletinformed me that he estimated the height as over 45 metres, I pointed out on my plan of the Aswan Obelisk the outline of the reduced scheme, Obelisk and the base of the obelisk to the Lateran and its close resemblance Pylon VII. It been passed before his statements be his had that of may proofs could be amended.
R. Engelbach. point of view is that most obelisks have a height which is III, at Karnak, 9 and 1 1 times the base. The obelisk of Tahutmes was probably therefore between 28-5 and 35 metres, 94 and 115 feet, high ; so it need not have exceeded the Lateran Obelisk. F. P.]
[The simplest
between
"
to Ancient [Correction
Egypt,
1922, p. 102.
I have been checking the calculations in my article on the Constantinople Egypt, as I have long suspected that an Obelisk, which appeared in Ancient in. seems so had somehow error very crept in, since the figure of 5120 Ibs./sq. I I have find by the a that, stress-formula using the slip, calculated excessive. Moment of Inertia instead of the Modulus of Section, which is one-sixth the cube
the cube. of the obelisk and not, as written, one-twelfth the stress set up exactly one half of that given, namely, 2560 pounds inch. of the depth
This makes
per square
in my volume on the Aswan Obelisk, and I am quite does not occur does not in any way for my lapse. Fortunately, the error unable to account is Obelisk not part of the 108-cubit affect my argument that the Constantinople
This
error
obelisk of Thutiy.
R.
Engelbach.]
^2,
^
Egyptian Art.
Large
"
REVIEWS.
By
Jean
Capakt
translated by
W.
R.
Dawson.
1923.
general study of Egyptian Art, explaining before entering on the details stock of knowledge what should be the common its historic The setting, the growth of the art, and the country, of monuments. All this is excellent for the are the each set out. architecture various elements of There are some beginner, and worth noting by the student who knows more.
to the
(Allen and
Unwin.) 16s.
debased
it would have been well if the translator had asked for more precision. be very confounding to a beginner to find early works spoken of imitations of later designs (p. 53); or prehistoric drawing as a crude
"
53); or the prehistoric knife rendering of one of the usual figures of late times (p. handle of Gebel Arak described as imitating the productions of a more accomplished
for centuries after that carving is in the least comparable with its beauty, and that the motives foreign treatment are the of it seems whole certainly of origin, misleading. in the Middle Kingdom, Regarding the use of bronze, it is certainly not common
art."
Considering
that
nothing
in Egypt
before
or
(p.95). It is of metal statues is as old as Khosekhemui to say that the Nile soil is incapable of compression, in reality rather awkward it moves inches at every inundation. It is misleading to say up and down some to add another Sothaic period to the history ; that there was any proposal
and
probably
the
use
"
"
recognised by the Egyptians, and the only proposal is that of Berlin in that scheme, to cut it out, and shorten the history. Whether right or wrong fairly least difference be The source the the translator has at of should stated.
was
it always
Tombs
"
"
and
arches upholding More references to English publications might be given, Royal Prehistoric Egypt The are not in the extensive bibliography.
" "
or there would trenches not be subject, or or brick stoneware 50), (p. 60), enamel (p.
"
"
for divisions of
plates unfortunately have no link with the text, either by position, or reference on the plates or in the text ; these matters need proper editing to make the work With some intelligibleas a whole. revision of such detail, and of other minor
errata, the
manner
would
the public.
The
Glory
of the
Pharaohs.
"
By
Arthur
Weigall.
1923.
"
.
8vo.
286 pp.,
amusing series of sketches, or essays, out of the full in Egypt but the titlemust surely be due to the publisher, ; experiences author's as there is littleabout Pharaohs, and nothing about their glory. In the first paper the right note is struck about the necessity of knowing the country, if one is to understand the past or the present of the people. Mr. Weigall 's indignation has been stirred by the removal of antiquities from Egypt ; but it is the injury Whatever to things which remain there which is reprehensible. stays in Egypt
or the waits to be destroyed, by the dealer, or the engineer, or the stonemason, The heart-rending lime burner, or the fanatic, or the small boy with a big stone. thing is to see the destruction going on, and know that itwill always go on, Egyptians
64
Revietvs.
be removed to satety without damage, anything can it had better be at the North Pole or the Equator than be leftin Egypt. There is a reference to the immediate letters from Tell Amama ; purchase of the would that it had been immediate, for they were ground about in a sack on donkey back, and waited for months to find a purchaser. It is not personal greed that
"
"
being Egyptians.
When
Rather should every portable valuable go to Arizona wishes to see things removed. than be leftin a country where no native cares for it except to sell, and where it may be exposed any year to a fanatical mob which will dehght in destroying
an
image and would be urged to do so by itsleaders. An essay on the preservation of antiquities is occupied with the analogy between Futurists and Prussians ; the real enemies to preservation are utter ignorance has interests, be cured, at no which and mad fanaticism. Till those can home
and abroad, all antiquities have In the Morality of Excavation,"
"
short lifewhen they are visible. the constant destruction going on in Egypt is rightly pointed out as the only alternative to clearing out and removing things by trained hands. It is useless to sentimentalise over leaving the dead as they
a
laid, when to leave them is to ensure their destruction by their descendants. The conscientious course is to observe, record, and preserve everything that can be of importance. Even here there are plain limitations, or the world would
were
The sieve needful is a fullknowledge of what is known and published already, thus sifting out the new material that is from larger familiar For this mass the things. wanted, much of repetitions of facts are reason, a beginner's notes are of littlevalue ; for, if complete, the new lost in the
ismissed.
hours and
; if incomplete, it is generally the essentialmatter that It needs years of experience to know what to neglect, in order to give days to the things that have never been seen before, and from which
common mass
be extracted. Egyptians is well illustrated,and, a true Ancient the of sketch of conditions of work is in the chapter on excavations. Two chapters to are a the tombs the given permanently opening of valuable record of of Tyi, The Nubian The Akhenaten, Highway Alabaster and Horemheb. and
must
The
Temperament
"
"
"
Quarries recount
letters are
"
gems are not given here : the plaguey hanger-on who tries is The Limit himself by saying proudly, My name to recommend ; and the into Arabic by hydraulic ram was an then put re-translated which engineer, and A watery sheep." Such are enough to cure one as of venturing on a foreign Other chapters language ; how innocent, and how impossible, are such attempts.
"
"
amusing native quoted, showing the real working of the mind, as well as the pathetic at writing English, which are much better than almost any Enghshman's
Some
"
are
also worth having ; and we may thank the author for so truly dwelling on the value of the consciousness of the historicpast as an ethical background for present
action.
."
The
Exodus
in the Light
of
Archaeology.
"
By
J.
S. Griffiths.
1923.
Sm. 8vo, 79 pp. Scott.)2s. M. (Robert The position This is a well-packed book, written with insight and thought. is historic details that out fully, the regarding the reasonable, and after setting It is as for and against them. various other views are stated, and the reasons found, be impartial historical as as a statement could good and of the position
and it deserves the widest circulation.
"
H530
^'^
H59')
SCARABS BEFORE
THE XHth DYNASTY.
TYPES
OF
S %
ANCIENT
EGYPT.
TYPES During
OF
EARLY
SCARABS.
the last few years several early cemeteries have been searched, and Owing to these scarabs not being as common of the graves. scarabs found in some dynasty, had arisen that there were belief XVIIIth a no as those of the scarabs before the Xllth dynasty, though even the advocates of that belief admitted
that there
So far, however, there has not been any possible exceptions. the types and appearance of the scarabs before general statement as to what were To dynasty. familiar,then, we have grouped together more Xllth them the make the scarabs from Abydos (1), Qau marked Q, Sednient marked S, and Harageh
were
H. marked The kind of evidence as to the age of these scarabs is the essential matter. That from Abydos (No.1)was placed between the arm and chest of a contracted tracted burial, packed in a small box, buried within the square of graves of Zet. Conafter the Vlth, or perhaps the Vth, dynasty ; that by the small box-coffin used. Were this was not accidentally contracted is seen to be coeval with all it not for the scarab the burial would have been assumed buirials are
unknown
It does not seem the other contracted burials of the 1st dynasty. possible to The later Vlth dynasty in from Qau than case. the this examples any place were and without any of the with pottery of about the IXth dynasty and earlier, in known Xllth from the dynasty. Those Sednient were so well with
objects
dynasty,
or
Xllth
objects.
of burials of that age which have Those from Harageh are likewise
burials whose whole character is of that same age. In these three sites dealing with extensive cemeteries of a uniform character, quite different we are from that of later times. Beside these there was a single grave with pottery dynasty Kafr Ammar, IXth-Xth a the at scroll scarab, well-designed with of
1,5, 19, 2, 3, and XXVII, XXVI, Heliopolis and Kafr Ammar, and another (see but as this was there is less a single isolated case 22, 24, 26, p. 32, tomb 509), it. Ehnasya There found are the at with also eight scarabs certainty about That temple was destroyed, and rebuilt by the burials earlier than the temple. dynasty, so it could hardly be other than of the Xllth dynasty, of which XlXth The burials are dynasty. re-used in the XlXth pieces of sculpture were many
is almost certainly, therefore, before the Xllth dynasty ; but as the evidence indirect,these eight scarabs are not quoted here as types. Regarding the types, the scarab upon 1 and 2 is of the same style and the form of head is identical. The Abydos example, 1, is the most degraded, and from a true forn\ ; yet this cannot be a transition implies considerable of
period
66
The Hon and lizard, 3, and the men put after the Vlth dynasty. upon 4, are Hke figures buttons, Vlth-VIIIth dynasties. are the the of much which upon the The scrollsshow what a variety was developed before the Middle Kingdom.
There is the simple symmetric scrollon each side, 6, cut on a large calcitescarab, 7, on a long beetle,with narrow There is also the skew scrolls, much worn. pointed to have been admired, as they are The 8-10 two seem elytra. pairs of spirals found both at Sedment and at Qau ; large scarabs of this type are also known. 1 1 and 12 are placed together as found in one tomb ; the form of linked spirals in 11 is that on the scarab of Zedkara of the Vth djmasty, and as there is no question that this type is as early as the IXth or Xth dynasty, the king's name in the Vth can hardly be further disputed (P.S.C. The large scarab 13 5.8.4).
is cleanly cut in dark green jasper ; it belonged to a burial of Haur.em-sekhti, which had an early form of cartonnage mask with separate beads painted on it ; it which cannot be as late as the this burial was wrecked, and another put over
Xllth IXth d)masty. dynasty. The group 14-17
were
It is probable
or
early
together, and they link to two others found together, 18-19. This group of lotus is very usual on scarabs, but is rare at Kahun among the sealings of the Xllth dynasty ; it is probable, therefore, that most of this type are early. 20-2 1 are ovoid backs, not scarabs ; they will found carry with them a good many more such patterns. A very coarse degraded types is from 22 to 28, connected with the style of They evidently have a long history of figures style of the geometrical of men. degradation lying before this stage was 25 is figured in side view to reached. show the characteristicform of a high scarab raised up on the legs. This form is peculiar to the IXth dynasty scarabs at Qau. 29 is placed here as it has the two neb signs, which belong to the group 30-34. This idea of the double lordship over Upper and Lower Egypt was favoured in the IXth Lower Egypt. On dynasty
; but it is notable that the
crown
is always that of
uraeus
on
the neh signs. From these scarabs we dynasties ; from the Kahun
Xllth
dynasty
; and
now
from
the types and style of the IXth and Xth know the work of the latter part of the sealings the Hyksos graves we know the later styles so it
we
"
know
should be possible
Flinders
Petrie.
( 67
TRACES
OF
ii:^ -BELIEF
IN
MODERN
EGYPT
AND
OLD
ARABIA.
Prof. C. G. Seligman,
has collected
my
own a
in his paper
on
considerable number
the survival in Modern Egypt of a ka-heliei} of examples from various informants, but
a good researches among manj' Egyptians of the simpler kind, carried in the firsthalf of 1914, met with littleresult, although I questioned several on I had previously found well stocked with folklore. It would seem old men whom
as
"
that the beliefis dying out, though so long as it is held by demon-expellers such figuring later in this paper, it will survive, however faintly. the one An aged native of Heluan believed that a spiritThe cases found were two. follows men through their lives : she is quite distinct and women sister (ukht)
"
from the immortal soul (ruh) ; she goes with the person to the tomb, but what happened to her after that he did not know. She has generally no direct influence
on
a
man's
way
to
actions, but has one peculiar quality that if he gives she is evilly affected and gives power to local ginns to mischief on the man.
"
was a
famous
for
the Gizeh
wise-man,
living in the village,whose chief business, as usually in Egypt, was to he but had hidden fame things won an as ; special reveal exorciser of evilspirits. At his house I found people gathered from all parts of the country, even far in
seer,
south. When himself possessed of a guiding spirit, pursuing his wizardry he was same, female {sheikh the or not always sometimes male, sometimes sheikhet), to have changed them seldom, a single one but he seems attending him for long
the
periods. His voice changed as the spirit spoke through him ; he practised a kind of ventriloquism. A visitto an Italian spiritualist, itinerant professional, an in Cairo, had caused him to adopt the hackneyed to curtain and tambourine, fashion desirable him a new for ; previously, we learnt,he set up and professional
use a
canvas
or,
if visiting,
his host's. of special interest,the subject to the attacks of a hostile subject causing him to falldown and rollabout, shrieking and tearing at his clothes. spirit, He was brought to the wise-man, who, on enquiring of the spiritabout its nature, no learnt that it was ordinary demon, but the patient's spirit-"sister." She
being the ka
told the exorciser that the young sleeve and turning his head from
so
"
man
walked about
"
"
waving
vanity and The wise-man faithful follower and a promising candidate for seerdom : his master also had fits. his career begun after a series of born with every man, The sister," it was explained, was and accompanied but what befell in his to even tomb, the him, walking underground, ways, all
"
acts which denoted excessive side to side her if he did not amend, to kill him. that enraged she resolved, that the patient became his undertook the cure, with such success
her then
was
not
known.
As in all the
cases
reported,
68 made the
Traces between
in Modern of a kdi-belief
the ukht (orqarinet) good and bad, and the attendant spirits, tempter," who are also named qarin. To orthodox guardian and the by hadilh a Muslims these are religiousrealities, (saying of the prophet attested down by tradition) handed Mohammed, vsith the and not to be confounded
"
"
"
sister"-spirit or any other. vague The descriptions given above resemble, Prof. Seligman, but my informants did not
"
"
"
as
far
as
use
the word
Ukht female companion (fern, of qarin), makes it appropriate. meaning, a known is probably preferred, to prevent confusion with the demon qarineh and feared in every Egyptian family, ever prowling to snatch away new-bom children, sometimes leaving changelings in their place, the equivalent of the Babylonian Labartu^ demon
or
derived probabty
feared by the ancient Egyptians.* The ancient Egyptian idea of the ka underwent
and kept among
even
developments probably
original simplicity as welcoming him in the Elysian Fields. The modern ukht has a different character ; she is a guardian no longer in but morally, protecting her ward against his evil self, the old material sense, ready to go to the murderous lengths for a long time practised by saviours of
souls in mediaeval Europe. show
a
of ages many in history, but it early illiterate the classes, especially the peasants, its subject a and protective genius, attached through life to man
sophistications, some of them
in the
the ejaculation
and
when
person stumbles
God's
name
on
thee
In the the ukht Islamic doctrine has intervened. " Qoran the word qarin appears three times in the sense of accompanying demon not angel." The texts are :
" "
" "
1.
Ch. 41,
V.
24.
"
"And
we
bound
for [falsely]
them
they
35.
"
"
Whosoever
a
withdraws
from
the admonition
of the
to him and he shall be his inseparab (shaitdn) chain from turn them ; they (the (qarin) devils) shall companion imagine themselves to be rightly the way, yet they (the shall men) directed, until, when (the erring man) appears before us [atthe Day he shall say [unto the devil] of Judgment], oh, how wretched
Merciful,
we
devil
'
companion
V.
art thou !
'
"
3.
Ch. 50,
."
This text refers to the Day of Judgment, when the brought to trial(Qoran, are ('alamin) sentient worlds ch. 31, v. 27), this term including spirit-beings,angels, ginns and demons, as well sons as the of Adam."
"
22.
"
"
"
"
cause
And
(qarin) shall
was
'
say
:
"
Our
Lord,
I did not
wandering
afar.'
qarin is here shown as trying to throw the guilt of his own actions on he is bound, but the Lord cuts short the wrangling and punishes to whom the man both delinquents.*
Lastly, commentators' on the above passages lay it down that the devil is leaves him.* a man never (shaitdn) who (maqroon) made companion of
" "
The
Traces
in Modern of a ka,-belief
Egypt and
Old Arabia.
69
It is clear from these texts that the God of Islam, of his own volition,couples demons to men Muslims are bound by these as part of his discipline. Orthodox
t.h5authoritative exegesis of them, yet the bonds have not proved to destroy older ideas of a favouring strong enough, at least among the illiterates, have though they genius, materially altered them, robbing the ancient spiritof his material protective quality.
texts
and
II. Arabia.
Thus
have dealt with Egypt, and now turn to Early Arabia. The root of the word qarin conveys the idea of tives, a pair (one of itsderivaform for example, is qarn, is denoting a horn "), an and qarin
" " "
far we
adjectival
a
the quality of being one of a pair. That the prophet Mohammed should have attached to this word invented idea of an accompanying On spirit is very improbable.
deliberately
the contrary, it is likely that he found such an idea already existing under the name of qarin of his mission moral discipline by making the and adapted it to the object qarin a devil {shaitdn).
"
"
inference is strengthened by another meaning of qarin, or qarineh, as well as the cognate qarilna, immaterial self." This is not an early concept, fruit the of primitive imaginings, but belongs to a comparatively late period, that of philosophical reasoning. There must have been an earlier denotation of
This
"
the term
or
"
namely,
an
immaterial,
was
spiritual, companion."
a
of protective nature, and that when the prophet, in his hadtth, added a good in the Qoran,he simply reverted to an older qarin to the evil one announced
personal Langdon,
"
"
"
closely to the indefinite My god who walks by my side."^ Dr. The Pharaoh's Blackman's paper on
me,
corresponds
"
Placenta,"^" gives many incantation texts referring to this personal god and The fundamental in Sumerian Babylonian : says concept of personality and A man and his god religion is a sort of dualism, a person and a super-person.
'
"
"
'
form
unity which under normal conditions always Thus the early Arabians found a Aa-beliefheld
exists."
on
one side of them by their the other by their Egyptian neighbours ; that they be but natural. a differing form, would
One cannot, of course, claim more than that the existence of a kind of ^a-belief Arabs is by the their use of the word qarin and is in itself early suggested among probable. It is possible, doubtless, that the Semitic conception of guardianspiritsis of independent origin,having no connection with the Aa-beliefof Ancient
It is,further, Egypt, and that the Arabian beliefis merely a phase of the former. possible that Semitic beliefsin the matter influenced those of Egypt before the rise of Islam, in the later periods of penetration ; an example of this may be in the domains of magic, on comparing the Harris Hieratic Papyrus of the seen
20th Dynasty
century demons,
a.u.
Papyrus
of the third
by the modern
70
Traces
in Modem of a Va^-belief
on
has been to put These and similar questions I have put aside ; my object be record things observed likely to useful to students of such matters. g. d. hornblower.
Notes.
*
Essays
The
Cambridge
2
Ridgeway
on
to point to a of the special tabernacle is worthy of note ; it seems We may kinds of spiritswould require an abode. pre-Islamic time when some Early same race as African a the the the practice of people of compare mediaeval Egyptians, the Beja, not yet converted to Islam who in the days of Makrizi were
use
he relates that each family had a priest {cp. the early Hebrews, the spirit Judges, xvii, 5 ff.) who set up a tent of skins in which he consulted 'Vol. XLIII, Anthr. Inst., Prof. C. G. Seligman, {v. J.R. p. 661) ' Rituel et Amulettes contre Labartu," in the V. F. Thureau-Dangin,
and of whom
"
"
"
Revue d'Assyriologie, Vol. XVIII, No. IV, Paris, 1921, and R. Campbell Semitic Magic,
*
Thompson,
V.
p. 41. E. Hanauer, J.
Folklore
ofthe Holy
Land, London,
322 ff.
of the features reported to Prof. Seligman show, I think, traces of confusion, very natural, with a demon qarina. * V. Breasted, Development Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt,p. 291. Some
of
In sect, iv of Sale's Preliminary Discourse to his translation of the Koran derived from he describes a popular belief of Muslims about the Judgment Day
"
late
"
Jewish that the guilty, using all possible pleas for exculpation, will cast they can, the blame of their evil deeds on anyone soul and and thus the be body but both were as condemned will mutually attack each other will
"
"
"
"
man
an
orchard, combined
in the parable also of Jewish origin who, to steal the fruit,the lame riding the blind.
" "
set to
Tahari, Tag-ul-'Arih, El Qam/is, principal authorities consulted were Lissan-ul-'Arab, Mishkwet-ul Masahth, and originals referred to by them. * Some is a ginn. Even hold that the demon bound to a man commentators in early Islamic times there is confusion between shaitAn, ginn and qartn. " the Dragon, p. 214, from Quoted by Prof. Elliot Smith in The Evolution
The
of
Dr. Langdon,
"
Ritual Atonement
for
Babylonian
King,"
in the Museum
Sale, in his description of the Early Arabian divination by arrows Disc, sect, v, p. 90, of Tegg's undated 8vo relates that the arrows edition),
in the temples forbidden or
"
"
{Prel.
kept
"
My Lord hath commanded me marked with the phrases This suggests a god for the person of the oracle-seeker, me." Mesopotamian beliefs. (The Babylonians, as we learn from Ezek. 21^, recalling
were
used
^^
similar
71
THE The
SUPPORTS
OF
THE
PYLON
FLAGSTAVES.
device by which the gigantic wooden flagstaves, always placed before the been satisfactorily explained, held secure, has, I believe, never pylons, were though several contemporary sculptures and paintings of these flagstaves have
come
down
to
us.
have a contemporary we sculpture of the pylon of Harnesses in the procession of Tutankhamun, in the same temple, there are two front pylon of Karnak III, Amenophis the the was then pylon of views of which Temple. In Karnak Temple King Herihor gives a sculpture of a pylon with Temple, before his flagstaves, eight probably representing that of the Khonsu
In Luxor
Temple
II, and
16 and 19 apparently a smaller scale. Tombs II and Sety I at Qurneh both have paintings of pylons dated to about Ramesses respectively, though I am not at all sure as to which pylons they are intended to
successor
Paynozem
remade
it on
Pylon
of
Edfu,
with
Grooves
each held
for the
Flagstaves.
Two
Holes
above
Supports.
of which must have weighed over 5 tons, were formerly been of cypress or cedar ; Loret, however, in the Annates du Service,Vol. XVI, pp. 33-51, has brought a good deal of evidence to show that
be. believed to have
to my mind, he lays too much in In some cases, as the ancient paintings. stress on given Tutankhamun's sculpture in Luxor and Herihor's at Karnak, the flagstaves are branches the trees with merely lopped off,and not smoothed in any way, whereas in Ramesses II's sculpture and in the presentation scene of Tuthmosis III behind
The flagstaves,some
they
were
the flagstaves
are
shown
perfectly smooth.
E
72
The
down to us from Figs. 1 to 5 show the various indications which have come flagstaves were supported ; they are ancient times of the method by which the all reduced to the same scale. They are from the following sites :
"
Fig. 1, Herihor's sculpture, probably (Kamak.) of Khonsu. Fig. 2, Tutankhamun's Fig. 3, Ramesses Fig. 4, Unknown Fig. 5, Unknown
No.
(Luxor Temple.)
II's sculpture of his own (Luxor Temple.) pylon at Luxor. 19, from Amenmose. tomb of (No. El-Qumeh.) pylon
16 is dated
I-Sety I.
we can
(No.16, El-Qurneh.) pylon from tomb of Pinehas. II, and No. 19 is probably of the time of to Ramesses
Ramesses
have explained the curious form of the supports, we for must not only account every line in the most detailed picture known, but we must account for every fact observed in the pylons themselves ; further, Before say that
we
the natural and simple method of attachment (for Egyptian was, above all,practical,apart from his or that it perpetuates religion) feature in the reed-and-mud buildings from which the pylons are derived. some The latter possibility may be ruled out at once, as if such a reed building ever
we
must
show
that it is
had
flagstaves of proportional height to those associated with the pylons, they would not need upper supports at all, but would be simply fixed in the ground. held. the ports in the pylons in which the supports were We are struck with their great size generally slightly over a yard square and The fact in is no trace the there the that any with pylon of ancient supports.
Let
us
examine
"
"
inference is that either the ports contained material which was of value to later generations, or that they contained something which has perished in the course the ports are empty, like all the of ages. In the unfinished pylon at Karnak others which we know to have been furnished with flagstaves. It may be added that the ports do not necessarily coincide with the interior chambers of the in to have been so that the supports cannot pylons, order obtain more removed light, as well imagine from an examination of Edfu pylon. consider the support shown in Fig. 1, as being the most detailed. its Taking outline only, it is seen that it, like most of the others, is just about diately This immethe size of the ports in the pylons, and appears to be rectangular.
one
might
Let
us
from the port. The suggests a cantilever of considerable size projecting holds back flagstaff, we the the support which part of which will call the clip, is only of half the depth of the entire support. Taking the lower half, it is seen that the flagstaffis in no way hidden, strongly suggesting a semicircular groove in the end of the cantilever. As to the material of the cantilever, apart from the clips, it seems almost for the fact of its certain that it was wood, since that would readily account disappearance having the ports in the pylon, having been either used as fuel or Had the cantilevers been of stone, which is perfectly rotted away. feasible mechanically, we should expect to see them, at any rate in the rough, in the unfinished pylon of Karnak ; it would involve an unnecessary expenditure
matter to haul a block, weighing at least three tons, of labour, and be a difficult face the the of up pylon after the constructional ramps had been removed. Whether the cantilever was of one piece or not, matters little,so long as
from
of fulldepth.
The
to
73
upper supports of the Edfu Temple they might is well within the powers of any wood of 2 feet
means
depth.
As to the holding-back
to
simple
band round the cantilever and use a thick metal that this is not the method used by the Egyptians, as vertical pegs are about the one method by which such bands could not be attached (Fig. 1).The Egyptians
3
FIG. 4
FIG.
FIG. 2
FIG.
FIG. 5
P,9
nu
F16
FIS.
FIG.
FI6.
lO
RV
T
I
I,
SIDE
SECTION
ellevation;
THROUGH X-X'
5I0E
elevation;
THROUGH
SECTION
^/..Y-Y'
I
FIS. II
"^ %
FIG.
I
Z^\"^' ^
FIG.
IZ
KS!
I N^
a
plan;
THROUGH
SECTiorvJ
V/-W' CLIP
plan;
THROUGH
SECTION
Z-Z'
CLIP
(ONE
RtMOVED)
(ONE
removed)
place which made It seems that they good show, and where did not like covering the entire flagstaff with the clips ; possibly the idea was, in the earlier examples, to show clearly that such flagstaves were of one piece in flagstaves A case the a matter of pride straight fir of 30 to of and obelisks. high deal finding, 50 yards besides being a most unmanageable took a great of
"
masses
two-support
pylon, it would
74
The
to make the holding-back cUps conceal a joint.I admit this appears rather far-fetched,particularly as, at any rate in Ramesside times, they appear to have had the bad taste to plate the masts with electrum. The fact remains, however,
Fig. 5 shows supports which that the clips do not conceal the wood completely. might be metal bands round the cantilever, but I place littlereliance on this, In Figs. 4 and 5 the supports are as the whole painting is very carelessly done. coloured black, which
are
is the normal
painted plated. of the most simple and natural methods of holding back the masts is by clips of wood resting on the cantilever, which is halved to receive them, Figs. 6 to 8 show the details of a the clips being pegged or skewered down. One
"
"
not
or
support of this description, which gives a front view exactly like that of Herihor's two skewers on each side of the masts there were cannot sculpture. Whether
be determined,
only one, only one would show from the front. If there were the clip would have to have the form shown in Fig. 8 ; if,on the other hand, two, a more there were the purpose. simple design, such as Fig. 12, would answer In Figs. 6 to 8 it is seen that the recess in the end of the cantilever is a semicircle, it, in front line between the the that thus making the and clips of
as
project
clips and cantilever show clearly, especially if there is a top light. If the ends of the cantilever are brought out as far as the ends of the clips,the division line 9 to 11), will hardly show at all (Figs. especiallyif the supports are metal-plated,
giving
front view like that of the pylon of Ramesses II at Luxor. In ancient records the flagstaves are nearly always described as being either wrought with electrum or copper or having electrum tops. An examination of
a
the paintings of these flagstaves in tombs 16 and 19 at El-Qurnehshows them to have been parti-coloured. In tomb 19 they are painted in alternate bands of pink and yellow, and in tomb 16 in bands of black and yellow. The tops are in all cases yellow. To our minds, this indiscriminate plating or painting is
most
unpleasing, and guilty of it. It seems, least in this matter, as been familiar to every have
been
some
one
might well doubt if the Egyptians could have been however, that we must accept the artists' version, at the general aspect of the pylons and flagstaves must have though
the details of the flagstaffsupports may well of the tombs of El-Qurnehthe artist was
one,
In the case unnoticed. distance working away from a pylon, while in the temple sculptures he was it close to and could thus render the details faithfully. The colouring of the flagstaves was not done only if they were smooth ; in branches had one tomb 16 clearly shows that the of those shown only been
lopped off,yet it is painted like the others. In the sculptures no trace of paint remains except in Herihor's at Karnak, where the supports, and possibly the for this colour is not clear to me. The reason masts, are green.
In tomb that they
were
16
on
the masts;
can
it be
R. Engelbach.
( 75
)^
PITHOM
AND
RAAMSES.
In a series of articlescontributed by him to the Journal ofEgyptianArchaeology The Delta Residence for 1918 (Vol. the titleof V) under of the Ramessides," Dr. Alan H. Gardiner brings together a vast quantity of learned and valuable observation which has an intimate bearing on an interesting period of Hebrew
"
far is indicated on p. 261 : "So standpoint in the matter is concerned, the plan of this essay as the Biblical city of Raamses-Rameses has been less to solve the problem than to provide the material for its solution. history. His
own
estimate of the historicalvalue of the Exodus the province of the Egyptologist ; nor, indeed, An
to include
an
in the exhaustive revision of the geography of the Exodus-route Nevertheless, the conclusions here reached do light of the Egyptian sources. These will be suggested in a to provide a basis for further deductions. seem
to confirm or tentative way, and it will remain for Biblical students to reject Biblical students can best show their gratitude for Dr. Gardiner's work by discussing and using it freely, and it is with a view to this that the following
them."
offered. begin by considering his views as Professor Naville's excavations at Maskhuteh remarks
are
We
Since
as
the site of the Biblical Pithom, be denied that On this Dr. Gardiner writes : Heroonpolis. Now it cannot the evidence for the identification of Pithom-Heroonpolis with Maskhuteh provided
"
this has been generally recognised the Greek and Latin Hero, Ero, Erocastra or
by Prof. Naville's excavations there is very formidable, seeing that they yielded Pithom, but also Latin inscriptions not only hieroglyphic inscriptions mentioning 268). He, however, argues against this, and tries to show (p. mentioning Ero
"
His main that the true site of Pithom is Tell-er-Retabeh, 8| miles to the west. is found Maskhuteh inscription Ab Ero bearing on a the at milestone reliance
"
in Clusma
from Ero
VHIL"
"
This he interprets
"
as
of opinion longer in its oriignal position.^ The point has been definitely no milestone was decided by the excavation of Retabeh, as Mr. J. S. Griffithshas pointed out in The work of the firstwinter has shown that, his recent book on the Exodus.^
"
to Clysma
(Suez).Mommsen,
meaning however,
Nine miles
on
was
being a Roman East of Bubastis camp, this is the oldest site known it has had Roman Petrie.^ It follows Prof. not occupation," writes any and that that it cannot possibly be Erocastra, and the milestone is therefore not in situ. in a stronger This leaves Naville's identification of Pithom with Maskhuteh
so
far from
of Pithom that Dr. Gardiner's work Other and greater gains result from our In order that full use may be made of his He has collected all the another method.
case
Pi-Ra'messe, house of Ramesses, the well-known Delta of the name that resemble it. Assuming rather residence of the Ramessides, and other names
"
"
Repertus
Exodus and
videlicet
non
suo
Corpus InscriptionumLatinarum,
'
The
in the Light
of
loco, sed postea ad castrum Vol. Ill, Suppl. I, p. 1,214. Archaeology, p. 79.
aedificandum
adhibitus,"
"
Hyksos
IsraeliteCities, p. 28.
76
Pithom
and
Raamses.
than proving that there was only one royal residence in the Eastern Delta, he has then drawn certain inferences from the materials he has collected. It is
these by examining firstwhether there was only one such Either Raamses- Rameses thus : residence. Dr. Gardiner states his case of the Bible is the Residence-city of the Ramessides near Pelusium, or else it is a
proposed
to check
"
town
unknown
"
to the Egyptian
monuments,
postulated
(p. 261).
It will be submitted
of another town. From the texts cited by Dr. Gardiner described as being belwixt Zahi and Egypt
"
"
the end
sea
"
seaport, whether actually beside the little distance inland beside the river-mouth, is shown some by the words its fare forth the harbourage thy ships' ; troops ships and return to port
was
a or
"
ofEgypt."
Th^t
Pi-Ra'messe
"
"
of
Anastasi V) this in mind let the following document (Papyrus Meneptah's II, be Gardiner's the Dr. successor, Sety of reign of considered. translation is quoted as being the most recent known to me :
"
(p.252). With
from the Courts of the Royal Palace on the ninth day of I the third month at eventide, in quest of those two servants. of summer, in Theku Tell Wady the the reached Tumilat) enclosure-wall of {i.e., el-Maskhuteh
was
"
despatched
(sic ?)day of slaves) passed fortress the third month of summer. And [when I]reached the {soil, of Theku), from had desert come that the groom they told me the [to (?) say]that they had passed the north wall of the Migdol of Sety-Meneptah-(is) beloved-like-Seth."on
the tenth day of the third month of said in the South^ that they (the
on
summer,
where
had
Dr. Gardiner places this Migdol at Tell el-Her near Pelusium. That he is in from idea The fugitive a glance at the map. that slaves appears clearly from Pelusium to Maskhuteh, some 43 miles to the south-west, on the went 6 or 7 miles away from their starting-point,is obviously way to Tell el-Her, some
error
impossible,' as also the view that the groom coming from the neighbouring desert could have reported what had happened at this distance.
is obscure, certain inferences can be drawn While a portion of the document 1) There was from the parts of it that are clear : ( a royal palace situate at the for the narrator arrived at the latter distance of only one stage from Maskhuteh,
"
of leaving the palace. (2)Persons seeking to go from that palace to a point beyond the Egyptian frontier would pass through or near Maskhuteh There is no possibilitj' in, at am' rate, some cases. this of equating palace with Pi-Ra'messe, having regard to the relative positions of the sea and Maskhuteh
on
the
morrow
of calling the situation of the palace the end of Egypt. and the impossibility It is thus certain that there were at least two royal residences in the Eastern Delta.*
" "
Dr. Gardiner
//.of Eg.
points out in a footnote that the meaning Arch., Vol. VI, 1920, p. 109.
"
is not clear.
" Presumably is identical with the fortress of Meneptah the Migdol of Sety Meneptah have finished causing the Beduin to pass the VI : tribes of Edom we of Pap Anastasi fortress of Meneptah belonging to Theku towards the pools of Pithom Meneptah belonging [of]
to Theku,
of Ex.
"
in order xiv, 2.
to feed themselves
and
"
(p.268),and
the
Aligdol
Professor
on
his
name
Roman
Petrie suggests the following further point. Seeing how Rameses II put it seems cities after himself, like the probable that he called many to Cilicia called Augusta. citiesfrom London
monuments,
Pithont and
Raamses.
77
It was lies at the exact spot that would best suit this document. been has found inscription II. One there Rameses a store city of referring to a Prof. Petrie writes as follows : palace. To the leftare two pieces,which must be from the pylon gateway, being on Retabeh
"
"
larger a scale than the temple front. They bear part of the titles of much living eternally.' Next is a Ramessu, Atmu, lord of Succoth,' and of the king Then comes ka. to inscription, Adorations a piece thy of column of
so
' ' '
.
.'
It reads, re-used for stone in the town." which foreigners keeper of the of Syria in according to Mr. Griffith, Chief archer, Ta-nuter Succoth, keeper the Residency in Succoth, User-maat-nekhtu."
from door-jamb
tomb,
was
"
of
here probably refers to Syria, as meaning of Arabia. That there that this
was a
in
were
some
other cases, and not to its principal foreigners here is important, as showing
city of foreign settlement.^ be no doubt whatever of the exact correspondence of these Egyptological facts, so far as they go, with the data of Ex. xii,37, and Nu. xxxiii, 3-6, from Rameses and pitched according to which the Children of Israel journeyed There
can
What
evidence makes it clear that there and Hebrew Theku which cannot be identifiedwithPi-Ra'messe. on the collection of passages which Dr. Gardiner
of his citations there can be no doubt what place to be against the balance of probability seems them of letter His No. 34 (p. is a clear instance of this ; The Pi-Ra'messe. 197) preserved in Pap. Anastasi VIII goes a step further, writing the name the of city with
"
the
prenomen of
Ramesses
there is nothing to indicate where the town to recognise the Delta residence in this was situated. What makes it difficult is i.e., fact Pi-Ra'messe that 'House-of-Ramesses-Beloved-of-Amun,' the place-name
/ will written, is mentioned in 1. 27 in the sentence spendfrom the inundation, in day 8 day to 10, there {i.e., Memphis), second month of and then we to Pi-Ra'messe, if Once we know that there was we live.' will set forth another normally
"
'
(1. 44). The writer makes but with the s'rt-wool (?),' setpenre'
II and without the preceding qualification House-of Usimari'allusion to a ship which is going to the town
'
'
'
of
in Hebrew to have been known as royal residence in the Delta which seems Raamses without the Pi, the probability arises that the town to which the wool The same was comment going should not be identified with Pi-Ra'messe. applies
to his
VIII
Yet another reference to Pi-Ra'messe may be contained in Anastasi in the sentence As to the s'rt-wool (?) the god which is in Tomb ('^)-of of
(35),
"
'
on as The-W the bank of Ramesses-Beloved-of-Amun whose aters-of-the-Sun,' it be but ? The hr the tomb means tomb ; freight given word elsewhere shall
'
'
'
'
II was Theas at Thebes, and not on the arm of Ramesses of the Nile known Waters-of-the-Sun.' Some mistake or unusual word may here be concealed, Tomb (?)-of-Ramesses and maj' possibly be a variant name of the Delta capital. likely since the ship bound for the town This is the more U simare'
' ' '
'
of
-setpenre'
same
commodity
"
with Pi-Ra'messe
by forcing.
Harold
'
M.
Wiener.
(my italics).
78
CURRENT
FALLACIES
ABOUT
HISTORY.
on fanciful resemblance of clouds to other objects, which Hamlet plays, drawn in or the sky, the bloody spears and the visionsof angels with swords forms lances of the red aurora, are the popular of that habit of fallacywhich to those who have not the knowledge and growth of discrimination clingsstill to keep itin check. The simplestand lowest form of thisprimitiveframe of mind isseeingfaces or shapes of animals and men in natural stones. The face is the in the fire, of closeexamination,hence it is the type to which anything most familarobject dynasty Egyptian collected baboon-likeflints unexplainediscompared. The first in his between fetish are link temple they the them the ; stone of the and placed In have men the the recent years several art of sculptor. collected savage and flints which suggest human or animal forms ; they may also have been so but only the proof of artiiicial trimming could certify that regarded anciently,
The
belief. is insufficient causes One of the commonest of these fallacies experience, which does not give enough ground for comparison. For long ages, Jewish no the only glimpse of pre-classical history was times. There was wider hence in dark into was brought the the Jewish everything experience,and boundary of thought, and illumination. Since then, Egypt became the familiar to some even now try explain everything by Egyptian comparisons. many writers Then an ample chance of fallacy to hand in the Atlantismyth, came
" "
of which nothing and anything would be attributedto a supposed civilisation Because Hebrew was the only Oriental in England, we familiar was known. script i nscriptions by it, fallacy language Sinaitic one the had the read and primaeval
"
"
century ago. Akin to thisis the fallacy of fluentdeclamation. By the time an assertion, and whether in advertisementsor popular books,has been repeated confidently, In a thousand and one details often enough, it becomes a popular axiom. the originality civilisation of Ancient Egypt is revealed." It of our common to a hundredth of this assertion. difficult be Egypt has been prove would displayingthe full story of the coming of copper, complete in every detailand written in a simple and convincing fashionthat he who runs may circumsta'nce, Yet Or we the story is probably elsewhere in a land of copper ores. read." died foreign sources Egyptians of wealth," who abroad when exploiting read of while there is no evidence that any Egyptian exploitedwealth abroad, or died in is a lack of familiarity source of fallacy with such an adventure. A common in discrimination. lack Almost anyone a details, of trainingof the eye and as alike. It is only when the variety regards allforeigners going abroad at first is learned itis to see the differences, beneath the broad that of character possible dissimilarity of the people from what is already known. In the same way a
not
"
"
"
Current Fallacies about History. literary friend, who is not artistic, remarked Egyptian figuresas indicating some connection.
the Egyptian- is
see on
79
familiar that the Mexican so books quoting American buildings as evidence of Egyptian origin, where It is commonly there is no real resemblance. said that early races drew animals better than we know the We know but draw the men men. perfectly, could not We
animals, but a cow's A animal drawing.
the similarity of Mexican and eyes there is no similarity, appears different at every point.
To my
opinion might be opposite to ours as to the perfection of lack of seeing details is the base of the claim that the Egyptians originated the calendar ; but we inherit the Babylonian calendar and Zodiac, with which the Egyptian constellations have hardly anything in common.
to most races. fact of a calendar of months is common There is often the fallacy of noting a resemblance in a part and then claiming in Monmouth M that it refers to the whole ; like Fluellen's and Macedon. This liesat the base of sympathetic magic ; colour your arrows red and they will
The
mere
"
"
a Dentalium ; or wear shell spillblood ; eat yellow food and you will get jaundice because fallacies for easy teething. So we the ; read also of of resemblance Egyptians had ships we are assured that they originated ship-building ; yet
other people's ships were entirely different from those of Egypt, and obviously from different ideas. Because metal tools cut we arose read, therefore, they Egyptians hardest over the the ; but granite was mastery gave materials
" "
by stone hammers and emery, and no copper chiselwould be of the least use upon it. Copper is said to have been valued as resembling gold ; yet copper is found in use for practical purposes long before any gold is found in Egypt.
worked
was told that green malachite compared to the green Nile which made Egypt But fertile." land a green Nile, which was there never the of green and is persistently brown. The uaz ur is the green Mediterranean Sea, which certainly furniture as does not produce fertility. Another writer describes Egyptian
We
"
are
like an artist there ; much which is totally unknown of bamboo, hedges from America into and maize pictures of ancient Palestine. putting cactus There is another fallacy about resemblance, which dominates anthropology
being made
of skull, often only a vague impression seriously. A particular appearance Now about it, is taken as evidence of the diffusion of a race all over the world. by is form is dominated that the sane students conditions skull view of modern
by the need of sucking the stress of grinding, even Wherever similar conditions the nourishment of the grassland nomads. prevail, a similarity of form will therefore tend to arise. The conditions of any country usually remain similar, and hence the country subdues the invaders to The being subdued. and Australians are being by the very exclusive Jewish race mutability of the skull form is seen No doubt to the type of each country where it is found. anthropologists assimilated resent this fact, as depriving them of a cherished criterion; but no one its
own
type,
as
now
Americans
racial continuity of the type of skull for centuries in different conditions, and there are strong instances to the contrary. A similar fallacy is the notion that all races were pure until the maintained has
ever
proved
any read protests against supposing that there was in prehistoric ages. This view is ludicrous when we look at written history. See the whirlwind of races driving about the world. Goths Europe, through Spain, and settling from Scania, round by the Black Sea, across
we
North Africa, up through Spain, and barely checked Europe. As far back as we can see, these changes
8o
more
take place. Egypt has had a large immigration readily will such flux of races five hundred during known history, and we cannot credit less moveevery ment years in wilder ages before that. The similarity of \.Y^ in different ages is due
to the climate and
country,
as
history proves to
us
purity of race. Another kind of fallacy arises from not regarding the possibilities of a case, We have been assured that agriculture arose in owing to antecedent causes. from is in Egypt ; yet the names Mesopotamia, corn came com the and of wild
North Syria and Asia. It must have been cultivated firstin its native sources Again, linen is said to be firstwoven before it would be introduced into Egypt. in Egypt. But the flax plant is native in cold countries, flourishing now most formerly among the Scythians, who cannot have cultivated it,being nomads ; it is exotic in Egypt, and the use of it must have been discovered elsewhere before it would be introduced there. Then, copper is claimed to have Now the earliestcopper there is a pin used to fasten been firstwrought in Egypt. in Russia,
as
likely that it was the sheepskin of the very earliestprehistoric folk, and it seems brought in with the pottery peculiar to their culture from Algeria. There is no of using malachite before the use of copper, and copper would period known We doubtless be firstwrought where the ore was discovered, and not in Egypt.
that megaliths were erected by men searching for gold and pearls ; found here from far remote either gold or pearls, and the yet they are mostly ludicrous explanation has been given that the gold of the Wiltshire streams had
even
read
Not a grain of gold could ever be found in a chalk stream. exhausted. We are told that carpentry began in Egypt, a country so destitute of suitable wood that it always had to be imported ; such would be the last country to start using material which it had not got. The rise of carpentry is natural in a forest been
countries. We have been ; of the powers of the king who conferred this elixirof lifeupon the community revelations there emerged and out of pondering upon these new Thus it is said that the order is (1)irrigation, primitive religion and magic."
" "
....
readily than the Egyptians. is the natural order of development as seen in other told that the use of irrigation led to the recognition tools
more
developed
The obvious order of socialdevelopment kingship, and (3) religionand magic. (2) is justthe contrary of what is stated ; tribes have magic without kingship Another and kingship without irrigation or cultivation (Scythia). (Australia), instance of reversing the obvious order is stating that it is certain that Elam On the contrary, there is much and Sumer derived their culture from Egypt." in early Egypt, but nothing that is Egyptian in Sumer. The that is Sumerian Elamite source an of myths for people unmistakably invading Egypt ; and also an art far in advance of anything that the Egyptian doing at the time when he made the rippled flintblade of that knife. The was
Arak knife-handle shows
"
priority of civilisationin Elam and Sumer is assured. All of these matters are examples of disregarding the antecedent causes. Another fallacy that is often seen is the assumption that if a view is possible so. its truth is proved, without seeking if other views are equally possible,or more of Egyptian parentage ; it is possible that some in Britain ; it is possible that Mary Queen of municipalities survived her husband Elizabeth. But none or Scots did not conspire against of these is a that there not prove greater probability against such views. possibilities It is possible that Roman
Queen Tyi
was
8i
especiallywith Biblical critics is to assume then proceed to demonstrate something else no that rests upon, the firstassumption. We have been assured that there were good scarabs before the Xlth dynasty, without any proofs ; and that therefore The first proposition not contemporary all earlier kings' scarabs were work. A favourite mode of argument the truth of one proposition, and
"
"
been swept away by discoveries,and so the deduction from it vanishes. Similarly a difficultyin some view is often taken as evidence that it cannot be true. The only real argument lies in the absence of any better explanation. has
now
doubt, in every system of Egyptian chronology that has but the ; question is,where is the least difficulty? A view maj' be be reckoned as having only 40 per cent, probability, but if nothing else can In field. hold 20 AQ over the the credited with per cent., per cent, view must imperfect historicalwork, without the possibility of experiment, and usually with
There
are
difficulties, no
been adopted
of relative probability, without usually reaching the certainties of an experimental science. It is often assumed, notwithstanding the defects of our information, that for is no known to a thing us. Jade was assumed other source possible than that to be solely Asiatic tillit was All sources found in Switzerland. of material are
material,
we
have
to take results
on
the ground
to light ; such reasoning on come may something, but it is not conclusive. fallacy to be avoided is the forming of theories about unknown
source
fresh
An elaborate periods which will not work when periods. applied to known theory about the derivation of the years of dynasties in the Hyksos age was fictitious. But just the same supposed to prove that they were reasoning could better be to the with grounds applied period of the XXIIndwell-known Ith dynasties, where the duplication of one impossible. Theories should be applied to known before using them to deal with the unknown. A
are
XXVI
flagrant instance of this fallacy is the assumption that changes in art of proportionate to time, hence that a similarity in style shows a nearness history. The works of the Roman age in its {jeriod. Apply this to known decline in the third century are so closely copied in the sixteenth century that
Anyone a few age some sculptures belonged. thousand years hence, where the less substantial mediaeval work has largely disappeared, will be ready to believe that there was but a century between the by Roman decline and the renaissance, between the burghers commemorated
it is
even
dispute
as
to which
the Moselle and those figured by Diirer. This is not only due to it is national taste, which survives all that is thrust upon it. An which is bankrupted by historicfacts cannot guide us anywhere in the
on
of a much
influence truth is, that style is only changed by the dominant higher art, and even that is sooner or later thrown offwhen the intruders
The
All such intrusive changes are very rapid, and then be fifty times quicker the variations in style may to one time than at another, and they have no relation the period elapsed. at The reliance on similarity of names has prevailed from the earliest times. as was The Egyptian proof of always trusting to a parallel word or name connection. This abuse
to warn clear case serves of Minos of Crete, Mena were all forms of our to recent times ; but one of philology was usual down The similarity of name us off the shoals. and of status to prove that they of Egypt, and Manu of India was held those wide-spread myth, which therefore underlay all
F
82 cultures.
much
more
than the rise of Knossian civilisation. A curious perversion in the literary criticism is the habit of reading into a It is a mental failureprobably due passage something of which there is n9 trace.
recent personage
to strong prepossession. Thus, a recent writer has stated that the Israelites believed that they adopted circumcision in Egypt ; the winged disc is said to have been placed on the high-priest's dress ; the altar built on the threshing floor is
said to be a sacred stone ; the brazen serpent is said to have been effectivein the Now all of these connections are entirely figments of modern rout of Amalek. Similar material preprepossession, and have no trace of reality in the source. possessio
were
.
so-called steatopygous dolls they representations of not intended to portray racial characters, nor were They are steatopygy. simply models of the cowrie-shell
are seen
when
we
are
told that
"
anthropomorphized could be made, without the smallest trace of the form of a the mark to call them representations of King Charles's head. Egyptians
"
as
It is said that the As Syrians the the Syrians were taught the value of metal weapons." far ahead of the Egyptians in the forms and design of their weapons, which have no resemblance to those of Egypt, the teaching, if any, was in the other direction.
"
known
found
is evidence
Yet no attempt is made to show how the unthe prehistoric grave-robber." fieshing of the body, reversal of bones, and severance head, found within the of the complete bandages in undisturbed burials,could be due to robbers ; while the
recorded
customs,
Egyptian
can
on guard habit this against accepting statements writers who show of assertion we regardless of facts, owing to mental prepossession. For this reason should also for facts hand our to declare A" or trusting third sources. that second avoid may B has proved something needed for A's" argument ; but "A" must quote the
leave
no
traditions of such treatment, and the modern We must always be possible doubt on the matter.
from
African
"
"
"
"
facts,not
we
as
B's" authority, for the result. Unless the basic factsare clearlyset out, have to trust to the judgmentof other writers,while we are entirely in the dark to their logic or their prepossessions. Opinions should never be quoted,
as an
"
except
as
showing
change
in
writer's
of applying any principle more widely than it can be descent items land to some proved. prove of of culture from one does so transmitted to all lands. not prove that all culture was another ; that We can prove independent invention, as for instance the jewelled tubular drill facing in IVth dynasty, forgotten the and the plate and unknown entirely when re-invented in the last century by engineers. But that does not prove that there We
can
position. We must
general principle itis safest to draw the line between these opposite positions, by taking purely artistic treatment, when it cannot from is, as by a transmission, arise utility, proof of connection, that of connection by unconscious revival of national taste, such as the late Celtic ornament or
never was
transmission.
As
Where utilityleads to a process or a device or a form, there under Louis XV. it is as likely to arise from independent invention as from transmission. Lastly, we may note the fallacies This is a special of numerical coincidences.
junglehaunted
by
cranks.
In the
more
obscure
83
The circuit of the Chapter House internally of the numbers. being feet 1 92 84, beside be diameter to 1 92 the ; and appears of the sphere of distance at 10, is the numerical value of the name the Zodiac, taking the sun's
"
the number of English feet, the arbitrary distance of a celestial sphere on an arbitrary basis, and the plunge into the Kabbala, all placed in relation together. Not only was the alphabetic order of
Mariam
"
(JheCanon, 236).
Here
are
the S)Tian alphabet taken as a number number values of each letter of a word
the word.
system
were
(started about
together
as
1,000
a
but B.C.),
the
added higher flight,that total number other numbers and letters, and so one word was proved equal to another. bar Although we such aberrations, yet in reasonable study we resolutely may beware of many traps. Recently there was a dispute whether proportions must Then, by
a
based on the area of the face being equal to that of the pyramid of Khufu were of the many properties which were really identical of the height squared, or some being form, same the the this these ; all of statements only question is with of The only safe which of them has analogy to any other coincidence elsewhere. test for the reality of intentional connections is their being part of a system. the proportion of a radius to a circle,in the height and circuit of Khufu's and in the pyramid, is supported by a similar proportion in the King's chamber by is Khufu's sarcophagus ; and this being practically laid otit as 7 : 44 proved
Thus
pyramid being 7 and 44 times a unit of 40 cubits, and Snefru's pyramid 7 and 44 times a unit of 25 cubits, for height and circuit. Beside such coincidences there is a large field of geometrical hypotheses about buildings ; theorists are fond of drawing triangles and rectangles all over a section, but when one looks into the detail they seldom really coincide the structure, and often seem with purely arbitrary. Our business in lifeis to learn our own ignorance ; to realise how many pitfalls plan
or
there
arc,
owing
our
knowledge
covers,
and
the many
fallaciesto which our reasoning is liable. As two important questions have been touched on here, it may be well to by in stating them clearly apart. The priority of Sumer and Elam conclude civilizationbefore Egypt is shown by the continuous history of those countries. Reckoning this backward, the result is that the Hlrd dynast}/ of Kish is equivalent
to the
1st dynasty
or
of
Egypt
(seeCambridge
on
Ancient
History,
may chronology, chronology). cylinder seals appear in the period next before Urnina, between the Ilird and IVth dynasty of Kish ; and these are equated with the cylinder seals of eastern style in Egypt, when common. at the beginning of the 1st dynasty copper became
both
be earlier
the long
in the same we this period, are realisticand decadent state of in Elam The Sumerian art (inSumer) as civilization has its roots in the remote this people in a decadent age of a glorious art, and we first meet Here Sumer had, then, a great civilization in the past, 376.) (C.A.H. stage."
When
"
we
reach
from
With this agrees the magnificent knife handle of Egypt. highest the showing art linked with Mesopotamian motives and Elamite climate, yet dated by the rippled flint blade into the second There can be no question, by the continuous prehistoric age of low art in Egypt. history and by the contemporary a was whole age art, that Sumer
dynasty before the first Gebel Arak,
ahead of Egyptian development. independence of the The other important matter to observe is the extreme A few imported culture of each country. might pass from one land to objects
F
2
84
influence. or no another, invaluable as evidence of trade and date, but with little In Crete the imports had no trace of effecton the sculpture, architecture or painting. In Syria, although it was a parade ground of Egypt for centuries, there is no trace In Babjdonia no of Egyptian influence, except in things made by Egyptians. In the reverse direction, the influence has been found. trace of Egyptian Sumerian invaders of the 1st dynasty brought cylinder seals and other things later all thrown off by the Egyptians, in spite developed the most perfect forms of tools by of a mixture of race. on the period of the Xllth dynasty, yet the Egyptian went refusing to use by his haft to his hammer, to or tools or axe a ribbing,until Egypt was strengthen
were
sooner
or
Syria had
swamped European
has died away in the study of is it generally recognised that each land had an archaeology, and independent style and development of itsown, and threw off extraneous borrowings high road, by some or synthesis, in sooner or later. There is no universal source by
Greece.
The
"
Oriental Mirage
"
history, any
more
than in language
or
in art. Flinders
Petrie.
( 85
REVIEWS.
Aegypter. By
"
Adolf
Erman.
Leipzig.
1923.
This book has been written in order to give the general reader a knowledge It is difficult for anyone, except those who of the literature of ancient Egypt. know to are actually studying the subject, where to obtain translations, which in specialist journals. Here, are or usuallj' published only in learned tomes
however. has gathered together specimens of the principal literary texts from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period. The religious hymns comprise from including Pyramid Texts hymns deities, to the extracts and various Prof. Erman
Akhenaten's
and
hymn.
Then
there
triumph-songs.
All these
are
addition to the literature of any great masters of ancient Egyptian, be hoped that the volume may
also
stories,instructions, love-songs, folk-songs distinct a translated flowingly and make As the translations are by one of the country.
are
in England The
be relied upon absolutely. It is to into English, that the general reader be translated they
can
M.
A. M.
CopticTheotokia.
By
de
Lacy
O'Leary, D.D.
1923.
Price
M. 10.'?.
has published the hymns to the Virgin known as Theotokia. however that the Theotokia being always sung the word is now points out, a choir-book, but it really corresponds with the Parvum practically used to mean Officium B.V. Mariae of the Latin Church. In his careful introduction Dr. O'Leary He
gives details of the use of the Theotokia in monasteries and in non-monastic The churches, and discusses the traditions as to the authorship of the hymns. Theotokia for each day of the week are then given ; the codex used is the Vatican
and and to every day there are appendices of c-pueMiA In this way the book is invaluable for Coptic and other additional matter. liturgical scholars. Dr. O'Leary has very wisely not attempted to sunplify (?)
Dr. O'Leary
his originals by altering the spelling and dividing the words, but has copied the For students who originals exactly with the mis-spellings where they occur. to is on MS. German this the only method ; the work system of dividing up wish is required onlv by beginners. the words and correcting orthographical errors M. By and the Old Testament. Press 1922. (University of Liverpool.)
"
A.
M. 5s.
Egypt
T.
Eric
Peet.
8vo.
236 pp.
It is to be regretted that the valuable constructive work which the author wrote on Italy, fourteen years ago, has been succeeded by a devotion to the barren field of destructive criticism. This obsession of the Biblical critics depends verbal questions rather than matters of fact, and is too often accompanied
F
on
by
86
Reviews.
To give some ground for telescoping Egyptian dynasties, is while not word said about the proofs that they were successive, we are told that the Babylonian Ilnd dynasty ruled in the Country of the Sea, and may therefore for chronological purposes be eliminated from the king-lists (p. 45); yet on p. 52 it is said that it partly overlapped the 1st dynasty, while in reality
a
" "
facile misstatement.
the sole dynasty for nearly half the time, yet it is to be eliminated." Why this should overrule the regular system of Egypt is not evident. On p. 98 the marriage of Josephinto the family of a priest of Ra is a later colouring," because "All that we know of the Hyksos occupation of Egypt makes
was
"
.
it
"
such an admission very difficult." What we do know is that Apepa II favoured the Egyptian worship by making columns and gates of copper, to adorn the temple at Bubastis. Priests were then by no means out of fashion. It is said
that the Biblical narrative states that Pharaoh appears in the narrative.
was
drowned
no
such statement
of the Exodus, and in this theories (of Dr. The Gardiner) regardless of the physical facts are accepted as an authority. Roman Heroon is have been Pithom, in Tumilat to Wady the station of ; agreed
The
main
is subject
that
and there is no Roman station in that Wady except Tell el-Maskhuta, where the found. It is absurd to seek to place it at Tell Retabeh, stone of Ero Castra was At Tell Retabeh is a large granite where there is no trace of Roman occupation. stele of Rameses, stating that he "built in the citiesupon which is his name," was and this would be pointless if his name not on this city, where he did build It is impossible, therefore, to assert that there is probably no extensively.
"
in this district and city called after Rameses not a particle of evidence for such a name here. The city of Raamses is proposed to be placed, along Yet Avaris is stated by Josephusto have been upon with Avaris, at Pelusium.
the Bubastite channel, which implies that it was south of Bubastis, and certainly Also the only monument known from Avaris was not at the Pelusiac mouth. found re-used in Cairo, implying that the city was within reach of Cairo stone-
"
"
"
The indications agree to its having been at the great Hyksos camp of Tell el-Yehudiyeh. No such camp is known at Pelusium. The Exodus to start from Pelusium and go to route is, then, proposed Kadesh, beginning in the middle of the narrative of Numbers and entirely But really there is no contradiction as to the route ; in neglecting Exodus.
i, Israel is in the wilderness, again in Num. ix, in the second year of the Exodus. In Num. x they leftSinai and came to the wilderness of Paran, where Kadesh It is was a (Num. quite gratuitous disregard of the narrative to
hunters.
Num.
xiii).
begin in the middle of it, and there is no incongruity between Exodus and An attempt is made Numbers. by the J. E. P. process (generally discredited by the much to assert that the J narrative records a direct earlier versions) Egypt from to Kadesh. It must be by some internal march marvellous consciousness that this is evolved ; for in every one of these stages between Egypt and Kadesh is named, both in the Heb. and LXX, Yahveh as also in detailed described in Exodus. It is insult to a consistent narrative the an route to state that the Israelitesleave Egypt and march direct across to Kadesh."
"
Moreover,
as it is many would be impossible for a large company, days across a waterless desert. In the later history many the possipages are spent inconclusively over bility Fortunately, we can of Solomon's queen being a daughter of Shishak.
such
march
The
war
with Rehoboam
was
before just
the
Reviews.
87
XXIst
year of Shishak, as the stone for his triumph scene was then being quarried. 1st of Shishak If XXth Vth of Rehoboam, XXVth of Solomon. of Shishak in But Solomon his finished before Xlth year was the temple vras married 3, 1), (I.K. and therefore 14 years before the end of the 35 years' reign of Paseb= =
khanu.
could be other being married about the middle of his long reign. than that of Pasebkhanu, In many are gratuitous difficulties other cases raised for which there is no Onias is The disputed ; but if the 180 stadia were site of the temple of ground. It is impossible, therefore, that Pharaoh's daughter
taken
"
"
fall on
at
according to the Greek measure of that very variable unit, the site would Heliopolis, and Josephuscould not have failed to describe it as being
he knew well. There is therefore no ground for not accepting a place which the Egyptian stadium, which thus places the site of Onias at Tell el-Yehudiyeh. The celebration of the Passover there is disputed, as being abstractly unlikelj';
are
that the
Jews
any
other country
exactly agree to the Passover ceremony. to be a single There does not seem
on
are
made
Catalogue
107 pp., 32 This
of Textiles from Egypt. Vol. III. By pis. 5s. {Victoria and Albert Museum.)
"
A. F. Kendrick.
8vo,
is
welcome
are
completion of the Catalogue from South Kensington, considered distinctivelyCoptic textiles. The illustrations
a
blocks with
remarkable This suggests the influence of the Persian Oriental motives. the prevalence of horsemen, pairs of birds rule in Egypt, 616-626 .\.d. ; and the hunting scenes, One explanation be Eastern trees, this may well placed after penetration. and
to represent the Annunciation and the visit might be modified ; No. 780 seems It is is discuss to Elizabeth. Mr. to Mary Gaselee the Coptic that well of here. inscriptions,as they are scarcely noticed
very fine grain (250) which permits of magnifying feature is the entire absence of the cross, and the
The
.
. .
Edwin
Smith
Papyrus.
"
d la Mdmoire
de
pp.
{Recueil
the details of the firstownership Smith, and describes another medical papyrus of the Papyrus York Historical Society. by his name, known now which belongs to the New is feet inches 15 long high. The 13 This papyrus with signs are compared and dated examples, and it is concluded that it is of the XVI Ith d)aiasty or earlier. In this Paper Professor Breasted Ebers
by Edwin
The
is medical, subject
Papyrus
treatment.
; the system
examination,
The
a
strictlymedical, without at the top of the head and proceeding downward. The
it shows
Prophets of Israel." By
Harold
M.
Wiener.
Sm.
8vo.
196 pp.
(Robt.Scott.) 1923.
This is a vigorous and careful study of the prophetic writings, with the view the exile and to the direct fulfilment of the prophecies in the centuries between description The Age. that all prophetic canon must be after the the Roman
"
"
88
it is disproved by the printed prophecies of fulfilled thirty years after his death (Blass, closely which Philology 41). Various explanations may be given, but real oj the Gospels, is fact. is with a reasonable view The treatment a prediction of the documents
event
as
Savonarola,
of the uncertain elements in the matter, of misunderstandings, corruptions of text and other difficulties.The separate detail cannot be dealt with here, but we may note that the early spread of the Jews in different countries is stated,
as
in Damascus
with
criticsin making Assyrian well exposed, on pp. 77, 127. All through the work the contemporary fully in Babylonian are the comparison and records quoted with prophecies. This book should be carefully read by anyone concerned with later Jewish history of modern
or
the various lands of Isa. xi, 11. This agrees in Egypt under Manasseh. The perversity is is difficulties a there where perfectly plain course
Obelisk.
By
R.
Engelbach.
4to,
57
pp., 8
pis.
1922.
des {Service
Antiquitds.)
This work records a careful study of the unfinished obelisk lying in the quarry at Aswan, and of the questions involved in the transport and erection of
encumbered with blocks fallen from above, and much clearance was needed to expose it. The length is 137 feet,much larger than any erected obelisk ; the base is 13 feet 9 inches, and the estimated weight 1 168 tons. Such was the intended monument, which would have eclipsed all others ; obelisks.
The
obelisk
was
found, and these needed testing, by cutting away deep. Step by step the grandiose plan had to be drawn on the the top surface show how the scheme several outlines reduced, and was whittled down to less than half the weight, 105 feet long and 10 feet 4 inches wide. Allowing for the finishing of the sides, this would have been closely equal
to the I,ateran obelisk, if it had
but flaws in the granite were the face to see if the flaw ran
been completed. The method of detaching such immense masses was not by wedges or chiselling, but by pounding away the granite to form a great trench along the whole length, For the working down and so isolate the block from the main rock. of a flat before burning largely was the used, to weaken starting the excavation, surface
granite
so
of crystals, which crumbly where blocks have been dressed, as at Lahun. from the IVth dynasty Wedging was used on lesser masses,
be
seen on
masses
are
onward,
may
wooden wedges wetted were feathers is left or an ") metal wedges with side plates (" open question. used The absence of any trace of copper stain on the sides of the wedge holes favours black granite the idea of wooden wedges, which were swelled by wetting. The
"
Whether
hammer" ike
a
with handles (Cairo), which is here suggested for driving wedges, is basalt block with handles (Univ. Coll.), which is supposed to have been a
weight. The
mode of pounding out the trench in the granite produced a series of hollows scoop along the side and hollows in the floor. Large balls of dolerite in the quarry working, and were abound evidently used as hammer-stones.
They vary between 8 and 13 inches diameter, weighing from 9 to 15 (?40)pounds. is not spread all over, The wear but on a few parts of the balls, which points to fixed being on rammers. This would probably be managed the by their ends of
Reviews.
89
hole rather less in size than the ball. There were four pounding spaces to each worker, taken in rotation ; this would allow for a boy squatting below to sweep out the dust from the work on to the next space. that the trench would require seven It is estimated from present experiments having
a
Each working area, of four spaces, has a of work. ; these red above it, showing what depth had been removed inches apart ; as the rate of work is estimated at 8 inch per up every three or working area, the register would be marked months
"
register marked
in
average 2-7 marks day over the whole four days. As the
every three days,
lines of register are in groups of 10 marks, this suggests marking and starting a fresh line each month. The removal
difficulttask. The use of of the obelisk from the bed is a more greater at wetted wedges along the base would be risky, for if the strain were break mass across the one than the than at rather other would rend the whole end length. The author prefers the notion of hand pounding ; yet this would be a difficultthan cutting the side trenches : (1) because the gigantic work, far more because blow would be sideways, and not assisted by gravity as when vertical ; (2) because soon the work would there would not be width enough to work readily ; (3) 6 feet inward be far in under the mass, and difficultto reach, as it would be over
from each side. Perhaps the most practical way would be to side-cut a groove about a foot square and pack this with baulks of timber wedged in tight. Then, by wetting, the force of swelling such a mass along the whole length might suffice have been dressed to splitoff the obelisk. Unfortunately the beds of other masses
for further work ; if a bed could be found left intact, the question might be Lifting the obelisk out of its hollow is another problem ; the use of solved. to require an impossible number of men levering seems ; the method of ramming is in sand slow but certain,and should be considered. It is said that two natives away
in
last century
raised
sarcophagus
from
deep
pit in
few
months
by
sand. for. been fully accounted difficultiesin erecting obelisks have never be by dragging Not only has the weight to up a long raised, as a colossus can be, is in but handling mass a the trouble nearly such when main embankment, flawed has Hatsheput foot The obelisk of jumped a out of place, and off upright. ramming The
one
pressure. The improved proposal of the author is that a brick box was built up to half the height of the obelisk and filledwith sand ; the obelisk dragged up until the butt rested on the sand, which was then extracted was
corner
by
gradually lowering the butt and bringing the it could be finally pulled into place by cables. obelisk nearly upright, when This seems quite feasible,and works well in model ; it agrees with the Egyptian methods of banking up brick staging in building a pylon, and fillingup a hall through
a
passage
below,
thus
There is platform. Placing nothing easier and safer in Egypt than massive earthwork and brickwork. it do during the such materials cost nothing, as the people could and removing idle. This book will always remain a standard inundation, when everyone was with earth
as
the walls
rose,
so
as
to have
wide
working
one
on
the And
obelisks.
were
"
found."
"
By
Terence
Gray.
1923.
{Heffer.)
Mr. Gray continues to work in the vein which he opened by his previous book. It is a difficultstyle for a writer to follow, as our age differs from all others in
sermons
of
even
century
or
90
two
Revinvs.
seem
can
ago Egyptian
the four country
seems
to
us
insufferably lengthy.
Hence
scenes
scarcely be made palatable in modern shape. The incidents of of different periods that are here constructed are all true to the together ; that of Khufu conditions, and are very deftly woven successful of them.
In the
"
Graph
form of the curves of change are too symmetric descent rapid, and the gradual, as in the curves to be aware. p. 85, of which the author does not seem Xllth in work dynasty
as was
the of Egyptian History is the ; really rise always very in Revolutions Civilisation,
"
of
under
Senusert I, not
Psamtek.
"
1923
By
Mrs. Sydney
Bristowe.
8vo, 96 pp.,
This is another sketch of the Amarna letters,which are by no means as old as The authoress deals very freely with the historic those of the Xllth dynasty. the Egyptian priests the fabulous story of Queen materials, ascribing to Hatshepsut Hatshepsut's is taken ; coronation verbatim from the account
" "
"
"
"
Ill's coronation." My perhaps startling theory is that the of Amenhetep Ramesside kings were only priestly inventions and that the name Rameses The bodies of Yuya was only a copy of that of the city Ramescs."
.
"
and
"
We also read of those of Amenhotep [III] and Queen Tela." in found in Hyksos Egypt." further the When tombs exquisite wreaths Khabiri are (thoughnamed centuries before said to be certainly Hebrews Gender's Abram),and all renderings are preferred, our readers will hardly care to
are
Tuyu
"
enter
on
such
mass
of misunderstandings.
Revue
Lefebvre,
"
G. The parallels are set out between the biblical expressions the and passages in the tomb of Petosiris, which have been noted in Anc. Eg., books may have known 1922, pp. 83, 85, 87. It is suggested that editorsof biblical Egyptian writings in the Persian period. The evidence that Jews were probably in Egypt
earlj'as Taharqa points to Egyptians having been open to knowing Jewishwritings before the rigidity of the religion after the Captivity.
as
91
PERIODICALS.
LVII,
30.)
Ft. I, 1923.
Egypt,/.
Jequier's conclusion
Die angebliche dltesteDarstellung der Lebenshinde." back to remote 1917, p. 87)that this symbol goes {P.S.B.A.,
von.
"
"
Bissing sign
occurs
on
ancient
Egyptian
knot amulets,
as
"y
in 1st dynasty
te.xts.
[SeeDen,
149.]
Sethe,
K.
"
Der
Lautwert by
a
von
^^-
The
sound
Kingdom
by several is
reading
of I "^ fl ^T? by seal impressions "^ R.T., II, vii,5,6. "^ also
m
'"
overseer
in
struggling with
hippopotamus
; in
scene,
the animal,
"
harpooner," the curious sign after the s obviously corresponding implement is frequently written the word t=afc=i,with which
des im Koptischen. The Qualitativs
"
Coptic qualitative, which is derived from the Egyptian pseudoparticiple, should only be used in sentences Copt.Gr., " 349). Sethe quotes which have the form of Praesens I or II (Stern,
to be in the state instances of its use with its own peculiar meaning of with kann nicht hUren." er other tenses in place of the infinitive, uwT"|-ca)Tu Sethe quotes four passages from the PistisSophia to illustrate this use of the
"
"
Ein Missbrauch
"
"
"
expression of hearing
esn.
"
he cannot
"
"
the {i.e.,
"
possibihty
").
" "
Rosch's assertion that zxo. is the Achmimic equivalent the the rendering nevertheless." when," and suggests of den Martyr erakten des Apa Schnube Zu (jyuonui). ^Sethe elucidates two obscure passages in this pubhcation. (1)In the account of wounds inflicted a on virgin martyr, he (the Governor) sent for ri\n|"n, salt and boiling
"
"
92
Periodicals.
vinegar, and
"
obviously Bubastis."
a
"
Roman
new
her." over is together and poured n\npe mixed The KameepoHs (2) pepper." second passage mentions which is Sethe recognises in this the name a town compounded with 7roX/9, of KainepoHs name, as substitution for a native (Kene), such
were
" "
they
town
near
Koptos.
He
suggests
that
Kameepohs
may
represent
KainepoUs.
Devaud, E." OBen
This {Sah.).
word
hitherto been classed as a plural masculine of which the singular and plural are the same,
as
noun.
tooth ") has It is really a feminine noun, and it belongs to the same category directly from
'ib/i, (Egyptian,
"
pouiie,
come a
"year."
Thus
it cannot
derive
jf'===.
may
but
must
been
from
of the form
'ib/i-t, which
have
The abstract Gotteskraft." idea of by has long been known the power," strength," expressed word n/it, from demotic texts as a conception of divinity. The most important passages are in the Setne Romance A is form known. Both (I, Kh.). n^nht-w plural also forms are known in personal names name, ; the singular is only recorded in one
"
Spiegelberg,
"
W.
Die
"
"
probably
denoting
that
"
the
(servant) of
The
Greek
tions transcrip-
show
jis not
placed before
the word n/jt. This word appears to denote an abstract divinity, and is one of the fourteen attributes (A'-w)of Ra. This abstract conception of "power" or is always regarded as a personal god, as is shown by the hieroglyphic powers
"
"
rendering
Romance,
^^
v|
"
'
of the
demotic
"
name.
In
several
passages
of
the
Setne
is apparently a water-spirit. This connection divine power in the oldest mention, namely, in the Tale of the Doomed with water occurs Prince," in which w^n nkt is the guardian of a crocodile. Hitherto this personage has been considered to be a giant, in spite of the determinative of a divinity, but Spiegelberg regards it as a river god. The god can thus be traced to the XlXth the
"
dynasty,
to which
period the
name
Ns
m'
nht-w
also belongs.
des Zugunsten der Prinzessin Neswahre Motiv Chons erlassenen Dekretes des Gottes Amon. Amon was expected to provide a blessed Hereafter for the royal hue of the XXIst dynasty. There is a deification
"
Spiegelberg,
W.
Das
decree
for two members of this dynasty, Pi-notem and his wife Nesi-Chons. The decree for the wife pays particular attention to the earthly welfare of the widower ; Amon undertakes therein that the dead wife shall bring good and not to him his. The husband isdoubtless responsible for the purport of the evil and
wife's decree. thereby assured for himself a long and happy life on from influence his the he earth and protection evil of wife's spirit, need only be in his own decree for happiness in the lifeto come. concerned Sethe,
"
Having
K.
"
Miszelle.
" "
*^
far
"
"
und,"
mit."
occurs
for
the
in an inscription the old Egyptian /in), (presumably with," preposition and Philippos Arrhidafos. the time Sethe of of points out several passages in which Daressy {Ann. du Serv., 18, 19)missed this meaning.
Periodicals.
93
"
Sethe,
K.
"
Vol. LVIII,
Die
Pt. I, 1923.
der Seelen der Zeiligen Ode.
The
first part of tliispaper was LVII (see A.E., 1923, i). publislied in Zeitschrift, Tfie current portion deals with Chap. 1 12, which forms one of the group of texts It is connected with Chap. 113 by a joint concerning Bute and Hieraconpolis.
bearing on Chap. 1 12 though it follows Chap. 1 13. postscript, which has more Chapter 1 12 is composed of four parts which had no connection originally : that it was (1)the question why Bute was given to Horus, and the answer
"
reparation
oryx
for the
to injury
the eye ;
antelope and
of the pig
of the
pork ;
(3)the division of the children of Horus between (4)an invocation of the gods of the Underworld,
Texts
borrowed
from
and added in the N.K. The to the eye forms the connecting link between injury (1)and (2). Whilst his eye is still from inflictedby Set, Horus is told by the wound suffering
Ra
to look at
"
"
black stroke (presumably it all a white on sees ground). He the bad eye does not see the stroke) and so arose the oryx antelope (i.e., seen white "), which was the animal emblem of the 16th U.E. nome.
a
"
"
"
"
to look at a larger namely, a black-pig. His object, it first being blow Set gave him. Set having as the was that eye rages," at in the form of a black pig. And so arose the abhorrence of the attacked him for Horus. As is the cause are pig sake of usual, confused, the choice and effect of animal being the natural consequence unclean. of the fact that the pig was The first is look Horus is to on as a told which stroke : Sethe written
is then told by Ra
object
in Pyr. 227a, black suggests that the remarkable writing of the word km, 2286 and 2526 may be explained thus, and may supply the reading for the ideogram in this text.
part dealing with the children of Horus begins abruptly with their names, and must be an interpolation from a tale in which they are mentioned. This text must have been comparatively late, as it conforms to the triad nature souls." The of the parentage is given ; their father is Horus children's the elder. The addition of the epithet must be to explain the anomaly that Isis is their mother, and Sethe considers that the whole distinction of an elder
"
"
"
The
"
"
"
"
Horus rests elsewhere also on similar grounds, namely, to cloak contradictions in divine genealogies. It is clear from the text that the Horus who asks for the in Buto and Hieraconpolis is their father, and is the company children of the Horus same whose injured eye is the theme of the earlier parts of the text.
" "
is given to Buto in several ways Hieraconpolis, Buto names that and Horus in each town. Moreover, Imsty and children
on
" "
Precedence
always
are
assigned to Buto, whilst the jackal-headed god and the falcon-headed The customary given to Hieraconpolis. representations of the souls of
show
them
with
falcon
with the old conception Horus," so that the allocation must worshippers of when their form and sequence were completely settled.
and jackalheads of their identity with the have been made at a time heads
94
"
the Greeks reckoned the period of pregnancy as Numerous Egyptians as nine. the examples from Greek and Roman literature are given by Fritzsche in his short Exeg. Handh. zu den Apokryphen 6, 138. The Coptic translation (ed. Lagarde) renders the words by u-unTKi-JiBOT,
ten months,
MS. published by Thompson, the original ; in the London by +ic, The Egyptian has been erased and emended nine." reckoning occurs also in II Maccab. VII, 27, whereas IV Maccab. XVI, 7 gives it as ten as do the modern Hindus, [The Greeks obviously reckoned by moons, months. whereas the Egyptians reckoned by the calendar month.]
ten months
"
long
"
"
UHT
W.
"
Bemerkungen
zu
The
"
in
author gives the results he has obtained from the inscriptions Hieratic Ostraca and Papyri (EgyptianResearch Account,
adds
some new
1898), and
on
found
wine
jars, and
also
material. A listis given of the geographical listof names of head vintners. Spiegelberg
^
of the words
"
"
followed by
numeral,
which
cannot
hold,
as
; the circular sign is to be read O, wine Maspero's translation, wine for three days," the same of days varies size,and the number
"
between
on
three and
the assumption
his survey of material from the Ramesseum, Spiegelberg explains the inscriptions as follows : they denote vintages from vineyards in The near the Delta (mainly Pelusium) which belonged to the Ramesseum. but must refer to the reign of Rameses II ; date does not contain the king's name, From
"
"
Spiegelberg suggests day," wine of the ,rth docketed before were that the amphorae at the vineyard in Tell-El-Amarna, XXIII, or the like on oil jars transport
"
of the brand witness the high figures 57 and 58. After the date follows the name that the vineyard belonged to and of the vineyard, with the frequent comment At II. Rameses comes name the the temple the end of the head vintner of
Kmyw). {/try
Asselberg, Museum.
The Henri.
"
Ein
fragment,
It was 130 X 60 cm. pi. 10, 1). It measures published by Prisse {Monuments, found in the 10th pylon of the big temple at Karnak, and had formerly belonged IV is showTi at either side King Amenhotep to an Aten temple of Horemheb. Above him are offering incense to the disc, of which only a small arc remains.
his cartouches, arid above these are fragments of other cartouches, presumably Behind each figure is a long vertical line ; behind the line on the of the Aten. left side is the
name of Queen Nefertiti. The carving isin sunk relief. Seventeen from on the disc : the outermost each side offers the hieroglyphs rays proceed a
of
representations of the King are characteristic of the old style, peculiaritiesof later portraits of Akhenaten. and do not show the marked hotep Nevertheless the mouth, nose and chin are quite different from those of AmenThe himself and show that the figures represent Akhenaten III with his son's name added. merely portraits of Amenhotep III, and
are
not
Periodicals.
95
Reichs. In the IVth
and Vth Ptolemaic in times the and alike, regnal years coincided The last year of a king ran from his last New Year's with the calendar years. Thoth, of old called 1st day of 1st month day (1st to the day of Inundation)
"
Sethe,
K.
ZuY
des Jahresrechnung
Neuen
together with the first year of his successor but one made calendar year, so that the firstand last years of a reign are only fractions of a There seem to be some true year. exceptions to this rule in the N.K., in which the regnal years are According Thoth.
to
considers that a new least until the end of the N.K. Sethe, furnishes
some
counted from the date of accession and not from the 1st of Sethe, these exceptions cannot be explained away ; he Hyksos arose dominion and lasted at custom after the
K.
"
Amenophis III.
In this articleSethe
III in Thebes.
"
corrections and Gauthier and of the Sekhmet statues erected by Amenhotep Sethe,
From
"
K.
"
Die
des hieroglyphe
Anges
occurs
the sign
^s^
Weintranbe." und das Wort Urvt in the word \irr-t, vine," grapes
" "
"
|0
"=="
\rt-t,
from
M.K. onwards
Loret
in the word
concluded
in the
read \rr,a view which is strengthened by the absence of r in the He believed that he had settled the question of the reading of second word. to do," where the forms in which the old writings of the verb stem -^^"firstword
"
are
generally written
and would
(1 ^^"rr"
,
"
nor
Ilird dynasty
form
M.K.
writing
lirr,and
(1 *^"cr"
has
no
clearly shows
etymological
"
connection
"
with
the word
to do
derived its
sound (V. The substitution of the stem lirr-t is inexplicable, but seems to have
two-consonant
"
sign
a
of
Ir in Irt-t, milk." sign Coptic forms of the of the word \%rr-t(eAOOAe, which show the existence etc.), /'s. between two the consonant vanished
"2:=^
for r in the word {i%r) in the substitution of the parallel Equally inexplicable is the vocalisation
-"2"-
lirr
Spiegelberg,
Ramses IX.
An
W.
"
Die
tinier
IX in the British Museum unpublished papyrus of Rameses It has been always tempting high Amon. a the mentions rebellion of priest of to have lived to identify this unknown rebel with the Amenhotep who is known IX. This guess is confirmed by Spiegelberg's correction of in Peet's translation of the Mayer A papyrus. passage under Rameses Alt, Albrecht. Zwei Vermutungen
zur
"
in which Wdi Hr rsn-t from Elam to Egypt in early Persian Neith of Sais. describes his official journey times, suggest to the writer of the article the influence of Sinuhe's description of The word hist is used in both passages for the regions his wanderings to Byblos.
Geschichte des Sinuhe. The words head physician and high priest of [uza-hor-res-neit),
96 traversed.
Periodicals.
must
geographical, and could not apply to cultural conditions. Though the term hkl had a wide application in the M.K., Alt considers are that the words likl-xv Ifis-wt used as the name of a tribe in B 97-99. This first Hyksos. thus the the passage would contain mention of Tell el A mama aus mil hieratischen Auflumps 45 high are in all mm. small of plaster (gypsum)about schriften. test pieces. Each has a round flat surface (68 mm. probability and 72 mm. diameter respectively) bears inscription in an XVIIIth dynasty hieratic. which The inscriptions give the day of the month without the year and the words Two Spiegelberg, VJ
."Gipsproben
"
^'
^''""^Akhetaten." ('^'^i^iii)'
The
words
gypsum
and
Kd
have
A'^ is probably a loan word from Akkad. gassu, etymology. probably the same As the word is not known in Egypt before the N.K. and is spelt Latin gj'psum. in it is be to syllabic writing, regarded as a Babylonian word.
" "
K.
"
"
Noch
are
einmal
zu
den Worten
n-nk
"to
tm
me
am
Anfang
"
von
Totb. 17.
belong
of
IT als A relieffrom the erster Prophetdes Amun." great hypostyle of the temple of Karnak shows Rameses II acting as, and bearing This scene the title of, first prophet of Amon." presumably represents the held in the first year of the King's reign, in great festival at Luxor which was
"
Sethe,
K.
"
Ramses
"
which
vacant
Sethe,
K.
"
uojy.vK
derived
" J|g
ub^ak,
^^:3:^
the "thou
Formen. Erman vielleicht und die Zugehorigen Coptic-sahidic expression for perhaps," from N.E.
"
"
"
knowest
not"
phrase
cannot
nor to more than one person. In the instances properly be used to a woman, kno\\Ti to Sethe the addressee is nearly always masculine. He quotes an example form in the Sahidic version of the history unj-JAp of a corresponding feminine
Ann. {Munier,
W.
"
Die
Etymologic
von
eoreo,
Fehlgeburl."
"
Spiegelberg
evidence
for the
derivation of
eoree,
miscarriage," from
^^*T.
Why/j-t.
Spiegelberg,
is given the titles in the Strasburg
"
W.
"
Ein ^
1 f (J
1^ | and A^ OP
"="
from Deir-el-Bahari. Thus =s ("the collection, presumably ?) was a title of a priest of Hathor, who is here called the elder golden." These passages supply the translation of an inscription on a fragment figured in Naville's Xlth Dyn. Temple at Deir-el-Bahari, III, plate 9B : her 's
"
"
am
an
's
one
(= Hathor)."
L. B. Ellis.
^n
ANCIENT
EGYPT.
THE
BRANCH
ON
PREHISTORIC
SHIPS.
In
reasons
Egypt, Part I, 1914, page 33, Professor Petrie enumerates the for interpreting the well-known paintings on prehistoric pottery as ships In towns. two figures they the the text, the boats (as not and of accompanying fronds are have frond a single or a pair of palm without any reasonable doubt)
Ancient
in the bow
or
a
; in one
(orbunch
of small date-palm
fronds.
dom
as probably shelters from the glare heat of the sun ; but a single frond, or a pair of fronds, stuck high and upright in the bow of a boat would hardly afford a shelter worth resorting to, and another explanation perhaps fitsit better. are
Both
palm these
bends leaf)
or
Sir H. Johnston {George Grenfell speaking of the and the Congo, II, p. 958), boats of the primitive Bube people of Fernando Po, says : "On the extremity is is fastened decorated kind the a flagstaff, the top of prow with a of of which bunch of feathers. Bauman the mast of a primitive states that this can become in He It : the sail." continues may resemble what present writer has seen
"
the estuary of the Cameroons River, where the by a huge raphia frond being fastened like mast
or less propelled more in one, and serving the and sail is a rough copy of the author's purposes of a sail." The figure accompanying form is obvious. to Egyptian the the sketch (reversed), and resemblance
canoes
are
E. S. Thomas.
98
EARLY
HITTITE
RECORDS.
intimately connected in the age of EgjTjtians and the Hittites were so the New Empire that Hittite ancient history is no longer out of place in Ancient Indeed it is by no means Egypt. improbable that future discovery will indicate earlierrelations between the two peoples than the time of the XVIIIth and XlXth
The
dynasties ; M. Montet's recent discoveries at Jebel show IVth dynasty the Egyptians had established themselves
that
on
as
far back
as
the
the coast of Canaan, and had a colony in a port which was in maritime relation to the coast of Asia Minor, while we now know that the copper, lead and silver mines of the Taurus worked
by Babylonian firms
as
the period of the Ilird dynasty 2400). It was from Cappadocia that Babylonia and Syria were at of Ur (B.C. that time supplied with their bronze, and the geometric buttons which characterise
were
far back
as
and
Vlllth
dynasties in Egypt
To render the present position clear, it is well to state the following names of be put in historical order. The family descent is Hittite kings, which can now broken where a bar is placed.
Pamba,
conquered
by
Naram-sin.
of Anittas.
queen Khattusilis I.
the dynasty
of Khammurabi,
Khattusilis II.
'*
Amuwandas
1383 B.C. (son), wrote to Akhenaten, (son). Mursilis III (brother). Muwatallis, or Mutallis (son) II, 1292 ; war with Ramessu Urkhi-Tessub (son). Khattusilis III (uncle) II, 1280 b.c. ; treaty with Ramessu Dudkhaliyas III (son). Arnuwandas II (son). Dudkhaliyas IV (son).
I
B.C.
99
The Hittite cuneiform texts recently published by Dr. Forrer (Die Boghazkoi Texte im Umschrift Geschichtliche Texte atis dem alien Chattireich,II, 1 ; : Leipzig, 1922) light upon the early history of Asia tH"ow new and unexpected
"
translations of them have yet appeared, readers of Ancient Egypt interested in the following extracts. be At present, indeed, nothing will probably more than extracts can be attempted ; the Hittite language is stillin process decipherment, of and most of the texts are so mutilated that in many passages
no
Minor.
As
word here and there is intelligible. The earliesttexts are translations into Hittite of the campaigns of Sargon Akkad 2750)in Asia Minor. The Assyrian version of (b.c. of and Naram-Sin the campaign of Sargon, which was found by the German excavators in the house
only
a
translated by myself in the was at Tel el-Amarna, of the Hittite ambassador Proceedings Biblical Archaeology, December, 1915, and since the Society
of
of
in Boghazkoi-Studien, VI
(1922). It had
a
Hittite writer who was acquainted with Assyrian had extracted from this original the history of the campaign in Asia Minor and put it into Hittite Assyrian, which was not exactly the Assyrian of the Babylonian behind
"
"
Babylonian,
though
doubtless
we
have
:^
"
Babylon ?)[I Then the temples of Ellilwhich are in the city (of : restored] And I at that time against all the enemy lands made war. Mana-ila king of the Western coast (?), Bunana-ila king of Pakki
.
"
"
I^pana-ila king of Ullini, innipa-ilaking of Pamba king of the Hittites (Khatti), Khutuni king of Kanes,
. . . . .
Nur-[Dagan
. .
king of Buruskhanda], Akwaruwas king of the Amorites, Tissenki king of Parasi Madakina king of Armani, Izkibbu king of the Amanus mountains, king of
"
.
"
Tess[inki
"
"
"
king of Larag, Ur-banda king of Nikki Ilsunail king of Dur, Tisbinki king of Kursaura (Garsaura)." Altogether 17 kings who formed an alliance,I overthrew them."
.
Ur-Larag
.],
"
Kara Eyuk, 18 kilometres north-east of Kaisariyeh, was the modern in Ilird Assjto dynasty of Ur became time the the an which of -Babylonian Nur-Dagan had been the antagonist of Sargon, whose campaign settlement. in Asia Minor had been directed against his capital Buruskhanda or Barsukhanda,
and from whence The Babylonia.
Kanes
figs and other trees to vines,, roses, name frequently in the cuneiform tablets of of the city occurs Kara Eyuk, postal and commercial intercourse between the two cities of Kanes being frequent and active. Ganis) (or and Buruskhanda brought back The Kharrians
he
had
(orMurrians,
as
the
name
may
the Mitannian language and Asianic of origin, but at an early period occupied the northern part of Mesopotamia, which they called Mitanna, the land of Midas," after the name later leader, as as Assyria. the their of well
better They
spoke reason)
were
"
formed against Naram-Sin is interesting since it alliance which was Babylonian embraced cities (Larakor Larancha, and Dur) as well as northern Syria and eastern Asia Minor, and so proves the intimate connection that existed
The
ICX3
between
all parts of Western Asia in the third millennium before our era (c/. Gen. xiv). Dur is the modern Salihiyeh on the Euphrates, which the recent have shown was the Europos of Greek geography. excavations of M. Cumont A fragment of the second column of the tablet recounts the tribute received lapis by Naram-Sin and includes talents of silver," talents of copper and
" "
" "
lazuli
to the city of Akkad. is a paragraph refening to a war the tablet with some of is lost but who was presumably of Asianic origin. It reads : enemy whose name On the "In the first campaign 190,000 soldiers I led; they defeated him.
"
On
brought
second occasion 120,000 soldiers I led ; then they defeated him. 60,000 soldiers I led ; then they defeated him." The
The
third time
of another tablet (No.5) relating to Naram-Sin mentions the Sa-gaz or Khabiri. They were the mercenaries who served as the body-guard inscriptions Rim-Sin, Idng the contemporary ; refer to of the of Khammurabi, of them in Babylonia, and at Boghaz-Keui, called Khabiriyas, where they were fragment 1,200 of them, 600 of them keeping guard on one side of the palace of Texts from the British the god," i.e., the king, and 600 on the other side {Hittite Museum, 32, 37). Khabiri in Assjrian meant or companions auxiliaries," or West Semitic, and it resembled Amorite the word having been borrowed from
there
"
were
"
"
"
"
"
Heber known. under which the free lances of mediaeval Europe were the Kenite may have been one of them, and I am inclined to think that they were the prototypes of the Greek Kabeiri. Their communal god was called Khabiru, In is Along Companion." inscription 3,000 Khabiri. one the mention made of
the
names
"
with the Khabiri, but apparently of lessconsequence, another body of mercenaries The Khabiri of the Tel el-Amarna tablets called Lulakhi is also enumerated.
must
have
been
Hittite bands.^
The fallof the Amorite dynasty of Khammurabi, in Babylonia, was brought about by the invasion of the country by the Hittites about B.C. 1900, during the
We now reign of itslast king, Samsu-ditana. Mursilis I, the that the Hittite leader was
Telibinus
on
Keui tablets
the
"
Telibinus the great king : Originally Labarnas was the great king ; then his sons, his brothers and his priests,family and soldiers But the territory was small. From hence he went to war and were mustered. with his "So conquered the enemy's country. he annexed He made them territory and extended his dominions. as far as the sea. Afterwards he returned from the campaign, but his subject sons country. and whoever wished went from hence to the (new) Now the lands they governed were Greek those of the citiesKhubisna (the
arms
"
son of Khattusilis I. A later king, Son Telis signifies of "), gives us the following information
"
and
Nenassa (also Landa, Zallara, (Tyana), written Ninassa), Lusna ; the gi^eatfortresseswere entrusted (to them).
Lydian
"
in Syria, and that tradition related that Akiamos, king of Lydia, campaigned founded Ashkelon, Lydian flung the Mopsos, or Moxos, the where
into (Istar) the sacred lake. Already in the time of Rim-Sin, or ErimSpear-holder ""king of Nations and Tudkhaliyas,
"
Aku,
Ti'dal
"
"
Babylonia
*
and Miswritten
one
Elam
Nations of Asia Minor) in its campaign Southern Palestine against Massukhanda. The Hittite scribes confound
"
"
"
accompanied
the army
of
(Gen. xiv).
characters
ar
which and
resemble
another
"
mas,
ma
and
ku,
um,
sum,
closely "c.
10 1
Afterwards
Khattusilis became
king ;
then
his
sons,
priests and
to
war
his relatiA-esand his soldiers ^^-ere mustered ; from hence he went his arms So he annexed the enemy's conquered and \\dtl". countr3^ territory and extended his dominions. He made them as far as the sea. subject When he returned from his campaign his sons and whoever wished went from
hence to the
"
(new) country and to their hands the chief fortresses were entrusted. for the second time the slaves of the king's sons made sedition,they took possession (?) their masters ; so they caused of their houses and bloodshed.
When
. . .
king of Khattusas (BoghazKeui) then his sons, his brothers, the priests and his relatives and his soldierswere mustered, and he invaded the land of the enemy in arms his : he made territory and extended
them
"
"
When
Mursilis became
as subject
far
as
the
sea.
The abundant marched (Aleppo) and captured Khalpa. After that he marched to Babylon ; spoil of Khalpa he carried to Khattusas. he captured Babylon and overthrew the Kharrians (of the ; Mitanni) abundant Now Khantilis was spoil of Babylon he gave to Khattusas. cupbearer ; after
this he took Kharabsilis, the wife of Mursilis, as And Zidantas was ; he took
"
. . . .
He
to Khalpa
a
.
as
Zidantas plotted with Khantilis ; evil words wife. Now they and murdered Mursilis and shed blood. So Khantilis was supreme."
a
"
they
[uttered]
"
"
few words only being decipherable : soldiers," Carchemish." the citiesof Khurpanas (Herpa) and
a
"
"
And
as
he spoke Here
"
Khantilis descended upon the city of Tegarama when follows : This have I done, since Zidanta
' "
.
(Togarmah)
.'
again the tablet is broken and the paragraph then the gods avenged the blood of Mursilis." It seems Kharrians upon the land of the Hittites."
"
We are next appears upon the scene. queen of the city of Sukzia This his told that she died," being murdered along with (not her ") sons. is followed by a paragraph of which the firsthalf only of the lines remain : When Khantilis the queen of Sukzia
"
" " "
"
"
The
"
"
"
"
"
afterwards he avenged ; whoever murders the chief of the palace officials delivered a message they were they the ; mustered city of Tegarama
.
.
; then
. .
."
are
intact ;
"
Then And when Khantilis became old he retired as a god {i.e., abdicated). his sons Khantilis, son Zidantas murdered Bisenis (or ; along with Kassenis), of his principal servants he (also) slew. king ; then the gods avenged the blood of Bisenis ; his son his enemy and he murdered his father Zidantas. the gods made Ammunas And Ammunas became king ; then the gods avenged the blood of his to his hand wheat, wine, oxen father Zidantas by [denying] and sheep."
So Zidantas became
" "
Then
...
we
read
:
"
"
the soldiers of Adania (Adana), identical with Zalpa), Barduwata Arzawa, Sallapa (perhaps and Akhkhula but the hither Greek came t he on a attempt had (probably Anchiale) campaign,
The
lands
were
hostile to him
I02
Zurus, the captain of became a god (i.e., died) and when Ammunas his own son, delivered in those days, who was the bodyguard of spearmen brood Takliarwailisto the Gold-stick,^ Titiyas killed the together whole whereupon
no
to the
.-man
; then he murdered
Khantilis
murdered Telibinus has made away with them ! His 5 brothers, he has assigned houses to them ; let them go and inhabit them ; so let them eat and drink ; but none (of them) must do evil ; should I learn (that evil were done)for the evil they have done to me I will destroy them.'
'
' "
So Then
Khuzziyas Khuzziyas
became
king
Telibinus took
Istapariyas
an ascended the throne of my father, I made the royal city '), the city of Khassuwas expedition against the city of Khassuwas (' Zizzilibbis, I conquered. they wrought While my soldiers were at the city of
"
When
I, Telibinus, had
destruction
"
on
on
Later
Lakhkhas
was
the city of Zizzilibbis. to the city of Lawazzantiyas I, the king, came (Laviansene ?): my enemy ; he had sent instructions to (?)lawazzantiyas ;
hands, and firstof all the head of the agricultural Karruwas, the [thehead of the .] TessubInaras, the chief cupbearer Killas, [the head of the .] to Tanuis the the chief scribe Zinwaselis and Lillis [all] great men mimmas, scribe,the spearman, gave
it ?)into my the gods gave him {or bureau (?)Tessub
.
.,
."
Telibinus
enumerates
one
furnishes further details of his reign, and after a long break the citiesover which he held rule. Fragments of two listsremain, the other the citiesof "iyxva.. the citiesnorth of south-eastern Cilicia,
now
Sukzias ; Asur-nas, the city of Asur," which by implies an Assyrian settlement ; Samukha, north of Boghaz Keui (occupied Barsukhandas Mountain the Kharrians) ; and the (orBuruskhanda), of the city included
:
"
near
a
Jihun which may (thePjnramus, the modem Then follows a listof the 34 cities name).
"
"
preserve of Syria
left. These are annexed by the Hittite king, of which only the last few names Kuwannas lost Lakhkhurumas lost two names names are : ; ; ; ; then three Kharakharas
Tamlutas
; Aroer)
;
one
lost ; Kharsuwas
;
lost name
one
; (Damascus)
lost ; Khalip-
lost name. ; Kalasummiyas ; one passuwas (Aleppo) is important ; it is the earliest reference to the The mention of Damascus in found the cuneiform inscriptions and shows that Hittite sovereignty city yet extended as far south as the northern border of Palestine. There is no difficulty, therefore, in understanding how Hebron in the time of Abraham.
to
an
4),that
Tegarama, the
same
Togarmah, inscription we
lay
on
also learn that Telibinus had made he had given the Semitic name to whom Malik-Arakh son, ("a king is the kinglet Carchemish. Mursilis Moon-god "),the vassal of afterwards confirmed the son of the latter in the kingship of the city, and further made Rimi-malik, Harran. another
'
From
son
be entitled
rather than
103
we
inscription
read
:
"
Mursihs became son king, and he was a king. had invaded lands When he the he the handed over premier of enemy all the lands to Khattusas, and so he enriched Khattusas. Then he marched to Aleppo and afterwards avenged the blood of his father (who had apparently been killed there) when Khattusilis went to survey (lit.
"
After KhattusiHs
mark
"
out) the
kingdom
responsible and conquered All its wealth he seized. This he carried to Khattusas. to Babylon and captured the city of Babylon."
country Then
of Aleppo he marched
The
next
intelligible fragment
is :
"
"
the fortressesof the land of the Hittites (Khatti) had previously no one fortresses I Khantilis have the the built and the country all of city of Khattusas I Khantilis have built,and this tablet [according to]the words the of stela [have
built, but
now
Now
written].
.
."
restoration or extension of the city. It will be noticed that Aleppo was in the lands of the Kharrians (or Murrians) I Mitanni. Many Aleppo of years ago pointed out that and the neighbouring Dunip must have been Mitannian, since in the Tel el-Amarna correspondence
must
a
" "
The
"building"
have
been
(Knudzton,59.) contains
the Mitannian words Moreover, the names (Tennib) of Dunip and the river Khal terminate in the Mitannian
as
suffix-p. The kings and many of the queens were regarded Sun-god and were deified after death. Their images were
and stated offeringsmade
to them.
In this way we have learnt the names of a Thus broken describes a tablet (No.24) considerable number of early rulers. the offerings kings 44 (former) of food and drink made to of which the following
" "
names
remain Alluwamnas
:
"
Khuzziyas
Amuwandas
queen Kharabsilis, Khantilis, Zidantas and queen lyayas, and queen Summiris, Tudkhaliyas (Tid'al) and queen Nigalmatis, king of Carchemish," queen Wallannis, ; Telibinus, Malku-Arakh (I) and
"
(Mutallis I)and
Ammunas.
"
have : Khattusilis (?) and queen Kassulauiyas, Kantuzzilis Wallannis, Taki-malik Asmi-malik, Telibinus the High-priest," and queen and king of Carchemish." In another list Asmi-malik is stated to Malik-Arakh, be the
4) states that after confirming ....-malik, the son in Malik-Arakh, Rimi-malik the son of I made kingdom the of of Carchemish, Telibinus king in the country of Aleppo, and caused the country of Aleppo to Then I set in order the country of Carchemish, and swear obedience to him. to the country of Tegarama. the country of Carchemish and came marched out of Afterwards I arrived at the city of Tegarama. Nuwanzas, the overseer of the
"
to me ; they came wine-cellars,and all the officers in the city of Tegarama too from dissuaded me marching to the city of Khayasas since the year was The year is too advanced, so, our lord, said to me : advanced, and the officers
'
do not go to Khayasas.' Accordingly I did not march to Khayasas, but went to The army flocked to me in the city of Kharran, for I had the city of Kharran. to the come there." army ordered
G
I04
Yet another list gives us ; Pu-malik the son of Tudklialiyas, Pawakhtelmakh, Bimbiras, Ammunas, Khantilis and AUuwamnas, and in various fragments we find : (1)queen Tawannannas and Labarnas, queen Kattusis and Mursilis (I), Bimbiras ; (2)Kantusilis and queen Wallannis, followed by Taki-malik and
and queen and queen Istapariyas, AUuwamnas Khantilis, while elsewhere the queens Dadu-khepa are and Khinti. coupled with Subbi-luliuma, the founder of the later empire. Altogether I have recovered the names of the following kings from the various
Asmu-malik
(3)Telibinus
Kharabsilis, followed by
.
ritual texts
:
"
Khate-binus
Texts {Hittite
in British Museum,
42, No.
58);
Walizanisus,
"
Wasinzilis and Wakhsis the Kharrian, Takhbiltanus, Walizilis, queen Titi-uttis, the Ninnassarus, Yaliyas, Telibinus ; Mezzullas of Arinna ; KhasamniUs
Sauwaskhilas, Khilassiyas ; Zibarwas of Pala Khasawanzas, Kalumziburis, Ilaliyantas ; Ziliburiyas, Gulf the (north-west of Antioch), of Takasiikh, Sulinkattis ; Zidkhariyas, Karzis, Khabantaliyas ; Argapas, Alkhiswordsman
;
suwas
"
; Kattiskhabis ; Siwattis,Kuwansas
;
; Kantuzzilis ; Uriyadus
,
; Zakhbunas ;
Tuskhapadus
Kurusiyantis, Makhni
Khuwatassis
Khantidasus
Khebe-
To these must be added those of the Labarnas dynasty : malik ; Tessub-GUR. Khuzziyas and Telibinus. Khattusilis I, Mursilis I, Khantilis, Zidantas, Ammunas,
Telibinus
a
came
from Turmitta
new
d5Tiasty
group and with the exception of the Semitic Khebesemi-colons belong to same however, with the name of the Kharrian Sunmalik, M-hich is compounded, and goddess, are all Proto-Hittite, a language in which katiissignified king
"
" "
-zilis
son
of."
,
of Anittas of Biyustis, a contemporary also add to the listthe name to have lived king Kussar, seems long son not who after the of Bitkhanas, of II, i, p. 9): Anittas tells us (B.K.T., time of Naram-Sin.
must
"
We
All the country from the city of Zalpu to the sea [Iconquered].Formerl}' from the city of king of Zalpu had taken my god (Khalmasuittum) Nesas to Zalpu, but afterwards I, Anittas, the great king, took back my god from
"
Ukhnas
Zalpu to Nesas, and carried Khuzziyas king of Zalpu alive to Nesas. Now the cit}'of Khattusas Bi[yustis. ; I annexed it. He subsequently surrendered .]ed it. My god Khalmasuittum took it away : I captured itby night by agreement (?),
and defined its boundaries. Whatever king shall come
"
may
after me, bless him." Tessub of heaven Zalpu, or Zalba, is often mentioned
A. H. Savce.
los
THE The
CAVE
OF
MACPELAH.
on magnificent work lately issued by Pere Vincent and Captain Mackay Hebron, le Haram el KhalU, sets out fully the labours of these workers in 256 pp. 4to, with an album of 28 plates (Paris, Leroux). The production is a
des Inscriptions. The former plans of the Academic are set out, successive alterations of the building are discussed, with the help of eighty-six photographs and detailed drawings in the text, and the records are all quoted at length and compared with the actual site by Pere Vincent. Capt. Mackay's plan is most careful in its detail of variations and irregularities, credit to the patronage
and, happily, is fully supplied with the The drawings of the measurements. pilastered outer wall give some the nobility of its appearance and been Pere
no
idea of
(Fig.1),
to have
such a monumental from his own drawings. work, mainly The centre of interest,however, is in the originalhistory of the Mu-kafaleh, or double cave (as named by the LXX),
omitted. Vincent
We
on
must
congratulate
underlies this great Herodian The subterranean parts monument. were strictly prohibited to the explorers ; which
they
were
not
even
cenotaphs on interest yet remains to be satisfied main lation when the fanaticism of the present populess insistent. be As the may
on
Arab
;onclusions .stated in this work depend an erroneous reckoning of the mediaeval here reconsider the measures, we
To understand the history of the Haram we must begin with the subterranean the whole cause parts, which were of the superstructure. For the chambers hidden, cave now the only material information is in the careful account and written up in 1136 of the examination in 1119 .-\.d. by the monks, which was by a visitor from the testimony of two who had taken part in the work. This in in is fully Latin the French translation the statement present published, and work, together with every other fragment about the place recorded by pilgrims historians. The essential parts of the account are that a monk resting by the cenotaph of Isaac found a wind blowing up between the paving slabs. This
or
.subject.
doubtless
the small opening in the outer wall below, where the Jews are permitted now to pray. This led to raising the paving, and finding a deep ; in this account all levels will be quoted pit 11 cubits (7 6 metres, 25 feet)
came
in from
"
as
area.
This measurement
io6
The Cave
was
of Macpelah.
of what
by
document the length of the cubit. Happily, this is fixed in the same limiting it to Haram between height 18 the the wall at cubits, of stating "67 and -95 metres, or 26 i and 37 inches, according to whether the back or the This is further fixed by the breadth being stated as front was measured. 49 cubits ; this fixes the cubit at 695 metres, or 27-3 inches. In the present work these data have been neglected, and the cubit has been assumed as half a metre ; it was really the modern
"
-pic.
description of the pit as being near the tomb of Isaac leaves no doubt is it beneath the mediaeval canopy (I) 2) that at the S.E. end of the church (Fig. to iron large by The are was enough secured cramps. pit where paving slabs no apparent place in it a double flightof stone stairsin later times. There was The exit from the pit,but by striking the wall a hollow was found, and, breaking away 17 cubits the stone, a passage was opened 11 cubits high (7-6metres, 25 feet), long (11-8 metres, 38 feet), and 1 cubit wide ;
like those of the Haram wall. the stones were This led to nothing, but by striking the wall
CENOTAPH
a
further hollow
a
ABRAHAM
into
chamber
probably referring to a vaulted or domed large enough to hold 30 This was roof. Near persons and was of very fine work.
to this hall the entrance found, which closed was In this cave bones were entrance
an
a
inserted stone
natural cave. found, and an
to a second cave, where were also full of bones. bones and 15 pottery jars To connect this with the visible parts is difficult. There are two clues, perhaps
The description of a very equally wrong. high narrow and passage and fine building suggests that it ran along the inner side of
wall ; that length cannot be along be along the S.W. the S.E. end, but must The is that it led to the other clue side. the Haram
(J). The under the other canopy length recorded would then imply that the first entrance was chamber nearly as long basilica." As it is estimated as the vault under (J) ; also that this vault was the (by view through an opening at the top)as being over 30 square metres area, Taking either that would be fairly in accord with its holding thirty people.
vault
"
that the
caverns
described
as
the N.W.
of the vault.
They
kind of closure was detected in viewing it of the vault, where some is said to be 14 cubits (97 metres, 32 feet) The floor of the cavern from above. be 2 floor. This metres under the level of the lowest part of would under the the front wall, and probably 6 metres from the surface of the rock at the part
E.
corner
indicated. The finely built passage may be the masking wall closing the naturally it quite This position of the caverns would make open front of tlie cavern. over the inner cavern, likely that the altar of the Byzantine church was thus to have been as early consecrating it by the relicsbeneath. This custom seems
The Cave
of Mncpelah.
107
It will be seen then that, in any case, as in the Western church. description being cavern the as the end of the passage puts the of entered near it quite out oL the possibilityof being near the N.W. end of the Haram. The
in the Eastern
cavern
in indicated
would
be
much
more
and would therefore have existing cavern, is vaulted roof, while there nothing to suggest so large
an
is given by the chamber the arrangements (T) visited by The passage opened off Capt. Meinertzhagen, from the cenotaph of Abraham.
space. A limit to
io8
The Cave
of Macpelah.
be longer than in his sketch, and the the S. side of the cenotaph ; it must lower, in to beneath be the floor. I have reconciled itby supposing chamber order
passage 9 feet long, descending 9 feet, and leaving a foot or two for flooring liebetween the The size of the chamber here would only just the chamber. vault (J)and the front wall. It precludes' any deeper chamber, like vault (J), was being in this position. The chamber evidently intended to contain a
a over
; perhaps
to withdraw
caverns
a planned from The passage described by the monks was mode of access, the careful blocking by concealed the time of the original building. Whether inserted by the Byzantines, we cannot due to the builders, or was stones was
caverns
were
not
intended
to
Fig. 3). It is evident that the {see have can no the dispositionof exact relation to natural caverns ; they cenotaphs are too regular, and they do not accord with the record of the place of the caverns over the whole area are The crossing lines here drawn placed to show the It appears probable that the Isaac and Rebekah proportions of the arrangement. from a position symmetric with those of been displaced, have slightly cenotaphs
turn to the visible constructions
of the position of columns for the Byzantine almost certainly in the position of columns of the present church, which church ; these may partly be the original columns with altered capitals. It is and Sarah is to the space clear that the space between the cenotaphs of Abraham breadth into 7. Lengthways 2 divides 3 the : the Jacob beyond them, as ; this
Jacoband
and Leah cenotaphs are at a quarter of the distance from the end to the middle, thus dividing the length into 8. Now these spaces are in simple relation to each 200 Jewishfeet, the breadth 7 x 15 105 other; the length is 8 X 25
= =
Jewishfeet, of 10-6
commonest
or
Jewish measure.
however,
when the outside measures feet long, 115 feet wide, walls 9 feet, buttresses 4 feet, foot ; it is 200 Roman and bays 7 feet. The dimensions inside and outside cannot all fit the same to the outer world, Jewishat heart, a type of Herod standard ; it is Roman feet could himself. The design is based on the fact that the Jewishand Roman be worked together on a ratio of 10 : 11 in length, or 11 -5 : 12 -5 in the breadth, There is a little the pilasterand or 9 : 10 in the wall thickness. cooking in fitting be feet to fort,as the corners 10 on the bays on the Roman ought ends and 9 feet
on
This is the half of the 6-palm cubit, the walls are 10 feet thick. A surprise comes, taken, which conform to the Roman are
the sides, yet they were made equal. How was this grand structure entered ? That the cenotaphs (butnot the them) are parts of the original design is shown by their relation shrines over They would hardly have been erected unless to be to the inner dimensions.
to the enclosure. The N.E. entrance is access visited, and they imply some exactly in the middle of the side, but it is stated to be clearly a forced hole ; one the moreo^'er, would be near would expect that the cenotaphs of the men entrance
which between
On the S.W. side there is the opening P, behind them. and the women bay A spacious is thus described, (P) in the old western wall, placed
"
On the contrarj',when has not any rigorous symmetry," pilasters, interior bay is seen to be exactly this we of the revert between the northern and the middle tombs ; it leads evenly into the wide It is really -20 metres too near the northern end, agreeing space between them
two to the original scheme
77/1? Cnvt-
of M(xcpelah.
"
1 09
to the slightly lesser size of the northern cenotaphs. This position is too precise It is entirely covered to be accidental, it clearly belongs to the original design.
by the added building against the side of the Haram, called the tomb of Joseph. How be settled ; whatever this entrance was reached from outside cannot in front it building the was the of swept away at shrine. In the section existed of there is marked (p. 23), probable place of the primitive door," on the ground level,in the lower chamber which supports the shrine of Joseph; but there does not appear to be any authority for this, and it belongs to a scheme of western to be any reason. for which there does not seem caverns the by
a a
"
thus arrive at the idea that the old entrance of the caverns was masked front from to a ran the the the there south along entering north, wall, passage Over all this had an artificial entrance. chamber (J)from whicli the caverns large area was laid out, within a grand enclosure, 194 feet long by 111 feet
We
30 feet high inside and 55 feet high on the front. wide, the wall of which was have been one of the constructions of the magnificent to This seems undoubtedly It was Herod. closely like his work at Jerusalem, and also like the great tank
at Hebron,
in the new The mode of access account. which is not mentioned by a door in the high front about 30 feet from the ground. It may have was been reached by a ladder or moveable scaffold ; but if there were a permanent
have been all cleared away in making the new shrine. This shrine in it is that 1047, there was no of Josephalready existed entry. Yet when said Probably it was there is a record that the E. door was made made in 918 a.d. blocked the the Joseph shrine covered when earlier entrance ; and up again before the visit of 1047. The great internal change
was
entry it must
and nearly half of it converted It may have but it was in existence by 570 a.d. foundations, like the basilica at Bethlehem. It into two for a
was
the interior, placed across The date of this is not fixed, been one of the Constantinian
was
divided by
balustrade
portions, for Jews and Christians. This recognition of Jews continued century after Constantine, as in rather a differentdegree itis seen in 430 a.d. of the Circumcision and
Church
of the Gentiles in
A remarkable detail of this church is that the spacing of it is on the same foot as the layout of the whole interior. From the S.E. end to the nearest Jewish pillar centre is 20 Jewishfeet, thence to the next is 30, and on to the wall is
30 feet more.
During cenotaphs. hexagonal.
Jacob, octagonal ; of Sarah and Leah, for the smaller square shrines of Isaac and Rebekah it was doubtless that, as the church had been converted into a mosque, was desired to avoid blocking it up by such large buildings as the other shrines.
The
reason
conquest
the shrines
were
built over
the
remodelled the church, with slightlypointed arches. date is not recorded within this period of 1 100 to 1 187 ; but probably it was in the earlier part. After Saladin's re-conquest the mosque was emphasized two built by cutting a mihrah in 1332, and as late as 1755 there were on porticoes
The
Changes are stillbeing made, such as the columns of sides of the inner court. 16)being converted into an internal portico along the entrance the Arab tribune (p. is There wall. also an evidently modern feature in a gallery running round the
nave,
on
1 10
The Cave
ofMacpelah.
So far this splendid building is safe ; we may hope that some day the later be let it as the paternal focus of the accretions may removed, and stand out
Jewishrace,
which alone has any right in the tombs of their patriarchs. Photographs are given of the lower part of a large building, about N. of Hebron, known as Ramet el Khallil, and it is attributed to Roman Certainly it is not Herodian,
as
mile
work.
there is none
joints.
The
dressing of the blocks is with long strokes of a single-pointed pick ; whereas Roman work is dressed by the claw-tool, or comb-pick, which is firstseen at the Parthenon, and is a mark of Roman age in the East. The later lining blocks of
the megalith building of Ramet are dressed with a comb-pick, and have remains 9 feet wide, with The great door was of inscriptions of the Ilird century a.d. It to Roman impossible to seems the this sloping sides. age, and work assign
it ought to be easy to clear in and around it and seek for evidence of itshistory. Some day it will be seized on as a holy place, and then be made inaccessible to
research.
Flinders
Petrie.
HI
REGNAL
When
YEARS
AND
CALENDAR
YEARS
IN
EGYPT.
Mariette made his wonderful discovery Serapeum the at Memphis and brought to of hght the steles of the Apis bulls, it was at new that once the was perceived material of
to
xs
a,
'a,
for the later chronology kings, and especially for that of the Egyptian It is well known that XXVI dynasty. th of the by giving the dates of birth these documents,
enormous
importance
; ^
(^
--t O
0^
'"
"
"3
-^Ji
""""" S t" X
of the bulls expressed in regnal and years, together with the length of life of the animals, enable us to calculate, within very close limits, the lengths of the various reigns. for any room difference of opinion ; but it has been claimed by two recent historians of Ancient Egypt
""
death
i ii
""
""
About
this there
was
never
J3 -: g o c"
^
^
*~
"n"
H K
"
I
[
00
1^
Prof. Petrie and Prof. Breasted that the data also prove that the regnal years and the calendar years were assimilated ; that is to say, year 2
"
I O
vO
ro
"
Ch
-
aj
,.
f
*"
T
"
*
...
5 ","o
Year's Day following on the New commenced the king's accession and not on the anniversary It of the accession as with a true regnal year. ishoped to show in this paper that the information by by Apis somethe conveyed steles and what similar inscriptions referring to the lives be made to jdeld any such men cannot of is very the assumption conclusion, though probably in accordance with the fact. It will be convenient firstof all to set out for reference in tabular form the data contained in the Apis steles to the end of the XXVIth dynasty.
r.
"
tiO "
" "
N-
s id ol'^
W
^3.
'
"
!/"' "0
'^
-"
-^ 0^ "
O"00
S^"
"Ji
'U
5" 5J
QJ o
"i"
~
aj
a .3
^
V
S.Hr -^ w
^
*J
CJ
" "
a
o
^
,"
In
the
XXVIth
Dynasty.
-Cj
-"^jS
rt
tn
"
C/3
t/Jt-tC^ Oh
"3 "
'S"
Dealing firstwith the XXVIth dynasty, we find the view to be here examined expressed by Prof. Petrie thus : The absence of odd
"
="
I
fl "
u
o
-
1"
c 3
i I
months
and
days
for the
lengths
that
(exceptirregularities)! shows
'
The
are
"
f^
.^
3
V
-
Js-S "
us c
those
resulting
scribes
the epagomenal others not counting in the broken period after the last complete year, and some including the some also from omitting and day of birth in the length of life.
1/.
"" '
^3 ^
rt
J2^
y .2 3 ." -3
"J^
S "; '"
"S
B{^ 3M
H H
" H
,"
DA
112
Regnal
are
were
counted
Prof. Breasted
us
in detail how
This stela furnishes the data for computing the exact length of Psamtik days, this I's reign. Having lived sixteen years seven months and seventeen Apis died in the sixteenth year of Necho, on the sixth of the second month. The bulk of his life fell in the reign of Necho, and he was only one year, Necho.* This days the months, and eleven old at si.x accession of period of his
life thus coincided with the last j'ear, six months and eleven days of Necho's in the fifty-third year of born I. Now, Apis was Psamtik the predecessor,
Psamtik Psamtik
I,
on
I's reign
the nineteenth of the sixth month was the sum of 52 years, 5 months, 6 1
,, "
; hence
19 days
11,,
and
or
"
0 days.
even
This would
cannot
suppose year of his reign, and that the fraction of evident that he died in the fifty-fifth that incomplete year was, after his death, included in the first year of his successor dynasty Necho. It is thus clear that the years of the king's reign in the XXVIth
but
we
began
on
New
Year's Day."*
The result of the calculation comes out so neatly at exactly 54 years, without that the any odd months or days, that the reader is apt at first to assume from it is is drawn but in no truth there correct ; connection at all conclusion between the arithmetical result arrived at, and the fact which it is supposed to Prof. Breasted that the figures which pro\'e. Let us imagine for a moment instead of to the XXVIth dynasty. The discusses belonged to the XVIIIth to same being figures being the same, the the them, and method result applied
must
be the in
same
; in other words,
we
can
prove that
on
"
the
dynasty [Eighteenth]
began
New
nor anyone else \\ould admit this to be true, seeing that we have true regnal the clearest evidence that the years of the king at that time were English kings. Wherein does the fallacy years, exactly like the years of our lie ? Clearly in the failure to observe that from the nineteenth of the sixth
in some in one other year must year to the sixth of the second month month be a period of a certain number of years plus seven months and seventeen days.* The method of counting the king's years has not the smallest bearing on the
matter.
"
to be valid it would
HI,
be necessary to have
system
p. 339. how this figure is reached, and an explanation may make more the bull died on 16.2.6 of Necho, the king had the argument easy to follow. When 15 years, 1 month, and 6 days ; and this being reigned (assuming an assimilated
-
of Egypt, Vol.
does
not
Prof. Breasted
say
j'car)
deducted
from
and 52 years, 5 months, and 19 days. Records, Vol. IV, p. 497. "' Ancient * The bull really li^"ed five days longer, the scribe not days.
11 days.
and 17 days of the bull's lifeleaves 1 year, 6 months I, the king had reigned born on 53.6.19 of Psamtek
ha^"ing counted
the epagomenal
Regnal
" "
Years and
113
of
regnal months
compUcations
the regnal year. Needless to say, the arising out of a regnal year distinct from the calendar year were by the use troublesome The stUl more of regnal months." running with
"
the
of King
thirteenth year of George V means 1923, the 1st January, George's thirteenth year. Similarly in Egypt, the first
the first day of the calendar year, no of the first month meant matter where it might happen to fallin the regnal year. Therefore the only possible difference in calculating a period of time by the calendar year and by the regnal year is
consideration of the famous Obelisk Inscription of Queen Hatshepsut.^ In this we are told that the work on the obeUsk occupied from the firstof the sixth month in the fifteenth year to the thirtieth of the twelfth month in the sixteenth year, seven making From during we see this that the was statement months." work proceeding
a
"
were calendar year ; and, as these seven months it is true that a the regnal years, clear regnal queen used time between the second of the sixth month and the at some year commencing thirtieth of the twelfth month It should be noted, however, (bothinclusive). that, while the fact of the regnal year changing within this period proves that it was not assimilated to the calendar year, the fact that it did not change within seven
the last
months
two
of
divided between
Since there are many would not have proved that it was. it Year's Day, the other days on which might have changed besides New be Let a that we had the us now assimilation would suppose possibiUty merely. these
seven
months
it stands, but with the omission of the statement that the time occupied seven There would then be two possible views (and two was months. only). Either the whole period was comprised within one calendar year, and therefore to seven in one calendar year and finished amounted months ; or it commenced
text
as
in the next, and therefore amounted To state to one year and seven months. the conclusion as a general proposition, if we are dealing with dates expressed in regnal years, and do not know when the regnal year commenced, we may be
a
that the the foregoing argument dynasty were regnal years of the XXVIth not assimilated to the calendar years, is Indeed, if there had been a there and very great probability that they were. dynasties, the evidence for the period similar to that for the XVIIIth and XlXth
means
in
as
our
any
two
days, but
we
shall
from
criticisedcould hardly have been put forward at all. We proceed, then, to a consideration of the chronological data in detail. (1)Apis 37 died on 20.12.20, and was buried on 21 .2.25of Psamtek I. There being a regular interval of seventy days between the death and burial of an Apis, we know have been in the calendar year that the second date must
argument
we
have
immediately
between
These 5.1.7 and installed on 5.10.18 of Aahmes. dates, being necessarily in the same calendar year, prove that the regnal year did not change between 1.7 and 10.18, and therefore must have changed between
was
on
10.19 and 1.6 (both inclusive). (3)Psamtek III must have had
Manetho), and
months according to very short reign (six document of his time is of the fifth month
a
14
Regnal
to the throne of the second year.^ The obvious explanation is that he came late in the calendar year, and commenced to count his second year from the following New Year's Day.
the stele of the third year of Aahmes, recounting his conflict with the dethroned Apries.^ Line 1 of this document commences day), while line 14 commences with the with the date 3.10 (without
(4)A
difficultyis introduced
by
date 3.3.8. If, as has been hitherto assumed, the second date is later in time than the first, the regnal year could not have changed between 10.19 and 1.6, have done according to the evidence cited in (2). It has been proposed as it must
to explain the contradiction by supposing that the assimilation of the regnal and
calendar years was adopted by the people for practical convenience, but was to be altogether too modem a view. not followed in state records. This seems From the Egyptian standpoint, it is likely that the Apis steleswere as just much
the stele of the year 3.^ It may be suggested that the real solution is that the date 3.10 is that of the making of the stele,and therefore 3.3.8. The fact that no day is specified strongly supports this view, followed
state documents
as
The the making of a stele could not well be attributed to any precise day.* date day, later has a Piankhy stele commences that no with contains and specificdates, exactly like the stele under discussion ; and various opinions have
as
famous
been held
as
Doubtless
in both
cases
the
of the stele.
In
the
XXIInd
to
XXVth
Dynasties.
Unfortunately, the Apis stelesdo not give us the same amount of information dynasty, but what there is tends to show for the period preceding the XXVIth that the system of counting by true regnal years continued to the end of the A reference to the table above shows that Apis 39 was XXVth dynasty. installedat the age of 268 days. Apis 40 at 272 days, and Apis 41 at 281 days, three average age of 275 days.' We do not know the age at which the first but installed, in we it Apises the table were was may reasonably suppose that days by later indicated 275 information. near the If the be this somewhere
an so,
28.2.1 of Sheshenq
III
was
born about 26.8.9 of Taharqa was the animal must have been born in the calendar year before the installation, in the same not regnal year, the latter was while birth and installation were to the calendar year. assimilated installed on
cases
" 2
Gauthier, Gauthier,
Vol. IV, p. 131. loc. cit.. Vol. IV., p. 114. loc. cit..
' It will be seen later that there is good ground for believing that the assimilation came dynasty, and therefore almost certainly by royal authority. in with the XXVIth * is wTitten without specifying a day, the that when It has been contended a month is This be in some but is hardly likely to be true day cases, the meant. month may first of
so
In the
Livre des Rots, Vol. IV, p. 2. of Apises 39 and 40 the age might have been be certain of the exact interval between birth and
case
one
; for Apis
41
It is sufficient
Apis
33
were not less than the ages given above. in the regnal year preceding his installation, which of reckoning the regnal years.
born
is consistent
Review.
i r5
as
up, the Apis stelesafford no conclusive evidence for eitherperiod. But, dynasty (with the whole of the data for the XXVIth one easily explicable
sum
To
are exception) a^ the least consistent with an assimilated regnal year, while the data for the preceding period are apparently inconsistent with it, we may conclude that the assimilated year was introduced by Psamtek I.
F. W.
Read.
REVIEW.
Academie des
1923, Mars-Avril.
littlesketch plan is given of the temple site as far between two columns 7 feet apart. Before The entrance as was uncovered. figures, bases on one three are them seated and on the other side the side the of Entering a hall, there is on one hand a large oval tank, 23 by base of a statue. Fouilles de Byblos. A 20 feet ; on the other side is a space with remains dating for these remains. no of statuary. So far there is
Here A site a hundred feet away is that of the so-called Phoenician temple. in the ground in Under the pavement was a jar two columns are 15 feet apart. half full of beads of carnelian, the line of the axis between the columns ; it was crystal, glaze, bronze, silver and gold, which formed collars. On one bead is
found with bezels of carnelian, in hieroglyphics. Many rings were bone bronze, more than a hundred scarabs were also crystal, and soft stone ; There were set, cut in carnelian, crystal and bone. eight diadems, one silver bronze, bands with bosses. A hundred clothes-pins, with a hole and seven accomthrough the middle to tie them on {Tools panied and Weapons, Ixii,N 14-18),
"
Life of Ra
"
which it is supposed served rings of wire, 2 to 4 inches across, to pull clothing through before pinning it. A disc of gold is ornamented with two in There a filigrain were cups silver cup, also work, circlesand crescents.
a
hundred
and two vases of bronze, and many statuettes in stone, bone and bronze (? copper). Three small cylinders of stone are engraved in Cypriote style. A small plaque has hieroglyphs of the (Horusand sealer of Horus of the south and north I, foundation deposits, two vases There were with of Pepy Set). also other
"
"
discs of offerings in with young, alabaster and breccia, blue paste figure of baboon, quartz gaming pieces, a little All gold sistrum, a copper chisel,votive axes of polished stone and flintknives. in deposits, three of these should be published as soon as possible,for,being grouped
a vase
of Pepy
II in the form
of
baboon
"
"
are
to date the rest. It is a discovery will serve Syrian of archaeology if it is properly utilised. fragments of Egyptian sculpture, a head in many
one
obelisk, a cartouche of Usarkon and other fragments. to be carried on in a slow and insufficientmanner, and or by dating statement of precise style and without any
H
n6
NOTES
The
AND
"
"
NEWS.
work of the British School at Qau will be continued this winter, especially found the search for the source remains which were of the most ancient human Gospel St. Coptic was MS. The cemetery where the oldest last season. John's of found will be completely explored, and the prehistoric cemeteries to the north
of the strange group of ripple pottery will be worked in the hope of finding more and itsassociated styles. For this there will be a large party of workers. Mr. and Mrs. Brunton, M. Bach and Mr. Starkey have left already ; the Director leaves is with Mr. Greenlees, Lieutenant Wheeler, and Mr. Yeivin ; Mrs. Benson comes as a student of also taking up work at the camp ; Miss Caton Thompson deal the School, after her work at Cambridge, to with the palaeolithic remains.
at
once,
Lady
but will continue working for the increased for these excavations. support required The papyrus of the Gospel of St. John has been completely opened, photographed British in be It the the and placed collection of and mounted. will Petrie is detained in London, Foreign Bible Society, in
Queen Victoria
been given which will provide for the complete publication of full-sized graph photoof the 84 pages, transcription in Coptic type, and discussion of the results. As it is not only the oldest Biblical Coptic MS., but is older than any Greek MS.
of the Gospel except the Vaticanus, it will be of great textual value. The fine carefully transcribed. We are most fortunate to writing of it shows that it was to edit and discuss the text. have enlisted the help of Sir Herbert Thompson The volume will be issued as the second volume of this year to all regular subscribers of two
"
guineas.
"
The scale of work of the School involves heavy expense for travelling about "700yearly owing to the great rise of fares. This, and collateral expenses, are all needful before the cost of excavating and transport can be dealt with. It is only by
costs
can
an
be met.
of the Kings, Mr. Carter, Mr. Mace, and their assistants are dealing with the very difficult problems of managing the vast treasure house of Tutankhamen. At the Tombs Mr. Griffith and Mr. Newton are at Tell el Amarna, of the Egypt Exploration Society.
to carry
on
the excavations
in the Egyptian Government service are to leave by 1926, be leftentirely and the monuments and therefore the English Inspectors willretire, to native protection. The recent letters of Sir Martin Conwa}' in The Times are All Europeans
not reassuring
as
clearing part of Mount Mr. Duncan are carrying on the excavations. The work at Kish is progressing under Captain Mackay.
has undertaken important work at Jerusalem, Prof. Macalister and Ophel, south of the Temple area.
as
In the review, p. 87, of Mr. Kendrick's Catalogue, No. 780 should be stated correctly described, but two blocks were transposed by the printer.
"7
INDEX,
E, 1921
as
F, 1922
as
G, 1923
as
H.
1919 (1918,
suspended
during the
War.)
Letters are used for clearness along with the page numbers. All entries are to be understood as referring to Egypt. Books and articlesare referred to by and not verbatim.
subject,
This index will serve for the foreign periodicals,1920-1923, 1914 Part I is out of print and cannot be supplied.
as
every ancient
name
is entered.
jar, magic,
101.
E 67.
in Babylonia, F 103.
Aleppo, H
Abu
Seif,H. Sculptors' models, G 87. Abydos ennead, G 25. work at, G 30, 33. subterranean temple, G 31.
citadel passages, E 107. Alexandria, necropolis of, F 54. Alexandrian world maps, E 106. Alkhisuwas, H 104. Alphabet in Xllth dynasty, F 1. Alphabetic h5min, G 84.
Accounts
H26.
of palace, Xlllth
dynasty,
F 55. 107.
Adania, city, H 101. Adu stele,F 28. Aegyptus, revista Italiana, F 19. Africa drying up, G 27.
cave
Aluwamnas,
Amanus, Amama,
of Macpelah, H H 103.
land, H 99.
art of, G 20-22.
excavations, G 63. Amen decree for Osiris,F 30. ram-faced, F 124. gold statuette of, G 86. Amenemapt, ushabti, F 20. chief artist, G 59. I pyramid, Amenemhat cyhnder, F 18. H31,35. IIIatByblos.
Amenemhat,
G 95.
of, at objects
Akhkhula,
New
city, H
Ii8
Index.
III, figure,E 125. IX, Architecture of Egypt, H 23 Arer, G 84. Argapas, H Arhapy, Armani Army 104.
F 87.
Amenhetep
100.
Arneptah,
Arnuwandas, Arrowheads,
E54.
Arphbikhis, G 87.
Amorites, Empire
J. L.,
Pastes ceramiques, H
23
Arunefer, F 84.
city, H 101. Asek, figure,E 125.
Ankhuahabresanit,
tomb,
25
(see Onkh).
Annals,
see
Chronology, E 123.
Asmi-malik,
Anpy, Anra
H94.
Ass-headed
Asur-nas, H
to have
recourse
to," G 122.
Antihetep, G 23.
Antinoe, Treasure of, E Anubis, bronze, F 87.
10.
Ast, princess of Edfu, F 26. Astemkheb, queen, scarab, F 82. F 31. royal daughter of Ramessu,"
"
Asylum,
Atef-amen
tomb, G 59.
H
94.
Ates-senb, G 84. Athanasi, excavations of, F 62. Athribis, tomb of Mentu-em-taui, triad with Ramessu, G 87. Atlantis legends, E 127.
At-uah, E
G 83.
F 36.
125.
Arabia Aramaic
Semitic backwater, V,
21.
Arangio-Ruiz, F 19.
of
Justinian,Auy
F 21.
Architect Anpy,
tomb, E 68.
Index.
119
captured by Hittites,H 101. Bach, H., Mr., E 128, F 32, 64, H 45.
Babylon
Blanchard,
R. H., Notes
on
Egyptian
Bak-ne-ptah, Gi.85.
Balabish, F 49. Baraize, E., cast of Dendereh
zodiac,
F82. work at Great Pyramid, G 86. Hatshepsut's sarcophagus, G 86. tomb of XVI nth dynasty, G 86.
Barbarian Barduwata,
Bonnet,
and khakhet, F 125. Book of the Dead, Chap. 99, F 120. 107-9, 111-6, H24.
H.,
nems
Borchardt, L., Die Annalen, E 123. Borders F 27. of lotus and grapes, F 39. Borsha, F 85. Boulai under Severus, F 86. Bovier-Lapierre, P., Iron Smelting
101.
decay in Nubian
temples, F 27.
at
death of, E 1,F26. Barsukhanda, city, H 99, 102. Bashkatib cemetery, E 65. Baskets, Nubian, E 126. Bast-aus-onkh, priestess,F 84. Bates, O., Ancient Egyptian Fishing,
Aswan,
F 27.
Bows, reflex,Eritrean, E 126. Boxing scene of cat and mouse, Boylan, P., Thoth, H 21.
Branch
on
H 29.
Breasted, Edwin
F51.
Bay chancellor, F 28. Beads, Egyptian, at Carthage, E 53, 55. Beeswax in tombs, E 35. Beisan, stele of Sety I, H 30. F 88. Roman Bell,H. J., private letters, Bellows, African, E Beltim, doorway,
Smith papyrus, H 87. Bristowe, S.,oldest letters in the world, H90. British
Museum, E 28.
inscriptions
from
Egypt,
126.
F 27. Meso-
British School, work of, E 64, 65, F 33. Bronze, early, in Babylonia, H 30.
Belzoni, excavations of, F 62. Benedite, M., on Egyptian and potamian Benna, town, Benson,
art, F
from
Cappadocia,
98.
F. Bruijning,
F., Tree
17.
F 32.
Mrs., H
116.
.
politenome, Capt. and Mrs., E 65, 128, Brunton, F32, 64, G 128, H 32, 45, 116. Bunana-ila, H 99.
.
of HerakleoF 104, G 1.
Bersheh, tomb opened, H 3 1 Biban el Meluk, tombs 6 and 9, F 3 1 Bikhumias, city, H 102. Bimbiras, Hittite, H 98, 104. Bird
vases,
Bun-khetef, F 84. C, Coptic twists and plaits,E 97. Burchardt, M., Parallelsto ancient tales, F 120.
Bunt
E 53.
von,
The
Road
of the
Gods,"F
120.
Cynocephalus
city, H 99, 102. Byblos temples, G 57, 58, 63, H 31, 1 15. tomb described, H 33.
Buruskhanda,
Biyustis, Hittite, H 98, 104. dynasty, Blacas, L. de, XXVth of Osiris,F 86. A. W., Sacramental Blackman, G 121.
statue
usages,
120
Index.
F 85.
Cloch^, P., Greece and Egypt, 405-342 B.C., F 88, 90. Coffins, types, E 126.
Coins in
E 11, 12. jewellery, F 86. P., Invocation of Isis, Collart, Collinet, P., Procedure by rescript,F 90. Cones of pottery, E 95.
Capart,
Horus
Egyptian J.,
on
=
Figure
F 92.
Carchemish, H
Egyptian,
F 74, G 47. varia, F 127. hermitage, G 36. MSS., Sheykh St. Matthew Abadeh, G 84. and Ostraka, G 84. etymologies, G 123. Theotokia, H 85. Corn, history of, H 17. Courtiers, tombs of, G 33. Cowley, A. E., The Hittites,F 51. Creswell, K.
Mohammedan
Camoy,
G 53.
Carpentry in Egypt, E 48. Cartaginesa, E studio de Arqueologia, E52. Carter, H., excavations, G 96, H 116.
Carthaginian E 53-5. Caskets from Labun, F 4. Caton-Thompson,
Miss, G 36.
imports
from
Egypt,
Cavaignac,
XXVIIIth
E.,
A.
C,
Chronology
of
monuments,
E 125.
of Ramessu
Cretan civilisation, G 50. H Byblos, 36. vases at Crocodiles in Palestine,F 22. Crompton, W., Stamp
seal from Egypt,
Tomb
of Ankh-uah-ab-res-neit,F 25.
E32.
Crowfoot, G. M., Egyptian looms, F 97. Cubit, Egyptian, in America, G 98. Currency
in Egypt
Charm
reduced to copper,
119.
Dadukhepa,
104. 126.
Dagger, leaf African, E -shaped Dakhleh, temples at, F 24. Dammaskhunas, city, H 102.
Daressy, G., on sphinx type, E Exodus, F 22.
105.
Coffinsof Apollonias and Khayi, F 22. Statues of Mendes, F 22. Origin of the dsh tree, F 23. Titles of high priest Piankh, F 23. Canopies of Peduhormehen, F 23. Statues of Ramessu II, F 23. Weights from Tombs of Kings, F 23. Teos of Athribis,F 23.
Index.
121
Daressy, G.
Daressy,
G.
F 84.
fragments, F 84.
=
Satf
Stele of Heremheb, Inscriptions from Tent3T:a, F 24, 29. of Dut-nefer, F 24. I, F 24. Ritual of Amenhetep F 24. Faqus, Geography of Sarcophagus Pepi-nefer at Edfu, F 24. Tanite art, F 24. Origin of Vas, F 24. Osiris mysteries (?) at Athribis, F25. Horus stele of Karnak, F 25.
Forms
perhaps F85.
F85.
Gaif
or
Naukratis, Medamot,
Herpa-ast
sarcophagus,
Hunters Golden
Seal
II,
G85.
Fragment
Decree
Date
G 85.
of
sun
at
different hours,
Dead, position for offerings,F 93. worship of, in Africa, F 52. Deb,
H. K.,
F26.
Naos of Qus,F 26. Mentuhetep III at Dendera, F 26. Edfu, XII-XIII steles,F 26, 28. Alexandre
Svastika
and
Omkara,
G56.
Debet, F 86. Debt, laws of, G 84. Delta submergence, F 28.
Demotic
notes, F 96, 126.
Barsanti, F 26.
Convent
Samtaui Khent
Denderah zodiac cast replaced, F 82. Dennison, Prof. W., Treasure of Antinoe, E 10. D.E.R.E.E.B.T.S.S. formula, F 20. 64.
sign, Dessication of Africa, G 27. H Destruction of monuments, Devaud,
E.,
nefer, F 27. Chapel of Psimut and Hakor, F 28. Statues of Balansurah, F 28. Statue of Mnevis, F 28.
Two-slant
stroke
G 119. Story of Shipwreck, G 1 19. Nubian Baker and G 120. Coptic etymologies, G 123.
" " "
earth,"
of Ramessu 9, Bibun
VII, F 30.
el Meluk,
Dialects, modern, in Egypt, F 70. Diocletian, edict of prices, G 104. Divination, Bantu, F 58. Doctor
sent to Hittites, G 67-8.
Site of Benna,
F 32.
Dogbite ceremony, F 1 10. Domitian, temple at Aswan, Dress, survivals of, G 81.
Drums, Dualism
G 87.
Ramesside
F82.
Heart
statues
with
attributes,
African, E 126.
108.
Dudumes,
Dudun, Duncan,
G 87. F 88.
F83.
Steles of Bubastis, F 83. Any, royal son, in Nubia, F 84.
Dunip
122
Index.
F 29.
Dunspanefer,
short, E 67.
Edgar,
C. C,
Ptolemaic
chronology,
F28. papyri, F 29, 30, 82, 85, G 84. Egypt and the Old Testament, H 85. Flam, early civilisation of, H 83. Zeno Elephant hunting, E 29. Elephantine, clearance of, F 27. EUsion of double letters, G 91. Ember,
A.,
mare,
F 19.
Fechheimer, G 126.
Ferryman
Semito-Egyptian
H
18.
words,
and linger counting, F 121. Figures, pot-shaped, E 53. Fihppi, F. de, Italy's protection of Art
Treasures, E 27.
F94.
Emmer
corn,
Fin du Moyen
Empire,E. 22.
Emraef Endowment
F 86.
Finger counting rhyme, F 121, H 27. Fishing, Ancient Egyptian, F 51. history of, G 28. Flag staves before pylons, H 7 1 Fhnt working, E 65, 126, G 36. in Eastern Desert, F 53. similar,far apart, F 1 17. Ethiopian, G 26.
Floats of straw, E 51. Foot standard at Knossos, G 53. Foreign pottery, F 49. troops of Ptolemies, F 56. Forgery of antiquities punishable, E 89. Foundation deposits, G 59.
passages
of
Aleppo, G 9. 1920-21,
Sarcophagus Report
G83.
Alphabetic hymn, St. Matthew fragments, G 84.
Coptic ostraka, G 84. Notes of Inspection, G 87. Constantinople obelisk, G 100. Flag staves of pylons, H 7 1 the Aswan obelisk, H 88.
.
plaque from Canopus, E 29. Frankfort, Mr., H 45. Friezes, kheker and others, E 111 Frost, K. T., death of, E 1. Funereal corn grinders, G 120. furniture, painted, G 80. liturgy,Ptolemaic, F 125.
.
Erman,
Literature of the Egyptians, H 85. Ethiopian excavations, G 26. kings, E 39, 70, F 22. Eudemonis, G 87. Europos, city, H Evans, Arthur,
Knossus,
Schmidt, objects,
E 126.
100.
Palace
Galla type of sphinxes, E 105, G 126. Game board, Sedment, F 68. of Minos 61, 96, F
at
Garden
G 50.
on,
of Eden E60.
to Crossing of
Jordan,
Exodus,
views
22,
H86.
F90.
Index.
"3
of 99.
Barbarian from
Garsaura, city, H
Garstang, Prof.,'at Askelon, E 128. Gauthier, H., Steles of Taharqa, F 31. Sons of Ramessu,"
"
F 30.
F 88.
G 25.
nems and khakhet, F 125. Head, preserved, F 9-11. Headrest, African, E 126.
Heart
(Karoama?),
Astemkheb,
F 42.
Germanic Ghurob
Shabaka,
Tanutamen, F 24.
G 26.
G 26.
on
Hebrew
influence
Giron, N. Aramaean
inscriptions,H 38.
F 85. Glass mosaic cofifin, Glazes, H 23. Glazing at Iviza, E 54. Gold plates on eyes and mouth, Granite working, H 88.
F 9.
F22. Gray, T., Life of Hatshepsut, F 57. And in the tomb were found," H 89.
"
Greece
Egypt,
405-342
B.C.,
104, G
Her-behudti-mes,
Her-hetep, G 84.
G 84.
Her-her-khutef, G 84.
papjTi, Hermotybies,
Her-nekht, Heron,
a
in Nubia, G 60.
H 1 16. work at Amarna, Griffiths, J. S., The Exodus in Light of Archaeology, H 64.
Thracian
Herpaast,
Guilloche, E 99.
Gunn, B., Word for "short," G
122.
Gypsum
96.
Hippolenaios
stele,G 87. bones, mineralised, H 44. Hippopotamus History, Transmission of, F 44.
Harp, African, E
126.
124
Index.
Hittites,F 51, G 63. ruled by a queen, G 68. HN, sign of youth, F 35. grove of king, G played at Athens, H 31. Hora, F 20. palm
Hnn-neswt,
Inventions, independent, G 54. Iron age, early, in India, F 18. smelting at Aswan, F 27.
1.
Irrigation,G 20. Israel,prophets of, H 87. rehgion of, G 124. Istapariyas, Hittite, H 98, 104. Italy'sprotection of Art Treasures, E 27. lualhana, Libyan stele,G 91. luf stele,F 28. luf, king's sister, F 26. luf-senb, F 26.
Ivory carving, 1st djTiasty, G 35. lyayas, Hittite, H 98, 103.
Hockey
H67.
Hor-pen-ese letters, F 91. Horsa-ast,
judge, statue,
125.
Izkibbu. H 99.
lotus, XXIInd
dynasty, F 21. in M. T., The Museum, E 127. Jackson, E 63, 128 Japanesearchaeology, Mr., E 65. Jefferis, G., Ennead of Abydos, G 25. Jequier,
on objects
Horus- ApoUo
G 77. title, and Set, War of, G 43. Reynard and Isengrin, G 57. History Hough, W., of Inventions, Horus
funerary
corn
G52.
miscarriage, H 96. Hrozny, F., Com in Babylonia, H Houhe
"
F 4.
Hughes, Huka,
Human
Miss, E 65.
Libyan, G 91.
H 44. remains, earliest, Hiunoy, G 84. F 124. Huy, artist, governor in Nubia, G 61. Hydrophobia Hymn Hynes,
to gods
Jews,early dispersion of, H John,St., Gospel of, H 45, P., Senate in each Jouguet,
Severus, F 86.
88. 116.
nome
under
ceremony,
F 1 10.
34-36.
of Kubanieh,
Junker, H.,
F 17.
for, G 93.
Justinian coin
Ell. jewellery.
F 19.
law in Egypt,
Imhetep,
son
Ka
Inaras, H
102.
67.
Inbreeding of royal families,G 126. H 83-84. Independence of civilisations, 18, 59. F India, prehistoriccultures of, Indian religiousdevelopment, E 59. Indo-Europeans, G 53. G 27. Internationalism, earliest,
Kalasummiyas, Kalumziburis, H
Kames Kamo,
102.
Khantilis.
125
Karian stele, F S7. Kamak, study of, E 18, G 57. Karruwas, H 102.
Karzis, H
Khobekhent,
Khoemast
Kassulauiyas, H Kattis
=
100.
H 2.
from Horbeyt,
29.
Khufu,
101.
Kendrick, A. F., Catalogue of Textiles from Egypt, F 57, G 54, H 87, 116.
Ketemut, priest, F 95.
Khutuni,
H 99.
H 104.
Khuwatassis, Khuy
Khabantaliyas, H
104.
102.
of, E 15-17. 1.
Hittites, H
100.
under Naramsin, H 100. Khafra, base of statue, F 31. Khalipussuwas, city (Aleppo), H 102. Khalpa
F 52.
H (Aleppo), 104.
101, 103.
Cheops
pyramide,
Khantidasus, H Kharabsilis, H
Kharakharas, Khargeh Kharran,
Khantilis, Hittite,H
101, 103.
city, H 103. Kharrians, H 99, 101. Kharsuwas, city, H 102. Khasamnilis, H 104.
Khasawanzas, Khassuwas, H
city, H
Khatebinus,
Khattusas, H
101. 103.
city, H
Khayi
Kush, royal sons of, G 123. Kussar, city, H 104. Kuwannas, city, H 102
Kuwansas, Kyle,
M.
104. Problem,
Khebemalik, Kheker
104.
.
G., Pentateuchal
friezes, E 1 11
F 84.
F53.
Khensu,
Khent, Khent
Labarnas, Lacau,
Khepersh,
Khilassiyas, H
104.
126
Lahun
Lmna,
tunnels under pyramid, F 33. Lakhkhurumas, city, H 102. Lamps, Carthaginian types, E 54.
Christian
names
on,
F 24.
at
Jerusalem,
original
Mace and Winlock, Senebtisi tomb, E 56. Mace head of Hierakonpolis, E 15. Mackay,
Capt., inspecting, E 1, 64. Beeswax as varnish in tombs, E 35. E 111 Kheker friezes,
.
city,H
102.
Lead mines in Taurus range, H 98. Lebanon, name of, F 23, 26. Leeuw, G. van der, External Soul, F 123.
Borders of lotus and grapes, F 39. Excavations at Kish, H 32, 1 16. Work
at Hebron,
F 82, 85,
Cave
of, H H 99.
The god Hero, F 85. Caesarios at Deir el Abyad, F 85. Endowment at Tehneh, F 86. Greek steles of Fayum, Parallel of Egyptian piety, H 90.
Legrain, G., Notice of, E 18. forum of Thebes, F 23. on
jarof alabaster, E
F 25.
G 85.
and
Jewish
Mahaffy,
by
Hunt,
F20.
Mahasaun
=
Lesquier,
Ptolemaic calendar, F 91. J., Lethaby, W. R., Alexandrian world maps, E 106. Levelling staffs,G 8 1 Lexow, E., sculptured
.
Malik- Arakh, H
stones
at
Tarxien, E 32. Lidbarski, M., Assyrian word for army, G24. LilHs, H
102.
to enter
Biography
Mathematical Maude,
papyrus, Gill. General, proclamation, E 88. Mauricius Tiberius coin in jewellery, E 11.
F24. Lumbroso,
G.,
on
andria, Maynard, J. A., Were of AlexF 19. Semitic ?, G 62. letter of Aristaeus, F 19. on Mayt, burial, G 59. Lunations in Egyptian years, E 30. Maza land, F 84.
founding
Phoenicians
Index.
127
"
Moller,G. continued. Coptic marriage contract, G 23. Megabaroi, G 23. Mekbr Hbsuy wife, G 25. Writing in XVIIIth dynasty, G 89. G 92. Maot worn by judges, Hermotybies, G 93. Maneros, G 93. Akhenaten Uke El Hakim, G 95. Portable sundial,G 95. Montet, P., Passages of Sanehat, F 90. History of Byblos, G 57. Montgomerie-Neilson,Mr., E 128, F 64. Monzet barque, E 93. Mooring pegs, E 93. Morals, Egyptian, E 62, G 61. Sumerian, E 62. Mordell, P., Origin of letters and
= =
Medium to dead king, F 52. Megalithsat independent centres, F 1 18. Mehti-en-usekht ushabti, F 20. Meinertzhagen, Capt., H 108. Menkaura, figureof H 1 vase at Byblos, G 58. Menkh-ne-ra, son of Pa-ashem, F 29. Mentu-em-taui tomb, G 83. Mentuhetep, king,wooden statue, E 33. Mentuhetep III, at Denderah, F 26. Merapu, tomb of, G 61. Mercer, Dr., Egyptian morals, E 62. Sumerian morals, E 62. Was Ikhnaton a Monotheist ?,F 61 The Eye of Horus, F 61. Egyptian Morals of the Empire, G61. Merymaot, F 86. Meshak perhaps, H 96. Mesketit barque, E 93. Mesman, E 31. Mesniu of Horus, F 122. Mesqa skin, H 46. Messenger in alllands,F 82. Mesu, F 84. Mezzullas,H 104. Migdol watch-tower, E 96. Mr. Eustace, E 65, 128, F 32. Miller, Mines in Taurus, Babylonian, H 98. Mitra, P., Prehistoric India, F 18. Arts of India,F 59. Prehistoric Mitanna land, H 99. Megabaroi, G 23. Mkhbr Mnevis bull,statue, F 28. tomb, Ramessu II, F 30. tomb, Ramessu VII, F 30.
,
.
.
numerals, G 56. de Dieu, E 31. Moret, A., Un Jugement F 85, 87. St. Ferriolcollection, Morgan, J. de, L'Humanite Pre-
F 1 16. historique, Mosaic, date of designs,G 97. E 124. Moscow UniversitySculptures, Motya, F 118. E 65. Mousterian flints, Mtkte, Assyrian for army," G 24. Multiple vases in Egypt and Carthage, E55. Mummifying, African,F 9, 10. Munier, H., Acts of Shenubi, F 24. Christianlamp, F 24. Zawyet el Meyitin, F 25. Hage Eulogy of Constantine,F 28. Tinnis,and Delta submergence, F 28. F 32. Medical receipts, Coptic MSS., G 84. Murray, M. A., Mace head of HierakonE 15. polis, Origin of some signs,F 35. Nawruz, Coptic New Year, F 79. Anba Tarabo ceremony, F 110. Knots, G 14.
"
"
Mnu socket or basis,F 86. Models, sculptors', at Thebes, G 87. Mogensen, M., Boxing scene, H 29. G 123. Moiy stele, Moks, case for papyrus, F 94. Moller,G., LazuU Taurt, F 128.
=
Murrhine
vases,
F 21
Murrians, H 99. MursilisI, H 98, 100, MursiHs, Hittite, 101, 103. MursiHs II, H 98, 102. III, H 98. Mursilis
Index.
127.
Nigalmatis, H
103.
Nikki land. H 99. F 1 15. Nile and Jordan, Nile Boats, E 2, 40. Nile
" "
Mut, hunters of, G 82. MutaUis, Hittite,H 98, 103. Mutnefer, F 28. Muwatallis, Hittite,H 98.
new
water
F 81 festival,
belonging to
me,"
F 122, H 95
Apa, G 122.
and Ast figures,E 125. Naram-Sin campaigns, H 99. Naville, E., stele of Sa-setet,G 82. Names,
senates under Sevenis, F 86. Notes and News, H 1 16. Nubian civilisation,G 60.
Nome
hemi-theistic,F 127
Nub-nefer, F 87.
Nub-nefert, F 87.
Nubu-dudu, Nubu-ne-ab, F 26.
F 28.
Nur-dagan, H 99.
E96.
auxiliary ar, G II 9. Nawruz, Coptic New Year, F 79.
Neb-ant, F 26.
Neb-em-kherat
vizier,F 86. Oanen, brother of Tyi, F 93. Oamtu, Oash5rt, burial of queen, F 64, G 59. Oasis sign, G 90. Obelisks of copper, F 92. transport of, E 40. of Sextius Africanus, G 95.
at Constantinople, G
stele,F 68.
Nebent, F 85.
stele,F 68. lord Nebtem, of all," H 96. Neferarkara obelisks of copper, F 92.
Neb-nekhtu
"
Nefer hebef, goldsmith, F 87. Neferhetep tomb, Thebes, G 59. Neferkara, king, XXVth Nefer-renpet, F 87. Nefrus, F 28. Negro captive figure,F 13. F 87. Nehems-menth, Nehemuat, god at Hermopolis, G 88. Neith emblem, F 35. Nekau I in Aramaic tomb, H 41. Nekht, priest,E 31. Nekht-hor-heb, head, E 125. Nek-onkh, Nemarth, Nemptahmo, Nenassa, H Tehneh, F 86.
F 31.
100.
dynasty, G 85.
seven,
Old age represented, F 124. Oleander, F 106. O'Leary, H85. Onhetep, F 84. Onkh sign, oldest example, Onkh-sam-taui, G 85. Onkhs-en-amen G 67. Onkh-thekr, Onkhu H 91.
de
Lacy,
Coptic
Theotokia,
F 87. 100.
G 85.
New
York
Newberry,
dynasty, G 40.
Index. Oracular
E judgments,
129
31.
responses, F 76. responses in XVIlJth dynasty, F 86. Orientation of burials,African, F 11 1 2. Origins of signs, F 35.
,
Pe, spiritsof, F 20. Peacocks and vase design, G 97. Peda-ast, F 87.
Peda-her, G 83.
Peda-hor-samtaui, F 29.
Osha-senb, G 84.
Osirislegend in time of Ramessu F 25, 27. mysteries (?),
statue
Peda-ne-hor, F 29.
II,F 24. Peda-mahes Pedatnubt, G 122. naophorus, E 125. leader, scarab, caravan
Paaru, prophet, E 31, F 76. Pa-da Bast, G 85. stele of, G 1 19. Padasmataui, G 119.
Padarpos,
of Pedu-amen,
F 20
F 24.
Paganstecher,
R., Sammlung
Ernst
von
Pentahatres, F 120.
Pentateuchal Problem, F 53. Pep, G 85. scarab, G 87. Pepi-nefer mastaba, Edfu, F 24. Pepy II vase at Byblos, G 58. Pepa
Sieglin,F 53.
Nekropolis
"
" "
F 54. (Alexandria),
Pahaf stele,F 24. Pahen-neter, F 32, 68. Pakharu, F 84. Pakhred, F 24.
Pala, city, H 104. Palaeoliths, earliest in Egypt, Palermo annals, E 123. Palestine, Historical Sitesin, H Palm Pama wine, G 3. statue, F 22. Hittite, H 98, 99. strategos, H
124.
65.
E 59. Egiziana,
22.
Luigi, Cronologia
Petosiris, tomb
Pamba,
Pamenches
Pan
29.
of Antinoe,
grave people, F 49. Pa-nef-em-dat-amen, G 84. Paneter-uahem, chief of stables, F 82. engraver, F 24. F 50. I
10.
Panezem,
Excavations Sphinxes
at Lahun,
E 65.
Papyri, Oxyrhynchus,
Paramessu,
of Sety
(?),
Transmission 100.
Work
G 30.
130
Petrie, W. M. F.
continued. The tomb at Byblos, H 33 British School at Oau, H 44.
"
Index. Ptah-em-heb,
Ptah-kho, Ptolemaic
F 25.
Types of early scarabs, H 65. Current Fallacies about History, H 78. Cave of Macpelah, H 105. Petu-kem, high priest of Hermopolis, F83. Pharbaethos, stele of building at, G 1 19. Phatres, G 85. Philadelphus
Philae, damage
naos,
27.
104.
F 87.
.
F 26.
at, F 27. Phoenician imitations traded west, E 55. fortressof Motya, F 118.
theories, G 55. Pyramids, late acute forms, F 55. Pypy cylinder, F 32, 33.
colonies, F 1 18. Semitic origin of, G 62. Piaay and Tausert group, F 84. Piankh, titlesof, F 23. Pig-tail figures,E 16.
68.
102.
Oau, excavations at, H 44, 116. titleof Horus, G 1 19. Qednezes, Queen ruling Hittites, G 68.
J.A., Quibell,
Ous
naos,
F 26.
position of, H 75, 86. Plaits and twists, E 97. Plants used medically, H 13. H 96. Plaster casts, Amarna,
Plutarch, Be I side, G 122. Pomegranate, F 107. Possessive article,F 126. Pottery, Xllth dynasty, styles,E 57. Syrian, H 35. Pottier, E., Musee du Louvre
position of, H 76-77, 86. Racial origins of Jewish tj'pes,H 2 1 type due to conditions, H 79. Raamses, Radcliffe, W.,
times, G 28. vizier,F 32, 34, 68, 84. Ra-mery-ha-shetef statues, F 65. Rahetep, Rames, Memphis,
Fishing
from
earliest
pendant
F 25.
on
Thebes, F 84.
F87. tomb
at Heliopohs, G 87.
F 1 16.
I,
F24.
statues, F 23.
H 41.
Psamtek
black granite obelisk, F 31. triad Athribis, G 87. Ramessu high priest of Amen, H 96. VII ushabtis, G 87.
statues with attributes,F 82.
Psamtek-aa-neit, general, H 59. Psamtek, son of Seba-rekhtu, F 87. Psamtek-neb-pehti, F 87. Psimut chapel, F 28.
Ramessu-user-pehti, F 84.
Ramesside
Index.
131
R. N.,
RametelKhallil, Ramo,
Ranke, F 84.
F 84.
HllO.
Salaman,
Sahhiyeh,
Origins of
Jewish
types, H 21.
H
Ra-nekhu,
Raphiapalm,
100.
H., Names
in cuneiform, F 108, G 1.
G 92.
Read,
F. W.,
Cartouche
of Augustus,
57.
Samsu-ditana,
100.
F
Samtaui-tafnekht,
95,
85
{see
Reed
floats,E51.
Sma)
kings, Samukha,
Reisner, Dr., List of Ethiopian E39. pyramids of Kuraw, G 26. Religion of Israel,G 1 24.
Sanehat, F90,
Sankhkara,
on,
scene,
development,
E 125.
Kreglinger
G objects,
80.
Renonkhemo F 87.
G 82. ?, F 85.
vase,
Naukratis
F judge,
Resins in Egypt,
E 67.
solvents of, E 37, 38. Res-senbu, vizier,F 31. Return to research, E 1 Rimi-malik, H
Sa-tha, F 84.
.
102.
Sat-ta ushabti, F 20. Sauas and Onkhs-mut group, F 85. H Sauwaskhilas, 104. Sayce, A. H., Ethiopian kings at Meroe, E70.
Date
Aramaic
F26. Roscoe,
F52.
land, G 20.
shrines in Delos,
F86.
"
Nubian
errors,
G 23.
Royal
sons
Ruffer,
Rusch, F93.
A., The
dead
offerings, 123.
before Xllth
dynasty,
65.
of palace, Xlllth
F
ideas and usages, G 121. Sahura, diorite group, E 127. Sails,forms of, E 3-5.
Sacramental
Schmidt, V., Lcvende der Dode, E 126. Schubart, W., Rule for Idios Logos, G93.
Schwarz, E. H. L., The Kalahari, G 27.
I 2
132
Sculptors' models at Thebes, G 87. Sculpture, P2gyptian, G 126. II, G 85. Seal of domestic of Ramessu E 32. of man and antelope,
Sebakh
Index.
Sethe, K.
Book
107-109, 111-16,
Sebek-hetep
harpooner, H 91.
kings, G 40.
of the Dead, Ch. 1 12, H 93. months of pregnancy, H 94. Book Regnal H95. Sekhmet years from accession, N.K.,
Sedem
measures,
F 20.
and prices in Egypt, G 103. Sekhmet, statues of, from Thebes, F 62, H95. Semite words in Egypt, F 94. Semites before Sumerians, E 21. of, E 21. Senebtisi tomb at Lisht, E 56. home Sen-nefer stele,Sedment, figure,E 125.
Sen-nezem, Scnti, son F 67.
statues, H 95. adrrt, bunch of grapes, H 95. N-nk and nb tm, H 96.
Ramessu
H96.
perhaps, H 96. Sety I, stele,Beisan, H 30.
Meshak
Seven oils,origins of, G 80-81. Sha, a god, F 85. Shabaka cowroid at Carthage, E 53. Shedes-nefertum adoring Horus on lotus, F2I. festival, F 81.
Senusert I, grandson of, G 82. Senusert III, sphinx, E 127. block, F 23.
Shellal mosaic, G 97. Shem-en-Nessim Shenb, probably a trumpet, F 94. Sheshenq II at Memphis, F 84.
Sheykh Fadl Aramaic tomb, H
38.
G 24.
Ships, prehistoric, with branch, H 97 Shipwrecked sailorstory, G 1 19. Shrines with serpents, H 30. Sieglin,Ernst von, Sammlung, F 53.
Seshu, high priest of Hermopolis, F 83. Set, rebellion of, Ilnd dynasty, G 40.
animal, F 84, G 44. and pig, G 122.
98.
Sanehat.
Sister marriage, G 94, 126. Siwa visited, F 28. Siwattis, H 104. Sixteen
=
F 91-92.
Early metal statues recorded, F 92. Userkaf bowl at Cerigo, F 92.
F joy,
94. Mathematics,
Slave trade from Syria, F 29. Slolay, R. W., Egyptian Gill. G 77. Sma-nebti, title, Smenkhu-ptah, Sneferu-men head of, E 18. statue, E 124.
Mesniu
Index.
133
G 80.
Steatopygy
in Tunisia, E 127.
crown,
Sobhy, G. P. G., Survivals of Ancient Egyptian, F 70, G 47. Customs of Child-birth, H 9. Solar boats of day and night, E 93.
Solomon's Sottas, H.,
F 92.
Metternich coffins,F 120. Early statue, G 94. Steles in Greek Egypt, F 54, 56. Stems,
H., Palaeoliths of Eastern Desert, F 53.
queen, H
=
86.
F.
Poeme
charm, G 120.. G 123. stele of Moiy, Spiegelberg, W., Letters from El Hibeh,
Subbiluliumas,
Hittite, H
98, 104.
F91.
Hi-hor, the magician, F 91. Varia. F 94. Demotic varia, F 96. Coptic varia, F 1 19. Khnum of Elephantine,
E 62.
Sumerians, Summiris,
Huy,
in differenthours, F 26.
Marriage of concubine, F 125. Possessive article,F 126. Demotic business notes, F 126. Name
"
Modern
Egyptian,
hemi-theic, F 127.
"
F70.
city, H 102. Svastika and Omkara, G 56. Sweet heart every day," G 35. Suwanzuwannas,
"
Coptic varia, F 127. Two brothers shrine, G 20. Serpent sign z, G 24. Letter of scribe Aohmes,
"
G 24.
Syrian
Endowment
marriage, G 25. G steles, 91. Obelisk of Sextius Africanus, G 95. Datum of Ptolemy XI, H 27.
enter
a
house
"
dynasty,
Tii-aosh-sent,F 84.
Ta-au, F 84.
IX,
Tadath
Tafnekht
son
H95.
H 96. Plaster casts, Amarna, H 96. Houhe miscarriage,
=
priest, H 96. Spirals, origin of, E 32, G 51. in Magdalenian age, F 1 18.
Title of Hathor
Men-kheper-ra,
Men-
kheper-ka-ra, F 86.
Sphinx
of Gizeh, unique, G 64. of Psamtek, G 83. Sphinxes from Tanis, E 105. 45, 116.
Statue, archaic, G 94. Staves used by kings, G 81
Starkey, Mr., H
134 Tail
worn
Thent-ua, E 125.
II, F 84. Theodosios stele,G 87. Ell. Theodosius coins in jeweller}'. Thomas, The E. E., Oracular responses, F 76. Magic Skin, H 3, 46.
Takerat,
104.
F 29.
Ta-khredet-ahet,
F 29.
F 27
Thomas,
Dualism
N. W.,
Africa, F 7.
in African Religions, G Miss Caton, G 36, H
Takinash
Tamlutas,
Diqnash,
108.
Tanefert-hert!^
Tanekht-ne-tahat,
F 87.
Thompson,
1 16.
Tanis, sculptures at, F 25. sphinxes from, E 105. Tanuis, the scribe,H Tapakhent, F 87. Tarkondemos Tarukhsus, H102. Tatitouos stele, G 87. Taurt figures,F 128.
Tavvannannas, Hittite, H 102.
Tidal, Hittite, H
Tilak and northern Aryans, G 53. Tin early in Babylonia, H 30. Tinnis submergence, Tipilas, H 102.
boss, F 51.
F 28.
Tisbinki, H 99.
Tissenki, H
99. 104.
in Dakhleh, F" 24.
98, 104.
Tayhes, F 29.
Tayua,
F 84. city, H
Tityas, Hittite, H 98, 102. Tlaktota, G 87. Toda, E., Tomb of Sen-nezem, Toilet tray with girl,Sedment, Tombs, development of, E 66. West
F 84.
F 68.
104.
African, F 8.
1 48.
Telibinus, Hittite, H
Tenat, F 87.
Teos, king of Athribis, F 23. Terenuthis, G 87.
late plans of, F 56. Toronto, Archaeological report, E 127. Trade westward by Carthage, E 53.
Transport Trap
of heavy blocks, E 41. for game, African, E 126. Trident flesh-hooks, Syrian, H 34-35.
Trumper,
V.
L., Sites in
Palestine,
104.
H
at Alexandria,
125.
G 84.
Thackeray,
H.
St.
J.,Septuagint
and
That-unth, F 87.
Thay,
priest, E 31.
G 37.
127, H
116.
Tu-uaa, F 125.
Index.
Tuwanuwa,
Twists Tyana,
'35
100.
Wainwright,
Egypt, E
Balabish, F 49.
Wakhsis, H
104. 104.
general, H 59.
Uazet statue at Buto, G 83. Ukhnas, H 104. Ukht, beliefin the, H 67. Ullini,city, H 99. Unas vase at Byblos, G 58. Underworld, G 122. Unnefer shrine, G 35. F 85. "Uotu, Up, messenger, F 82. Upuat-hetep, F 31.
G 23. greatest, in titles, in Xlth dynasty, Uraeus first worn
Wapra
War War
scene,
crown,
risk to
E 27.
Wasinzilis, H Water
104.
new
festival at
year, F 80.
raising, G 20. Waterwheel, Qd, or ushabtis, F 95. Waterworks in Egypt, F 19, 20. Weaving, F 97. G 78.
Ur
63.
E33. Ur-banda,
Uriyadus, H 99.
H
H
104. Hittite, H
Empire, E
22.
Urkhi-Tessub,
Ur-Larag,
98.
Welman, West,
99. G 122.
UrmMu
at Thebes, F 94.
Wheeler, Lieut., H
Whitaker, Wiener, H., Pithom Prophets Wiesmann,
116.
F 118.
C/rs,"daytime,"
J. L S., Motya,
User, F 87.
and Thuau, F 86. Userhet figure,E 125.
and Raamses, H 75. H 87. Israel, of Coptic H., notes, F 1 19, 120,
Userkaf bowl at Cerigo, F 92. Ushabti box, coffin-shaped, E 18. of Dr. Abbott, F 20. numbers 384, 367, F 25.
H 104. Ussu, city (Issos), Uzot-oher statue, Moscow,
G 23, 95.
Seated
Wine
man,
determinative,
28.
Winlock,
E70.
H.
E.,
Jewels from
14.
Queen
Values, standard of, G 121. Varnish in tombs, E 35. Vegetation, changes in, F 105.
Vespasian, temple in Dakhleh, Vignard, E., Aurignacian
F 24.
Tetisheri, F
jacks of
statuettes
Middle
Kingdom,
F 65.
Wooden
Writing
from Sedment,
station, E 126.
in firsthalf XVIIIth
dynasty,
Vincent, P^re, work at Hebron, H 105. O., Trimeih Tragici, F 86. Vitelli,
G 89.
Vives
104.
Ya-nefer-tha, F 84.
136
Year, New,
Years called after events, F 95. regnal from accession N.K., H 95, regnal and calendar. Hill. Yeivin, Mr., H 116. Ymeru,
vizier,F 31.
82,
85,
104.
Yrra. F 87.
Yrrares, F 87.
103.
98, 101, 103.
H
Zidantas, Hittite, H
Yzanbu,
priest,E 31.
104.
Ziliburiyas, H
Zilis =son Z serpent sign, G 24. Zakhbunas, H 104.
104.
104.
Zallara, city, H
100.
F 82.
Zalpa, city, H 101, 104. Zedher of Hermopolis, F 83. F 29. the reader (?), Zedher-pa-asheru, F 29.
Zowyet
Zurus,
Hittite^
-D
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