CONTENTS CHAPTER 1—Origia, Formation and Composi- tion of Petroleum 1d Origin and Formation of Petrolium 1.2 Reserves and Deposits of World 13 Indian Petroleum Industry 1.4 Composition of Petroleum ‘CHAPTER 2—Petrolein Processing Data 2.1 Evaluation of Petrolium - a 2.2 Thermal Properties of Petroleum Fractions + 2.3 Important Products Properties & Test Methods oo CHAPTER 3—Fractionation of Petroleum 3.1 Dehydration and Desalting of Crudes one 3.2 Heating of Crude—Pipe Still Heaters 3.3 Distillation of Petroleum 3.4 Blending of Gasoline CHAPTER 4—Treatment Techniques 4.1 Fraction—Impurities 4.2 Treatment of Gasoline 4.3 Treatment of Kerosene 4.4 Treatment of Lubes 4.5 Wax and Purification ave Page 1—53 12 19 54-172 34 19 95 173—233 173 178 197 219 234—309 234 252 262 272 295CHAPTER 5—Thermal and Catalytical 5.1 Cracking one 5.2 Catalytic Cracking ose 5.3 Catalytic Reforming 3.4 Naphtha Cracking 5.5 Coking 5.6 Hydrogen Processes © 5.7 Alkylation Processes 5.8 Tsomerisation Processes 5.9 Polymer Gasolines. - CHAPTER 6—Asphalt Technology we 61 Source of Asphalt s 6.2 Air Blowing of Bitumen 6.3 Upgradation of Heavy Crudes Subject Index ve Page 310—416 310 326 352 373 383 402 4iL 417—423 417 420 423 425 —428 CHAPTER 1 Origin, Formation and Composition of Petroleum 11 Origin and Formation of Petroleum : Today, most of the countries in the world are importers of energy. The fossil fuels, accumulated over aeons of geological activity are irreversibly consumed at a rate more-than million times faster than they were formed, This has left us in a pre- carious position especially for petroleum and its products. The hike in price of petroleum and its products, both in national-and international scenes is ftequent for two simple reasons; the mounting demands and fast depletion of reserves. The import- ance df petroleum in. present day civilization is ever increasing due to its unmatched contribution for our energy requirements, in lubrication and in petrochemical field. ‘Thus. its competence to serve mankind is unquestionable and unique too. Sixty percent of the energy needs of the world are met by petroleum. The advent of LC. and Jet engines have revolutionalised the tech- niques of motive power, a fact, without which the rumbling civi- lisation would have to contend with a snails-pace.: Such a pre- ium stock of limited resuiirces is fast depleting, perhaps due to indiscriminate and wanton consumption. The important question today is how long can the reserves meet the demand even with sky high prices? The high degree of conservation and restrictions in consumption may draw out the global re- serves to another century at the consumption rate of today, Then, what-? According to Mayer and. Hocott “There is no dearth of petroleum and natural gas resources remaining in the earth. As a matter of fact, there is no foreseen shortage of available sup-4 MODERN PETROLEUM REFINING PROCESSES hydrocarbon gases. Further, surprisingly no oil well was ever sighted with any fossil remains of such animals. This is how the long flourished hopes of this natural fat theory had to be -given up. . : There are other schools of thoughts concerning the origin and formation of petroleum; some of which are listed. below : Thomas-Graham €1843) was of the view that natural naphtha must be a product of action upon vegetable matter of - high temperature. Chaptal (1845) was of the opinion, that when plants became entirely decomposed into vegetable moulds these contained certain oils which escaped decomposition. J. W. Draper (1846) suggested the action of natural heat of earth on coal. Popoff (1875) showed that methane could be produced by decomposition of cellulose. Hoppe-Seyler in 1886 showed that bacteria could produce methane, as is ever evident in swampy areas. Treibs (1934) discovered some of the plant pigments and biological matter in crudes ; micro-scopic organic remains found jn crudes actually prompted API to launch a big project API 43 to investigate thoroughly.* A bright explanation by Mikhailovosky, N. Potering and N.C. Anderson seems to be near the goal. Accordingly, the source of petroleum was not a definite species of flora as initiat- ed by Engler, but the organic matter of sea oozes consisting of remains of plants and animal organisms. The initial decomtposi- tion of the vegetable and animal matter is a result of activity of micro-organisms ; later the organic matter underwent changes due to pressure and temperature of the crest of the earth. Emphas- izing the fact, Arkhagelskey, prophesied that petroleum took birth in argillaceous rocks enriched with organic matter and later ‘migrated and got stored in arenaceous rocks. The extension works @f P. Trusk and G, Petrov in U.S.A. characterised the composition and content of organic matter in rocks of different ages. Controversies always flare up, one school advocates— temperature—pressure distillation or by tectonic stress. Another school advocates as a biochemical process; yet another sees it purely as a chemical or radioactivity reaction—and so on. However, biochemical** theory has been received with some favour, as it is concerried with low temperature and pressure, and bacteria of versatility. Thus it may be concluded that the ORIGIN, FORMATION AND COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM 5 formation is via a combination of physi iologi «aes sical and biological pro- cesses rather than individually. Petroleum formations) from ganic mass may expounded by two distinct : namely physical and biological, . E ses 1.1.4 PuystcaL METHODS It conjures all the parameters in an’ i reaction ideal depends upon the factors like : : : ma 1. Heat, 2. Pressure 3. Heat and pressure, 4. Catalysts 5. Radio activity. . 1.1.5 Brotocican Meruons : All the biologic methods a: i vents tach ace re governed by source and envi- 1. By preservation of hyd i ydrocarbons synthes: source sediment organisms, vathesised by the 2 Biologi . : A ce reduction (anerobic or aerobic) sources, (a) Fatty acids, | (b) Proteins and amino acids, (c) Carbohydrates, . 3. Biological and “Physical methods, such. as (a) By condensation of bacterially produced methane un . : tayo Pressure and temperature in presence of €b) By bacterial modification of sediments. Arr (ABC) completely relates to the transformation of auanc material into petroleum, C, E. Zobell in his report of is _ Droject mentioned that conversion is genuinely a micro-bio- toe a Process,” Bacteria, as described by Zobell can survive in act in alf critical conditions, from 0° to 85°C, under extreme Pressures “io 0,000 kg/cm? and also at well depths of 10,462 Laboratory tests confirmed that ‘Lipoclasti 1 stic’ anaerobes the pacity to split long chain hydrocarbons to shorter ain “ vidence in biogeneicity does not differentiate between vege: