Telecommunications Concepts

Chapter 2.1 The Circuit Switched Telephone Network

1 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
2 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
3 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Telephone Network

Analog / Digital
SW

SW SW SW

SW

SW

PABX

PABX SW

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
5 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Fixed Access Network

Analog phone on analog switch

Analog switch

twisted pair, average length 2.5 Km Signaling (DTMF or pulse) and voice multiplexed

Line circuit

In Belgium : last one went out of service in 2002

6 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Fixed Access Network

Analog phone on digital switch

Digital switch

Digital Analog twisted pair, average length 2.5 Km Signaling (DTMF or pulse) and voice multiplexed Line circuit

In Belgium : the most common situation

7 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Fixed Access Network

The ISDN Basic Access

Digital switch

S bus
144Kb/s modem

twisted pair, average length 2.5 Km

2 * 64 Kb/s + 16 Kb/s TDM

144Kb/s modem

In Belgium : e.g. the Belgacom TWIN

8 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
9 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Mobile Access Network

Mobility Management
HLR : Home Location Register VLR : Visitors Location Register MSC :

Mobile Switching Center PSTN NSS

13 Kb/s

16 Kb/s
BSS

64 Kb/s

MSC

VLR

BSS : Base Station Subsystem NSS : Network & Switching Subsystem

10

HLR

NSS

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Mobile Access Network

Mobility Management

Mobile terminal identification

SIM card with unique id. Data about SIM stored in HLR of operator who owns SIM Phone calls directed to HLR of operator

Mobile terminal localization

11

BSS regularly makes broadcasts in its cells Mobile selects best cell and sends its SIM id. Presence of mobile recorded in local VLR SIMs owner HLR updated with applicable VLR
When location of mobile changes during conversation Circuit routing modified on the fly Sound quality briefly degraded Handover not available between different operators
10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Handover

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
12 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Mobile Access Network

GSM radio system A combination of FDM and TDM Two separate frequency bands used for Tx and Rx Slow frequency hopping for propagation diversity Sender and receiver sequences shifted by 45MHz and 3 slots Predefined time slot for signaling channel frequency
200 KHz 45 MHz

Tx

Rx 3 radio slots
13

15/26 ms

time

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
14 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Mobile Access Network

Wireless interference margins cause considerable loss in transmission capacity
Considerable room for improvements by controlling interferences : Fast frequency hopping spread spectrum radio with Code Domain Multiple Access = Third generation mobile networks (UMTS)
Space

Frequency

Time

15

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Mobile Access Network

Fast hopping Spread Spectrum
Data
n b/s

xor
Pseudo- m * n b/s random sequence
HF carrier

Modulated signal Large bandwidth m times bandwidth needed for data

Data combined with known higher frequency pseudo random sequence Resulting modulated radio signal has high bandwidth Shannon : low data rate combined with high bandwidth = excellent noise margins!
16 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Mobile Access Network

Spread Spectrum and CDMA
D1

Tx1

S2

xor
S1
HF HF

Correl -ator Rx2

D2

D2

Tx2 xor

S1

Correl -ator Rx1

D1

S2

HF HF

For radio link Tx1-Rx1, emission by Tx2 is just another source of noise
17 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Mobile Access Network

Multi-path Interference

Different paths have different lengths and different delays

GSM : interference = noise UMTS : correlator adds similar input signals with appropriate delays so that they reinforce each other
18 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Mobile Access Network

Third Generation Handover

When a receiver is between two cells, both transmitters send the same signal. These two signals reinforce each other, as multipath propagation does.
19 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
20 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Time Domain Multiplexing

Synchronous multiplexing

0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 XX
0 1 0 1

Unique bit pattern to delimit frames

21 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Primary Multiplexing
Trunk Network (E1 = CEPT30)

Digital switch

Digital switch

n*30*64 Kb/s n*2048 Kb/s

22

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Primary Multiplexing
Trunk Network (T1 = Bell D2)

Digital switch

Digital switch

n*23*64 Kb/s n*1544 Kb/s

23

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The ISDN Primary Rate

for connecting Private Branch Exchanges

Digital switch
pabx

PABX

E1 Optical Fiber or Microwave Link 2048 Kb/s (CEPT30)

e.g: VUB : 4 E1 lines = 120 simultaneous calls

24 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
25 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Higher Order Multiplexing

Digital switch

Digital switch

Optical Fiber or Microwave Link

26 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Synchronous Multiplexing
of almost synchronous data flows

Primary rate dataflows to be multiplexed can be derived from independent clocks !

A
T F S E

1 Frame
D 1 0 R C Q B P A

S C

fout > n * MAX(fin)

27 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
28 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

Each multiplexed section has its own clock Each level of multiplexing has its own clock Frame structure from multiplexed signals is not explicitly present in the multiplexed stream > Full demultiplexing required at each node !

29

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
30 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

The entire trunk network has one clock Multiplexed stream based on 125 S frames Different channels can each have their own asynchronous clock. Add-drop multiplexers
STM-1 STM-1

Up to 63 channels at 2 Mb/s
31 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SDH - SONET
Data rate 51.84 155.52 466.56 622.08 933.12 1244.16 1866.24 2488.32 ...
32

CCITT STM-1 STM-3 STM-4 STM-6 STM-8 STM-12 STM-16 ...

USA-Elec. STS-1 STS-3 STS-9 STS-12 STS-18 STS-24 STS-36 STS-48 ...

USA-Opt. OC-1 OC-3 OC-9 OC-12 OC-18 OC-24 OC-36 OC-48 ...

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

SDH Rings

34 Mb/s

2 Mb/s

33

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

SDH Rings

34

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

SDH Rings

35

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

SDH Rings
The MCI Belgian Network

05 9 05 8 05 1

05 0

WC OM POP

03
01 5

01 4

09
WC OM POP

011
05 2 05 3 01 3 08 9

WC OM POP

016 02
06 7
WC OM POP

WC OM POP

05 7

056
06 9

05 5 05 4 06 8

01 2 01 0 01 9
WC OM POP

WC OM POP

WC OM POP

081
WC OM POP

04
08 5 08 6 08 3

08 7

065

06 4

071
08 2

08 0

08 4

06 0 06 1
WC OM POP LUXEMBO UR G

06 3

36

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

SDH Rings

CUT !
37 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
38 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Telephone Exchange
(Conceptual Model)
trunk lines + Inter-office signaling
Line Circuit

Register
Line Circuit Line Circuit Line Circuit Line Circuit

Switching Matrix

Register
Register Register

Control Computer
39 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Signaling system generations

SS1 - SS5 : Analog call forwarding between exchanges SS6 : First digital signaling system monolithic communications system (no layers) Full mesh of virtual circuits, based on 2400 b/s links SS7 : Signaling system for the intelligent network uses any digital link, satellites included layered, OSI inspired, network architecture supports "intelligent network" applications Non-geographic numbers (800) CLIP, Call forwarding, Conference calls, etc... Number portability, Carrier selection Mobility & roaming IP ???
40 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Telephone Network

Non-geographic Numbering
6234567 4776970
477

database 0800

62X 538

673

6736476
629
643 64X

6292905
41

6433180 0800 12345

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

The Telephone Network

Number portability Ported numbers

42

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Contents
Traditional Overall structure Access network Fixed lines Wireless access GSM UMTS Trunk network Primary multiplexing : E1 / T1 lines Higher order multiplexing Plesiochronous Data Hierarchy Synchronous Data Hierarchy Exchanges and signaling General purpose SDH networks
43 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

General Purpose SDH Networks

PABX

PABX

44

10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB

Bibliography
To know More about Telephony
John C. BELLAMY Digital Telephony Third edition John Wiley, 2000. ISBN : 0-471-34571-7

Recommended for this chapter

45 10-05-K.Steenhaut & J.Tiberghien - VUB