Labour Rights in Unilever's Supply Chain - From Compliance Towards Good Practices - Vietnamese Version

L ABOUR RIGHTS IN Quyn UNILEVERS lao ngSUPPLY trong chui CHAIN cung ANng OXFAM ca Unilever STUDY 20 1
Quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever: T tun th php lut ti thc tin p dng tt
Nghin cu ca Oxfam v cc vn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever Vit Nam
2 Quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever
Quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever 3
Quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever:

T tun th php lut ti thc tin p dng tt
Nghin cu ca Oxfam v cc vn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever Vit Nam
Rachel Wilshaw cng vi Liesbeth Unger, Qunh Chi v Phm Thu Thy Thng 1 nm 2013
Mc lc
Li ta t Oxfam v Unilever Li ta t Oxfam Li ta ca Unilever Tm tt 1 Gii thiu Gii quyt cc vn lao ng trong cc chui cung ng ton cu V nghin cu ny 2 Phng php lun Ghi ch v cc hn ch ca phng php Cc bc tip theo 3 Cc khun kh quc t v quyn ca ngi lao ng Cc khun kh v cc hng dn quc t lin quan n quyn ca ngi lao ng 4 Bi cnh: cng ty Unilever v quc gia Vit Nam Tng quan v cng ty Unilever Bi cnh v quyn lao ng ti Vit Nam Cc vn lao ng Vit Nam trong bi cnh quc t 5 Cc chnh sch v quy trnh qun l v quyn ca ngi lao ng ti Unilever Cc chnh sch v quy trnh qun l v quyn ca ngi lao ng ti Unilever So snh Unilever vi cc i th cnh tranh 6 Qun l cc vn lao ng ti Unilever T do hip hi/thng lng tp th Unilever v tin lng Unilever v gi lm vic Unilever v lao ng hp ng 7 Kt lun v kin ngh Tm tt phn tch thiu ht Kt lun Kin ngh ca Oxfam i vi Unilever Phc p v cam kt ca Unilever 8 Cc ph lc Ph lc 1: Nhm d n v li cm n Ph lc 2: V d v cc sng kin gii quyt vn mc Lng sng Ph lc 3: Ngun thng tin c s dng thng xuyn Cc ghi ch 6 7 7 9 20 21 23 25 30 30 31 32 36 37 39 45 48 49 61 63 64 69 86 90 96 97 100 101 103 105 106 107 108 109
Ch vit tt
AIM-PROGRESS Chng trnh ca hip hi thng hiu chu u v cung ng c trch nhim AFW Sn lng ti thiu chu CBA Tha c Lao ng Tp th CoBP B Quy tc Kinh doanh ETI Sng kin kinh doanh c o c FDI Doanh nghip u t trc tip nc ngoi FMCG Hng tiu dng nhanh IFC T chc ti chnh quc t GRI Sng kin bo co ton cu ILO T chc lao ng quc t ILLSA Vin Khoa hc Lao ng v cc Vn X hi ISO T chc tiu chun quc t IUF Lin minh Cng nhn ngnh Lng thc Th gii MNE Declaration Tuyn b ba bn v cc nguyn tc lin quan dn doanh nghip a quc gia v chnh sch x hi MOLISA B Lao ng Thng binh X hi NCP C quan u mi Lin lc Quc Gia ca Anh Quc NGO T chc Phi chnh ph NMW Mc lng ti thiu chung OECD T chc hp tc v pht trin kinh t POE Doanh nghip T nhn PPP Sc mua tng ng SAN Mng li Nng nghip Bn vng SEDEX H thng Trao i S liu v o l ca cc Nh cung ng SMETA Kim ton kinh doanh c o c s dng phng php SEDEX SOE Doanh nghip Nh nc SOMO Trung tm Nghin cu cc Cng ty a quc gia UNGP Nguyn tc Hng dn ca LHQ v Kinh doanh v Quyn Con ngi UVN Unilever Vit Nam VGCL Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam WTO T chc Thng mi Th gii
20 6 Quyn AN OXFAM lao ng STUDY trong L ABOUR chui cung RIGHTS ng IN ca UNILEVERS Unilever SUPPLY CHAIN
Li ta t Oxfam v Unilever
Li ta t Oxfam
Rt nhiu cng nhn ti cc chui gi tr ca nhng cng ty a quc gia trn khp th gii hin vn ang phi lm vic trong iu kin ngho nn, ngc li vi nhng mc tiu thng l tt p ca cc nh qun l. Cc yu t nh lng thp, gi lm vic di, h thng quan h lao ng km, cng vic bp bnh kt hp vi nhau t nhm ngi ngho nht th gii ny vo tnh trng bo ng v nh hng xu n n lc thot ngho ca h. Khung Lin hip quc v Kinh doanh v Quyn Con ngi nu r, cc cng ty c trch nhim tn trng quyn con ngi, trong c quyn lao ng ca tt c cc c nhn tham gia hoc b nh hng t cng vic kinh doanh ca nhng cng ty . Trong nhiu nm qua, Oxfam n lc vn ng cc cng ty c hnh ng ci thin iu kin lm vic cho ngi lao ng trong cc chui cung ng ton cu ca h. cng l l do chng ti tch cc tham gia vo cc sng kin nhm nng cao nhn thc v chia s cc kinh nghim thc tin tt gia cc cng ty, cc nghip on v cc t chc phi chnh ph, v d nh Sng kin o c Kinh doanh Anh Quc1 v Sng kin Trang phc Th thao Indonesia v Lin minh Cng bng.2 Cc sng kin ny to ra nhng bc tin nht nh, tuy nhin vn cn rt nhiu th thch i vi cc cng ty, trong c Unilever. Quan h hp tc gia Oxfam v Unilever tri di qua mt thp k; c mt bo co chung v Du chn Ngho i (bo co u tin dng ny ca c hai t chc) nghin cu cc nh hng ca Unilever n cuc chin chng i ngho Indonesia3 v mt i thoi ang thc hin v sn xut nng nghip bn vng v xa i gim ngho. Mc d lnh o cp cao nht ca Unilever c nhng cam kt mnh m i vi vn pht trin bn vng, Oxfam nhn thy, cng nh nhiu cng ty xuyn quc gia khc, khi ng n cc vn lao ng, vic thc thi trch nhim doanh nghip vn c nhiu hn ch. Tip theo qu trnh i thoi v vn ny, Oxfam xut kho st thc t v ngi lao ng trong cc cng ty v chui cung ng ca Unilever ti mt quc gia ang pht trin. Nhn c s h tr v hng ng tch cc ca Unilever, nghin cu ny c tin hnh. Oxfam nh gi cao thin ch ca Unilever trong vic cng khai thng tin v cc cng ty v chui cung ng ca mnh i vi cc cn b ca Oxfam cng nh vi nhm nghin cu; iu ny c th hin qua mc minh bch thng tin cao v cam kt thc s trong vic gn kt vi cc bn lin quan. iu ny cho php chng ti c tip cn ly kin ca cng nhn v cng vic ca h cng nh hiu c s tng tc gia cuc sng ca ngi lao ng v cc chnh sch, tin trnh ca doanh nghip. iu ny vn khng phi d dng g i vi mt t chc x hi dn s. Chng ti rt hoan nghnh Unilever c nhng cam kt c th trong vic xem xt gii quyt cc pht hin v kin ngh ca nghin cu ny nh c lit k cui ca bo co. Chng ti cng d kin s tin hnh r sot tin trnh thc hin cc cam kt ny trong hai nm ti. Chng ti hy vng rng, cng vi thi gian, iu kin lm vic ca ngi lao ng s c ci thin nh kt qu ca nhng thay i t vic thc hin cc cam kt .
Li ta ca Unilever
Unilever cam kt tn trng v thc y cc quyn con ngi v thc hnh ng x tt i vi ngi lao ng. Tn trng quyn con ngi c xem l iu ct li trong gi tr ca cng ty v c th hin r trong B Quy tc Kinh doanh4 ca chng ti. Chng ti mong mun hp tc vi cc i tc thuc khu vc t nhn cng nh x hi dn s v cc t chc lao ng thc y quyn con ngi cp quc gia cng nh ton cu. Vic p dng Khung Lin hip quc v Kinh doanh v Quyn Con ngi gip chng ti nhn nhn li v hon thin vic lng ghp cc chin lc v quyn con ngi
v quyn lao ng ca cng ty. V chng ti thc s khi ng hnh trnh ny. Trong khun kh Hip c Ton cu ca Lin hip quc t ti H Lan, Unilever l mt trong nhng cng ty i u trong vic tham gia xy dng mt b cng c nh hng cho cc cng ty thc hin theo Khung Lin hip quc v Kinh doanh v Quyn Con ngi; c phi vin Lin hip quc, Gio s John Ruggie cng nhn cc ng gp ca chng ti trong bo co ca ng.5 Ngoi ra, Unilever tho lun ni b v phn tch cc khong trng (cc thiu ht) lin quan n vic tun th Khung Lin hip quc.
Nhn thc c pha trc vn cn nhiu vic phi lm, Unilever ng vi ngh ca Oxfam thc hin nghin cu ny trong cc cng ty v chui cung ng ca chng ti ti Vit Nam r sot Khung Lin hip quc c hiu v thc hin nh th no v lm th no mt doanh nghip ton cu c th ci thin v hon thin hn na cc tiu chun lao ng cho nhn vin v cng nhn ca mnh.
4 AN OXFAM STUDY L ABOUR RIGHTS IN UNILEVERS SUPPLY CHAIN
Tm tt
Thng tin c s v mc tiu ca nghin cu

Nghin cu ny c Oxfam v Unilever khi xng, da trn cc i thoi trong thi gian di v nng nghip bn vng trong khun kh mt sng kin a bn l Phng th nghim Lng thc Bn vng. Mi quan h c xy dng t mt nghin cu t ph v du chn ngho i trong cc cng ty ca Unilever ti Indonesia vo nm 2005. Nm 2009, khi r sot cc nguy c trong mt xut d n hp tc v nng nghip quy m nh, c mt nguy c c xc nh lin quan n vic qun l ca Unilever v quyn lao ng. Bo co ny l kt qu t cc cuc i thoi sau pht hin . Bo co do Oxfam ti tr v c hai mc tiu: Mc tiu 1: nh gi cc tiu chun lao ng trong cc cng ty v chui cung ng ca Unilever, cn nhc cc tiu chun quc t v cc iu kin a phng. Mc tiu 2: Xy dng mt b nguyn tc v cc bin php hng dn Unilever, v cc cng ty khc, trong vic thc thi trch nhim x hi ca mnh, nh l phn b sung vo cc bin php hin c v m bo mi trng. Unilever tuyn b h mun c hiu bit tt hn v cc vn quan trng i vi ngi lao ng nhng vn d cc cng ty li kh xc nh v qun l. Ngnh Hng tiu dng Nhanh ang nhng bc u tin trong vic gii quyt kiu vn ny. V d, th no l mt mc Lng sng? th no th c coi l p dng mc Lng sng? cng ty c th hc hi c g t iu ny? Bn vn c la chn tp trung gii quyt gm: 1. T do hip hi v thng lng tp th: c la chn bi y l tin thc y nhn thc ng v cc iu kin lm vic xng ng. 6 Chng thuc nhng quyn c bn ca T chc Lao ng Quc t. 7 Chng ti xem xt liu cng nhn c th thc hin cc quyn ny cho d gp nhng hn ch theo php lut Vit Nam c hay khng. 2. Lng sng: Khi nim ny ngy cng c ch nhiu hn v gy ra nhng tranh
lun nng bng gia cc cng ty, cc nghip on v cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO) trn khp th gii. Mc Lng sng l g? Tnh ton n nh th no? N c quan h th no i vi mc lng ti thiu theo php lut quy nh? Chng ti nh gi lng theo lng c cng nhn v cc tiu chun ngho i cng nh xem xt liu lng tin m cng nhn thc t nhn c c m bo cho nhu cu c bn ca h hay khng? 3. Gi lm vic: Cng nhn thng phi lm vic qu gi kim c ng lng sng v ngi ch s dng lao ng cng da vo vic lm qu gi t c cc mc tiu sn xut ca h. Khi gp tnh hung lm thm qu nhiu gi, chng ti xem xt ti sao iu ny li xy ra cng nh nhng n lc m Unilever lm m bo cc nh cung ng tun th yu cu ca php lut. 4. Lao ng hp ng: Cc dng lao ng hp ng, bao gm cng vic tm thi v ma v, u n cha nhiu vn cn xem xt do sinh k ca nhng ngi cng nhn bp bnh, dn n iu kin sng bt an v lun phi lo lng. Cng vic bp bnh l mt trong nhng mi quan tm ca cc t chc x hi dn s v nhng ngi lo s b mt vic thng khng dm ln ting hoc i hi quyn li ca mnh. Chng ti xem xt ti sao nhng cng vic li c hp ng trn c s khng n nh v tc ng ca n i vi i sng ca ngi cng nhn. Vit Nam c la chn l quc gia nghin cu im cho bo co ny. Unilever Vit Nam (UVN) c khong 1.500 lao ng trc tip v sn xut cc sn phm chm sc c nhn, dng trong gia nh v thc phm. Chng trnh pht trin v vn ng chnh sch ca Oxfam ti Vit Nam c xy dng t lu, trong c mt mng tp trung vo quyn lao ng. Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nn kinh t mi ni pht trin nhanh nht th gii v hin ang tri qua mt qu trnh chuyn i nhanh chng t nn kinh t k hoch tp trung sang m hnh th trng t do, cho d nh nc vn ng vai tr quyt nh. Gi lng thc thc phm tng nhanh trong thi gian gn y v c nhiu tranh lun v s cn thit c mc lng ti thiu cao hn v iu kin lm vic tt hn cho cng nhn ni chung.
Nguyn tc Hng dn ca LHQ v Kinh doanh v Quyn Con ngi m bo nghin cu ny c ng dng cao hn i vi Unilever v c cc cng ty khc, chng ti xem xt mt lot cc khung quc t lin quan n quyn lao ng, c bit l cc Nguyn tc Hng dn ca LHQ v Kinh doanh v Quyn Con ngi (UNGP), dng nh hng cc cng ty thc hin trch nhim ca mnh trong vic tn trng cc quyn con ngi. Cc nguyn tc ny c chia thnh bn yu t chnh:8 1. Tnh cam kt; 2. Lng ghp cc chnh sch trong hot ng kinh doanh v thc hin i vi cc nh cung ng; 3. Cc cng c v quy trnh thm nh; 4. Gii quyt tranh chp thng qua cc c ch gii quyt khiu ni.
thc hin nhng quy trnh n gin nh ng gi v v sinh. Cc nh qun l v cng nhn c phng vn. Phng vn i vi cng nhn c thc hin di dng c nhn v nhm, ngay ti cng ty v ni ca h. Nhm nghin cu thc hin phng vn qua in thoi i vi 48 nh cung ng Vit Nam ca Unilever, c la chn trn c s xem xt mi trng lao ng c ri ro cao theo cc tiu chun lao ng, v l cng ty m Uilever c nhiu nh hng thng mi da trn thng tin do Unilever Vit Nam cung cp. T 48 nh cung ng ny, cc nghin cu vin xc nh ba nh cung ng i din lm kho st su. Mt cng ty l nh sn xut y quyn cung ng sn phm chm sc c nhn, mt cng ty cung cp ng gi lm bng cht do, v mt cng ty cung cp ng gi lm bng giy. Mt cng ty thuc s hu t nhn, mt thuc s hu nh nc v mt l cng ty nc ngoi. Nhm nghin cu gp g c ba nh cung cp ny v tin hnh phng vn vi qun l v cng nhn s dng phng php tng t nh i vi nh my ca Unilever. Cc pht hin trong bo co ny c n danh.
Phng php lun

Oxfam thit k nghin cu ny theo phng php cho php nh gi ngi lao ng c kh nng hin thc ha cc quyn ca mnh n u v liu cc chnh sch v th tc ca cng ty c gip h lm c iu ny hay khng. Nghin cu c thc hin c phm vi quc gia v ton cu. Oxfam thnh lp nhm nghin cu bao gm cc chuyn gia t vn ti Vit Nam v quc t c chuyn mn v tiu chun lao ng trong kinh doanh. Unilever c cc nhn vin t cng ty ti Vit Nam v ton cu cng lm vic vi nhm nghin cu, cung cp thng tin, h tr tip cn v tho lun cc kt qu. Mt cng ty t vn Anh Quc c mi cng tham gia nghin cu ny xy dng thang lng cho Vit Nam ph hp vi cc tiu chun ti a phng Unilever t nh my. Chng ti tin hnh nghin cu Unilever Vit Nam v chui cung ng ca cng ty ti Vit Nam, c cn nhc cc nhn t ch quan v khch quan c th nh hng n cc tiu chun lao ng. Cc nghin cu vin n thm nh my C Chi, gn tp H Ch Minh, ni c 700 cng nhn lm vic trc tip cho Unilever v hn 800 cng nhn thu bi mt nh cung ng lao ng khc
Tm tt cc pht hin
Cam kt
Cc pht hin lin quan n chnh sch v quy trnh qun l

Unilever cam kt thc hin trch nhim x hi qua vic thng qua Khung LHQ v Kinh doanh v Quyn Con ngi. Cng ty cng c B Quy tc Kinh doanh (CoBP); chnh sch v Tn trng, Tha nhn Phm gi v i x Cng bng; v mt B Quy tc i vi Nh Cung ng, tt c u c cng khai. Mc d vy, vn quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng khng h c cp n trong K hoch Sng Bn Vng ca Unilever. Cc mc tiu x hi tp trung vo quyn li ca ngi tiu dng v ngi sn xut nh, nhng khng c mc tiu v quyn ca ngi lao ng. Lng ghp cc tiu chun lao ng vo kinh doanh v thc hin vi cc nh cung ng C cu qun l ca Unilever Vit Nam c xc nh l thiu nng lc v kin thc m bo vic vn hnh ca cng ty tun th cc tiu chun quc t, v h cng khng c
thm quyn h tr cc nh cung ng lm vic ny. Unilever l khch hng gi tr ca cc nh sn xut y quyn v cc nh cung ng ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, v vn quyn lao ng th rt nhiu nh cung cp khng r v mong i ca Unilever v lm th no hin thc ha quyn lao ng trn thc t. Mt s th tc cung ng ca Unilever gp phn vo vic to vic lm qu gi v cc cng vic tm thi trong chui cung ng. Cc cng c v quy trnh thm nh H thng qun l ri ro, bao gm t nh gi v kim ton, khng nhy bn vi tnh d b tn thng ca mt b phn cng nhn. Do vy, khng c mt nh cung ng Vit Nam no c xc nh l c nguy c cao qua quy trnh nh gi ri ro. iu tch cc l cng ty s dnh thi gian ci thin nu pht hin vn ; cc nh cung ng cn bit iu ny v cn hiu r hn v cc tiu chun lao ng. Khng c c ch theo di hay bo co ni b v tnh hiu qu ca Unilever trong vic gii quyt cc vn lin quan n lao ng; khng tm kim s ng gp ca cc bn lin quan thuc x hi dn s vo vn ny. Trong khi Unilever th hin mc tt v s minh bch v ch ng gn kt cc bn lin quan cp ton cu, th Vit Nam, iu ny mi nhng bc s khai. Dn xp thng qua cc c ch khiu ni Cc c ch khiu ni cng ty ca Unilever khng hiu qu do ngi cng nhn khng t tin s dng c ch ny, do vy, c th c nhng vi phm nghim trng b b qua. Da trn kho st bng in thoi, mt trong s tm nh cung ng cho bit cng nhn ca h khng c bt c khiu ni g v v th cng khng cn c c ch khiu ni; ch c mt trong bn nh cung ng c mt nhn vin chuyn trch v c th tc gii quyt cc khiu ni.
Cp ton cu
T do hip hi v thng lng tp th Chnh sch ca cng ty dng nh cung cp mt khung chnh sch tt cho cc quyn ny. Cc thch thc ch ny sinh trong qu trnh thc hin, do chnh sch quan h lao ng ca Unilever (v c l c cc cng ty a quc gia khc) c th mang c im c th tng nc v c quy nh theo a phng.9 Cam kt c th hin bng hnh ng gii quyt cc tranh chp v quan h lao ng v ha hn ca Unilever vi Lin minh Cng nhn ngnh Lng thc Th gii (IUF), khi c bn khiu ni c gi ti C quan u mi Lin lc Quc Gia ca Anh Quc (NCP - c quan chu trch nhim v cc Hng dn ca OECD i vi cc Doanh nghip a quc gia) lin quan n vn vi phm cc quyn nghip on.10 Thng Su nm 2012, IUF tip tc a khiu ni ln NCP, tuyn b Unilever khng thc hin cc tha thun t c nm 2010 lin quan n Nh my sn xut cc sn phm chm sc c nhn Doom Dooma ti Assam, n .11 Lng B Quy tc Kinh doanh (CoBP) bao gm mt cam kt tun th tt c cc lut php ang c p dng v n b trong c lng ti thiu. Cc quy tc thc hnh tt (v d nh Quy tc Gc ETI v SA8000) u c cam kt v mc Lng sng. Gi lm vic CoBP bao gm mt cam kt v p ng cc gii hn quc gia v gi lm ang c p dng. Lut ca cc quc gia v lnh vc ny thng rt tt, nhng vic tun th li kh t c trong bi cnh lng thp. Lao ng hp ng Thut ng trong CoBP gi nh l tt c cc cc cng nhn u lm vic trong mi quan h vic lm; nhng li khng ch r rng quyn ca ngi lao ng u c tn trng ngay c trong chui cung ng bt k v tr cng vic no. Cc quy tc thc hnh tt (v d Quy tc Gc ETI v SA8000) s dng thut ng cng nhn phn bit cc quyn theo v tr cng vic v a vo mt cam kt v Vic lm Thng xuyn hay n nh.
Cc pht hin lin quan n bn vn trng tm
Cp Unilever Vit Nam

UVN c cng on nhng nhn vin di cp qun l khng c c hi c a ra cc vn ca tp th ln cc cp qun l v khng c c s tham gia ch ng v tch cc vo cc thng lng tp th. iu ny vn c th ci thin c cho d vn c nhng ro cn t php lut Vit Nam nhm to mt mi trng khuyn khch cc quan h lao ng pht trin; iu ny c l cng ng vi c trng hp cc quc gia khc ni vic t do hip hi b php lut hn ch. Nghin cu ch ra rng lng chi tr ti nh my ca Unilever u cao hn so vi mc lng ti thiu ang c p dng v do tun th ng lut php quc gia v chnh sch ca Unilever. Mc lng ny cng cao hn chun i ngho trn th gii khong $2 mt ngy ( tnh n quy m h gia nh). Tuy nhin, mc lng ny cha t n ngng cn thit p ng nhu cu c bn ca ngi lao ng v gia nh h, nh ngng do Sn lng ti thiu chu (AFW) t ra (4 triu VN) v ngng do Oxfam tnh ton vi chi ph hng thng ca 1 ngi ln v 1 tr nh (5,42 triu VN). Trong cc cuc phng vn, cng nhn u ng rng mc lng hin ti khng h c th c cht tit kim hoc h tr ngi ph thuc (xin xem phn 6.2).
Hnh 1. Lng v phc li ti nh my UVN so vi cc ngng lng v ngng i ngho (VN hng thng, thng By 2011)
4500000
4000000
Sn lng Chu (2011, sau thu)
3500000
3000000
2500000
2000000
Thu nhp bnh qun u ngi khu vc thnh th Mc lng c bn quc gia, khi t nhn, cng nhn tay ngh cao Mc lng c bn quc gia, khi t nhn, lao ng ph thng Chun ngho cp tnh Chun ngho WB
1500000
1000000
Chun ngho cng cc WB
Chun ngho Quc gia 500000 Mc lng c bn Quc gia, (Doanh nghip Nh nc, sau thu) 0
UVN bc trung, 7/2011 (thp nht) Lao ng hp ng, 7/2011 (thp nht) UVN bc trung, 7/2011 (trung bnh) Lao ng hp ng, 7/2011(trung bnh)
Tin lng hu ca UVN, bo him y t & cc li ch khc
Tin thng UVN v Thng li

Sources: UVN (wage data) and Ergon Associates (benchmarks).
Lng c bn UVN v Thng Li
Ngng AFW c s dng lm tham chiu cho thang lng do phng php tnh ton mc Lng sng ny c chp nhn rng ri nht trong cc t chc x hi dn s. Do , cc cng ty, bao gm c Unilever, cn thy c lng trong cng ty cng nh chui cung ng ca h mc no nu em so vi ngng AFW. Cc pht hin ny cn c t trong bi cnh chung v mc lng thp, c nhc ti trong nghin cu ca Mng li Lng Cng bng rng 25% cng nhn lm trong ngnh may mc ca Vit Nam thm ch khng nhn c mc lng ti thiu (xin xem phn 4.2.). Tuy nhin, Oxfam cho rng Unilever, vn l mt cng ty a quc gia c li nhun c th lm nhiu hn m bo rng cng nhn ang sn xut cc mt hng ca h c th tm c cch thot ngho. Ngun: UVN (s liu lng) v Ergon Associates (cc ngng). V s liu thang lng, xem thm ch thch v gi nh Phn 6. Cn lu rng cc ngng i ngho v ngng nhu cu c bn lin quan n h gia nh ch khng phi c nhn. Gi nh ca Unilever ti cng ty m l cc cng nhn sn xut c tr cao hn nhiu so vi mc Lng sng ni t nh my khng c kim chng qua nghin cu ti Vit Nam, v cc cp qun l khng th hin l h hiu c quan nim ca cng nhn v tin lng v cc phc li khc. Gi lm vic nm trong gii hn theo lut v mc tr cao hn quy nh. Hn mt na s cng nhn trong nh my (748 trong s 1.385) c hp ng gin tip qua nh cung ng lao ng, cng ty Thng Li. Cc cng nhn ny c mc lng v phc li khc thp hn so vi ngi lao ng ca UVN; mc lng c bn trung bnh ca h cao hn mt cht so vi mc lng ti thiu theo quy nh ca nh nc v chun ngho quc th nhng thp hn mt na so vi ngng AFW v theo tnh ton ca Oxfam trong chi ph thc ca cng nhn (5,4 triu VND). Mt s cng nhn phn nn l h khng c i x cng bng v tnh trng hp ng ngn hn lp i lp li.
Unilever iu chnh mt L trnh Gim Lao ng D phng gim t trng hp ng gin tip so vi lao ng trc tip khi c th theo mt cch thc bn vng. Cp chui cung ng Da trn kho st qua in thoi, by trong s tm nh cung ng c cng on, nhng mt phn hai trong s khng cng nhn tham gia vo quy trnh xt lng. Ba phn t cng ty coi cng on c ngha hn mt t chc phc li v xp x mt phn hai nhn nhn cng on l mt c ch khiu ni hiu qu. Hai trong ba nh cung ng c la chn tr mc lng c bn rt thp, ch cao hn mt cht so vi lng ti thiu theo quy nh. Unilever thng xuyn kim tra xem lng ca cng ty c p ng lng ti thiu khng; da trn kho st Mng li Lng Cng bng,12 c nhiu doanh nghip trong ngnh may mc v giy dp khng thc hin c iu ny. Ti mt nh cung ng do nc ngoi s hu, cc nhn vin qun l Vit Nam v cng nhn c v khng r vic xp lng c thc hin ra sao. Hai trong s cc nh cung ng c la chn cho rng cung cp thm vic lm ngoi gi l cn thit gi c cng nhn. Ti mt nh cung ng, cc cng nhn ni nm ngoi h lm vic 4 ting ngoi gi mi ngy, 6 ngy mi tun trong 10 thng: con s ny vt xa gii hn hp php l 200 gi lm thm mi nm. Mt nh kim ton x hi xc nh s gi lm thm vt qu trong nm trc. 32 trong s 48 nh cung ng c kho st bng in thoi u ni h c s dng lao ng ngn hn hoc lao ng hp ng gin tip; tuy nhin, vic xem xt nguyn nhn v tc ng ca iu ny nm ngoi phm vi ca nghin cu. Mt nh cung ng gim lc lng lao ng n ti thiu sau khi hp ng vi Unilever c k kt v qun l bin ng v nhu cu bng cch duy tr t l cng vic tm thi cao so vi cc cng vic thng xuyn. Do Vit Nam, ch lao ng c hp ng nhiu hn su thng mi c tham gia cng on nn y l ro cn ln i vi cng nhn trong vic c ting ni tp th v nhng vn m h quan tm.
mt trong s ba nh cung ng c kho st su, nhm nghin cu thy mt s thc hnh tt trong c mc lng cao hn (cho d cha t mc c tnh ca Oxfam v Lng sng) v tnh minh bch trong h thng lng. Ma khng cao im c tn dng nng cao k nng cho ngi lao ng nh vy h c th lm c cc cng vic khc trong giai on cao im v doanh nghip b ph thuc vo lao ng thi v. Kho st nhn vin v cc c ch khiu ni c ngi lao ng tin tng v s dng. Cng nhn th hin s hi lng cao hn so vi cc nh cung ng khc v so c vi nh my ca Unilever. Thc t l nh cung ng ny, tuy cng c mt mi trng nguy c cao nh cc cng ty c nghin cu khc, li ang qun l vn hnh vi cc tiu chun lao ng tt hn, khng dnh dng g n chin lc tm ngun cung ng ca cng ty.
hnh kinh doanh ca cng ty li khng th hin iu . Da trn bo co ny, u th cnh tranh trn thc t c hnh thnh da trn p lc gim gi thnh lao ng, y sc p v gi v ri ro ln ngi cng nhn. Oxfam d kin s tm thy cc vn c th ca chui cung ng ton cu, v d nh lng thp, quan h lao ng yu km v cng vic bp bnh, trong cc nh cung ng c nguy c cao, nhng tht ngc nhin l chng ti li pht hin cc vn ny ngay trong nh my ca Unilever do chnh cng nhn cp n. Chng ti cng thy l cng nhn, c nh my ca Unilever cng nh trong chui cung ng, khng c ting ni v trong tnh trng b b qun. Chng ti xem y l mt iu khng c bi Unilever lun cam kt hnh x c trch nhim. Tuy nhin, c th thy l ngi cng nhn khng c lng nghe do khng c knh an ton cho h c th thng thn nu ln nhng quan ngi ca mnh. iu ny c ngha rng c th c cc vi phm nghim trng tim n v lao ng khng c cng ty ch .
Kt lun
Unilever c cam kt mnh m v trch nhim x hi v s bn vng, nhn vin t ho v cc gi tr ca cng ty v mt lc lng lao ng tn ty c coi l cha kha thnh cng trong kinh Yu cu tiu chun cht lng cao hn v sc p v ngun lc hn ch i hi tt c cc cng doanh. ty vn hnh sn xut thng minh hn v mt chui cung ng n nh v c trch nhim hn. iu ny dn n yu cu phi c i ng qun Con ngi chnh l ci ngun cho gi tr l v cng nhn hiu qu v c k nng, c sng ca cng ty. Unilever cn phi l cng kin ti ni lm vic. S kim sot ca Unilever ty tt nht v chng ta mun cao i vi cc cng ty sn xut ca mnh v cc mi thng hiu ca mnh, do , chng ta quan h cung ng n nh, di hn to iu kin cn u t vo o to v ci thin iu tt thc hin chng trnh ny. kin lm vic. Chng ta cnh tranh v hiu qu vn hnh, cht lng, c tnh n lc Unilever cn kt hp y hn ca sn phm v trch nhim i vi Nguyn tc Hng dn ca LHQ v Kinh doanh yu cu ca khch hng. Tt c nhng v Quyn Con ngi vo cch vn hnh kinh iu ny i hi lc lng lao ng c doanh ca mnh m bo cc quyn c k nng v c trao quyn Phn thc hin. iu ny i hi cng ty vn dng tch ca Unilever ch ra rng, u iu mt cch tip cn hng ti con ngi hn, cho kin lao ng tt v ngi lao ng php cng nhn xc nh cc vn v u tin c trao quyn, nh my t quan trng nht i vi h, phn hi v cht c kt qu kinh doanh tt nht.13 lng cuc sng lao ng ca h v tnh hiu Nick Dalton, Unilever, VP HR Chui Cung qu ca cc c ch m UVN a ra; nh mt bn ng ton cu 13 lin quan ni trong cuc phng vn, tt c u bt u t cng nhn.14 Phn tch ca chnh Unilever ch ra rng cc kt qu tt nht n t nhng nh my c iu kin S cn c cc bc ch ng gii quyt vn tt v cng nhn c trao quyn; tuy nhin, m lng thp v cng vic tm thi trong chui
cung ng, cng c cc quy trnh thm nh v hp tc vi cc bn lin quan khc, bao gm c cc i th cnh tranh, x hi dn s v chnh ph. Nu khng gii quyt nhng mi lo ngi ny ngha l s cn tip tc b x hi dn s ch trch; ng thi cng ty cng s gp kh khn trong vic gi cng nhn lnh ngh; e da s m bo cung ng ang chu s cnh tranh ngy cng gay gt. Unilever cn phi gi vai tr ch o, coi iu ny l vn tin cnh tranh trong hng lot cc bn lin quan khc nh chnh ph, cc t chc x hi dn s, v cc cng ty khc, cng cn ng gp vai tr ca mnh.
Kin ngh ca Oxfam i vi Unilever

1. iu chnh chnh sch v m hnh kinh doanh mang li cng vic c cht lng tt hn cho ngi lao ng Thay i cc chnh sch ca doanh nghip (CoBP v B quy tc i vi Nh cung ng) xy dng cam kt v lng sng v gim thiu Cng vic tm thi cng ty Unilever v chui cung ng. Tha nhn rng mc lng ti thiu khng phi bao gi cng l mc ph hp cho nhng nhu cu c bn ca cng nhn v gia nh h. Xc nh v gii quyt vn lng thp v cng vic tm thi ngay trong cc nh my ca Unilever Tin n vic Unilever s ch nhn ngun cung ng t cc nh cung ng c qun l nhn s, quan h lao ng v cc c ch khiu ni tt. m bo mi h thng chng ch m Unilever tham gia thc y mt cch hiu qu vic hin thc ha quyn lao ng. Chn cc chui cung ng chin lc ng thi lm vic vi cc i th cnh tranh v bn lin quan khc ci thin cht lng cng vic (v d nh ngnh sn xut tr) 2. ng b ha tt hn gia cc th tc v chnh sch a ra cc cng c h tr chin lc bao gm: -- o to cho bn mua hiu tc ng ca cc quyt nh ca h i vi gi lm vic, lng thp v cng vic tm thi trong chui cung ng;
-- Cc mc tiu c th o lng c bn mua tng gi tr n hng i vi nh cung ng ch ng nng cao tiu chun lao ng; -- Cc cng c khuyn khch i vi cc nh cung ng ch ng nng cao tiu chun lao ng. Mt mnh hoc vi cc cng ty khc trong ngnh (v d, qua Tin trnh AIM) thc hin mt chng trnh o to quc gia cho cc i tc kinh doanh v cc nh cung ng quan trng nhm gii quyt cc vn a phng c th lin quan n tiu chun lao ng. Truyn thng r rng hn v cc k vng ca mnh n cc nh cung ng, lm r Unilever s s dng cch tip cn ci tin lin tc da vo s minh bch ca nh cung ng. S dng tt hn kin thc ca nhn vin a phng ca Unilever v cc thc hnh tt trong iu kin a phng v cung cp hng dn v cch thc xc tin cc tiu chun quc t cng nh tun th lut php quc gia. 3. Cng c cc quy trnh thm nh gim st chui cung ng khng b qua ting ni ca nhng ngi d b tn thng iu chnh h thng qun l nguy c sao cho nhy cm hn vi tnh trng d b tn thng ca cng nhn, v d nh ph n vi trch nhim gia nh, lao ng nhp c v cc i tng c cng vic tm thi, v t mc nguy c cao ti cc quc gia m quyn t do hip hi b hn ch. Gim st tnh hiu qu ca cc bin php c thc hin gii quyt cc tc ng tiu cc c xc nh v tm kim thng tin phn hi t cc bn lin quan thuc x hi dn s cp quc gia. a cc quy trnh khiu ni a phng hin c ph hp vi chun mc ca cc thc hnh tt nht da trn UNGP v tnh hp php, c th tip cn, c th d bo, cng bng, cc quyn ph hp v tnh minh bch. Tha nhn rng mt chng trnh kim ton thng mi tuy cn thit trong mi trng m s tun th lut php cha tt, nhng l cha hin thc ha cc quyn v cn c cng c bng cc c ch khc -- y quyn thc hin cc phng vn b sung i vi cng nhn bn ngoi nh my (v d, do cc NGO thc hin) i vi cc im t
c nguyn nhn dn n lm vic khng nh my c nguy c cao v c tnh chin lc; -- C th ha mc cao hn v nng lc/ tp hun hiu qu. R sot t trng gia lao ng trc tip v i vi cc nh kim ton c lp; -- Yu cu kim ton nh gi mc lng theo gi cng nhn hp ng gin tip, k hp ng vi nhng ngi tham gia trc tip vo vic hng ha cho cc nhu cu thit yu; sn xut v ng gi, v gii quyt cc phn -- Kim ton b sung bng cc c ch khc v d nn v i x khng cng bng gia ngi lao nh kho st khuyt danh i vi cng nhn, ng ca UVN v ca Thng Li. nh gi vic Qun l Nhn s, bin bn cc Nghin cu v theo di st sao hn cc tiu khiu ni c nu ra v gii quyt, v tn xut m phn ca mt Tha c Thng lng chun 32 nh cung ng c s dng lao ng thi v v hp ng trong cc dy chuyn sn Tp th; xut v ng gi, v thay i quy trnh cung 4. Hp tc vi cc bn khc xc tin cc ng v hp ng lao ng c nhiu hn phng thc c th pht trin hin thc ha cc cng vic lu di v mc lng tin n cc quyn v tng cng n by tp th mc Lng sng. Trong tm nh hng ca Unilever i vi cng Cung cp thm cc o to v hng dn cho vic kinh doanh ca mnh v i vi nh cung nhn vin qun l ca UVN hiu hn cc tiu cp, Unilever nn khuyn khch mt mi trng chun quc t v s dng tt hn cc kin thc trong quan h lao ng c th pht trin, c ca h trong chng trnh kim ton, qun l th thng lng v lng v cc phc li khc. v pht trin mng li cung ng. S dng nh hng ca Unilever vi cc chnh ph nhm khuyn khch cc mc lng ti 6. Lng ghp vo K hoch Pht trin Bn thiu ph hp vi nhu cu c bn v thc y vng v/hoc quy trnh bo co cng khai cc cc chin lc cng/ t ci thin v kinh t mc tiu c th o lng c v quyn lao ng v cht lng cng vic v x hi. Cn nhc tham gia mt sng kin a bn v d nh ETI hc hi cc phng php thc hnh tt nht, cc cch tip cn v c hi hp tc vi cc i tc khc trong gii quyt cc vn phc tp. Xy dng mt bo co tin thc hin cc kin ngh ca Oxfam v cc cam kt ca Unilever trong vng hai nm, v cho php Oxfam Vit Nam kim tra xem cc thay i no c thc hin trong hai nm , nht l theo quan im ca cng nhn. m bo phn cng trch nhim ni b cho cng vic ny. 5. Nm iu Unilever c th thc hin ti Vit Nam Chia s kt qu ca nghin cu ny vi cc nh qun l, cc nh cung ng, Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam v cc cng nhn ti nh my C Chi v th nghim vic thc hin cc thay i theo khuyn ngh trong bo co ny. Thc hin cc thay i v phng thc lm vic ti nh my C Chi, bao gm cc cuc hp thng xuyn gia ban qun l v cng nhn; kho st cng nhn; cng nhn ng gp vo quy trnh nh gi hiu qu lm vic; v hiu Unilever cn phi lng ghp cc gii php v quyn lao ng v cht lng cng vic vo cc quy trnh bo co cng khai cc bn lin quan c th nh gi c tin qun l cc vn c nu trong bo co. Cc nguyn tc v ch s c xy dng trong nghin cu ny cung cp mt cng c hu hiu cho cc cng ty trong vic nh gi thnh tch ca mnh. Mc lng cho mt tun lm vic tiu chun tng quan vi lng ti thiu, chun ngho quc t v mc c tnh tt nht ca Lng sng; T trng hp ng lao ng thng xuyn so vi lao ng tm thi; Phn trm s cng nhn c hp ng lao ng; Phn trm s cng nhn c hng li t mt tha c thng lng tp th ang c hiu lc; S lng khiu ni quan trng do cng nhn a ra v c cc cp qun l gii quyt;
Nhn thc ca cng nhn v nhng ngi qun l h v cc quyn ca ngi lao ng (da trn kho st).
Kt lun
Cc vn lao ng c pht hin hu nh ng vi d kin ca chng ti v cc vn c th ca a phng trong chui cung ng ton cu, v d nh lng qu thp so vi nhu cu c bn, cho d tun th lut l quc gia, quan h lao ng yu km v cng vic tm thi. Chng ti hy vng nghin cu ny s gip Unilever tng cng kha cnh lao ng trong m hnh kinh doanh ca cng ty v khuyn khch cc cng ty khc cn nhc li vic h mi ch ch trng n tun th lut php quc gia ch cha theo cc nguyn tc quc t, v ci m hn i mt vi cc th thch trong lnh vc phc tp ny. Chng ti hy vng nghin cu ny gp phn thc y hiu bit tt hn v cc thc hnh tt v xut c cc cch thc vic thc hin c th c nh gi v bo co theo cc hnh thc c ngha nht.
Unilever c nhng cam kt cp cao nht v pht trin bn vng v trch nhim x hi. Unilever cng c vn ha cng ty v mi quan h lu di vi cc nh cung ng, iu ny gip cng ty c th duy tr nhng cng vic c cht lng tt trong cng ty cng nh trong chui cung ng nu Cng ty tht s mong mun to ra nhng thay i cn thit v chnh sch v quy trnh ca mnh v hp tc gii quyt cc nguyn nhn su xa ca cc vn v lao ng. iu ny t Unilever ln v tr tim nng c th l cng ty hng u trong vic thc hin UNGP, a ra mt l trnh r rng nhm tn trng hn cc quyn con ngi trong th k 21 ny.
1 Gii thiu
Gii quyt cc vn lao ng trong chui cung ng ton cu

Ni v Quyn lao ng l ni v con ngi v cht lng cuc sng lao ng ca h. im xut pht tn trng cc quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng l hiu tc ng t hnh ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip ln con ngi. Quyn lao ng cn c t v tr trng tm ca [khung bo co ca mt cng ty] bi v khng c iu g nh gi hu hnh hn i vi cch thc mt doanh nghip vn hnh so vi ngi lao ng ca doanh nghip . Ngi cng nhn lm nn s thnh vng. Dan Rees, Chng trnh Cng vic lm tt hn ca ILO15
ngi cng nhn c th chu hu qu trc khi ni ln bn khon ca mnh. i vi Oxfam, tn trng quyn lao ng v m bo cc cng vic cht lng tt l cc yu t ct li ca trch nhim doanh nghip v l iu ct yu m bo thng mi quc t c th gip mi ngi thot khi i ngho. Tn trng quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng l nn tng cho cam kt ca mt cng ty trong vic thc hin ba tr ct chnh l s bn vng v kinh t, mi trng v x hi. Thc t hin nay cho thy cc chui cung ng ton cu i vi mi loi hng ha ang i mt vi cc vn c hu a phng, trong c quan h yu km gia ngi qun l v cng nhn, ng lng ngho i, gi lm vic kit sc, v vic lm bp bnh. Gi lng thc tng nhanh gn y, c nu bt trong chin dch GROW ca Oxfam, gy kh khn c bit i vi nhng ngi phi tiu tn n hn 50% thu nhp ca mnh cho lng thc.16 Sau nhng chin dch chng li cc cng ty bc lt cng nhn tn t t nhng nm 1990, cc cng ty ch trng hn n vic m bo tun th quy tc ng x ca h thng qua cc phng thc p t nh p iu kin hp ng, kim ton bt buc v hot ng iu chnh ti cc nh my ca nh cung ng.
Cng ty thng by t s tht vng khi cng nhn trc tip ni vi nh bo v cc vi phm m khng thng bo qua nhn vin qun l, nh kim ton hay ng dy nng, do lo ngi cc hu qu. Mt nh qun l ni cnh ca phng ti lun m rng i vi cng nhn. Nhng iu ny khng ging nh nh gi o m mc vi phm v sn xut hay mc nhim trong nc; Hnh 2 Nguyn nhn su xa ca thi gian lm vic qu di
LM VIC QU GI
LNG THP
KHNG C THNG LNG TP TH
K NNG THP
MC LNG TI THIU THP
CNG VIC TM THI
KHUNG PHP L HN CH
CNH TRANH TON CU
CC NHN T CHNH TR, KINH T, X HI
Chu trnh khng tt
Chu trnh c o c
Hnh 3 Thc hin mt chu trnh o c ti ni sn xut
Lao ng tay ngh thp
Thi gi lm vic di vi lng thp
Gim gi lm v gi nguyn mc lng
Gim bin ng lao ng
Bin ng lao ng cao
Cc cng nhn lnh ngh c gi li
Cnh tranh kinh doanh thng qua hn ch chi ph lng hin vn l tip cn ph bin trong chnh sch lng ca cc cng ty. Mt kho st v vn lng do Mng li Lng Cng bng thc hin ti cc nh my 10 quc gia (xem Phn 4) cho thy khng nh my no trong s 15 nh my c kho st Vit Nam tr lng trn mc lng ti thiu v mt na trong s ny tr thp hn mc quy nh. Kho st ny cng nu ra hin tng ph bin l cc nh my s dng h thng s sch i trnh cc kim ton x hi. p t cc yu cu tun th ln nh cung ng c th nh hng c nhng vn c tc ng ln n ngi cng nhn. Theo kinh nghim ca Oxfam trong mt nghin cu su gn y17, kim ton c th l mt cng c hu hiu gip xc nh cc vn hu hnh ti ni lm vic v n nm trong ng ngm trc tip ca cc cng ty, nhng kim ton li l cng c yu trong vic nng cp iu kin x hi. S khng c kim ton hay hnh ng iu chnh no c th to c s tun th trong bi cnh s bt tun th l c hu a phng, v y, nhng hn ch ca chng tr nn r rng hn bao gi ht: nu tt nht, chng l mt t kim tra sc khe; nu t nht, n li lm n i cc vn .18
Hn 15 nm qua, cc thng hiu v nh tiu th ln c gng nhiu khch l, thuyt phc, iu chnh v hng dn cc nh cung ng v nh thu ph ca h tun th lut php a phng v cc tiu chun quc t v vic lm xng ng. Tuy nhin khng c bt c mt du n ng k no ln s vi phm c h thng cc quyn ca ngi lao ng trong chui cung ng ton cu. R. Hurst (2011)19
iu kin lm vic ngho nn c th tr nn ti t hn bi cc vn khc khng nm trong kh nng gii quyt ca mt cng ty. V d, cc chnh ph c th khng c kh nng hoc khng quan tm bo v ngi lao ng v khng thc thi lut php mt cch y , cc nghip on c th b chn p, v nng lc ca cc bn trong vic gii quyt vn b hn ch. Mt cch xem xt bn vn trong nghin cu ny l a ra mt chui cc nguyn nhn gc r gip minh ha ti sao vic tun th tiu chun lao ng, chng hn nh v gi lm, li kh khn nh vy Mt cng ty a quc gia hot ng ti nhiu nc vi chui cung ng gm hng ngn nh cung ng, cn phi c cc gii php hiu qu v c th nhn rng i vi cc th thch ny. Ngy cng c nhiu quan tm hn n vic cn
lm g thc hin c mt chu trnh c o c ti ni sn xut, trong vic tn trng hn cc quyn c th to ra nh hng tch cc ln nng sut, cht lng, s hi lng v n nh ca i ng cng nhn. thc hin c cc gii php bn vng, cn c s hp tc vi cc cng ty khc, cc nghip on, cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO) v cc chnh ph chia s nhng hiu bit tt hn v vn ang c quan tm. Cn lm vic cng nhau hng n vn ha tun th theo lut php v cc tiu chun lao ng quc t, cng nhau xy dng cc h thng quan h lao ng tt p. Thc y cc hnh vi c o c bao gm c vic vn ng cc chnh ph thc hin nhim v ca mnh v gip ngi cng nhn vt qua cc kh khn trong vic thc hin quyn ca h.
1. T do hip hi v thng lng tp th 2. Lng sng 3. Gi lm vic 4. Lao ng hp ng i km vi cc vn ny l cc cu hi: u l thc hnh tt ti mt quc gia ni m T do hip hi v thng lng tp th b hn ch? Th no l Lng sng? Lm th no thi gi lm vic qu di v cng vic tm thi c th c gii quyt mt cch c trch nhim? Ngnh Hng Tiu dng Nhanh (FMCG) ang nhng bc u tin trong vic tm hiu nhng vn . Theo tha thun vi Unilever, Vit Nam c la chn l quc gia nghin cu im cho bo co ny. Unilever Vit Nam (UVN) c khong 1.500 lao ng, trc tip v sn xut cc sn phm chm sc c nhn, dng trong gia nh v thc phm. Chng trnh pht trin v vn ng ca Oxfam ti Vit Nam c xy dng t lu, trong c mt mng tp trung vo quyn lao ng. Vit Nam l mt trong nhng nn kinh t mi ni pht trin nhanh nht th gii hin ang tri qua mt qu trnh chuyn i nhanh chng t nn kinh t k hoch tp trung sang m hnh th trng t do, cho d nh nc vn ng vai tr quyt nh. Gi lng thc thc phm tng chng mt trong thi gian gn y v c nhng tranh lun v s cn thit c mc lng ti thiu cao hn hay mt mc Lng sng, v iu kin lm vic tt hn cho cng nhn ni chung. Oxfam nh gi cao Unilever v vic h tha nhn s thiu ht trong lnh vc ny cp cng ty, v hoan nghnh Unilever cam kt tham gia tho lun cc kt qu nghin cu v phn hi li cc kin ngh. Chng ti hy vng nghin cu ny cui cng s hng cng ty quyt nh nhng bc i c th ci thin chnh sch v thc hnh lao ng ca mnh. Bo co chc chn s khng trnh khi b ph bnh. V cho rng nghin cu s a ra c nhiu bi hc nht nu Oxfam tp trung vo cc
V nghin cu ny
Nghin cu ny c khi xng trong khun kh mi quan h lu di gia Oxfam v Unilever c t 10 nm trc. S hp tc c xy dng trn nhng i thoi di hi v nng nghip bn vng trong khun kh mt sng kin a bn l Phng th nghip Lng thc Bn vng, v vi mt nghin cu t ph v du chn ngho i ti cc cng ty ca Unilever Indonesia vo nm 2005. Oxfam v Unilever ng cng hp tc thc hin mt nghin cu a ra mt bo co c lp ca Oxfam, do Oxfam ti tr, vi hai mc tiu: Mc tiu 1: nh gi cc tiu chun lao ng trong cc cng ty v chui cung ng ca Unilever ti Vit Nam, cn nhc cc tiu chun quc t v iu kin a phng. Mc tiu 2: Xy dng mt b nguyn tc v bin php hng dn Unilever, v c cc cng ty khc, trong vic thc thi trch nhim x hi ca mnh, nh l phn b sung vo cc bin php hin c v m bo mi trng. Unilever tuyn b h mun c hiu bit tt hn v bn vn quan trng i vi ngi lao ng nhng cc cng ty li kh c th xc nh v qun l, gm:
nh cung ng tim n nhiu tc ng tiu cc ti quyn lao ng, v d nh cc ngnh hng c nguy c cao s dng lao ng tay ngh thp, c bit l ph n v lao ng hp ng ngn hn, cho nn, cc pht hin lin quan ti chui cung ng ti Vit Nam ch tp trung vo cc lnh vc c ri ro nhiu hn. Chng ti hy vng nghin cu ny nu bt c cc thch thc v nt tht thc t trong lnh vc phc tp ny, v xut mt s li gii cho cc cu hi nh: C cch thc no c th nhn rng m bo cc quyn c tn trng v cc vn c gii quyt hay khng? Mt cng ty nh Unilever nn chn cc cch tip cn no? Thc o no c th s dng d dng v c ngha? Cu trc ca bo co bao gm: Phn 1 Gii thiu Phn 2 Phng php lun
Phn 3 Cc khun kh quc t lin quan n quyn lao ng Phn 4 Bi cnh ca nghin cu: tng quan v cng ty Unilever v v Vit Nam Phn 5 nh gi cc chnh sch v quy trnh qun l ca Unilever theo cc nguyn tc v ch s v thc hnh tt v mt so snh cp chnh sch gia Unilever v nm i th cnh tranh quy m ton cu Phn 6 nh gi vic qun l ca Unilever t cp ton cu n a phng v bn vn lao ng theo cc nguyn tc v ch s v thc hnh tt Phn 7 Phn tch cc thiu ht, kt lun v kin ngh Cc ph lc bao gm nhm nghin cu, li cm n v cc ti liu tham kho.
2 Phng php lun
Phng php lun

Nghin cu ny tp trung vo cc vn v cu hi t cp ton cu n cp quc gia, ni UVN v chui cung ng ca mnh c nghin cu trong bi cnh quc gia. Nghin cu do vy c kh nng cn nhc mt lot yu t khch quan v ch quan nh hng n vic thc hin cc tiu chun lao ng. Oxfam thnh lp cc nhm nghin cu lm vic
c cp ton cu v cp a phng. Tng t nh vy, Unilever cng c mt nhm ton cu v cc nhn vin ch cht Vit Nam c kh nng cung cp thng tin, to iu kin tip cn v tho lun cc kt qu nghin cu vi Oxfam. Mt c vn k thut do c hai bn ng tham gia vo d n v cc nghin cu vin a phng c Oxfam la chn da trn k nng chuyn mn v kinh nghim ca h v vn lao ng, c ly kin ng gp ca Unilever v iu khon Cng vic v tiu ch la chn. Hnh 4 Cc cp nghin cu
TIU IM Nhm nghin cu nh gi Unilever theo nguyn tc v ch s quc t v thc hnh tt.
CP CP TON CU
PHNG PHP R sot ti liu. Bn cuc phng vn vi cp qun l Unilever Bn cuc phng vn vi bn lin quan cp ton cu. R sot ti liu. 21 cuc phng vn vi cc bn lin quan cp quc gia. Tho lun nhm vi cc bn lin quan v hi tho v Lng sng. Xy dng mt 'thang lng'. Hi tho tham vn v phng vn 9 cn b qun l ca UNV tr s chnh. Phng vn 12 cn b qun l v cng on ti nh my C Chi, 25 nhn vin ca UVN v 18 nhn vin ca nh cung ng lao ng. Hi tho phn hi vi UVN. Phng vn qua in thoi.
Nhm nghin cu xem xt quyn lao ng ti Vit Nam, tp trung vo quyn t do hip hi, thng lng tp th, lng, thi gi lm vic v lao ng hp ng.
BI CNH QUC GIA
Nhm nghin cu xem xt mc m Unilever cho php cng nhn hin thc ha cc quyn ca h vi trng tm l bn vn lao ng.
UNILEVER VIT NAM
Nhm nghin cu thc hin phng vn qua in thoi vi 48 nh cung ng hiu chnh sch v quy trnh qun l ca h. Nhm nghin cu xem xt vn quyn lao ng ti ba nh cung ng c la chn nghin cu su vi trng tm l bn vn lao ng.
48 NH CUNG NG
3 nh cung ng
Phng vn 6 cn b qun l (2 ngi ca mi mt nh cung ng). Phng vn 51 cng nhn.
Tng s c 198 cuc phng vn c thc hin, trong c 94 cuc vi cng nhn.
Hnh 5 Bn v tr ca nh my UVN v ba nh cung ng c nghin cu su
Vit Nam
H Ni Bnh Dng Huyn C Chi ng Nai
TP. H Ch Minh
V tr nh my Cc nh cung ng Unilever: tham gia nhin cu su: Huyn C Chi H Ni Bnh Dng ng Nai
Phng php c p dng gii quyt cc cu hi nghin cu gm:
1. R sot ti liu
Vic r sot ti liu c thc hin tt c cc cp nghin cu. Cc ti liu chnh bao gm cc cng c ca ILO, cc tiu chun v hng dn v quyn con ngi, cc bo co v bi bo trn phng tin thng tin i chng, v ti liu ni b ca Unilever bao gm chnh sch, iu khon hp ng, thng tin v nhn s v chui cung ng v cc bo co t nh
gi bng h thng Trao i S liu v o l ca cc Nh cung ng (SEDEX) do cc nh cung ng thc hin.
2. Phng vn bn cu trc
Cc cuc phng vn c thc hin vi nhng ngi cung cp thng tin chnh c la chn da trn chuyn mn v kin thc lin quan ca h: Phng vn cc bn lin quan Cp ton cu (thng 9-11/2011) Bn cn b qun l cp cao ca Unilever Bn bn lin quan cp ton cu
Phng vn cc bn lin quan Cp Vit Nam (thng 3-8/2011) Cc c quan nh nc Vit Nam Cc bn lin quan Vit Nam Cc cuc phng vn c thc hin nh sau: Cp ton cu (tng s: 7) 3 cn b qun l cp cao ca Unilever ti London (nam gii) 4 bn lin quan cp ton cu (nam gii) Cp khu vc (tng s: 1) 1 cn b qun l cp cao ca Unilever ti Singapore (nam gii) Bi cnh quc gia (tng s: 21) 11 bn lin quan cp quc gia (10 nam, mt n) 10 cn b c quan nh nc (nm nam, nm n) Unilever Vit Nam (tng s: 64) 9 cn b qun l ca Unilever ti UVN thnh ph H Ch Minh (3 nam, 6 n) 12 cn b qun l ca Unilever ti nh my C Chi (5 nam, 7 n) 25 cng nhn ca UVN ti nh my C Chi: 15 phng vn c nhn ngoi ni lm vic (8 nam, 7 n) v 10 ngi trong mt tho lun nhm (5 nam, 5 n). 18cng nhn ca Thng Li lm vic ti nh my C Chi: 8 phng vn c nhn ngoi ni lm vic (3 nam, 5 n) v 10 ngi trong mt tho lun nhm (5 nam, 5 n). Chui cung ng v cc i tc kinh doanh ti Vit Nam (tng s:105) 48 cn b qun l ca cc nh cung ng c kho st qua in thoi (26 nam, 22 n) 6 cn b qun l ca 3 nh cung ng c kho st su (3 nam, 3 n) 51cng nhn ti 3 nh cung ng c kho st su: 21 phng vn c nhn ngoi ni lm vic (14 nam, 7 n) v 30 ngi trong cc tho lun nhm 10 ngi ti mi nh cung ng (5 nam, 5 n). Tng s c 198 cuc phng vn c thc hin, trong c 108 (55%) vi i tng nam gii v 82 (45%) vi i tng n gii. 94 cng nhn c phng vn (c ti ch v bn ngoi ni lm vic). Trong cc tho lun nhm, v d cc cu hi c a ra l:
Anh (ch) thy ni lm vic ca mnh th no? (bao gm c thit b, chnh sch, lng, thng, khng kh lm vic v ngi iu hnh trc tip); Lm th no ci thin ni lm vic ca anh (ch)?; Lng thng ca anh (ch) l bao nhiu? (Bao gm nhng khon g? Mc tng trung bnh l bao nhiu?); Chi ph cho i sng ca anh (ch) l bao nhiu? (Trung bnh hng thng, anh (ch) phi chi tiu ht khong bao nhiu phn thu nhp?). i vi cc cuc phng vn ti ch, nhm nghin cu a ra cc tiu ch la chn cc nhn vin qun l v cng nhn tham gia tho lun, sau , UVN xc nh xem cc c nhn no p ng c tiu ch. T nhng c nhn ny, nhm nghin cu tm kim thng tin v cc ng nghip, bn b hay ngi thn lm vic trong cng nh my. Cc phng vn bn ngoi ni lm vic c thu xp sau , bng cch cc nghin cu vin gi in cho cng nhn v ngh gp h. Hu ht nhng ngi c hi u mi cc nghin cu vin n nh mnh v cc cuc phng vn thng ko di trong khong 1 gi.
3. Kho st qua in thoi vi cc nh cung ng v cc nh sn xut y quyn ti Vit Nam

Nhm nghin cu kho st Chui cung ng v cc nh sn xut y quyn ca Unilever hiu mi lin kt gia vic kinh doanh ca Unilever vi quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng, v nh hng ca cc chnh sch v quy trnh ca Unilever. Da trn cc bo co v chui cung ng v bo co t nh gi theo h thng SEDEX, 54 nh cung ng c c la chn gm cc nh cung ng: Hot ng trong ngnh ngh m nhm nghin cu cho l nguy c cao; S dng nhiu lao ng ph thng (tay ngh thp); C t trng lao ng n cao (l nhm d b tn thng); S dng lao ng tm thi hoc lao ng gin tip (l nhng ngi c vic lm bp bnh).
Cc cu hi cho cc nh cung ng c thit k cu tr li s cung cp thng tin c ngha nht m khng cn kim chng qua ti liu hay kho st hin trng. 48 trong s 54 nh cung ng c tip cn tham gia vo vic kho st, t l tr li t gn 90%. Nu xt v ngnh ngh, 17 trong s ny l cc cng ty ng gi, phn ln u l cc cng ty ln v ng lao ng; 7 l cc cng ty ch bin thc phm, hu ht l cc cng ty nh (cng ty nh nht ch c 6 cng nhn); v 24 l cc nh cung cp nguyn liu ha cht UVN sn xut cc sn phm chm sc c nhn, ty ra gia nh v sn phm rng ming. Cc nh cung ng tham gia vo kho st trn c s n danh m bo s ci m ca h. Kho st qua in thoi cng cung cp c s la chn ba cng ty cho bc nghin cu tip theo, kho st su, trong c c kho st hin trng.
Ba cng ty ny cng i din cho cc loi hnh doanh nghip Vit Nam: mt doanh nghip s hu nc ngoi (u t nc ngoi trc tip FDI), mt doanh nghip t nhn (POE) v mt doanh nghip nh nc (SOE). Mt cng ty cung cp bao b plastic, mt cng ty cung cp bao b giy, v mt l nh sn xut y quyn mt sn phm v sinh gia nh cho Unilever. Hai cng ty min nam (cc tnh ng Nai v Bnh Dng) v mt min Bc (H Ni). Ti mt nh cung ng, 70% s cng nhn l ph n v 89% l dn nhp c ( nh thu). Ti mt cng ty khc, 65% l cng nhn n v ton b l ngi a phng ngoi tr 20 lao ng thi v c mt na l dn nhp c. Nh cung ng th ba c khong 600 cng nhn, 15% l lao ng n v ch khong mt na l dn nhp c. Tng cng c 1.048 cng nhn lm vic ti ba cng ty. Unilever to iu kin nhm nghin cu tip cn nh my ca cc nh cung ng bng cch gi cng vn yu cu cc cng ty tham gia kho st qua in thoi v kho st hin trng. Nhm nghin cu c gng tm hiu cc thc hnh tt cng nh cc ro cn i vi cng nhn. Bn d tho kt qu kho st c gi n ba nh cung ng c kho st su kim chng cc ghi nhn.
4. Cc nghin cu im: Nh my Unilever Vit Nam ti C Chi, nh cung ng nhn lc ti C Chi, v ba nh cung ng v i tc kinh doanh ti Vit Nam (i tng kho st su)
Nghin cu ny s dng phng php nghin cu im: nh my duy nht ca UVN t ti C Chi gn thnh ph H Ch Minh c kho st, vi cc lao ng trc tip ca UVN v cc lao ng ca nh cung ng dch v ng gi ti ch. Tip theo phng vn v kho st qua in thoi vi cc nh qun l trong chui cung ng ca UVN, 3 nh cung ng v i tc kinh doanh c la chn cho phn kho st su trong nghin cu. l cc nh cung ng m Unilever ng gp n hn 20% doanh thu (v do c l do cho l c th c nh hng ln h thng tiu chun) ca cng ty, v l ni c cc nhn t c th c tc ng cao nh: Nhiu hn 50 cng nhn; S dng lao ng tm thi hoc lao ng gin tip; Thm dng lao ng; C cng on c thnh lp nhng vai tr hn ch.
5. Cc cng vic b sung xy dng bi cnh cho nghin cu v lng

Mt hi tho c t chc ti Vit Nam vo thng 9/2011 vi s tham gia ca nhiu thnh phn c chuyn mn lin quan xem xt vn Lng sng. Cn nhc cc bnh lun v kin ngh, nhm nghin cu xy dng cch tip cn nghin cu vn ny. Tip theo sau hi tho, ba chuyn gia c mi bnh lun cc chng trong bo co lin quan n lng v thi gi lm vic trn c s bo mt ni dung tham vn v do Oxfam chi tr. Cc chuyn gia bao gm B Nguyn Th Lan Hng, Gim c Vin Khoa hc Lao ng v cc Vn X hi (ILSSA); ng Tng Vn Lai, Trng phng Tin Lng, V Tin Lng, B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi (MOLISA); v b Tara Rangarajan, Gim c Hot ng, Chng trnh ILO Better Work Vit Nam. C 3 ngi u l cc thnh vin tham gia trc tip vo vic sa i b Lut
Lao ng Vit Nam. Cc chuyn gia c yu cu bnh lun v tnh chnh xc ca thng tin, s ph hp vi bi cnh Vit Nam v cung cp thng tin b sung cng nh cc kin ngh ci thin ni dung ca cc chng. C 3 chuyn gia ny u cung cp bnh lun bng vn bn trong thng 6 v 7 nm 2012. b sung thm vo nghin cu cp quc gia, Oxfam cng hp ng thc hin thm hp phn nghin cu ti liu th cp ca mt t vn Anh Quc nhm xy dng mt thang lng bao gm cc ngng (cc bc) lng v mc ngho i, a ra mt ng cnh gip tho lun v lng v nhu cu c bn ca ngi lao ng (mt thang chung c trnh by trong Phn 4 v mt thang lng ghp cc s liu lng ca Unilever trong phn 6). Tt c cc phn tch v bnh lun v thang lng do Oxfam thc hin. Nhm nghin cu n lc ti a kim chng cc pht hin lin quan n s liu v lng, bao gm c vic gp cc cp qun l UVN trong giai on d tho bo co.
So snh vi cc i th cnh tranh

Cc thng tin so snh gia Unilever v cc i th cnh tranh rt t. Mt r sot thng tin c thc hin vi 5 cng ty cnh tranh cp ton cu: P&G, Nestle, LOreal, Kraft v Henkel, da trn cc thng tin cng khai nh gi cam kt ca h vi cc tiu chun lao ng quc t so vi Unilever. Tuy nhin, cp Vit Nam, khng thu thp c thng tin lm php so snh tng t.
Kho st qua in thoi

tin cy ca thng tin phn hi t cc nh cung ng tham gia vo vic kho st ph thuc vo v tr ca ngi tr li phng vn.
Mu iu tra trng hp
Khng c nhiu c s t rt ra cc kt lun chung. Oxfam d nh xem xt c n cc nh thu ph cp hai v cp ba ca t nht mt nh cung ng; tuy nhin, cc nh cung ng ca cng ty li dng ngun nguyn liu nhp khu t ngoi Vit Nam, v iu ny vt qu quy m ca nghin cu.
Ghi ch v hn ch ca phng php

Trng tm ngnh
Oxfam mong mun nghin cu s bao gm cc nh cung ng nguyn liu th hoc cc nh thu ph cp ba cung cp nng sn. Tuy nhin, Unilever nhp khu hu ht nguyn liu th nn Vit Nam c rt t i tc kinh doanh thuc khu vc ny la chn. Unilever xut mt nghin cu rng hn i vi tt c cc yu t ca chui cung ng bao gm c cc nh cung ng trc tip, cc nh thu ph th cp v tam cp, tuy nhin iu ny nm ngoi kh nng v kinh ph ca Oxfam.
Tham vn cng nhn v lng

Cc cng nhn c hi v mc lng thc t m h nhn c c th khng mu i din, v cc c tnh v mc chi tiu hng thng ca cng nhn c tnh ton da trn tho lun nhm ch cha phi l mt nghin cu c tnh h thng v gi hng ha cn thit p ng nhu cu c bn.
Thi gian
Do t l lm pht cao Vit Nam, mc lng c s thay i ng k t lc bt u nghin cu n khi hon thin bo co. iu ny lm cho vic trnh by cc kt qu gp nhiu kh khn v cng c ngha l cc s liu lng b lc hu.
R sot ti liu
Unilever cung cp mt lot chnh sch v cc ti liu khc h tr vic nghin cu. Tuy nhin c mt s ti liu nhm nghin cu ch nhn c vo thi k bo co sp hon thnh, bao gm c cu trc lng ca nh my UVN ti C Chi v hp ng vi cng ty Thng Li, nh cung ng lao ng cho nh my; cc ti liu ny ch c dng bn d tho. iu cng hn ch kh nng ca nhm trong vic kim chng thng tin.
Cc bc tip theo
Sau nghin cu, Oxfam v Unilever ng tip tc theo di vi cc bn ti Vit Nam nh gi iu g thay i, nht l i vi ngi cng nhn, lin quan n cc pht hin v kin ngh ca bo co.
3 Cc khun kh quc t v quyn lao ng
Cc khun kh quc t v quyn lao ng

Cc khun kh v hng dn quc t lin quan n quyn lao ng Nguyn nhn su xa ca nhng bt cp trong mi quan h gia kinh doanh v quyn con ngi hin nay nm nhng thiu ht trong qun tr do ton cu ha to ra gia phm vi v nh hng ca cc lc lng v tc nhn kinh t, vi nng lc x hi trong vic qun l cc hu qu xu. Cc thiu ht ny to ra mi trng cho php cc cng ty c cc hnh ng sai tri m khng phi chu bt c hnh pht hay bi thng no. Lm th no thu hp hoc lp y cc thiu ht lin quan n quyn con ngi l mt th thch to ln. J. Ruggie20 Cc doanh nghip a quc gia, nh Unilever, b iu chnh bi lut php ca cc quc gia ni h c nh my v hot ng. n nay, nhiu quc gia vn cha c nng lc th ch thc thi lut php v cc quy nh ca quc gia, hoc c th cm thy kh thc thi v mun cnh tranh trong thu ht u t nc ngoi. Cc quc gia ch qun ca cc cng ty a quc gia thng khng ch ng trong vic iu chnh nhng bt li gy ra bi cc doanh nghip bn ngoi lnh th ca h. C nhiu hip c quc t bo v quyn con ngi bao gm c quyn lao ng, v d nh Tuyn b chung v Quyn con ngi v cc Cng c ILO. Tuy nhin, i vi cc quc gia khng ph chun cc hip nh hay cng c ny, h khng c rng buc php l vi hot ng ca cc cng ty trn lnh th ca h. Nhiu doanh nghip a quc gia th hin cam kt ca mnh vi cc tiu chun do cc hip c quc t a ra trn c s t nguyn. Trong hai thp k va qua, c rt nhiu sng kin c a ra xy dng cc khun kh cho cc cng ty da trn cc hip nh v cng c quc t. m bo nghin cu ny ph hp hn vi Unilever cng nh cc cng ty khc,
chng ti xem xt khng ch lut php Vit Nam m c mt lot cc khun kh khc cng vi cc nguyn tc v hng dn i km. Nguyn tc Hng dn ca UN v Kinh doanh v Quyn con ngi (UNGP) a ra cc chnh sch v quy trnh cho cc cng ty da vo m xy dng m bo tn trng cc quyn con ngi, trong c quyn lao ng.21 T khi UNGP c cng b, cc hng dn ca OECD, ISO 26000 v Sng kin Bo co Ton cu cng c cp nht ph hp vi UNGP. Oxfam cn nhc c hai khun kh khc cng rt ph hp vi nghin cu ny l: cc Nguyn tc ca Hip c Ton cu, do Unilever cng l mt thnh vin ca Hip c, v cc Nguyn tc Thc hin Sng kin Kinh doanh c o c, do Oxfam chnh l mt thnh vin khi xng Sng kin ny. Cc khun kh quc t lin quan n quyn con ngi
1. Nguyn tc Hng dn ca UN v Kinh doanh v Quyn con ngi (thng c gi l Khun kh Ruggie) 2. Cc Cng c v Khuyn ngh lin quan ca ILO 3. Tuyn b Ba bn ca ILO v cc Doanh nghip a quc gia v Chnh sch X hi 4. Hng dn ca OECD cho cc Doanh nghip a quc gia 5. Hng dn ca OECD cho cc Doanh nghip a quc gia 6. ISO 26000 7. Sng kin Kinh doanh c o c 8. Sng kin Bo co Ton cu
Tp hp li, cc khun kh ny a ra mt kim ch nam hng dn cc cng ty, trong c Unilever, thc hin trch nhim x hi ca mnh v m bo s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan vo ng li ca cng ty; do vy, chng ti s dng cc khun kh ny nh du cc bc tin ca Unilever. Cc khun kh ny cng ng vai tr nh mt cng c cc cng ty khc nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca h.
Nguyn tc Hng dn ca UN v Kinh doanh v Quyn con ngi

UNGP22 c coi l im tham chiu chnh thc cp ton cu v vn kinh doanh v quyn con ngi k t khi n c cng b vo
thng Ba nm 2011. UNGP c p dng cho c cc doanh nghip thuc nh nc v t nhn, c trong nc v xuyn quc gia, khng tnh n quy m, ngnh ngh, v tr a l, tnh s hu hay cu trc ca doanh nghip. Ba tr ct ca Khun kh UNGP
1. NH NC: C NHIM V BO V 2. CC CNG TY: C TRCH NHIM TUN TH Trch nhim doanh nghip l tn trng quyn con ngi, ngha l cc doanh nghip phi hnh ng c s thm nh trnh vi phm quyn ca ngi khc v gii quyt cc tc ng tiu cc m h dnh lu ti 3. CC NN NHN: TIP CN C CC BIN PHP KHC PHC HU QU Cn thit phi tng kh nng tip cn ca nn nhn n cc bin php bo v v khc phc hu qu hiu qu, k c cc bin php php l v bin php khng c tnh rng buc php l
Nhim v ca Nh nc l bo v ngi lao ng khi s vi phm quyn con ngi bi cc bn th ba, bao gm c doanh nghip, thng qua cc chnh sch, quy nh, v iu chnh ph hp
Tr ct th hai lin quan nhiu nht n nghin cu ny. Nm nguyn tc c bn ca UNGP din gii trch nhim tun th ngha l g, mc trch nhim, cc chnh sch v quy trnh qun l m mt cng ty cn c. Tm nguyn tc hot ng m t cc chnh sch v quy trnh; chng bao gm mt cam kt chnh sch, mt quy trnh thm nh v quyn con ngi v cc quy trnh thc y gii quyt bi hon cho bt c tc ng tiu cc no i vi quyn con ngi m cc cng ty to ra hoc c lin quan. Chng ti s dng khun kh v cc nguyn tc hng dn xy dng ch s nh gi cc chnh sch v quy trnh Unilever hin c ngn chn, gim thiu hoc gii quyt cc tc ng tiu cc v quyn lao ng. Unilever ch ng ng gp vo cng vic ca c phi vin UK John Ruggie trong vic xy dng cc hng dn ny v cam kt tun th chng. Gim c i ngoi Ton cu ca Unilever tng tuyn b Unilever mong mun p dng cc tiu chun Ruggie trong ton b chui cung ng ca mnh.23 Oxfam tham gia vo cc tin trnh tham vn v c trnh chnh thc ln y ban v Quyn con ngi ca UN.24 K t khi UNGP c cng b, c thm nhiu cng c b sung lin quan n trch nhim i vi quyn con ngi, trong c vic cp nht Hng dn ca OECD v Doanh nghip a quc gia, hng dn ca Lin minh Chu u cho cc Chnh ph lng ghp cc nguyn tc UNGP v hon thin Tiu chun Hot ng ca T chc Ti chnh Quc t (IFC).25
Cng c v khuyn ngh ca ILO

Cc tiu chun quc t ca ILO l cng c php l c cc thnh vin y ca ILO (cc chnh ph, ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng) xy dng. Chng c th l cng c,- l cc hip c c rng buc php l cc quc gia tham gia ph chun v thc hin, hoc c th l cc khuyn ngh, c gi tr nh nhng hng dn khng rng buc v php l.26 Qua Tuyn b ca ILO v cc Nguyn tc Nn tng v Quyn ti ni Lm vic,27 cc thnh vin ILO tuyn b rng t do hip hi v thng lng tp th l cc quyn c bn v phi c p dng i vi mi ngi dn mi quc gia, khng ph thuc vo mc pht trin kinh t, v mi hnh thc lao ng cng bc, lao ng tr em, v phn bit i x trong tuyn dng v b tr lao ng phi c loi tr v bi b.28 Cc quyn ny thng c gi l Cc Tiu chun Lao ng Ct li ca ILO. Mt khi thng qua, cng c ILO phi c a vo lut php quc gia. ILO cng xy dng cc tiu chun v hng dn cho cc cng ty gip h hon thin chnh sch v quy trnh ph hp. Tuyn b Ba bn ca ILO v Doanh nghip a quc gia v Chnh sch X hi (Tuyn b MNE) l mt trong cc cng c nh vy. Vo thi im thc hin nghin cu ny, B Quy tc Kinh doanh ca Unilever cha tham chiu chnh xc cc Cng c ILO; tuy nhin, bn cp nht vo thng 5/ 2012 a ra cam kt r rng hn.29
Tuyn b Ba bn ca ILO v Doanh nghip a quc gia v Chnh sch X hi

Tuyn b Ba bn ca ILO v Doanh nghip a quc gia v Chnh sch X hi (cn c gi l Tuyn b MNE) 30 lm r ngha v ca cc cng ty a quc gia da vo cc Cng c ILO. Do cc nguyn tc ny c xy dng trc tip cho cc cng ty a quc gia, chng ph hp hn vi nghin cu ny so vi cc Cng c ILO ni chung.
quy trnh khiu ni c nhiu bn tha nhn v trong mt s trng hp gip cho cng ty thay i hnh vi mt cch tch cc.
Cc nguyn tc ca Hip c Ton cu

Trong khun kh sng kin Hip c Ton cu33 ca UN, cc cng ty c trng i iu chnh hot ng v chin lc ca h ph hp vi 10 nguyn tc c chp nhn trn ton cu v cc lnh vc quyn con ngi, lao ng, mi trng v chng tham nhng. Su trong s ny lin quan n cc tiu chun lao ng; cc nguyn tc in m trong hp di l cc Tiu chun Lao ng Ct li ca ILO.34 Cc nguyn tc ca Hip c ton cu lin quan n quyn lao ng:
1. ng h v tn trng cc quyn con ngi c cng ng quc t tuyn b; 2. m bo l cng ty s khng ng la vi cc vi phm v quyn con ngi; 3. Pht huy quyn t do hip hi v tch cc tha nhn quyn thng lng tp th; 4. Loi tr mi hnh thc lao ng cng bc; 5. Hy b vic s dng lao ng tr em; 6. Loi tr mi phn bit i x trong vic tuyn dng v b tr lao ng.
Hng dn ca OECD cho Doanh nghip a quc gia

Hng dn ca OECD cho Doanh nghip a quc gia cp n hu ht cc lnh vc chnh trong o c kinh doanh, trong c cc bc ca doanh nghip trong tun th lut php, tn trng cc tiu chun c quc t tha nhn v p ng li cc mong i ca x hi. Bn cp nht hng dn ny cng b thng 5/201131 gip n ph hp vi UNGP. Bn cp nht cng sa i chng v vic lm v quan h lao ng chng ph hp hn vi Tuyn b MNE ca ILO. Bn sa i c mt chng v quyn con ngi vi nhng iu khon mnh m v chui cung ng v quan h kinh doanh c xy dng cng vi cc bin php thm nh (nh m t trong UNGP). Trong chng ny c mt yu cu c th v lng, theo doanh nghip phi a ra mc lng tt nht c th t nht p ng cc nhu cu c bn ca cng nhn v gia nh h. Hng dn ny ngy cng c cc chnh ph ghi nhn nh iu kin cho h tr cng, chng hn nh tr cp v tn dng xut khu. V d, Chnh ph H Lan hin yu cu tt c cc cng ty s dng qu pht trin ca H Lan phi k mt tuyn b l h s tun th theo Hng dn ca OECD cho Doanh nghip a quc gia.32 Unilever th hin s ng h ca mnh vi Hng dn ca OECD v bo co cng khai v gii php gii quyt cc khiu ni i vi cng ty theo Hng dn . Oxfam coi Hng dn ca OECD l mt trong nhng c ch khng c tnh rng buc php l quan trng nht v trch nhim gii trnh ca doanh nghip nh c mt
Hip c Ton cu thu thp v pht trin nhiu cng c c lin quan. Cng c T nh gi ca Hip c Ton cu35 bao gm cc cu hi v ch s dng cho cng ty nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca h theo cc nguyn tc. Hip c Ton cu cng su tm nhiu v d v thc hnh tt trong qun l cc vn lao ng c rt ra t vic xy dng cc bin php nng cao trch nhim doanh nghip. Unilever l mt thnh vin khi xng Hip c Ton cu. Oxfam cng tham gia vo pht trin Hip c ny nhng c quan im l cc c ch ca Hip c ny trong vic rng buc trch nhim gii trnh ca cng ty l cha mnh.
ISO 26000
ISO (T chc Tiu chun Quc t36) cng b ISO 26000 vo thng 5/2010 nh Hng dn Quc
t v Trch nhim X hi. Khng ging nh cc tiu chun ISO khc, ISO 26000 khng c mc ch cp chng ch m ch l hng dn cho ngi dng ISO. Hai trong trong s su yu t ct li c lin quan n quyn con ngi v cc thc hnh lao ng. ISO 26000 c th tr thnh mt cng c c tha nhn rng ri theo cch m cc tiu chun ISO khc ang c s dng (v d, ISO 9000 v qun l cht lng v ISO 14001 v qun l mi trng). Cc hng dn ca ISO 26000 c nhiu bn tham gia trn khp th gii xy dng, v khng nh cc b tiu chun ISO khc, c rt nhiu bn lin quan t cc quc gia ang pht trin. Hng dn ny rt c ch trong vic pht trin cc gii php cho trch nhim doanh nghip. n nay Unilever vn cha trin khai ISO 26000. Oxfam v mt s i tc tham gia vo cc tin trnh tham vn cho tiu chun ny v Oxfam thy y l mt minh chng hu hiu v trch nhim x hi do n tun th theo Ruggie v da trn cc chun mc quc t v quyn con ngi.
Cng ty thnh vin bo co tin hng nm theo cc mc trong mt khun kh Nn mng (Foundation), Nh ci tin (Improver), Ngi thnh cng (Achiever), Ngi lnh o (Leader). Khi mt cng ty c v t n cp Achiever, h s c tng pht trin k hoch chin lc v kinh doanh c o c ca mnh, k hoch ny phi c lng ghp cht ch trong cc k hoch kinh doanh khc, v phi c nhiu bn lin quan phn hi trong qu trnh pht trin k hoch. Mt d Unilever cha phi l thnh vin ETI, sng kin ny vn c a vo nghin cu da trn c s Oxfam l thnh vin khi xng ca ETI v mc ng tin cy hn so vi nhiu sng kin a bn khc do n l mt tin trnh qun tr ba bn (nghip on/ NGO/ cng ty). Quy tc C s ca ETI chnh l nn tng cho s t nh gi SEDEX v cc phng php kim ton m Unilever v nhiu cng ty khng phi thnh vin ETI khc ang p dng.
Sng kin Bo co Ton cu

Sng kin Bo co Ton cu (GRI) l mt t chc mng li xy dng mt khung bo co v tnh bn vng ang c s dng rng ri.39 Hng dn v Bo co Bn vng (Phin bn 3.1) c cng b thng 3/201140 iu chnh ph hp vi UNGP. Unilever cng b tng quan v bo co ca cng ty theo Hng dn v Bo co Bn vng GRI G3. Bo co Pht trin Bn vng 2010 nh gi l ngi a tin B+.41 Oxfam coi GRI l mt c ch quan trng cng ty bo co v trch nhim x hi v mi trng ca h. Oxfam tham gia vo tin trnh tham vn lng ghp vn gii vo cc ch s v bo co v trch nhim gii trnh da trn khun kh GRI NGO.
Nguyn tc Thc hin Sng kin Kinh doanh c o c

Sng kin Kinh doanh c o c (ETI)37 l mt lin minh hng u ca cc cng ty, nghip on v t chc phi chnh ph (NGO), mong mun m bo s tn trng cc tiu chun lao ng quc t trong chui cung ng ton cu ca cc cng ty thnh vin. N h tr cc cng ty thnh vin thc hin trch nhim o c ca mnh v hp tc gii quyt cc vn phc tp c th lm cn tr nhng thay i theo hng bn vng. N cung cp hng dn cho cc cng ty thnh vin, bao gm c phng php trong Nguyn tc Thc hin. 38 C su nguyn tc, mi trong s c cc mc v qun l i km: Cc Nguyn tc thc hin ETI:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cam kt kinh doanh c o c; Lng ghp vn kinh doanh c o c vo vn ha cng ty v thc tin kinh doanh; Xy dng nng lc cho cc nh cung ng v cc bn khc; Xc nh cc vn trong chui cung ng; Cc hnh ng ci thin; Minh bch.
4 Bi cnh: cng ty Unilever v quc gia Vit Nam
Tng quan v cng ty Unilever

Unilever ton cu
Unilever l mt trong nhng nh sn xut ln cc mt hng thc phm, ung v hng tiu dng. Unilever c hai cng ty m, Unilever NV v Unilever PLC, cng vn hnh trong cng ty Unilever, ng k trao i chng khon i th trng Amsterdam v London. Cng ty tham gia vo sn xut v bn bun FMCG: ung v kem (19% doanh thu), n v gia v (32% doanh thu), sn phm chm sc nh ca (cht ty ra nh ca v git -17% doanh thu) v sn phm chm sc c nhn (nc tm, nc kh mi 31% doanh thu). Cc thng hiu ca Unilever bao gm Lipton, Knorr, Bertolli, Hellmans, Persil v Dove, c ngi tiu dng bit n thm ch cn nhiu hn so vi tn ca cng ty. Vi nhiu sn phm cung ng, Unilever gi v tr hng u trn th trng th gii. Unilever cn bun bn nguyn liu th v ph liu ca cc sn phm ny. Cc mt hng phc v sn xut ca cng ty (nguyn liu th v ng gi) c cung cp bi hn 10.000 nh cung ng trn th gii, v cc sn phm mua gin tip (IP) n t hn 160.000 nh cung ng. Unilever t xc nh l cng ty a quc gia, a a phng, hot ng quc t, nhng bt r su vo cc th trng a phng. Unilever hin Hnh 6 Nh my C chi gn tp H Ch Minh (Unilever Vit Nam 2012)
din hn 100 quc gia, s dng 171.000 lao ng trc tip (vo thi im 2011). Gn 55% vic kinh doanh ca cng ty l cc th trng mi ni ni Unilever c 72 cng ty thnh vin. Thu nhp hng nm vo nm 2011 l 58,7 t USD. Unilever ti c cu m hnh kinh doanh mt cch ng k vo nm 2009, tr nn tp trung hn v hi nhp cao da trn mt khung ton cu vi gim st cp khu vc v thc hin cp quc gia.42 Unilever hin c t chc trn c s mt h thng ma trn chia theo cp (ton cu, khu vc, quc gia), theo chc nng (nhn s, truyn thng, chui cung ng hay m bo cht lng) v theo loi sn phm (c 12 loi sn phm vi khong 400 thng hiu). Ngun cung ng v chui cung ng: Mt trung tm mua ton cu ti Singapore qun l cc ngun cung ng chin lc cho hot ng ca Unilever ti chu , chu Phi, Trung v ng u, bao gm vic la chn cc nh cung ng v k kt hp ng. Cc vn phng quc gia chu trch nhim v hot ng mua bn, v d nh hot ng ca nh thu v m bo cc iu khon hp ng c tun th. Cc vn phng quc gia (trong c Vit Nam) khng ra quyt nh v vic la chn nh cung ng ngoi tr khi c trung tm mua giao quyn. Hp ng ca Unilever u tin c da trn cc c tnh k thut c tiu chun ha qua mt h thng gii php doanh nghip do IBM v Accenture hp ng pht trin.
Unilever Vit Nam

Unilever l mt trong nhng cng ty a quc gia u tin c mt Vit Nam. K t lin doanh u tin c thnh lp nm 1994, UVN pht trin nhanh chng v tr thnh cng ty s mt trong ngnh hng chm sc c nhn v chm sc gia nh ti Vit Nam vi mt mng li rng khp gm cc nh cung ng, cc cng ty sn xut y nhim v cc nh bn hng.43 Hin nay, UVN hot ng nh mt cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi theo tha thun v quan h chin
lc lu di vi Vinachem44 theo Vinachem chuyn c phn ca mnh trong lin doanh cho Unilever cn UVN duy tr cc quan h hp ng sn xut lu di vi cc thnh vin ca Vinachem. Hin ti, c 10 nh my sn xut y nhim ca UVN thuc 8 cng ty, trong c 6 l cc thnh vin Vinachem. Cc nh sn xut y nhim ny sn xut cc mt hng chm sc tc v chm sc da cho UVN nh cc i tc kinh doanh. UVN s hu mt nh my t ti C Chi, cch thnh ph H Ch Minh 20km v pha ty. y l mt c s tin tin v hin i sn xut cc sn phm n ung v chm sc rng ming. Hnh 7 Cng ty Unilever Vit Nam v chui cung ng (UN 2010) Ngun: UVN (2010)
u vo nhp khu
u vo cng ty thng mi a phng u vo cc nh sn xut a phng u vo nhp khu
Ch bin
u vo cng ty thng mi a phng u vo cc nh sn xut a phng u vo nhp khu
Cng ty thng mi a phng
Sn xut ca UVN
Trung tm phn phi
u vo cng ty thng mi a phng u vo cc nh sn xut a phng
Nh sn xut a phng
Bng 1 S ngi tham gia vo chui cung ng ca Unilever ti Vit Nam
Cng ty Unilever
Cc nh sn xut y nhim Cc nh cung ng nguyn liu th ng gi Phn phi Nhn vin ca cc nh cung ng th cp Tng s
1.539
2.918 9.280 7.250 1.083 2.620 24.690
UVN cng lm vic cng vi ba trung tm phn phi iu hnh bi mt nh cung ng hu cn y nhim (khng nm trong phm vi ca nghin cu ny). UVN hin c 69 nh cung ng nguyn liu th, v 20 nh cung ng vt liu ng gi ti ch, tuy nhin hu ht cc nh cung ng nguyn liu th u cung ng vt liu qua ch xut. Nhiu loi nguyn liu th c nhp khu t cc quc gia khc, ch yu l chu . Cc sn phm ca UVN bao gm: Chm sc gia nh: Bt git, cc loi nc ty ra (nc x vi, nc git, nc ra bt, nc lm sch b mt, nc c toilet, v.v); Chm sc c nhn: Cc sn phm cho tc (du gi u v du x); cc sn phm chm sc da (kem bi mt, cht gi m cho da, nc tm); sn phm chm sc rng ming (thuc nh rng, bn chi nh rng, nc sc ming); v thuc kh mi. Thc phm: Bt nm, ht nm, tr bt, tr ti v kem. Nm 2011, ti nh my UVN C Chi c 1.539 cng nhn, trong s ny c 748 ngi l tuyn dng qua bn th ba, cng ty Thng Li. C bn nh my c chia ra gm sn phm chm sc gia nh, chm sc c nhn, chm sc rng ming v ch bin thc phm. Dy chuyn sn xut c chia ra lm 2 b phn: sn xut (cng nhn ca UVN) v ng gi (ngi ca Thng Li). Hu ht cng nhn ca UVN l ngi a phng cn pha Thng Li l ngi nhp c v phi sng nh thu. 58% lc lng lao ng l n. Ngoi ra cn c 2.918 cng nhn lm vic ti 10 nh sn xut y nhim, trong c cc cng ty nh nc. Unilever cng cung cp thng tin v s lng cng nhn lm vic cho cc nh cung
ng v cc nh cung ng ti Vit Nam ca nh cung ng .
Bi cnh v quyn lao ng ti Vit Nam

Ni mt cch ngn gn, cc ro cn chnh trong vic thc hin quyn lao ng ti Vit Nam bao gm: Khung php l cha c hon thin, c th l mc lng ti thiu theo php lut cha p ng nhu cu sng ti thiu; Bi cnh chnh tr, c bit l hn ch v quyn t do hip hi v thng lng tp th; Hn ch v thc thi php lut do t l thanh tra lao ng trong cc doanh nghip thp; S khng tun th v phi chnh thc ha trong khi t nhn; v Thc hnh thng mi ca cc cng ty cung ng, v d thi gian cho mi n hng ngn v chi ph hp ng c tnh da trn gi nh mc lng ti thiu.
T do hip hi v quyn thng lng tp th

Vit Nam cha ph chun Cng c ILO v T do Hip hi v Thng lng Tp th, tuy nhin quyn lp Hi ca cng dn Vit Nam c lut php quc gia bo v.45 Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam (VGCL) l t chc nghip on duy nht c chnh thc cng nhn Vit Nam. Ch c cc cng nhn c hp ng lao ng di hn 6 thng mi c php tham gia cng on. iu ny hn ch quyn t do hip hi v thng lng tp th ca s lng cng nhn c cng vic tm thi ngy cng tng.
C cng on cng nh ngi s dng lao ng u c quyn khi xng thng lng tp th.46 Ngi s dng lao ng cng phi tham kho kin v bo m ng thun ca cng on doanh nghip i vi cc quyt nh v k lut lao ng, quy trnh sa thi, xy dng ni quy lm vic, n nh lng, thng, ngh php nm v thi gian biu lm vic. Tuy nhin, cn nhiu trng hp cng on doanh nghip khng c kh nng i din cho ngi lao ng trong cc cuc m phn chnh thc vi ngi s dng lao ng v tin lng v iu kin lm vic v l ro cn quan trng nht i vi vic iu chnh tng lng. ng lc chnh buc gii ch phi m phn tin lng l nh cng t pht ca cng nhn. Trong nm 2011, c 978 cuc nh cng nh vy.47 Nm 2011, MOLISA xut sa i B lut Lao ng cho php ngi lao ng trong cc doanh nghip cha c cng on c th bu ngi i din ca mnh. Cc i din ny s c quyn t chc nh cng v thng lng tp th (B lut lao ng sa i D tho 4, MOLISA).
vo thng 2 nm 2012, t nm 2007- 2012, mc lm pht trung bnh l 13.05%. iu ny c ngha l mc lng trn thc t gim i, khin cuc sng ca ngi cng nhn ngy cng kh khn hn. Cch i ph ph bin nht l phi lm vic thm gi, thay i ch lm, lm cng lc hai vic, gim chi tiu, v/hoc cho con thi hc (xem Hp 1). Ci thin gio dc v nng cao k nng lm vic l cc chin lc di hn nhng li khng m ra cho nhiu ngi. Chnh ph Vit Nam hin ang thc hin cc bc nghim tc tng mc lng ti thiu. MOLISA t mc tiu n nm 2020, tin lng s tng ng vi 85% mc lng ti thiu trung bnh ca ASEAN, 50 so vi con s khong 30-60% nm 2005. Ln tng gn y nht, thng 10 nm 2011, a ra mc lng ti thiu l 2 triu ng cho Khu vc 1 (cc thnh ph chnh v khu vc ngoi vi, bao gm C Chi). N nh du mt mc tng 29% mc ti thiu i vi cc doanh nghip FDI v 48% cho cc doanh nghip s hu trong nc, khng cn phn bit gia cc cng ty nc ngoi/FDI v cc cng ty Vit Nam. Mc lng sng l khi nim tng i mi vi cng ng doanh nghip, chnh ph cng nh cc nghip on Vit Nam. N l g, tnh ton nh th no v mi quan h ca n vi lng ti thiu l ch cho nhiu tranh ci trong thi gian gn y. Lin minh AFW xy dng phng php tnh ton quy i da trn sc mua tng ng51 gi tr (bng tin) ca mt gi hng ha ti cc nc sn xut hng dt may. Theo mt mc lng sng Vit Nam trong nm 2011-12 l 4.036.910 VND hoc 196 USD52 mi thng. Vi gi nh mt h gia nh bn ngi, hai ngi ln v hai tr em (ba n v tiu th), v gi nh mc nhin l ch c mt ngi kim tin v ngi kia s phi trng nom tr em. Hnh 9 minh ha di y mt thang lng quc gia hin th v tr ca mc lng ti thiu so vi c tnh mt mc lng sng, thu nhp trung bnh v cc php o c tha nhn v chun ngho.53 T heo thng k quc gia, quy m h gia nh trung bnh VN l 3,9 ngi. Khi xy dng thang lng s dng s liu h 3,9 thnh
Tin lng
Mc lng ti thiu c cng b vo nm 1993, nhng ngay t u mc lng ny mc rt thp so vi mc ch ca n. 48 c 10 ln iu chnh k t nhng mc lng ny vn khng theo kp mc tng chng mt ca chi ph cho cuc sng. Vi ngha gc l mt li an ton hoc mc sn m khng nh s dng lao ng no c php tr thp hn, tc ng m mc lng ti thiu to ra l n tr thnh mc lng c bn thc t ca lao ng ph thng v c tay ngh thp v ch p ng 40-46% nhu cu c bn ca ngi lao ng ti Vit Nam vo nm 2011, theo mt kho st ca VGCL xut bn nm 2012.49 Trong s 60 doanh nghip 12 tnh min Bc, min Trung v min Nam Vit Nam, cuc kho st cho thy thu nhp trung bnh c bn (lng theo hp ng v ph cp) l 3 triu ng (US$ 144) trong cc doanh nghip nh nc v 2,4 triu ng trong doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi. Vit Nam ang phi tri qua thi k lm pht cao: lm pht tiu dng hng nm khong 16.85%
vin l trung bnh cho nhm thu nhp th ba (trung lu) vng ng Nam b, y cng l im tham chiu tt nht c th dng cho h s nhn s ca cng nhn ti nh my C Chi. Trn c s ny, v tnh ton 1 ngi ln = 1 n v v 1 tr em = n v, chng ti gi nh mi h gia nh s c 2,95 n v tiu th. iu Hp 1 Cch nhn nhn v mc lng theo ghi nhn ca Oxfam Vit Nam trong thi gian 2010-2011
Mt quan chc nh nc: Mt ngi s dng lao ng: Lin on lao ng: Cng nhn (khi t nhn): Thng tin i chng:
ny l ph hp vi vi phn b nhn khu hc theo tui ti Vit Nam trong nm 2008. xy dng thang lng, chng ti s dng gi nh trung bnh mi h gia nh c 1,82 ngi c thu nhp theo mc tham chiu t trng lao ng c lng trong dn s quc gia.
Tin lng qu thp, khng sng. c thm ng tin, cng nhn phi lm vic ngy 12 ting. Nh vy, thay v mt lao ng c th s dng 30 - 40 nm nhng vi tnh trng tng ca nhiu nh th, mt cng nhn ch c th lm vic c 10 - 20 nm54 (Mt quan chc ca S Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi thnh ph H Ch Minh). Mc thu nhp bnh qun hin nay ca ngi lao ng trong cng ty ch 1,9 triu ng/thng l khng sng. Chng ti cng mun tng thu nhp cho cng nhn bng cch tm tht nhiu hp ng, c nhiu sn phm cng nhn lm thm.55 (b ng Th Dim Thy, Gim c, Okuda ltd., khu cng nghip in Nam - in Ngc) Vi ng lng (thp) nh th, vi ba n ca (ngho nn) nh th, ngi cng nhn khng th sng ni (ng ng Ngc Tng, Ch tch VGCL) Mt gi lm bng mt que kem56 (Chng ti) phi git gu v vai, tht lng buc bng, gi tng l thy chng mt, c n u xu n y.57 Tham kho t cc ngun trong nm 2011: Vic lm khng nui sng bn thn th khng th gi l vic lm58; Ba n cng nhn ngy cng tut dc,ch t trn di 50% dinh dng59; ng lng nhn c qu thp cng gi c t ni th ang y h (ngi lao ng) vo ng hp.60
Ngun: Ergon Associates (2012)
Hnh 8 Cc cng nhn tr tho lun v quyn lao ng v mi quan tm ca h, vi s h tr ca Oxfam, ti tnh Bc Ninh (2011)
4500000
Hnh 9 Thang lng cho mt nh my gn thnh ph H Ch Minh (thng By 2011, lng rng tnh bng VND)
4000000
Lng sn chu
3500000
3000000
2500000
Thu nhp bnh qun thnh th 2000000 Mc lng ti thiu quc gia (khu vc t nhn - cng nhn lnh ngh) Mc lng ti thiu quc gia (khu vc t nhn - lao ng ph thng) Chun ngho cp tnh Chun ngho tuyt i ca World Bank 1000000 Chun ngho i quc gia
1500000
500000
Lng ti thiu chung quc gia (cng ty quc doanh)
Cc mc trong thang lng thng By 2011 Lng sn chu (lng rng 2011) [540 USD theo h s chuyn i Sc mua Tng ng vo 2009 theo World Bank] Thu nhp bnh qun thnh th/ngi /thng (2010, vng ng Nam b) Mc lng ti thiu quc gia, khu vc t nhn cng nhn lnh ngh (lng rng 2011) Mc lng ti thiu quc gia, khu vc t nhn lao ng ph thng (lng rng 2011) Ngng i ngho cp tnh (2011, thnh ph H Ch Minh v ngoi thnh, h/ 1,82 ngi c thu nhp) Sc mua Tng ng ca WB 2005 2USD/ ngy ngng i ngho (h / 1,82 ngi c thu nhp, hng thng, trt gi theo gi c nm 2011) Sc mua Tng ng ca WB 2005 1.25USD/ ngy ngng ngho bn cng (h / 1,82 ngi c thu nhp, hng thng, trt gi theo gi c nm 2011) Ngng i ngho quc gia (h / 1,82 ngi c thu nhp) Lng ti thiu chung quc gia (thng 7/2011, cng ty quc doanh, lng rng)
VND / thng 4.036.909,97 2,165,000 1,500,942.5 1,402,750
1,350,733
1,299,694.788 812,309.2423 810,439.5604 751,150
Cc ghi ch ca Ergon Associates T heo thng k quc gia, quy m h gia nh trung bnh VN l 3,9 ngi. Khi xy dng thang lng s dng s liu h 3,9 thnh vin l trung bnh cho nhm thu nhp th ba (trung lu) vng ng Nam b, y cng l im tham chiu tt nht c th dng cho h s nhn s ca cng nhn ti nh my C Chi. Trn c s ny, v tnh ton 1 ngi ln = 1 n v v 1 tr em = n v, gi nh mi h gia nh s c 2,95 n v tiu th. iu ny l ph hp vi vi phn b nhn khu hc theo tui ti Vit Nam trong nm 2008. Thang lng c xy dng trn gi nh trung bnh mi h gia nh c 1,82 ngi c thu nhp theo mc tham chiu t trng lao ng c lng trong dn s quc gia.
44 AN 34 Quyn OXFAM lao ng STUDY trong L ABOUR chui RIGHTS cung ng INca UNILEVERS Unilever SUPPLY CHAIN
Hnh 10 Le Thai Phui bn go trn cc ph H Ni. Gi c tng gp i nm va qua v rt kh khn kim li. nh chp bi Abbie Trayler- Smith
Thi gi lm vic
Thi gi lm vic c quy nh theo B lut Lao ng ca Vit Nam. Gi lm vic hp php ti Vit Nam khng nhiu hn tm gi mt ngy hoc 48 gi mt tun, vi thi gian ngh gia gi hng ngy t nht l na gi. Tuy nhin, lm thm gi rt ph bin ch khng phi l ngoi l Vit Nam, mt kho st ghi nhn gi lm vic trung bnh l 67 gi mt tun.60
ng, c bit l cc khu cng nghip v khu ch xut, 65 n thanh nin di c t cc vng nng thn n lm vic, hy vng rng vi mt cng vic c lp v n nh, h c th tit kim tin v gi mt phn thu nhp v h tr gia nh. Nhng h thng c i sng bp bnh v phi i mt vi cc chi ph khng lng trc ti ni lm vic. iu ny tr nn trm trng hn do p lc gim chi ph sn xut v ct ngn thi gian ca n t hng phi thc hin. Ngy cng nhiu ngi s dng lao ng ci tin hi ha quan h lao ng v thu ht lao ng. Mt s doanh nghip m phn mc lng vi ngi lao ng v i din ca h vi n lc phng nga nh cng i hi mc lng cao hn. 66 H nhn ra s cn thit phi tnh n cc chi ph sinh hot ca ngi lao ng nh mt phng tin bn vng hi ha quan h lao ng trong cng ty ca mnh. Tnh trng ny chng minh cc mi lin kt cht ch gia thng lng tp th, tin lng v gi lm vic. R rng l, nu mc lng ti thiu c th p ng mc ch ban u ca n l m bo nhu cu c bn ca cng nhn v l mt mc lng sng, n s c vai tr l mt sn chi bnh ng cho ngi s dng lao ng. Tuy nhin, thc t mt s ngi s dng lao ng ang m phn tha thun vi ngi lao ng cho thy h c th tng tin lng m khng cn phi ch i thay i v mc lng ti thiu.
Lao ng hp ng
C ba loi lao ng hp ng chnh Vit Nam: a) hp ng lao ng khng xc nh thi hn, b) hp ng ngn hn (thi hn t mt nm n ba nm), v c) hp ng tm thi hoc ma v (di 12 thng). Lut quy nh rng sau khi hai hp ng ngn hn lin tip, hp ng th ba phi l khng xc nh thi hn. Hp ng lao ng tm thi hoc theo ma v khng th vt qu 12 thng.61 B lut lao ng Vit Nam khng tha nhn tnh trng mt trung gian tuyn dng lao ng hot ng nh ngi s dng lao ng, trong khi ngi lao ng li k hp ng gin tip lm vic cho mt t chc khc.62 Ch c ngoi l cho ngh v s.63 Tuy nhin, trn thc t, hp ng ph v cho thu li lao ng l kh thng dng v t khi b x l. Ngi lao ng khng hi lng vi thc hnh cho thu li, iu ny th hin qua s lng ngy cng tng cc tranh chp lao ng gia ngi lao ng b cho thu v cc vn phng lao ng64. UVN cng tng i mt vi tranh chp lin quan n ngi lao ng lm cng vic thu khon (xem phn 6 v hp ng lao ng). Thu li lao ng l mt trong nhng vn tranh lun chnh sch trong qu trnh sa i B lut Lao ng Vit Nam. Chnh ph khng phn i dch v thu ph v thu li lao ng, trong khi cc t chc cng on ln ting phn i vic hp php ha hot ng ny v lo ngi v cc hnh vi vi phm quyn ca ngi lao ng. Phi chnh thc ha ang l mt xu th khp Vit Nam, vi hu qu l cht lng cng vic thp. Trong cc doanh nghip thm dng lao
Cc vn lao ng Vit Nam trong bi cnh quc t

Mc d phn tch ca Oxfam cho thy s bt tun th trong chui cung ng ton cu c tnh c hu a phng, vn rt quan trng t cc vn lao ng ti Vit Nam vo mt bi cnh ln hn. Mt kho st do Mng li Lng Cng bng thc hin cung cp mt tng quan rt tt so snh thc t v mc lng v gi lm ti Vit Nam vi 9 quc gia khc.67 Kho st c thc hin vi 122 im cung ng trong cc ngnh hng may mc v giy dp, trong c 63 nh my Trung Quc v 15 Vit Nam.
Mc lng Vit Nam l rt thp, vi n 75% nh my ch tr mc lng ti thiu v 25% thm ch cn khng p ng c mc ny (xem Hnh 11). Mt na s doanh nghip c kho st Vit Nam u tr lng cho cng nhn rt thp (xem hnh 12) S gi lm mi tun Vit Nam thp hn mt cht so vi trung bnh nhng vn cao hi 19 gi so vi chun quc t l 48 gi mi tun (xem hnh 13). Mt s lng ln cc nh my cung ng b pht hin dng s sch i v tin lng v gi lm: mt s dng ni b v mt cho kim ton r sot. iu ny tn ti cc doanh nghip Vit Nam t hn so vi hu ht cc quc gia khc c kho st (Hnh 14): Hnh 11 Lng khi im so vi lng ti thiu (% ca cc doanh nghip)
120 100 80 60 40
Bng MW
20
Bangladesh
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
India
Indonesia
Phillipines
Viet Nam
China
Thailand
Trn MW
Di MW
Hnh 12 Cc doanh nghip c vn v tin lng
100
71.5
81.8
100
50 50
50
42.8
50
40
45.5
53.4
66.4
Khng tr lng
Tr lng chm
17.6
27.3
1.6
0 0
0 0 0
Bangladesh
Phillipines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
0 0
0 0
Pakistan
Indonesia
Viet Nam
China
India
Turkey
Total
1.6
Tr lng thp
17.5
17.2
Chnh lch v lng gia ngi lao ng c tr cao nht v thp nht trong thang lng Vit Nam cao hn nhiu so vi cc nc khc ngoi tr Indonesia:
Trung Quc Bangladesh Philippines Trung bnh 5,7 Th Nh K Indone-sia
5,9
5,9
2,5
10
n/a
1,6
1,9
n/a
n/a
7,7
Hnh 13 S gi lm vic ca cng nhn mi tun

76 71 69 64 76 69
78 68
73 67 71
Bangladesh
Indonesia
Pakistan
China
India
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Phillipines
Turkey
Hnh 14 Doanh nghip s dng s sch i (%)
100 75 52.4 50
63.6 48
45.5
20 13.3 0
Bangladesh China India Indonesia Pakistan
0
Phillipines Sri Lanka Thailand Turkey Viet Nam Total
Viet Nam
Total
Vit Nam
Sri Lanka
Thi Lan
Pakistan
5 Cc chnh sch v quy trnh qun l v quyn ca ngi lao ng ti Unilever
Cc chnh sch v quy trnh qun l v quyn ca ngi lao ng ti Unilever

iu m c khng nht thit l ng m, v iu ng m khng chc l m c Dng ch treo vn phng ca Albert Einstein. Nh nu trong phn 3, UNGP ra cc nguyn tc hng dn cng ty trong vic p ng cc trch nhim tn trng nhn quyn. Trong phn ny, bo co ch ra cc nguyn tc c lin quan, la chn ch s da trn cc nguyn tc (b sung thm vi cc khun kh chn), v nh gi cc chnh sch v quy trnh qun l ca Unilever theo cc khun kh . Cc nguyn tc chia ra bn lnh vc chnh:68 1. Tnh cam kt; 2. Lng ghp chnh sch trong hot ng knh doanh v thc hin vi nh cung cp; 3. Cc cng c v quy trnh thm nh: xc nh tc ng; hnh ng da vo cc pht hin (ngn chn v gii quyt tc ng); theo di hiu qu ca vic p ng vi tc ng; thng tin v m bo tnh minh bch v vic gii quyt tc ng cc bn lin quan tham gia;69 4. Gii quyt thng qua cc c ch khiu ni. Cc nguyn tc Nguyn tc 1: Cam kt
Nguyn tc 1: Cam kt
Khng nh mt cch cng khai gi tr ca cng ty v cam kt ca h trong lng ghp chnh sch vo cch thc kinh doanh ca cng ty.71 Lin quan n th hin cng khai cc cam kt, Unilever c ba chnh sch cng khai by t cc cam kt v quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng, ngoi K hoch Sng Bn vng ca Unilever: CoBP; chnh sch Tn trng, Tha nhn Phm gi v i x Cng bng; v B Quy tc i vi Nh cung ng, trong a ra k vng ca Unilever i vi nh cung ng. Ngoi ra cng ty cn c 26 chnh sch v ni quy hng dn cho nhn vin ca cng ty. Cc chnh sch c ph duyt bi qun l cp cao. CoBP v chnh sch Tn trng, Tha nhn Phm gi v i x Cng bng do Gim c iu hnh (CEO) v B Quy tc i vi Nh cung ng do Gim c Mua bn trc tip chu trch nhim. Vic thc hin c gim st bi Quy tc Ton cu v y ban Chnh sch, bo co thng xuyn n Hi ng v Trch nhim v Hnh nh Doanh nghip. Hi ng ny bao gm cc gim c phi iu hnh chu trch nhim gim st cng ty hot ng nh mt doanh nghip c trch nhim.
Cc ch s thc hnh tt
Cc ch s v cam kt Chnh sch cn: Mt cng ty cn by t cam kt ca mnh trong vic tn trng cc quyn con ngi trong c quyn lao ng, bng cc tuyn b cng khai.70 a) By t cng khai; b) c cp qun l cao thng qua; c) Tt nht l c kin chuyn gia; d) Q uy nh yu cu i vi nhn s ni b, i tc kinh doanh v cc bn khc c lin quan trc tip n hot ng, sn phm v dch v ca cng ty.
Vn lao ng
CoBP
Chnh sch Tn trng, Tha nhn Phm gi v i x Cng bng
B Quy tc i vi Nh cung ng Nu php lut cho php Nu php lut cho php Tun th theo php lut v quy nh ca quc gia Tun th theo php lut v quy nh ca quc gia
T do hip hi 3 Thng lng tp th Lng/Lng sng Gii hn gi lm Cng vic thng xuyn/ n nh 3
Bng 2 Chnh sch ca Unilever cp n vn lao ng c xem xt trong bo co ny
7 Cam kt v lng ti thiu theo lut quc gia Khng c cam kt v lng sng Cam kt v gii hn gi lm vic theo lut quc gia
Cc chnh sch ca Unilever cp n cc vn lao ng khc

Khng phn bit i x Cm lao ng tr em Cm lao ng cng bc X l cc hnh vi quy ri v th bo m bo ti a: Cam kt tn trng s a dng v phm gi ca tng c nhn
Gi tr ca cng ty c to lp da trn thc hin cc vic lm ng n: t n cc tiu chun lao ng ph hp khng phi l th khoe khoang, l trch nhim v ngha v ca mi cng ty. 72 Nhn vin t ho v cc chnh sch v tip cn bn vng ca Unilever 73 v vic ng vin c lc lng lao ng xem l cha kha thnh cng trong kinh doanh: Con ngi phi l gc gi tr ca cng ty. Unilever phi lm c iu tt nht trong gii kinh doanh do chng ta mun cao thng hiu ca mnh, v vy chng ta phi u t vo o to v iu kin lm
vic... Chng ta cnh tranh v hiu qu hot ng, cht lng, c im k thut ca sn phm v p ng nhu cu khch hng. Tt c nhng iu ny i hi mt lc lng lao ng c trao quyn v c tay ngh cao ... Tt c cc phn tch ca Unilever cho thy, ch ni c iu kin lao ng tt v ngi cng nhn c trao quyn, th nh my mi t c kt qu tt nht. Cn b v Chui Cung ng Ton cu ca Unilever Vit Nam tr li phng vn nhm nghin cu74
mt phn ca cng ty.
Unilever cng tuyn b rng: Mt phn quan trng trong s tng trng ca cng ty xut pht t cc sng kin i mi, cung cp cc sn phm tin tin hng u trn thng trng. Chng ti c tnh khong mt na trong s cc sng kin ny n t chui cung ng.75 i mi trong chui cung ng s i hi phi c cc cng nhn nng ng, c nng lc, nhng ngi thy Unilever trn trng gi tr ca mnh v sn sng l Chnh sch hin c ang thiu mt cam kt v mc lng sng, tuy nhin Unilever tuyn b m kh nng iu chnh n khi lm r cn thc hin cam kt ny ra sao.76 Cc chnh sch p dng vi nhn vin Unilever ch khng phi i vi cng nhn. Unilever khng ch nh c s phn bit gia nhn vin chnh thc v ngi lao ng qua hp ng gin tip. 77 Mc ch ca cc chnh sch ny l nu ngi dn c bn th ba k kt hp ng, Unilever mong i cc quyn lao ng c bn s c bn th ba p dng cho ngi lao ng ca h. Gim c chng trnh Vic lm Tt hn ca ILO, khi c phng vn, lu rng thut ng cng nhn l thch hp hn v n lin kt cc quyn t quan h lao ng v khng nh rng chng cn c p dng cho cng nhn trong bt c mi quan h lao ng no, thut ng cng nhn c s dng trong hu ht cc cng c quc t cng v l do ny. 78 Cc nguyn tc
Hng dn cho nhn vin do Unilever xy dng gn y v cng vic tm thi v hp ng gin tip c chia s trn trang web cng khai, tuy nhin n vn cha c a vo trong cc chnh sch.79 CoBP v chnh sch Tn trng, Tha nhn Phm gi v i x Cng bng bao gm cc trch nhim ca nhn vin cng ty, cn B Quy tc i vi Nh cung ng (v cc hng dn i km) a ra cc yu cu v cam kt i vi nh cung ng.
Nguyn tc 2: Lng ghp trong kinh doanh v thc hin vi nh cung ng

Lng ghp hiu qu cc chnh sch trong hot ng kinh doanh, m bo chng c cc cp qun l, nhn vin, i tc kinh doanh, v nh cung ng bit n v ng h, gn kt cc chnh sch trong hot ng bao gm c bin php khuyn khch v vn ng trong kinh doanh c th c tc ng ln quyn con ngi.80 Lin quan n lng ghp v truyn thng chnh sch, Unilever tch cc nng cao nhn thc ca tt c nhn vin v cc nguyn tc kinh doanh ca cng ty. Nhn vin c yu cu k vo bn sao chnh sch chng t h hiu r v n. Cc qun l cp cao phi tham gia mt kim tra th hin kin thc ca h v ni dung chnh sch. Ni chung nhn vin Unilever t ho v cc chnh sch v tip cn pht trin bn vng ca cng ty v c k vng cng ty s hnh x c trch nhim.81
Ch s thc hnh tt
Nguyn tc 2: Lng ghp trong kinh doanh v thc hin vi nh cung ng

Ch s v s lng ghp83 Chnh sch ny c phn nh trong cc chnh sch v quy trnh hot ng cn phi gn kt trong mi kha cnh ca doanh nghip.82 Chnh sch cn phi: a) c gn trong hot ng kinh doanh trong mi chnh sch v quy trnh hot ng; b) c ch ng truyn thng c trong ni b v ra bn ngoi; c) a ra nhng nh hng r rng v trch nhim gii trnh, c h tr bi o to ty theo chc nng kinh doanh; d) Truyn t mong i v s ci thin lin tc i vi cc nh cung ng; e) H tr bng cch o to cho cc nh cung ng. Cc iu khon tha thun phi khng cn tr kh nng ca cc nh cung ng trong vic p ng cc tiu chun.
Cc chnh sch ny c truyn thng mt cch ch ng mt vi quc gia (by quc gia tnh n cui 2011). K hoch Sng Bn vng th hin cam kt chung ca Unilever hng ti s bn vng. Tuy nhin, iu d thy l n khng h cp n quyn lao ng. Theo Unilever, tn trng quyn lao ng nm trong Tr ct Cung ng Bn vng, trong c vic m bo ngun cung ng cho khong 7 triu tn nguyn liu nng nghip th.84 Tuy nhin, iu ny ch bao gm mt b phn ca nhng ngi sn xut cc sn phm v dch v cho cng ty. N khng c cp trong tr ct x hi ca k hoch v trong phn To dng mt Ni lm vic Tt hn. Theo Unilever, s d nh vy l v quyn lao ng khng phi l mt lnh vc cnh tranh, do vn lao ng ch yu l lin quan n vic tun th.85 Mt i din bn lin quan khi tr li phng vn nhn mnh s thiu ht ca k hoch ny v vn quyn lao ng: Trang web ca cng ty no cng tng t nhau. Cc cng ty u ni rng h tn trng quyn con ngi. Hu ht cc trang u c phn con ngi ca chng ti (our people). Con ngi ca mt cng ty l ai? Ngn ng trong cc bo co ni rng cng ty s gip con ngi ca chng ti gim i li, hoc gim cht thi vn phng. iu ny kh m thc hin c mt cch nghim tc. iu g s xy ra vi nhng ngi sn xut hoc phn phi cc sn phm ca cng ty nhng khng lm vic cho cng ty, v v tr ca h c thu li t bn ngoi? Con ngi ca chng ti trong bi cnh ny loi tr mt b phn quan trng ca h thng lao ng. Lm th no bn c th nh ng gia tc ng m cng ty to ra ln mt nhn vin vi vic gim cht thi hoc gim i li bng ng hng khng? Peter Rossman, IUF86 Mt i din th hai ca cc bn lin quan cp ton cu lu kh nng ca chng ch sn phm trong vic mang n cc tiu chun cao hn. Trong khi ng rng quyn lao ng khng c nu bt trong biu mc tiu ca K hoch Sng Bn vng, v ny nhn xt:
Thng qua chng ch, Unilever s u tin quyn lao ng nhiu hn so vi cc th hin trn biu . Mng li Nng nghip Bn vng c tiu chun v iu kin lm vic cao hn. 10 nm trc, rt t cng ty cam kt thc hin chng ch, mi l tip cn n l ph thuc nhu cu c th. n nay, mt s chui cung ng ln nht cam kt. Trong tng lai, tt c cc sn phm s c xc nhn chng ch, v thc t Unilever ng m ca cho nghin cu ny cho thy h nghim tc v vn ny. Marc Monsarrat, Lin minh Rng nhit i87 Mt i din th ba ca cc bn lin quan cp ton cu ch ra vic truyn thng ca cng ty thng rt yu v vn thc hnh lao ng: Thng tin v cc thnh tu ca cng ty trong vic ci thin thc hnh lao ng thng l rt m nht trong cng tc truyn thng ch ng cho cng chng. Tht kh cho cc cng ty tp trung vo vn lao ng trong khi h c cc vn CSR khc p ng s mong i ca khch hng v cc bn lin quan. Quyn lao ng phi c t trung tm ca cc khun kh do khng c gi tr g hu hnh hn i vi hot ng kinh doanh ca mt cng ty so vi lao ng ca h. Cng nhn chnh l ngi to dng s thnh vng ca cng ty. Dan Rees, Chng trnh Cng vic Tt hn ca ILO88 Unilever cng a cam kt v UNGP trong bo co tin trnh thc hin K hoch Sng Bn vng ca cng ty nm 2011.89 Nng lc ni b v quyn lao ng ch yu l thuc trch nhim ca Gim c Hot ng Mua bn S Cam kt v Tun th ca Nh cung ng, Ph ch tch v Nhn s - Chui Cung ng Ton cu v Ph ch tch v i ngoi. Unilever c s phn chia r rng v trch nhim mc ton cu v xc nh r cc ngun lc dnh cho vic thc hin cc chnh sch, mc d khng c chuyn gia v quyn lao ng. Nng lc ni b c tng cng trong nm 2011 thng qua mt s kha o to.90
Vit Nam, cc nguyn tc CoBP c dch ra ting Vit v cung cp cho nhn vin mi, nhng ngi c th t cu hi cho phng nhn s.91 Tt c nhn vin u c thng tin cp nht v Chng trnh Lm mi Hng nm v c mt bi kim tra vi cc gii thng hng nm. Tuy nhin, b quy tc ny bao gm rt t thng tin v quyn lao ng. Trong cc cuc phng vn ca nhm nghin cu, nhn vin Unilever ti nh my C Chi khng nh c ni dung ca b quy tc. B quy tc c nim yt ngay trn bng thng tin, nhng ch bng ting Anh v mun hiu th nhn vin phi hi ngi qun l. Mt cng nhn ni vi nhm nghin cu: Chng ti ch c o to v b quy tc khi mi c tuyn vo nh my, nhng tht th m ni, chng ti cng chng nh n l ci g. Hu ht cc thng tin, k c b quy tc, ch c bng ting Anh v i vi chng ti, hu ht ch mi tt nghip ph thng nng thn, chng ti khng c c. Qun c ca chng ti cng nhc nh v lut l v chnh sch, nhng cng him khi v ch trong trng hp chng ti vi phm. Cng nhn UVN tr li phng vn ca nhm nghin cu Ban mua bn chu trch nhim tuyn truyn v B quy tc Nh cung ng. B quy tc ny c sa i vo nm 2010 v c truyn thng rng ri v o to cho cc nhn vin thuc ban mua bn v c s h tr t nhn s cp cao.92 C truyn thng v cc quan h lu di vi cc nh cung ng chnh, vi nhng i hi v s tun th v khng ngng ci thin. Unilever c v tr c bit i vi cc nh cung ng v nh sn xut ca cng ty ti Vit Nam, v c coi l khch hng quan trng do c nhng hp ng ln; do , Unilever c sc mnh yu cu h phi khc phc cc im yu v khng ngng ci thin. Vic la chn nh cung ng v k kt hp ng c thc hin bi trung tm mua ton cu t ti Singapore thng qua mt h thng nh gi cc nh cung ng (H thng nh gi cc Nh
cung ng ca Unilever USQS). Cc nh cung ng c ch dn v B quy tc Nh cung ng; sau , h c yu cu hon thnh phiu cu hi th hin nhn thc ca h, v phi k hp ng tng th vi Unilever, trong yu cu h phi tun th lut php v quy nh ca quc gia. Cc nh cung ng nng nghip c la chn s nhn c s h tr ca chuyn gia t mt bn th ba do Unilever chi tr, chuyn gia s hng dn v t vn cho h v thc hnh nng nghip bn vng. Nhn vin chui cung ng ti Vit Nam tha nhn rng quyn lao ng cha c tho lun y vi nh cung ng v cng cha c ch ng gii quyt. L do a ra bao gm vic thiu chuyn gia trong nhm kim ton ni b v nhn vin cng tin rng nu c s vi phm quyn lao ng ti cc cng ty cung ng, cng nhn s b vic tm vic mi. Ch ny cng b coi l qu nhy cm tho lun vi cc nh cung ng, h c th cho rng l nhng mi vo cng vic ni b ca h.93 Oxfam cng nhn thy Ph ch tch UVN ph trch qun l chui cung ng c quan h tt vi cc nh sn xut y nhim v c v hiu rt r v tiu chun lao ng ti cc cng ty ny.94 Nhm nghin cu sng lc cc nh cung ng c nguy c cao la chn cho bc kho st su trong nghin cu theo s nh gi ca v ny. Vi kin thc ca mnh v Ph ch tch ny tng trc tip nu quan ngi ca mnh vi ban qun l in quan. Qua cc ngun khc nhau, ti bit cng nhn Cng ty A thng xuyn b mt s qun l lng m ti cng ty, v h khng hi lng v iu . Ti tho lun vi ban qun l trong cc cuc gp, cnh bo h v hu qu c th xy ra v yu cu h gii quyt vn ngay lp tc. Tt nhin, hnh ng c th th vn ty thuc vo pha h. PCT UVN ph trch chui cung ng trong mt phng vn vi nhm nghin cu 28 trong s 48 nh cung ng c kho st qua in thoi khng nh h c Unilever yu cu cam kt tun th B quy tc Nh cung ng, cc
cng ty cn li ni rng h cha bao gi nghe cp n B quy tc. Mi ba cng ty ni rng h c cung cp sch mng v B quy tc Nh cung ng hoc cc nh qun l cp cao ca h c hng dn v B quy tc, hoc c hai cch. Ch c mt nh cung ng cho bit Unilever ch ng h tr h ci thin cc tiu chun lao ng trong khun kh ca mt chng trnh ci thin nh cung ng. Chnh sch mua bn ca Unilever tuyn b nu pht hin s bt tun th, h s khuyn khch nh cung ng sa i ch khng ngng hp ng ngay lp tc ; s c thi gian cho vic ci thin (thng l ba thng).95 Theo kt qu kho st qua in thoi, cng khng nhiu cng ty bit v iu ny. Nh trnh by trong biu 15, mt phn t s nh cung ng c kho st ngh rng s khng c hu qu g nu b pht
hin bt tun th; ch c mt phn tm ngh rng s c thi gian cho vic ci thin. Tr li cho cu hi liu cc mc trong tiu chun lao ng c th m phn c hay khng, ba phn t s nh cung ng tr li cu hi ny ni rng Unilever cha bao gi tho lun v vn lao ng trong cc m phn vi h. Mt s ni rng nhn vin UVN i khi gi in hi h xem h c cng nhn sn xut khng hoc kim tra xem h c tr trn mc lng ti thiu khng. m phn v gi c thc hin bi trung tm mua ton cu Singapore. i vi nh cung ng, iu ny thng c thc hin bn n su thng mt ln v i vi cc nh sn xut y nhim l 5 nm mt ln (ln iu chnh ti l trong nm 2012). Gi lao ng c tnh trn
Cho php sa sai,
13% 17%
Chm dt quan h nu pht hin vi phm nghim trng,
Hnh 15 Cc nh cung ng tr li cu hi: Qu v ngh hu qu s th no nu khng tun th b quy tc? (kho st qua in thoi)
Khng c hu qu g,
25% 45%
Khng tr li cu hi ny,
n v sn xut, 96 v d, trn tn x phng hoc theo mt khi ng gi, v c xc nh mt cch chi tit, bao gm: a) Lng (bao gm c chi ph qun l); b) Ph cp; c) ng gp bo him x hi v bo him y t; d) Bo him tht nghip; e) ng phc; f )Trang thit b bo h lao ng; g) Cc khon khc. iu ny cho thy Unilever c rt nhiu nh hng n chi ph lao ng v qua n lng v cc phc li khc m cng nhn nhn c.
Vic qun l ngun nhn lc ca mt nh cung ng khng phi l mt tiu ch ca quy trnh la chn, cho d n ang c ch ng cn nhc.97 Trung tm mua Singapore c nh gi liu cc nh qun l c buc cng nhn phi lm vic qu sc, hoc e da lm tn thng danh ting hoc s n nh trong kinh doanh ca cng ty hay khng. Cc nh gi ny c thc hin t xa, v sau c sng lc v t chc kim tra thc t. C s d liu v cc nh cung ng cng c ni dung h chiu nh cung ng, trong bao gm cc thng tin y v nh cung ng phc v cho cc nh qun l vic mua bn s dng.
Nguyn tc 3: Cc cng c v quy trnh thm nh

Cc nguyn tc Ch s thc hnh tt Nguyn tc 3: Cc cng c v quy trnh thm nh
xc nh, ngn chn, gim thiu v xem xt xem h gii quyt cc tc ng tiu cc ca mnh i vi quyn con ngi nh th no, cc doanh nghip cn tin hnh thm nh v vn quyn con ngi.98
3.1 nh gi tc ng:
Cng ty cn xc nh v nh gi bn cht ca cc tc ng hin c v tim nng i vi cc quyn con ngi do hot ng ca chnh cng ty hay do quan h kinh doanh ca mnh gy ra.99
Ch s nh gi ri ro:
Mt h thng nh gi ri ro trong cn nhc c cc ri ro n con ngi cng nh n vic kinh doanh;100 Tham vn vi cc bn lin quan v cc chuyn gia lin quan; Thit lp u tin theo ni m nguy c ca cc tc ng tiu cc l cao nht (v d, nh cung ng); Tham vn y vi cc nhm c kh nng b nh hng v cc bn lin quan khc.101
3.2 Hnh ng da trn cc pht hin: Ngn chn hoc gim thiu tc ng
Cng ty da trn cc pht hin iu chnh ni b cc chnh sch v quy trnh nhm ngn chn hoc gim thiu cc tc ng hin c v tim nng m mnh c th to ra, v lng ghp vo mi phng ban v quy trnh ni b c lin quan.102
Ch s v ngn chn hoc gim thiu tc ng:

Trch nhim gii quyt cc tc ng c phn cng cho cp thm quyn v n v chc nng ph hp trong doanh nghip; Vic ra quyt nh ni b, phn b kinh ph v gim st quy trnh cho php p ng hiu qu i vi cc tc ng ny.104
Khc phc cc tc ng
Cng ty c cc hnh ng gii quyt cc tc ng m mnh trc tip hoc gin tip to ra.103 Vi cc tc ng tiu cc lin quan trc tip ti hot ng ca cng ty, cc hnh ng ph hp s ph thuc vo: Kh nng gy nh hng; Tm quan trng ca mi quan h; Tnh nghim trng ca vi phm, v liu vic ngng cc mi quan h c to hu qu tiu cc ln cc quyn con ngi hay khng kh nng nh hng c coi l c khi doanh nghip c kh nng gip cc i tng c cc thc hnh sai tri thay i mt cch hiu qu
Ch s v khc phc hu qu:105

Khi cng ty gy ra hoc gp phn gy ra tc ng tiu cc, cng ty cn a ra gii php hoc hp tc khc phc hu qu qua cc quy trnh ph hp vi php lut (v d, cc c ch khiu ni) v c cc hnh ng ph hp gim thiu, ngn chn hoc khc phc tc ng tiu cc; Khi cng ty khng gy ra hoc khng gp phn gy ra tc ng tiu cc, nhng tc ng ny c lin h hot ng kinh doanh, cc sn phm hoc dch v ca cng ty do quan h kinh doanh ca h vi cc thc th khc, cng ty cn tm cch s dng nh hng ca mnh gii quyt tc ng ;106 Cng ty cn: s dng nh hng ca mnh (v d, cc iu khon hp ng hoc bin php khuyn khch); xy dng quan h vi cc hip hi, t chc, ngnh ngh (tng cng nh hng); h tr v t vn cc nh cung ng ci thin; Khi quy tc b vi phm nghim trng, cng ty ch chm dt quan h cung ng sau khi c nhng n lc hp tc vi nh cung ng ci thin tnh trng.
3.3. Theo di tnh hiu qu:
Cc ch s theo di tnh hiu qu:
Cng ty cn theo di tnh hiu qu ca cc Cng ty cn: hnh ng p ng nhm gii quyt cc tc Xy dng cc b ch s nh tnh v nh lng; ng c hi i vi quyn con ngi.107 Da trn cc ngun ni b v bn ngoi ly kin phn hi; Lng ghp chng vo cc quy trnh bo co ni b.
3.4 Tnh minh bch:108

Cng ty cn phi truyn thng vi bn ngoi v cch thc gii quyt cc tc ng.
Ch s v tnh minh bch:

Cng ty cn: Cung cp thng tin dng c th truy cp cho cc i tng quan tm, c bit nhng ngi b nh hng bi cng ty; Cung cp thng tin mt cch chnh xc v y c th nh gi xem cc p ng tha mn cha; Cng khai cc b quy tc v chnh sch ca cng ty; Cung cp thng tin bao gm cc ch s lin quan n vic lm th no doanh nghip xc nh v gii quyt cc tc ng tiu cc ln quyn con ngi.109
3.5 S tham gia110 ca cc bn lin quan111:

Mt cng ty cn phi xc nh v tham vn vi cc bn lin quan ca mnh.
Ch s v s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan:

Cng ty cn: Xc nh danh sch cc bn lin quan; Tham vn y quan im ca cc bn c cn nhc trong cc k hoch v quyt nh ca cng ty; Thng bo vi cc bn lin quan v cch thc cng ty phn hi i vi cc quan im v quan ngi ca h.
Vi vic c mt trn 190 quc gia v c 171.000 nhn vin trn th gii (vo nm 2011) v hng ngn nh cung ng, Unilever cn phi u tin cc hnh ng cao quyn con ngi thng qua nh gi ri ro mt cch hiu qu. Mi loi nguyn liu th t nng nghip c K hoch Sng Bn vng la chn l u tin da trn c s l c tc ng mi trng cao. i vi cc nguyn liu khc, Unilever s dng cc tiu ch sau y xc nh liu mt nh cung ng s mc nguy c cao, trung bnh hay thp:112 1. Quc gia nguy c: Xc nh bi cng ty qun l nguy c, Maplecroft; 2. Quy m/ doanh thu ca cng ty: Nu l doanh nghip va v nh (ngha l t hn 250 ngi lao ng, hoc doanh thu t hn 1 triu Euro), s c nguy c cao hn; 3. Nu l nh cung ng trong ngnh nng nghip s c nguy c cao hn. Vic kim tra tiu chun cc nh cung ng ngnh hng ung c chng ch c y quyn cho Lin minh Rng ma (Rainforest Alliance). Cc nh cung ng ch c cho l t nguy c khi tri qua c mt qu trnh t nh gi theo tiu chun do SEDEX xy dng bao gm cc cu hi v tin lng (ti thiu), dng hp ng, thi
gi lm vic v t do hip hi. Cc nh cung ng c cho l nguy c trung bnh hoc cao c kim ton bi cc cng ty kim ton c lp da vo phng php SMETA.113 Unilever t t ra mt mc tiu s quay vng kim ton chnh thc t 2.000 n 3.000 nh cung ng c nguy c cao trong nm 2011 v cng vi l cc hnh ng iu chnh i km. Unilever cng hp tc vi cc cng ty khc trong ngnh thng qua chng trnh AIM PROGRESS.114 Khong mt na s thnh vin ca nhm ny cng l thnh vin ca SEDEX, cho php vic nh gi v bo co kim ton c th chia s gim thiu vic kim ton, ng thi AIM PROGRESS cng t chc cc s kin lin kt cc nh cung ng chia s v thc hnh tt.115 Tuy ngnh hng nng nghip l ngnh c nguy c v lao ng cng nh nguy c v mi trng cao, tc ng mnh ti con ngi khng phi l mt tiu ch xp t u tin. Unilever hin khng nh gi cc tc ng tiu cc tim nng i vi cng nhn thng qua h thng qun l nguy c ca cng ty. Hu ht cc nh cung ng Vit Nam cha bao gi c kim ton do cc cng ty ny khng b cho l c nguy c trung bnh hay cao. Vic nh gi v thit lp u tin i vi nguy c c thc hin bi trung tm mua ton cu Singapore
ch khng phi cp Vit Nam. Khi thc hin kim ton, vai tr ca UVN l lin h cc nh cung ng, dch phiu cu hi v b tr vic kim ton; kt qu t hot ng ny ch chia s cho nhn vin UVN nu c yu cu. Tuy nhin, UVN c vai tr trong gim st hot ng ca cc nh cung ng v ra quyt nh trong vic la chn v tip tc hp ng vi nh cung ng. Trung tm Nghin cu v cc Doanh nghip a quc Gia (SOMO, t vit tt t ting H Lan) v IUF rt tch cc trong phong tro vch trn cc vi phm v quyn lao ng ng ca Unilever. Nm 2011, SOMO xut bn mt bo co trong xc nh rt nhiu vn ti cc n in tr c Lin minh Rng ma kim ton v cp chng ch cho Unilever.116 Trong bo co, SOMO dn gii nh sau: iu l gii cho s khng ng nht r rng gia l thuyt v h thng tiu chun ca Lin minh Rng ma v thc t ti hin trng l vic kim ton x hi khng nhy hoc cc tiu chun ca Lin minh Rng ma khng c hiu v p dng mt cch chun xc, hoc do c hai l do. Cc kim ton x hi trn thc t hon ton b bp mo (qua nh sn xut m bo cc kim ton vin c ci nhn phin din v thiu thng tin v iu kin sng v lm vic thc t ca cng nhn), qu nng (khng chm n c nhiu vn nu ra trong bo co ny) v b thin lch (ch tp trung vo cc quan im kinh doanh hoc quan im Hnh 16 Quy trnh ca Unilever hnh ng khi pht hin vi phm nh cung ng
ca cc nghip on ln v r rng khng xem xt vn mt cch su sc). Ngoi ra, cng lu l t nht ti Keynya, cng nhn hu nh khng c lng tin v s t tin ln ting mt cch ci m v t do vi cc kim ton vin (v cc nh chc trch khc lin quan n cng vic ny).117 V kha cnh hnh ng khi pht hin, u tin ca Unilever l qun l cc vi phm nghim trng (c xc nh l lao ng cng bc, lao ng tr em, vi phm nghim trng v sc khe v an ton, cc vn mi trng nghim trng v gi lm qu mc118). Mt nh qun l cp cao th hin quan im l iu ny rt trng en r rng: C cc vn d v cc vn kh. Rt d ni rng, chng ti s khng n gn cc cng ty c s dng lao ng kh sai hoc lao ng tr em, khng c ch cho mt vng xm.119 Cc vi phm nh vy cn gy ra ri ro v danh ting cng ty v phi c gii quyt ngay lp tc; mt s trng hp c a ln n y ban Chnh sch v Quy tc Ton cu v nhn c s quan tm t cc cp qun l cao nht. Unilever tin rng tt nht l cc nhm a phng s bo co vn ln tr s chnh v nhng ngi ra quyt nh vi kin thc rng v quan im v t ti y a ra cch thc iu chnh tt nht. V hnh ng cui cng m Unilever s lm l chm dt mi quan h nu khng t c s tun th sau mt thi gian nht nh.
Kim ton
Pht hin khng tun th
Lao ng tr em, lao ng cng bc
Vi phm nghim trng
Hnh ng ngay lp tc
Vi phm nhng khng nghim trng
Hnh ng iu chnh
Ln kim ton ti
i vi cc tc ng tiu cc ti Vit Nam, vn phng mua ti Singapore, da trn cc hng dn ton cu, s chu trch nhim lm vic vi nh cung ng trong trng hp khng tun th. Theo UVN, cho n nay cha c vn ln v lao ng xy ra; c hai trng hp UVN phi xem xt li mi quan h vi nh cung ng, nhng chng u khng dnh dng n vn quyn lao ng. Unilever nhn thc c s nguy him ca vic qu ph thuc vo cc kim ton thng mi. Tuy nhin, do s trng hp khng tun th c pht hin khng nhiu, v vn cn nhiu ni cha c kim ton, Unilever tin tng rng h gip cc nh cung ng hiu r c vn v s c gng m bo ti a s tun th thng qua khng ngng ci thin quan h vi cc nh cung ng. H cng nhn thc cng vic trc mt cn rt nhiu v rt kh khn. Mt s cng ty bt u nhn xa hn s tun th v cc hot ng kim ton n vi nhng tip cn bn vng hn c xc lp trn tnh s hu ca cc vn v gii php ti ni lm vic. Cng ty Timberland Nm 2005, mt phn do s thc p ca cc bn lin quan, chng ti thay i cn bn cch thc thc hnh - t a v ca cnh st gim st s tun th, vi cc kim ton v danh mc u vic cn kim tra, sang mt v th khc. Thay v a mt danh mc cc vi phm cho ch cc nh my h gii quyt v sau kim tra li xem c ci thin hay khng, chng ti n lc hp tc cht ch hn vi ban qun l cc nh my v cng nhn ca h hiu c cn nguyn ca vn ti ni lm vic trong cc nh my. Cam kt ny bao gm vic gip cc nh my nhn trch nhim vi thi ca cng nhn v ni lm vic, xy dng cc h thng qun l nh my mi v khc bit, nng cao nhn thc ca nhn vin t cp qun c n qun l cp cao. Tip cn hp tc ca chng ti gip tt c cc bn cng nhau lm vic v mc tiu chung. Khng cn ch ph thuc vo cc bo co trn giy t v nhng g m cc nh qun l/
qun c bo co vi chng ti v iu kin trong nh my, chng ti t cng nhn vo trung tm ca quy trnh. Thay cho vic tun th mc tiu, trao quyn cho cng nhn v cng ng c cng c tr thnh mc tiu ca chng ti. Ngun: Hip c Ton cu, Chui Cung ng Bn vng, Ngun lc v Thc tin Lin quan n theo di tnh hiu qu, Unilever a ra cc ch s nh gi hiu qu hot ng v tnh bn vng, nhng chng cha lin kt n cc quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng. Cc ch s cn c s liu, v trong khi cng ty ang thu thp s liu, v d, s lng khiu ni, cc quy trnh k lut v cc trng hp vng mt khng l do, c rt t thng tin c th gip nh gi tc ng v lao ng. Cng ty t ra cc mc tiu cho hot ng, v d s lng kim ton c hp ng y nhim, nhng khng c kt qu u ra cho cc hot ng, v d vn c a ra v c gii quyt. Nh ng Gim c Nhn s hiu rt r, iu quan trng l ph v quan nim c t khiu ni l du hiu cc tc ng n quyn con ngi c gii quyt n tha iu ny rt c th n gin l nhiu s vi phm khng c pht hin. Unilever ang c gng a ra mt c ch hiu qu hn i vi hot ng ca chnh mnh, v sau mi ngh n h thng tt hn cho cc nh cung ng. Lin quan n tnh minh bch, Unilever cung cp nhiu thng tin trn trang web ca cng ty lin quan n cc quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng, trong c c vic dn xp cc khiu ni.120 S hp tc vi Oxfam trong nghin cu ny th hin r tnh minh bch ca cng ty cp ton cu. cp Vit Nam, UVN hon ton khng c thi quen chia s cc thng tin nhy cm vi bn ngoi, ngay c khi th hin lng tin trong vic ng hp tc vi Oxfam xc nh cc vn v lao ng trong cng ty cng nh trong chui cung ng. Mt trong cc bn lin quan c phng vn SOMO tin l Unilever c th chia s nhiu hn v cc tin trnh m h ang theo ui v cc thch thc m h ang i mt. V d, h s
u tin cc nh cung ng cng khai vi nhau cc thng tin v hiu qu ca mnh i vi cc quyn lao ng, theo gng mt s cng ty qun o th thao v giy dp.121 Lin quan n s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan, Unilever c rt nhiu bn lin quan, v cng ty, thng l rt ch ng, tham vn v cung cp thng tin cho h cc mc khc nhau. Unilever cng rt tch cc tham gia trong nhiu sng kin a bn. Cng ty cng mi nhiu din gi t cc NGO v cc t chc khc n chia s cc bi hc kinh nghim v thc hnh tt.122 i vi vn lao ng, Unilever cp ton cu coi IUF v Oxfam l cc bn lin quan chnh. Bn cht ca mi lin h ny l ngn chn cc vn v cho php cng ty gii quyt cc ch trch t bn ngoi; n cng cho php Unilever c th hc hi t tng mi quan h gn kt.123 Thng qua quan h vi IUF, Unilever c hng li t kin thc v chuyn mn ca h qua cc cuc gp g thng nin. Ti cc cc din n ny, cc quan ngi ca IUF c ghi nhn v mc tin cy nht nh c to dng.124 Khi cc bn lin quan phn bin, nh IUF v SOMO vch ra cc tc ng tiu cc gy ch ca d lun vi Unilever, phn ng ca cng ty thng c v nh mang tnh phng b. Mt khc, Unilever c cng nhn l tip nhn vn mt cch nghim tc v truyn thng cng khai v vic khc phc vn . Unilever cng tha nhn l bc u, c truyn thng v thin ch gn kt vi cc bn lin quan tt hn so vi nhng khu vc khc trn th gii, ni nhn vin s i cc t chc khc n vi h ch khng phi l ch ng gn kt h.125 cp Vit Nam, Unilever xc nh cc bn lin quan nh chnh quyn cc cp, cc nh cung ng v i tc kinh doanh; vi nghin cu ny, ln u tin UVN c s gn kt vi mt NGO.
vin tho lun vi cp qun l trc tip ca h hoc, nu khng c ngi qun l trc tip, vi mt nh qun l c lp, mi tnh hung m h cho l mnh b phn bit i x hoc i x khng cng bng hoc thiu tn trng hoc khng c tha nhn phm gi m khng phi lo ngi bt c s tr dp no. Unilever c hai ng dy nng gii quyt cc trng hp khng tun thy B quy tc v Nguyn tc Kinh doanh: mt ng dy nng ton cu (bng ting Anh) ni trc tip vi tr s chnh v mt ng dy cp quc gia (bng ting Vit). Nghin cu ny khng thy c trng hp no ng dy nng c s dng bo co mt khiu ni v vn lao ng. Cc phng vn vi nhng ngi cung cp thng tin ca cc bn lin quan ti IUF, SOMO v Chng trnh Cng vic tt hn ca ILO a ra cu hi liu ng dy nng c phi l mt c ch hiu qu: Quan im ca IUF: Chng ti khng tin tng vo cc c ch khiu ni ni b ca cc cng ty. Chng c th lm phng hi n tin trnh thng lng tp th. Kinh nghim chung ca chng ti l ting ni ca nhng ngi khiu ni cn n c cc cp qun l mt cch nhanh chng.126 Kinh nghim ca SOMO l thng th cng nhn khng thy an ton s dng ng dy nng: cng nhn chia s nhng phn nn ca mnh n cp qun l, bn phi c c lng tin. Cng ty cn phi ch ng xy dng c mt khng gian nh vy. 127 Chng trnh Cng vic Tt hn ca ILO cng nhc li: Nu n l, cng nhn khng c ting ni. Cc h thng khiu kin l rt quan trng nhng nhng ni m ngi lao ng tht s d b tn thng s cn c cc bin php khc. Bn ch c th ln ting phn nn nu bn thy an ton v bit l mnh c lng nghe. Ch cho mi ngi mt ng dy nng th s chng c tc dng g c.128
Nguyn tc 4: Khc phc, dn xp qua c ch khiu ni

Theo chnh sch ni b cp ton cu ca Unilever: Tt c cc cng ty Unilever phi c cc th tc khiu ni cung cp cho mi nhn
Nguyn tc
Ch s thc hnh tt
Nguyn tc 4: Khc phc, dn xp qua cc c ch khiu ni

Cc ch s Cng ty m bo vic khc phc hu qu thng qua cc quy trnh hp php, v d nh mt c ch gii quyt khiu ni hiu qu xc nh tc ng v gii quyt cc khiu ni.129 Chnh sch:
Khng e da lm suy yu vai tr ca cc cng on; Khng ngn chn vic tip cn vi cc c ch khiu ni c tnh t php v phi t php; Cn phi a) Hp php; b) C th tip cn; c) C th d bo; d) Cng bng; e) Minh bch; f ) Tng thch vi cc quyn; g) Lin tc hc hi kinh nghim; h) Da trn s gn kt v i thoi.130
Theo cc cng nhn c phng vn, khng c c ch no hin c t ra hiu qu: Chng ti tht s mong mun cng ty thit lp mt c ch hiu qu cng nhn c th by t quan ngi ca mnh. Cng on khng lm c vic ny do lnh o cng on cng n lng ca cng ty. H ch lng nghe chng ti nhng khng bo co ln cc cp qun l. Cc knh khc nh ng dy nng hay email th qu nhy cm. Cng nhn Nh my Unilever C Chi Ph thuc vo cp qun l trc tip khiu ni c l l cch thc ph bin nht ti cc nh cung ng theo kt qu kho st qua in thoi, trong cp gim st trc tip (kp trng v trng nhm) c coi l knh tip nhn khiu ni chnh. Mt phn tm s nh cung ng ni cng nhn khng c khiu ni g nn cng khng cn c c ch; ch mt phn t c cn b c phn cng v c cc th tc gii quyt khiu ni ca cng nhn.
V d v thc hnh tt: C ch khiu ni Ti mt nh cung ng ca Unilever, chng ti ghi nhn mt thc hnh tt l mt c ch khiu ni nhiu u mi c h s dng. Cc thanh tra vin c bu chn nhn cc khiu ni t cng nhn chuyn ln cc cp qun l. Cng nhn tin tng vo thanh tra vin v coi h l knh ng tin cy. Cng cng ty ny, mt quy trnh gii quyt tranh chp gm ba cp c thit lp. Mt cp gii quyt tranh chp ti n v sn xut, sau l cp phng Nhn s v cui cng l cp ban chp hnh cng on v hi ng ha gii ca doanh nghip. Phng Nhn s cng thc hin cc kho st thng xuyn, trong c kho st theo qu v ba n gia ca v mt kho st hng nm v lng v phc li.
Tm tt cc pht hin: Thc hnh tt v phn tch khim khuyt (thiu ht)
Nguyn tc 1: Cam kt chnh sch v tn trng quyn con ngi
Unilever c nhng cam kt quan trng v trch nhim x hi v s bn vng, vi CoBP c ph duyt cp Gim c iu hnh v cam kt mnh m theo UNGP. Cc gi tr ca cng ty c c thit lp trn c s thc hnh nhng iu ng n; ngi lao ng t ho v iu ny v mt mi trng lao ng c ng lc c xem l cha kha thnh cng ca doanh nghip. Chnh sch cn phi cam kt tng s chi tr i vi mc Lng sng v mt gii hn c th v gi lm c th chp nhn c.
iu tch cc l cng ty s b thi gian ci thin nu pht hin ra vn ; cc nh cung ng cn phi bit vic ny v phi hiu hn na v cc tiu chun. Unilever nhn chung th hin mc minh bch cao. Cc nhn vin ngi Vit Nam, tuy khng quen ci m i vi cc NGO, nhng cng gip Oxfam xc nh cc vn lao ng ni chung Vit Nam cng nh trong chui cung ng ca cng ty. Theo nghin cu ny, Unilever gn kt tt vi cc bn lin quan cp ton cu, nhng vn cn hp tc hn na vi cc bn lin quan cp quc gia xc nh cc vn , xc lp u tin, tham vn v cc thc hnh tt v kim tra xem liu cc bin php can thip hiu qu hay cha.
Nguyn tc 2: Lng ghp chnh sch trong kinh doanh v thc hin vi nh cung ng
Truyn thng v cc chnh sch ti nhn vin v nh cung ng l mt u tin r rng. Nng lc xy dng quan h lao ng theo chun quc t ang c u t. Cha ch trng y n vic m bo cng nhn nhn thc c cc quyn ca h, c bit nhng ni khng s dng ting Anh. Vn v cc quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng b t cu hi do khng c cp n trong K hoch Sng Bn vng. Cc mc tiu x hi tp trung vo li ch ca khch hng, khng phi l vo nhng ngi lm ra sn phm, ch ngoi tr i vi nhm hng nng nghip. Cc nh cung ng hu ht khng bit cc chnh sch v tiu chun lao ng lin quan ca Unilever.
guyn tc 4: Dn xp, khc phc N qua cc c ch khiu ni

C nhiu c ch khiu ni c Unilever s dng qun l trc tip, ng dy nng quc gia v quc t, v phng vn do kim ton thc hin nhng chng cha tin cy nhn vin c th a ra cc phn nn c tnh nhy cm v cng cha p ng tiu ch theo hng dn ca UN v thc hnh tt. Theo kho st qua in thoi, 44% s cc nh cung ng coi cng on doanh nghip l knh hiu qu tip nhn khiu ni. Tuy nhin, cch thc tip nhn khiu ni chnh li l qua cp qun l trc tip. Mt v d thc hnh tt trong s dng cc c ch khiu ni, bao gm cc thanh tra vin c bu chn v c cng nhn tin tng c ghi nhn ti mt nh cung ng.
So snh Unilever vi cc i th cnh tranh

Oxfam thc hin mt nghin cu da trn ti liu so snh Unilever vi 5 i th cnh tranh chnh quy m ton cu, trn c s thng tin c cung cp trn website ca cc cng ty. Cc pht hin c trnh by trong bng bn di. Chng ch ra rng hu ht cc cng ty u c cam kt lin quan nhng c rt t thng tin v vic h thc hin cc cam kt ny nh th no. Da trn thng tin c c, Oxfam khng th so snh mt cch chnh xc hiu qu hot ng ca cc cng ty v vn quyn lao ng.
Nguyn tc 3: Quy trnh thm nh v cc quyn con ngi

C mt h thng qun l nguy c, bao gm vic t nh gi v kim ton, nhng n khng nhy nh gi tnh d b tn thng ca cng nhn. C th vn dng nhiu hn kin thc a phng v cc nh cung ng ti Vit Nam. Cc cp qun l ca UVN khng c hng dn v gii quyt cc khc bit gia lut php quc gia v cc tiu chun quc t.
Unilever cp n UNGP Tham gia vo vic xy dng cc nguyn tc131 Tuyn b rng b quy tc kinh doanh i vi cc nh cung ng c iu chnh theo cc cng c ca ILO136
P&G Tham gia vo vic xy dng cc nguyn tc132 Khng cp n cc cng c ca ILO trn website
LOreal Tham gia vo vic xy dng cc nguyn tc133 Tuyn b ng h nn tng ca cc cng c ILO v cc nh cung ng phi tun th cc hng dn ca ILO137 Khng cp n Tuyn b Ba bn ca ILO trn website
Henkel Khng c thng tin
Nestl Tham gia vo vic xy dng cc nguyn tc134 Tuyn b cam kt vi cc cng c c bn ca ILO138
Kraft Tham gia vo vic xy dng cc nguyn tc135 Tuyn b momg mun cc nh cung ng tun th cc nguyn tc ca cng c ILO lin quan n lao ng tr em139 Khng cp n Tuyn b Ba bn ca ILO trn website
Bng 3 So snh Unilever vi cc i th cnh tranh
Cc cng c v khuyn ngh lin quan ca ILO
Khng cp n cc cng c ca ILO trn website
Tuyn b ILO Khng cp MNE n Tuyn b Ba bn ca ILO trn website
Khng cp n Tuyn b Ba bn ca ILO trn website
Khng cp n Tuyn b Ba bn ca ILO trn website
Nguyn tc Kinh doanh ca Doanh nghip tuyn b trung thnh vi Tuyn b Ba bn ca ILO140
ISO 26000
Khng cp cp s n ISO 26000 tham gia ca cng ty vo trn website vic pht trin ISO 26000141
Tuyn b tip Khng cp Khng cp Khng cp cn ca mnh n ISO 26000 n ISO 26000 n ISO 26000 v kinh doanh trn website trn website trn website cng bng ph hp vi ISO 26000 sp ra i v trch nhim x hi142 Khng phi thnh vin Khng phi thnh vin Khng phi thnh vin Khng phi thnh vin
ETI143 GRI
Khng phi thnh vin
Khng phi thnh vin
Kraft l cng ty duy nht khng s dng cc hng dn GRI.144 Tuy nhin, Henkel l cng ty duy nht c bo co thc t theo cc ch s lin quan n quyn lao ng.145 Trong s su ch s lin quan, Henkel c bo co v hai ch s (LA4 v LA1).146 Cc cng ty khc khng c bo co theo bt c ch s no.147 im t nh Khng tham gi khng gia k kt c nim yt cng khai148 Unilever tuyn Tham gia vo b ng h cc tho lun nguyn tc154 bn trn cp nht cc nguyn tc thng 11/2010155 im t nh gi khng c nim yt cng khai 149 Khng cp n cc nguyn tc trn website Quyn con ngi 50%150 Quyn lao ng 88%151 Khng cp n cc nguyn tc trn website Quyn con ngi 79%152 Quyn lao ng 79%153 Nguyn tc Kinh doanh ca Doanh nghip tuyn b Nestl trung thnh vi cc hng dn ca OECD156 Khng tham gia k kt
T bo co theo Hip c Ton cu ca UN Cc hng dn ca OECD cho Doanh nghip a quc gia
Khng cp n cc nguyn tc trn website
6 Qun l cc vn lao ng ti Unilever
Phn ny phn tch mc m theo nghin cu ny cng nhn c th thc hin cc quyn ca h trong cc cng ty ca Unilever v chui cung ng, v a ra mt phn tch v cc khim khuyt, nhm hng n cc tip cn p ng y hn cc tiu chun quc t trong tng lai. i vi phn ny, cc nguyn tc v ch s c rt ra t Hng dn ca OECD v Doanh nghip a quc gia v cc khun kh khc do phm vi ca UNGP ch gii hn trong cc chnh sch v quy trnh qun l.
ng yu km, cng nhn khng c c ch qua h c th by t cc quan ngi ca mnh mt cch an ton. Quan h tt gia cc cp qun l v cng nhn s mang li li ch cho c i bn: n a ra cc gii php tt hn cho cc tranh chp v gim xung t; n gim thiu tnh trng chia r v nng cao nng sut; n lm tng s hi lng v hp tc ca cng nhn; v cho php cc c ch ng thun xut v thc hin cc thay i ni lm vic. Cch thc c th nhn rng tt nht vic m bo cc quyn lao ng c quan h lao ng hon thin ti ni lm vic, thng qua chng, cng nhn d b tn thng c th c ting ni tp th v cc quan ngi v cc vn quan tm ca h: hiu v tham vn cc vn ca cng nhn, tt c u phi bt u t vic cng nhn c t chc v c mt chng trnh ph hp. Cc doanh nghip khng th mt lc gii quyt vn vi 300.000 c nhn. H ch c th gii quyt vn vi h nu cng nhn c t chc li. Vn nn tng l tnh d b tn thng ca h. Dan Rees, Chng trnh Vic lm tt hn ca ILO Quan h lao ng hon thin bao gm cc lut l r rng v c p dng mt cch kin nh, cc quy trnh k lut v khiu ni hiu qu, c c hi tham gia hoc thnh lp lin on, v tho lun thng xuyn v cc vn m i bn cng quan tm. Hnh 17 Gim st dy chuyn sn xut cc cht ty ra (Unilever Vit Nam nm 2012)
T do hip hi/ thng lng tp th

Tm quan trng ca vn quyn lao ng
T do hip hi v thng lng tp th c la chn l mt trng tm cho nghin cu ny do chng gip hot ha cc quyn, khuyn khch vic ci thin cc iu kin lm vic.157 Quyn t do hip hi v thng lng tp th l mt trong cc quyn c bn theo ILO.158 Mc d gi tr ct li ca cc quyn ny l r rng v c khng nh nhiu ln bi cng ng quc t,159 mt na lc lng lao ng ca cc quc gia thnh vin ILO sng ti nm quc gia n nay cha chun y Cng c v T do Hip hi v Bo v cc Quyn c T chc l: Brazil, Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa, n , Iran v Hoa K.160 Oxfam coi s tham gia v trao quyn l ct li cho vic xa i gim ngho. Khi quan h lao
Nguyn tc
Ch s thc hnh tt
T do hip hi v Thng lng tp th

Nguyn tc 1: Tha nhn v cam kt Cng ty cn phi tha nhn v t mnh cam kt vi cc tiu chun quc t v t do hip hi v thng lng tp th.161 Tha nhn v cam kt
Khuyn khch tham vn v hp tc gia ch s dng lao ng vi cng nhn v i din ca h v cc vn m hai bn cng quan tm.162 C thi ci m i vi cc nghip on v cc hot ng c t chc ca h.163 Cn thn khng khuyn khch nh nc a ra cc hn ch i vi thc hnh cc quyn c quc t cng nhn v t do hip hi v thng lng tp th.164 -- V d, t phn xng hoc c ngun cung ng t cc cng ty t trong cc khu cng nghip chuyn ngnh ni m t do hip hi b cm on hoc hn ch, thm ch trong trng hp cc quy nh ca quc gia cng nhn cc quyn ny, v hn ch tham gia vo cc chng trnh khuyn khch s cm on .
Nguyn tc 2: Bo v nhng ngi i din Bo v nhng ngi i din cho cng nhn cho cng nhn Cm cc hnh ng phn bit i x hoc gy phng Cng ty m bo l cc i din ca cng nhn v hi n cc i din ca cng nhn v nhn vin tham nhn vin tham gia vo cc hot ng hp php gia vo cc hot ng hp php do nghip on t ca nghip on c bo v y .165 chc.166 Nguyn tc 3: T do la chn Cng ty phi cho php cng nhn thnh lp v tham gia cc t chc i din do chnh h la chn.167 Nguyn tc 4: Thng lng tp th v cc iu khon v iu kin lm vic Cng ty phi cho php cng nhn ca mnh c cng on v cc t chc i din do h la chn vi mc ch thng lng tp th v tham gia vo cc m phn c tnh xy dng, c th vi cc c nhn hoc thng qua cc hip hi ca gii ch, vi cc i din ny trn quan im t c cc tha thun v iu khon v iu kin lm vic169 T do la chn Cng ty phi cho php cng nhn thnh lp v tham gia cc t chc i din cho chnh h la chn: Khng c c cc hnh ng can thip vi mc ch p t s kim sot ln cc t chc ny.168 Thng lng tp th
Cc i din c y quyn ca ngi lao ng c th m phn v thng lng tp th hoc cc vn v quan h gia qun l v ngi lao ng hay khng?170 Liu cc bn c c php ng gp kin v cc vn cng quan tm vi i din ca cp qun l c y quyn ra quyt nh v cc vn ny hay khng?171 Cng ty c mt hi ng, vi s tham gia ca cc i din c ngi lao ng bu chn, chu trch nhim lng nghe, x l v gii quyt cc trng hp k lut v cc khiu ni ca ngi lao ng.172
Nguyn tc 5: Tranh chp v khiu ni C tha thun v lng nghe cng bng trong cc trng hp c tranh chp v khiu ni.173 Nguyn tc 6: nh gi nguy c Cng ty cn xc nh cc hot ng ca mnh v cc nh cung ng chnh c th vi phm hoc c nguy c vi phm cc quyn t do hip hi v thng lng tp th do dng hot ng hoc vng a l ca h.
Tranh chp v khiu ni

Cc iu khan bao gm tha thun tp th gii quyt tranh chp v cch hiu v p dng v m bo cc quyn v trch nhim c i bn tn trng.174
nh gi nguy c
Nguy c ny c a vo quy trnh nh gi nguy c ca cng ty.
Unilever qun l t do hip hi v thng lng tp th theo cc nguyn tc quc t nh th no

Pht hin v bng chng Cp ton cu Trong CoBP, cc chnh sch ni b v B Quy tc Nh cung ng, Unilever th hin cam kt vi nhng quyn c bn v t do hip hi v thng lng tp th. Lin quan n vic bo v cc i din ca cng nhn, chnh sch c yu cu nhn vin phi c i x bnh ng v cng bng, khng c s phn bit i x bt cng theo v tr cng tc ca cc c nhn trong t chc. Lin quan n quyn tham gia v thnh lp cng on, chnh sch nu ra: Tt c cc cng ty ca Unilever phi tn trng quyn ca nhn vin c tham gia hoc khng tham gia cc nghip on hp php, hoc bt c t chc no i din cho li ch tp th ca h. iu ny c ngha l c cng ty v chnh ph khng c php can thip vo cc la chn ngi i din ca cng nhn v nh vy tc l c th c nhiu hn mt t chc ca cng nhn ti mt doanh nghip, mi hnh thc ng ca ch cho php mt t chc cng on duy nht hot ng u vi phm nguyn tc ny.175 Lin quan n thng lng tp th, chnh sch ni b ca Unilever tuyn b cng ty phi thng lng mt cch c thin ch v iu kin lao ng, v quan h gia qun l v cng nhn, v cc vn quan tm chung. Chnh sch cng ty a ra mt khun kh chung rt tt cho cc quyn ny. Thch thc y l khi a vo thc hin ti Unilever, chnh sch v quan h lao ng c th b iu chnh theo iu kin quc gia v c xc nh theo c tnh a phng.176 Cam kt thc hin hiu qu cp ton cu c th hin bng hnh ng gii quyt cc tranh chp v quan h lao ng, v bng s hp tc gn kt ca Unilever vi IUF. V sau l bn khiu kin ln C quan u mi Quc gia ti Anh Quc chu trch nhim v Hng dn ca OECD v Doanh nghip a quc gia, lin quan n cc vi phm v quyn nghip on. 177
Thng 6/2012, IUF trnh khiu ni tip theo ln C quan u mi Quc gia, cnh bo v vic Unilever khng tun th tha thun t c nm 2010 v Nh my Doom Dooma ti Assam, n ni sn xut cc sn phm chm sc c nhn.178 Website ca IUF nu ra ln khiu ni ny l ln th 10 Unilever vi phm cc hng dn, v n s c ghi nhn vo h s ca cng ty.179 Tr li phng vn Oxfam nm 2011, Peter Rossman, Gim c Truyn thng v Vn ng ca IUF, khng nh cam kt ca Unilever ti doanh nghip v cp khu vc. Tuy nhin, IUF xut phi c cam kt mnh m hn cp a phng. Nhn thc v cam kt ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhn vin v cng tc truyn thng.180 Unilever c mt bc quan trng trong vic tha nhn gi tr ca mi quan h vi IUF, nhm n lc gii quyt cc vn lin quan n quyn nghip on. Sau khi OECD x l, c nhng thay i v thi . C th ni l trong mt s trng hp, Unilever nhn ra yu cu phi thay i cng tc qun l cp a phng gii quyt cc tranh chp.181 Unilever nhn ra s cn thit phi cng c nng lc ca cng ty v qun l quan h lao ng. Nm 2011, Unilever mi Vin Nhn quyn an Mch t chc kha o to ging vin cho cc cn b qun l nhn s (80% cn b nhn s tham gia) v xy dng mt kha hc trc tuyn cho cc cp qun l trc tip v nhn s v c 80 hc vin tham gia kha hc ny. Cng ty cng hp tc vi Vin Pht trin Nhn s xy dng mt kha hc v quan h nhn vin quc t: Quan h lao ng l vn k thut phc tp v cn phi nghin cu. Chng ti mun c nhng con ngi nng lc v nng cao ng cp chuyn mn, ci thin cc tiu chun v quan h nhn vin, v ci thin cc tiu chun m cc nh chuyn mn trong lnh vc quan h lao ng mong mun.182
Cng ng quc t u nhn thy Vit Nam l mt trong cc quc gia hn ch cc quyn ny. C nguy c l cng nhn s khng th thc hnh quyn ca h theo lut php quc t. Do y l lnh vc rt nhy cm, cc cng c ILO, Tuyn b ILO MNE v cc Hng dn ca OECD khng a ra gii php. iu ny t cc cng ty vo tnh trng tin thoi lng nan. Unilever khng c chnh sch hoc hng dn c th cho nhn vin hoc nh cung ng cc quc gia ny nhng cng khuyn ngh l cn cn nhc mt cch thc t khi p dng lut php quc gia. Tuy nhin, c mt thc hnh tt m chng ti ghi nhn trong mt cuc phng vn cho nghin cu ny. Khi bi cnh quc gia hn ch t do hip hi, Unilever khng c la chn no khc l m bo hot ng ca mnh tun th theo lut. Nhng cng ty cn tm cch ngi s dng lao ng v cng nhn i thoi vi nhau trong khun kh php lut. C nhng hnh ng khc m Unilever c th thc hin thc y vic ly kin cng nhn v m ra cc i thoi. H nn s dng nh hng ca mnh khi c th. V d, mt hi ng qun l lao ng c th l phng tin o to cng nhn v i din ca cng nhn. H c th cp n cc trng hp khng tun th v tho lun gii php, h c th tp trung vo o to nh mt hnh thc gii quyt xung t. Dan Rees,Chng trnh Vic lm tt hn ca ILO...183 Pht hin v bng chng Unilever Vit Nam Khi tr li phng vn vi nhm nghin cu, cp qun l quc gia ca Unilever Vit Nam cho rng khng r cc nguyn tc quc t c th p dng ti Vit Nam nh th no, v t cu hi liu vic tm cch khuyn khch i thoi gia ngi qun l v cng nhn c phi l trch nhim ca h.184 Cng on ca UVN c thnh lp t khi c lin doanh vi Vinachem nm 1995. Lnh o cng on doanh nghip ch yu l t cng on ca Vinachem, v theo ban qun l UVN th h mnh v hot ng tch cc. Nhng ng c
vin cho bu c cng on nm 2007 ch yu l do ch tch cng on trc v ph gim c la chn ch khng phi l t kin ca cng nhn.185 Thc t rt ph bin Vit Nam l lnh o cng on doanh nghip ch yu l cc cp qun l. Cc cng on c ba nh cung ng c nghin cu su u c ban lnh o gm cc cn b qun l cp cao. hai cng ty, ch tch cng on l ph gim c v cng ty cn li l gim c sn xut. Cc chc nng chnh ca cng on UVN bao gm t chc cc s kin vui chi gii tr, th thao, tham quan hng nm cho cng nhn v qun l cc chng trnh phc li. Chc nng i din v bo v quyn li ca cng nhn ch hn ch vic thng tin cho cng nhn v cc chnh sch v quy nh ca cng ty. i hi cng on gn y nht l t nm 2007, do tranh lun v vic tch nhp t chc ny cha c kt qu. Do vy, tha c thng lng tp th (CBA) c t ng c hiu lc tip tc m khng c cc m phn b sung.186 Kt qu l t nht trong vng 4 nm li y, cng on khng thc hin c vai tr ca mnh l i din cho cng nhn trong truyn thng v m phn vi cc cp qun l. Cng nhn UVN ni h mt nim tin vo cc cn b cng on: Chng ti chng dm ln ting v cc lnh o cng on do h n lng ca cng ty v l ngi ca cng ty. Nu h c lng nghe chng ti th h cng chng t quan ngi v yu cu ca chng ti n cc cp qun l. Cch duy nht ca chng ti thng tin n cp qun l cao hn l thng qua cc qun c. Cng nhn Unilever tr li phng vn nhm nghin cu Vi CBA t nm 2007 v mt cng on do cc cp qun l iu khin, cng nhn Unilever nh my C Chi c rt t c hi ni ln cc mi quan tm chung ca mnh v d nh lng, gi lm hay iu kin lm vic. Tin lng, vn c cng nhn quan tm nht nh ch tch cng on tha nhn, hon ton do cc cp qun l quyt nh. Cng nhn c quyn bu c, nhng h thng bu c ny cng v ngha do h khng th la chn c nhng ngi h tin tng i din cho mnh. Gim c Nhn s UVN ni vi nhm nghin cu:
R sot lng thng c thc hin vo thng 4 hng nm. Trc chng ti c nh gi lao ng. Lng mi s c quyt nh da trn th trng lao ng v mc chi tr m chng ti mun. Tiu ch th hai l da trn nh gi lao ng. Sau , cp qun l s cng b thang lng mi. Chng ti khng cn ly kin cng on hay cng nhn do h hiu rt r quy trnh ny. Gim c Nhn s nh my C Chi tr li phng vn nhm nghin cu V l thuyt, cng nhn c th tip cn trc tip Gim c Nhn s khng cn qua ngi qun l trc tip ca h. Trong khi tho lun, cc nh qun l ca UVN ni r vn phng ca chng ti lun m ca i vi cng nhn.187 Trn thc t, cng nhn chng bit iu ny hoc khng thy thoi mi v an ton khi tip cn cc cn b qun l. Lin quan n vic lng nghe y cc khiu ni, mt c ch ang c s dng ti nh my C chi. Theo thng tin phng vn v qua quan st trc tip, mt c ch do phng Nhn s thc hin l i thm quanh nh my, hi nhng ngi c th nh ngi qut dn hay ngi lm cng tin nh my xem cng nhn ni v ci g. Rt nhiu cng nhn khng bit iu ny. Theo quan im ca cp qun l th iu ny gip h d dng nhn din cc vn v x l vn kp thi. Cch tip cn p t ny cho thy khng c c hi cho cc i thoi x hi ci m, v thiu c ch vn hnh tin cy cng nhn s dng trong vic a ra cc khiu ni hoc n gin l tho lun cc vn m h quan tm. Chng ti ch mong cng ty a ra mt c ch cho cng nhn c th trnh by quan tm ca mnh. Cng on khng lm c iu ny v lnh o cng on n lng cng ty. H ch nghe chng ti ch khng t ln cc cp qun l. Cc knh khc nh ng dy nng hoc email qu nhy cm i vi chng ti. Cng nhn Unilever tr li phng vn ca nhm nghin cu UVN khng nh rng i din ca cng on c cng nhn bu chn v rng CBA c gi ti cng nhn thu thp kin ng hay
khng ng v CBA ch c k nu c hn 50% phiu tn thnh.188 H cng duy tr hm th gp v kho st nhn vin. Trong chui cung ng, cc nh cung ng ph thuc vo cc h thng c sn ca h v quan h lao ng m bo tun th CoBP v h phi tham gia k kt, v lut php quc gia l gii hn h phi tun th. iu ny c gim st qua cc qu trnh t nh gi SEDEX v cc kim ton.189 Cc nh cung ng t nh gi bng cch tr li cc cu hi sau: Cng nhn c c t do tham gia cc t chc ca cng nhn (ngoi cng on) theo la chn ca h khng? Ti nh my c cng on hay cc t chc/ y ban ca cng nhn i din cho quan im/ quyn ca ngi cng nhn hay khng? C nhng ngi i din c cng nhn la chn mt cch dn ch hay khng? C bao nhiu cng nhn c tham gia CBA v cng nhn loi no? C lu tr cc bin bn tho lun gia cng nhn v cp qun l khng? Pht hin v bng chng cc nh cung ng Trong kho st qua in thoi vi 48 nh cung ng, by phn tm s nh cung ng c cng on. Kho st cho thy nhiu cng on doanh nghip c nhng n lc ng khuyn khch i din cho cng nhn. 75% s ngi tr li cho bit cng on ca cng ty h ng vai tr ln hn mt c quan phc li v 44% coi cng on l mt knh khiu ni hiu qu. Mt trong s cc nh cung ng c nhm nghin cu kho st cho bit h thnh lp mt cng on mi sau khi c kim ton, do Unilever yu cu khi pht hin thy cng on trc khng hot ng. Cng ty sau t chc bu c cng on chn ban lnh o mi. V d ny cho thy Unilever khng ch c nh hng ln, m cn l c ch gii quyt cc trng hp khng tun th, cho d cng on c th b t cu hi l quy trnh dn ch n u. Trong kho st qua in thoi, cc nh cung ng c hi v vic m phn lng. 52% tr li l cng nhn khng c tham gia vo quy trnh
iu chnh lng; cng nhn v ngi i din ca h ch c thng bo v mc lng mi khi m quyt nh c cc cp qun l a ra. Trong trng hp mt nh cung ng thuc s hu nc ngoi, vic xp lng do gim c iu hnh ngi nc ngoi quyt nh, v khng ch cng nhn m c cc cn b qun l ngi Vit cng khng bit thang lng c xy dng nh th no. Tm tt cc pht hin Unilever c cam kt theo UNGP v thng qua cp cao B Nguyn tc Kinh doanh ca cng ty. Cng ty ang tng cng nng lc ni ti v cc quan h lao ng, t c cc tha thun v bn trng hp khiu ni ln ln OECD (tuy nhin mt trng hp gii php cha c thc hin theo nh khiu ni mi nht vo nm 2012) v mt i thoi c ngha vi IUF Cng on ca UVN gm cc nh qun l c lin doanh Vinachem ch nh. Mc d cng nhn c quyn bu c, nhng iu ny v ngha do h khng th la chn c nhng ngi h tin tng i din cho mnh; y l thc t ph bin Vit Nam v cn rt nhiu n lc na mi c th thc y cc quan h lao ng hon thin hn. Cch lm nh my Unilever l tm cch nghe lm cc trao i ca cng nhn s lm suy gim lng tin v mt kh nng i thoi gia cp qun l v cng nhn. Bn lin quan
Cng ty
Theo kt qu kho st trn in thoi, hu ht cc nh cung ng u c cng on, nhng mt na trong s ny khng cho php cng nhn tham gia vo quy trnh xt lng. Ba phn t coi cng on doanh nghip c vai tr ln hn l mt t chc phc li n thun v gn mt na cho rng cng on c th l c ch gii quyt hiu qu cc khiu ni.
Unilever v tin lng

Mi ngi lao ng c quyn c nhn s tr cng tt v cng bng m bo cho h v gia nh c mt cuc sng v m bo phm gi con ngi, v hn th, khi cn thit, c bo v bi cc phng tin an sinh x hi. Tuyn b ca Lin hip quc v Nhn quyn. iu 23(3)
Tm quan trng ca vn quyn lao ng

Hn 90% quc gia thnh vin ca ILO c a ra mt mc lng ti thiu theo lut php. Mc lng ti thiu c xc nh l mt cng c bo v ngi lao ng. Theo quan im ca ILO, n phi p ng c nhu cu ti thiu ca ngi lao ng v gia nh h v do phi l mt mc Lng sng.190
Quan im chnh
Chng ti p ng cc yu cu theo lut quc gia (trong khi nhiu i th cnh tranh ca chng ti cha lm c iu ny) v a ra cc phc li khc. Lm sao chng ti c th kim ton v mc Lng sng khi cha c nh ngha no v vic ny c cc bn ng ? Liu nhim v ca nh nc c phi l m bo mc lng ti thiu l mc Lng sng? Chng ti cng chu sc p v gi thnh t khch hng ca mnh v nh hng ca chng ti cng rt hn ch. Cng nhn, nht l ph n, ni vi chng ti l khng th sng vi mc lng c tr v khng c ting ni trong vic xp lng. Trong khi , cc doanh nghip a quc gia to ra li nhun khng l t ngi lao ng ca h. Thch thc v nh ngha khng phi l l do khng lm g c, ngi cng nhn phi c nhn phn cng bng hn t chui gi tr. Mc lng sng khng ch l mt con s; c s bn vng nht thc hin n l qua thng lng tp th gia cc cp qun l v cng nhn, nhng ngi bit r nht nhu cu c bn ca h l g. Hin ti, t do nghip on lun b e da bi cng vic tm thi v cc thc hnh ca doanh nghip.
NGO
Cc nghip on
Oxfam xc nh lng sng l mc m ngi lao ng c hng vi ton b thi gian lm vic bnh thng khng cn lm qu gi vn c cho mt gia nh chi tr cc nhu cu c bn bao gm ch , qun o v dinh dng v cho php c mt khon d phng t xut.191 Trn thc t, lng ti thiu cc nc ang pht trin, v hng lot cc l do chnh tr, x hi v kinh t, ban u thng c a ra mc rt thp, v sau khng c iu chnh thng xuyn trn c s hp l. Do vy, tin lng lun tun th quy nh ca quc gia nhng khng t chun quc t. iu ny ngha l cng ty khng th ch ph thuc vo mc lng ti thiu theo a phng p ng y cc nhu cu ti thiu ca ngi lao ng v gia nh h. Nghin cu cho thy c th to ra li th kinh doanh t vic tr mc lng cao hn.192 Bo co kinh doanh th hin vic tr lng v phc li cao hn s thu ht ngi lao ng c cht lng nhiu hn, v ngi lao ng s c tinh thn lm vic cao, lao ng nng sut hn v cn t s gim st hn. Lng cao hn cng lm gim tnh trng lao ng b vic, ngh lm, gim chi ph tuyn v o to nhn vin, v thng gip ci thin cht lng ca sn phm v dch v.193
Thch thc v mc lng sng

Vn hin ang thu ht rt nhiu tranh lun l mc Lng sng. Trong nhng nm gn y, mc Lng sng l g, lm th no tnh ton v ai c trch nhim vi vn ny ang l ch ca nhiu tranh ci vi cc quan nim khc nhau t cc cng ty, cc NGO v cc nghip on. Vn li ch bng hin vt cng l ch tranh ci gia cng ty, NGO v cc nghip on. Cc t chc x hi dn s cho rng lng c bn phi l mt mc Lng sng m khng phi ph thuc vo ph cp, thng, v cc li ch bng hin vt hoc lng lm thm gi. Tuy nhin, nghin cu ch ra rng cc li ch ny c th rt quan trng i vi ngi cng nhn. V d, nghin cu gn y ca Impactt cho thy ngi cng nhn cao gi tr ca chm sc sc khe, cc chng trnh tit kim, tr cp lng thc, cng nh cc kha cnh khc ca i sng lao ng, v d pht trin k nng, an ton ngh nghip v cn bng gia cng vic v cuc sng.194 Nhiu doanh nghip a quc gia cam kt vi mc lng sng mc chnh sch, trong c ton b 80 doanh nghip thnh vin ca ETI, bao gm nhng khch hng bn l ca Unilever. Cho n gn y, iu ny hu nh Hnh 18 Cng nhn xem bng tin ti nh my C Chi (Unilever Vit Nam 2012)
CC NGUYN TC QUC T Lng

Nguyn tc 1: p ng nhu cu c bn m bo l tin lng p ng nhu cu c bn ca cng nhn v gia nh h.195
CH S THC HNH TT
Nhu cu c bn m tin lng cn phi p ng gm: p ng nhu cu c bn v lng thc, qun o, nh ca;196 v To mt khon thu nhp d phng cho cng nhn v nhng ngi ph thuc h.197 nh gi nhu cu c bn: Cn nhc cc chi ph sinh hot;198 m bo l lng, phc li v iu kin lm vic khng t hn so vi cng nhn lm vic cho cc ch s dng lao ng tng t trong cng quc gia;199 Cn nhc cc mc lng chung trong nc; Tnh ton cn nhc c li ch v an sinh x hi v tiu chun sng tng i ca cc nhm x hi khc; Xem xt cc yu t kinh t, bao gm cc yu cu pht trin kinh t, mc nng sut v mong mun t c v duy tr mt mc cao v vic lm.
Nguyn tc 2: Xc nh lng qua thng lng tp th xc nh tin lng v iu kin lm vic phn nh cc cn nhc ny, mt cng ty cn phi thng lng tp th vi cng nhn hoc i din ca h, c bit l nghip on, ph hp vi cc h thng quc gia v thng lng tp th.200
Ngi i din c y quyn ca ngi lao ng c th m phn v thng lng tp th hay cc vn v quan h gia ngi lao ng v ngi qun l.201 Cc bn c tham vn v cc vn cng quan tm vi i din ca cc cp qun l c y quyn ra quyt nh v cc vn .202
vn ang l k vng; tuy nhin, trong 5 nm va qua, c nhiu cng ty, trong c Unilever, cng nhn rng lng thp l vn quan trng trong chui cung ng ca h. Vic chuyn t tho lun sang hnh ng dng nh c tn hiu tch cc hn, tuy nhin lm iu ny cc cng ty ang i mt rt nhiu ro cn:
S tham gia hn ch ca cng nhn vo cc
quy trnh thng lng tp th; Ti nhiu quc gia, mc lng ti thiu theo lut php khng p ng nhu cu c bn; Khng c cng thc v quy trnh chnh thc
tnh ton v thc hin mc Lng sng; Tc ng n by t cc cng ty cung cp c th lm suy yu chui cung ng; Thiu chng c l cc chng ch sn phm c tc ng tch cc ln tin lng ngoi vic tun th cc yu cu php l; Sc p gi thnh t khch hng/ cc cng ty bn l; Thiu s liu cng khai v cc trng hp doanh nghip ci thin tin lng, do cc cng ty lo s mt li th cnh tranh v gi c, iu ny c th gi l bt li ca ngi i trc;
Kh m bo l bt k vic tr thm no cng s vi ti cng nhn v s cng bng v bn vng. Trong vi ba nm qua, nhiu sng kin c a ra gii quyt vn Lng sng theo cch tip cn dn dn tng bc, xem v d Ph lc 2.
tr lng tng thm trong giai on . Phng cung ng ca UVN thng xuyn lin lc vi cc nh cung ng v nh sn xut kim tra xem h c tr bng hoc hn mc lng ti thiu hay khng. Mc lng c th sng: Ben & Jerrys cam kt v kinh t cng bng bt u t nhn vin ca mnh. l l do ti sao chng ti tr cho tt c cng nhn sn xut hp ng ton thi gian ca cng ty mt mc lng c th sng c mt cuc sng cht lng bao gm nh ca ng hong, chm sc y t, i li, lng thc, ngh dng, tit kim, v cc chi tiu t xut v cc chi tiu lt vt khc. Hng nm, chng ti tnh ton li mc lng c th sng m bo n khng b lc hu so vi chi ph sinh hot thc t Vermont. Trong nhng nm gn y, mc lng c th sng ti Ben & Jerrys l khong gn gp i lng ti thiu ca quc gia v mc 13,94 USD vo nm 2009. Ngun: www.benjerry.com/activism/peaceand-justice/livable-wage/ Pht hin v bng chng - Unilever Vit Nam Nm 2011, ti nh my UVN C Chi c 1.539 nhn vin, trong 748 ngi (54%) l ngi lao ng ca bn th ba l cng ty Thng Li (xem thng tin chi tit hn phn 6). Khi Unilever bt u kinh doanh Vit Nam vo cui nhng nm 1990, y l mt trong nhng cng ty tr lng cao nht c nc, vi mc chi tr cao hn nhiu so vi lng ti thiu. Trong cp qun l Unilever, vn cn n tng l lng y cao hn hu ht i th cnh tranh trong cng loi sn phm. Tuy nhin, theo hai trong ba chuyn gia r sot bn d tho kt qu nghin cu theo yu cu ca Oxfam, lng ca cng nhn UVN hin ti tng i thp so vi cc cng ty khc cng c nh my C Chi.205 Thnh vin tham gia tho lun nhm (vi c cng nhn UVN v Thng Li) u cho bit rng nu so snh vi mc lng cc cng ty khc v d nh Bia Si Gn hay Kim an, lng cho v tr tng ng UVN thp hn nhiu.
Unilever qun l tin lng th no so vi cc nguyn tc quc t

Unilever v tin lng Cp ton cu Unilever khng c chnh sch tin lng c th i vi nhn vin ca cng ty, nhng B quy tc Nh cung ng c nu, Lng v thi gi lm vic ti thiu phi tun th theo cc lut l v quy nh hin hnh v lng v thi gi lm vic, trong c mc lng ti thiu, lm thm gi v s gi lm ti a ti quc gia s ti. cp ton cu, h tin rng con ngi l ti sn quan trng ca cng ty, v cng ty chi tr mc tng i cao: Chng ti lun cho rng trong ni b cng ty, Unilever ang tr cao hn tng i so vi mc lng sng, cho d rt kh nh lng c mc ny do nhng tranh ci v nh ngha.203 Mt cng ty ca Unilever, Cng ty kem Ben & Jerrys, p dng cng thc mc lng c th sng ti Hoa k. Tuy nhin, Unilever cha thng nht c vic s dng cng thc ny cc khu vc khc trn th gii: Rt kh p dng mt cng thc mt cch ng nht cc khu vc khc nhau trn th gii. y l vn chnh tr v quyn lc v r rng ph thuc vo m phn. Thm ch i vi cng thc tnh Lng sng, cng ch l m phn tp th m khng c s tham gia ca chnh ph. V c bn, mt cng thc tnh chnh l mt m phn.204 Trong m phn vi cc nh cung ng v cc nh sn xut y nhim, Unilever cho php iu chnh gi lao ng cng nhp vi tng ca mc lng ti thiu hp php. Cc hp ng thng c m phn 4 n 6 thng mt ln v nu mc lng ti thiu c iu chnh trong thi hn hp ng, nh cung ng c th yu cu Unilever
Lng do UVN tr c xt theo cc ngng lng trong th trng lao ng, tham vn chnh quyn v cng on a phng (Lin on Lao ng Hepza C Chi) v theo nh gi thnh tch lao ng. Nhm nghin cu nhn thy mc lng cao hn mc lng ti thiu ca Vit Nam, v trn thc t l gp i (Bng 4 v Hnh 19). Tuy nhin nhng trao i vi cng nhn v ngi cung cp thng tin trong qu trnh phng vn bao gm 3 chuyn gia v lng u khng nh nghin cu trc y ca Oxfam Vit Nam, rng mc lng ti thiu khng p ng c nhu cu cn bn ca cng nhn cc doanh nghip c bit l cc doanh nghip nh nc .205 Vic khng c chnh sch chi tit hng dn t tr s chnh ca Unilever gy ra cc cch hiu khc nhau cp quc gia v vic x l th no vi vn ny. Mt qun l UVN ni: Chng ti ang thay i chin lc tin lng Chng tng bc gim khong cnh gia mc lng ca UVN v mc lng ti thiu. Trong tng lai, nu mc lng ti thiu l cho chi tiu sinh hot ca cng nhn, chng ti c th s ch tr lng mc lng ti thiu.206 Qun l chui cung ng ca UVN ni: Chng ti cn mt nh ngha r rng v mc Lng sng c th a vo chin lc ca mnh. Tuy nhin, do khng c nh ngha, chng ti cng cha bit thc hin th no. Quan im ca cng nhn v lng v phc li nh my C Chi Vn lin quan n tin lng v phc li c nu ra nhiu ln trong cc tho lun nhm v phng vn su vi cng nhn ca c UVN v Thng Li vo thng 7/2011. Tin lng Cng nhn tr li phng vn u thng nht l mc lng hin nay ch n thun cho chi tiu c bn ca mt ngi m khng th tit kim cng nh h tr nhng ngi ph thuc. 80% cng nhn tr li phng vn, c lao ng
ti ch v nhp c, u ni h cn cc ngun thu khc nui sng gia nh. Cc v d t cng nhn ca UVN: Chng ti khng th sng vi mc lng hin ti. Do , sau gi lm trong nh my (thng ca ca ti kt thc lc 2 gi chiu), ti phi lm phc v qun cph t 3-9 gi chiu mi tin tr cc chi ph cho gia nh. Lng hin ti ch trang tri khong 60% nhu cu thc t ca mt cng nhn c thn v khong 40% nhu cu ca mt cng nhn nhp c c gia nh v mt con nh. Ti lm cho UVN t nm 2002 v nay c ba con. Tuy nhin, hai a ln b hc lm vic vt trong lng t nm ngoi do ti khng tin cho cc chu i hc. C vi khc bit gia s liu v tin lng do UVN cung cp v con s c c t cng nhn v trong cc tho lun nhm. Trong khi UVN cp n mc lng ngi lao ng nhn v bao gm rt nhiu cc phc li khc, nhng ngi tr li phng vn thng cp n lng v phc li mt cch tch bch. Lng cho lao ng n so vi nam gii Nhm nghin cu khng tm thy bng chng v vic phn bit i x r rng y, tuy nhin c nhiu nam gii hn n gii cc v tr c lng cao hn, nh cc trng hp thng thy ti ni lm vic. nh gi lao ng Khng c ai trong s 25 nhn vin UVN c phng phn trong tho lun nhm hoc phng vn su c nhn tin thng cho lao ng tt. Mt s cng nhn UVN by t quan ngi l vic nh gi lao ng (gn vi tin thng, tng lng) c thc hin bi cc qun c, cng nhn khng c c hi can thip vo nh gi ny cng nh khng c quyn phn hi v vic lm ca cc qun c. S khc nhau v thng gia cng nhn v cc nhn vin cp cao Mt s cng nhn UVN ch ra khong cch rt
ln v lng gia nhn vin cc v tr khc nhau. Lng v phc li ca nhn vin cp cao cao hn rt nhiu so vi cng nhn, c nhng t ngh dng, tham quan hng nm dnh cho nhn vin cp cao cn i vi cng nhn th nhiu nm mi c mt chuyn tham quan. Thm nin Mt mi lo i vi nhn vin c thm nin ca UVN l s nm cng tc khng c tnh vo lng; mt cng nhn bt u lm vic t nm 2001 c lng cao hn hai cng nhn khc lm vic cho cng ty t nm 1997, dn n nghi vn v tnh cng bng. Mt thnh vin tham gia tho lun nhm ni: cng ty cn phi quan tm n nhng ngi c ng gp lu nm. Thng v ph cp Cng nhn UVN ni h nhn c ph cp nh , lng thng th 13 (vo cui nm), v thng vo quc khnh v ngy quc t lao ng. Tuy nhin, theo tho lun nhm, mc thng thp v khng i trong nhiu nm l 4,8 triu VN (khong 233 USD) mt nm, ch c thay i v thi gian chi tr. Phc li ngoi lng (ba tra, khm sc khe, ph cp m au) Cng nhn UVN nh gi cao ba n tra, khm sc khe nh k mi nm hai ln, h tr tt cho
thai sn v h tr cng nhn khi bnh nng. Tuy nhin, mt s kin cho rng vi th tc hin ti, cng nhn kh tip cn ti chnh sch chi v hon tr chi ph y t. V d, nu mt cng nhn bnh nng v cn phu thut, h phi tr trc ri mi c th yu cu cng ty hon tr cho chi ph y t. Hu qu l, h khng s dng c nhiu s h tr ny v vn coi chi ph y t l mt phn chi ph sinh hot ca mnh. Quan h vi qun c Trong phng vn su vi cng nhn, cng nh trong tho lun nhm cng nhn ca UVN v Thng Li, mt s cng nhn ni rng cp qun l i x vi h ph thuc vo quan h c nhn v iu ny c th dn n tham nhng. Mt ngi cho bit: Mt s qun l di tr, h lm vic mun c thm tin lm ngoi gi, c nhng quan h m m vi cc ng nghip n v to iu kin cho h mt cch khng cng bng. C trng hp qun l cn mua bng gi tng lng. i x phn bit gia cng nhn UVN v cng nhn thu ngoi Trong hai tho lun nhm, cng nhn ch ra s i x khng cng bng gia cng nhn ca UVN v Thng Li v lng, ph cp v thng (xem Phn 6).
Oxfam c tnh nhu cu c bn ca cng nhn Kt qu tho lun nhm vi cng nhn UVN v Thng Li a ra kt lun l chi ph c bn cho mt cng nhn ti ch vi mt con nh khong 5.420.000 VN (khong 263 USD). Chi ph cho mt cng nhn c thn khong 2.520.000 VN (khong 122 USD). Chi ph cho mt cng nhn nhp c c thn khong 2.870.000 VND (khong 139 USD). c tnh cho cng nhn a phng c con nh cao hn ng k so vi c tnh ca AFW cho Vit Nam. L do l chi tiu thc t cho mt tr em c c tnh cao hn cht nh so vi chi tiu thc t cho mt ngi ln, so vi gi thit bng khong mt na nhu cu ca ngi ln theo phng php ca AFW, bao gm trng tr, sa v c xng du ( a tr i hc) u l nhng chi ph t tin.
VN 1.300.000 70.000 300.000 100.000 100.000 150.000 400.000 100.000 2.520.000 (khong 122 USD)
Bng 4 c tnh ca Oxfam cho chi ph sinh hot ca mt cng nhn a phng C Chi, ni t nh my ca UVN (xem phn phng php lun)
Chi ph sinh hot hng thng cho mt cng nhn Thc n in nc Xng du X phng, tm Gas in thoi Hiu h Qun o Tng chi ph cho mt cng nhn c thn
Chi ph sinh hot hng thng cho mt cng nhn c mt con di 6 tui Sa Thc n v tin trng tr T lt Chi ph y t Tng chi ph cho mt tr di 6 tui Tng chi ph sinh hot hng thng cho mt cng nhn a phng c mt con di 6 tui
VN 1.000.000 1.500.000 200.000 200.000 2.900.000 5.420.000 (khong 263 USD)
7.000.000 Gi lm thm 6.000.000 5.000.000 4.000.000 3.000.000 2.000.000 1.000.000 0 Lng UVN 7/ 2012 Lng UVN 11 / 2011 Lng ti thiu 7 / 2011 Lng ti thiu 11 / 2011
Hnh 19 Lng UVN cho thy tc ng ca tng lng v lm thm gi. Ngun: nhm nghin cu ca Oxfam
Sau khi nghin cu ny c thc hin vo thng 7/2011, c mt t tng lng ng k, mc lng tng theo mc tng hn 30% ca lng ti thiu l 2 triu VN (khong 97 USD vo thng 10/2011). Nhm nghin cu kim tra thng tin vi mt s cng nhn v thy h nhn c khon tng ny;208 h cng cho bit sau thng 7, h c kh nhiu vic lm thm gi, thng l 4 ting mi ngy (ngoi tr ca m). Cng nhn cng ni cm n Oxfam v vic tng lng ny cao hn so vi h trng i ngay sau khi nhm nghin cu c kho st ti nh my. Thng tin thm v lng v phc li UVN Trong qu trnh vit bo co vo nm 2012, UVN cung cp mt bng s liu chi tit v lng v phc li, s dng thang lng, cc thng tin b sung v bnh lun v n b cho nhn vin. Chng ti tm tt di y v trnh by trong cc th. UVN bnh lun l, khng nh cc ch s dng lao ng khc Vit Nam, cng ty khng trn trnh bo him x hi bng cch tr 40-50% thu nhp ca cng nhn di dng ph cp, thng v lm ngoi gi; UVN, khon ny ch chim 28%. Mc d c l l nhiu doanh nghip FDI vn tr lng thp hn cho cng nhn n v cng nhn nhp c, iu ny khng xy ra UVN.209 Chi tr lin quan n hiu sut lao ng l phn quan trng trong thu nhp thc t ti UVN, v c thc hin nh gi hai ln mi nm: thng 4, da trn nh gi c nhn v thng 10, bao gm tng hp nh gi hiu sut lao ng
ca c nhn v hiu sut kinh doanh ca cng ty. nh gi hiu sut lao ng c xc nh theo khung thang t 1-5 v mc lng tng v thng da trn nh gi ny. UVN c lm mt kho st so snh lng v phc li gia UVN vi mt cng ty khc l Mercer vo nm 2011. Theo kho st , nu tnh c phc li, lng UVN cao hn Mercer. Nm 2011 v 2012, nhn vin c tr thm nhng khon c bit gim bt tc ng ca trt gi cao. 210 Thng tin thm v b p cho cng nhn hp ng gin tip xem trong Phn 6. Lng nh my Unilever theo cc ngng lng v chun ngho S liu lng nh my UVN C Chi, chnh xc l vo thng 7/2011, c UVN cung cp trong qu trnh vit bo co ny. C 1.385 cng nhn trong nh my; 637 l nhn vin UVN, trong c 172 lao ng tay ngh thp (mc WL1A), 348 lao ng lnh ngh (mc WL1B).C 748 l cng nhn ca nh cung ng lao ng Thng Li c chia vo 5 mc lng t S1 n S5. Nh vy c n hn na s cng nhn (54%) l lao ng hp ng gin tip. Thang lng th hin v tr ca bng lng ti nh my UVN C Chi vo thi im thc hin nghin cu trong bi cnh mc lng ti thiu quc gia, cc ngng i ngho ca quc gia v quc t, v ngng Lng sng ca AFW.211 Thang lng c Ergon Associates xy dng theo yu cu ca Oxfam.
Da trn thang lng, kt lun ca Oxfam vo thi im thc hin nghin cu ny nh sau: Lng cao hn so vi mc lng ti thiu ang c p dng v do tun th ng lut php quc gia v chnh sch ca Unilever, v cao hn so vi ngng ngho quc t. Tuy nhin, mc lng c bn trung bnh ca lao ng tay ngh thp UVN ch t 2/3 so vi ngng Lng sng ca AFW. Thm ch thm cc phc li bng tin mt, khon thu nhp h c c vn thp hn nhiu so vi ngng ny Lng c bn ca cng nhn hp ng gin tip cha c ti mt na so vi ngi ca AFW. Mc lng ti thiu chung p dng cho cc doanh nghip quc doanh thp hn so vi mi ngng i ngho cho cc h gia nh.
Nu ta so snh lng v phc li vi c tnh ca Oxfam v chi ph hng thng cho mt ngi ln v mt tr em (Hnh 3), c xy dng qua tho lun nhm vo thng 7/2011, thu nhp rng ca lao ng tay ngh thp khng th p ng c mt phn cc khon chi ny. Theo c tnh ca Oxfam v chi ph hng thng cho mt cng nhn nhp c c thn, th h s khng th chu cp ni cho mt ngi ph thuc na. iu ny cng ph hp vi cc bng chng m cng nhn a ra trong cc cuc phng vn v tho lun nhm. Lm thm nhiu thi gian, nh vo thng 11/2011 (xem hnh 19) s gip cng nhn kim c trong thng nhiu hn so vi ngng AFW v c tnh ca Oxfam.
Cc ngng trong thang lng Lng sn chu (lng rng 2011) [540 USD theo h s chuyn i Sc mua Tng ng vo 2009 theo World Bank] Thu nhp bnh qun thnh th / ngi / thng (2010, vng ng Nam b) Mc lng ti thiu quc gia, khu vc t nhn cng nhn lnh ngh (lng rng 2011) Mc lng ti thiu quc gia, khu vc t nhn lao ng ph thng (lng rng 2011) Ngng i ngho cp tnh (2011, thnh ph H Ch Minh v ngoi thnh, h / 1,82 ngi c thu nhp) Sc mua Tng ng ca WB 2005 2USD/ ngy ngng i ngho (h / 1,82 ngi c thu nhp, hng thng, trt gi theo gi c nm 2011) Sc mua Tng ng ca WB 2005 1.25USD/ ngy ngng ngho bn cng (h / 1,82 ngi c thu nhp, hng thng, trt gi theo gi c nm 2011) Ngng i ngho quc gia (h / 1,82 ngi c thu nhp) Lng ti thiu chung (thng 7/2011, cng ty quc doanh, lng rng) Ghi ch ca Ergon Associates
VN/thng 4.036.909,97 2.165.000 1.500.942,5 1.402.750 1.350.733 1.299.694,788 812.309,2423 810.439,5604 751.150
Ngng i ngho, thng c tnh cho c nhn c iu chnh tnh cho quy m h gia nh in hnh (3,9 ngi) v s ngi c thu nhp (1,82 ngi) da trn s liu dn s ca Vit Nam do Oxfam cung cp. C mt ngoi l l ngng ca AFW c tnh theo phng php ring ca AFW. AFW gi nh ch c mt ngi c thu nhp trong mt h c 2 ngi ln v 2 tr em (3 n v tiu dng). Gi nh v nhu cu thc n l 3.000 ca-lo/ngi ln/ngy. Gi nh v t trng chi ph cho thc n so vi cc dch v c bn l 1:1. Phng php lun ny gi nh ch mt ngi c thu nhp do tnh n vic ngi kia phi trng tr. Lng c trnh by y l lng rng, phn ng gp bt buc theo lut ca ngi lao ng (bo him x hi/thu) v tin lm thm gi. n nm 2011, cc mc lng ti thiu quc gia vn c s phn bit p dng cho ngi lao ng ti cc cng ty s hu hoc u t nc ngoi v cc cng ty Vit Nam. Ln iu chnh gn y nht b s phn bit ny do Vit Nam ang tin n vic thc hin cc yu cu theo WTO. Tuy nhin, mc lng ti thiu p dng cc cng ty quc doanh vn thp hn ng k.212
Hnh 20: lng v phc li nh my uvn so vi cc ngng lng v ngng ngho (vn/thng), thng 7/2011
4500000
4000000
Lng sn chu
3500000
3000000
2500000
Thu nhp bnh qun thnh th 2000000 Mc lng ti thiu quc gia (khu vc t nhn - cng nhn lnh ngh) Mc lng ti thiu quc gia (khu vc t nhn - lao ng ph thng) Chun ngho cp tnh
1500000
1000000
Chun ngho tuyt i ca World Bank Chun ngho i quc gia Lng ti thiu chung quc gia (cng ty quc doanh)
500000
0 Lng ca lao ng tay ngh thp ti UVN Thng 7, 2011 (thp nht) Lng ca lao ng tay ngh thp ti UVN Thng 7, 2011 (trung bnh) Lao ng hp ng, Thng 7, 2011 (thp nht) Lao ng hp ng, Thng 7, 2011 (trung bnh)
Lng hu, y t v cc tr cp khc ca UVN
Tr cp tin mt, UVN v Thng li
Lng c bn, UVN v Thng li
Ngun: UVN (s liu lng) v Ergon Associates (ngng lng)
Bng 5 Lng v phc li UVN/Thng Li
Lng v phc li UVN/Thng Li (VND/thng) thng 7/2011

Lng chung ng gp an sinh x hi ca ngi lao ng (@9,5%) Thu thu nhp (@5%) sau khi tr an sinh x hi v ph cp c nhn 4 triu VN/thng Thu nhp rng hng thng
Lng
WL1A (lao ng tay ngh thp) lng c bn, 7/2011 (thp nht) WL1A (lao ng tay ngh thp) lng c bn, 7/2011 (trung bnh) Lng c bn ca cng nhn Thng Li, 7/2011 (thp nht) Lng c bn ca cng nhn Thng Li, 7/2011 (trung bnh) 2.204.000 209.380 0 1.994.620
2.655.955
252.316
2.403.639
1.824.000
173.280
1.650.720
2.039.118
193.716
1.845.402
Lng - Lin quan n ph cp

Ph cp bng tin mt (lng thng 13, CLA, thng) WL1A, 7/2011 (thp nht) Ph cp bng tin mt (lng thng 13, CLA, thng) WL1A, 7/2011 (trung bnh) 757.001 794.664 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 757.001 794.664 803.667 821.146
Ph cp bng tin mt (lng thng 13, 803.667 CLA, thng) Thng Li, 7/2011 (thp nht) Ph cp bng tin mt (lng thng 13, CLA, thng) Thng Li, 7/2011 (trung bnh) 821.146
Tr cp
Tr cp hu tr, Unikhoe v cc khon phc 475.105 li khc WL1A, 7/2011 (thp nht) Tr cp hu tr, Unikhoe v cc khon phc 497.703 li khc (trung bnh) WL1A, 7/2011 Tr cp hu tr v cc khon khc phc li Thng Li, 7/2011 Tr cp hu tr v cc khon phc li khc Thng Li, 7/2011 Ngun: UVN 0 0 0 475.105
497.703
Chi tit v thu nhp ca lao ng tay ngh thp ca UVN

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Tin h tr Thng lng th 13 Lng c bn Tin lng Tin thng Uni Khoe v cc li ch khc
Hnh 21: Chi tit v thu nhp ca lao ng tay ngh thp ca UVN v cng nhn Thng Li.
Chi tit v thu nhp ca cng nhn Thng Li

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Thng lng 13 Lng c bn Tin thng Tin h tr
Hnh 22: Xu hng lng ca nh my UVN so vi cc ngng lng ti thiu Ngun: UVN (2012).
7000000
6000000
Mc lng ti thiu quc gia (doanh nghip quc doanh) Mc lng ti thiu quc gia (doanh nghip nc ngoi) UVN WL1A, Thng 7, 2011 (trung bnh) UVN WL1B, Thng 7, 2011 (trung bnh) Thng Li, Thng 7, 2011 (trung bnh)
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
7000000 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008
Hnh 23 th hin s lng cng nhn cc phn hng khc nhau trong nh my. N cho thy 2/3 s cng nhn ca Thng Li nm trong mc lng thp nht, S1 v S2; s ny chim n 1/3 s cng nhn ca ton nh my. Hnh 24, 25 v 26 th hin phn b lng ti UVN (cc mc lao ng tay ngh thp v lao ng lnh ngh) v Thng Li, cng ch ra rng phn ln cng nhn u mc lng thp.
Lin quan n thng lng tp th, nguyn tc th hai, bng lng ca UVN khng c m phn vi cng on Unilever, th hin qua thc t l CBA ch bao gm mc lng ti thiu theo quy nh (xem Phn 6).
Ch thch: WL1A l m lng cho lao ng tay ngh thp, WL1B l m lng cho lao ng lnh ngh, cn Thng li l cng ty cung ng lao ng thc hin cc dch v nh ng gi v v sinh.
Thng Li S4
Thng Li S5 (cao nht)
Hnh 23 Cc phn hng lao ng nh my UVN, thng 7/2011
Thng Li S3
Lao ng tay ngh thp ti UVN (WL1A)
Thng Li S2 Lao ng tay ngh cao ti UVN Thng Li S1 (thp nht) Cc lao ng khc ti UVN
Hnh 24 Phn b lng nh my UVN

200 180 160 140 S cng nhn 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 VN 2.361.500 VN 2.676.500 VN 2.993.000 VN 2.307.500 VN 3.500.000
Hnh 25 Phn b lng nh my UVN lnh ngh
200 180 160 140 S cng nhn 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 VN 3.655.825 VN 4.724.000 VN 5.282.300 VN 5.838.000 VN 6.200.000
Hnh 26 Phn b lng nh my UVN Thng Li
200 180 160 140 S cng nhn 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

VN VN VN VN VN VN VN VN VN 1.610,000 1.678,000 1.745.000 1.812.000 1.889.500 1.980.500 1.994.000 2.146.000 2.241.000
Pht hin v bng chng Cc nh cung ng Nghin cu su c thc hin ti ba nh cung ng cho thy tt c u tr trn mc lng ti thiu; tuy nhin, khng cng ty no tr lng n mc c th gi l mc Lng sng, da trn c tnh ca Oxfam v cc nhu cu c bn ca cng nhn. Trong chui cung ng, lng c gim st thng qua vic t nh gi SEDEX v kim ton. T nh gi gm nhiu cu hi v tin lng; tuy nhin, kim ton vin ch kim tra xem liu lng c c tr trn mc lng ti thiu hay khng m thi; h khng nh gi lng theo bt c ngng no v nhu cu c bn. C mt pht hin l, nh cung ng A (doanh nghip FDI) iu chnh lng v khng tham vn cn b qun l Vit Nam, cng on cng nh cng nhn. Cng ty ny p t mc lng c bn khong trung bnh trong khu cng nghip, ng thi khuyn khch cng nhn lm thm gi ti a tng thu nhp. Khi c hi ti sao cng ty khng tng lng c bn v gim gi lm thm, mt qun l hot ng ca cng ty tr li: Khng th tng lng c bn c do chi ph lao ng (ca nh my) ti Vit Nam chim ti 10% gi thnh cui cng ca sn phm, trong khi Thi Lan v Indonesia n ch chim 7%. Ngoi ra, nng sut lao ng y cng thp hn so vi cc chi nhnh khc ca cng ty. Nhng cng nhn c th ci thin thu nhp bng cch lm thm gi. Tin lm thm gi ny chnh l l do gi h tip tc lm vic ti cng ty. Phng vn gim c in hnh ca Nh cung ng A213 Cng ty ny ch nh tng c hi lm thm gi bng cch gim i ng lao ng xung 70-80% so vi s lng ti a m bo c c hi lm thm gi. H tin l nu khng lm nh th, cng nhn s b vic, nh tng xy ra trc y.214 25% thu nhp rng cng nhn cm v l t tin lm thm. Nhm nghin cu kt lun rng, c l vn cng nhn b vic khng phi l do khng c vic lm thm m do lng c bn qu thp. Cng nhn ni rng h ch c th trang tri chi tiu hng thng bng cch lm thm bn ting
mi ngy, ngoi tr thng 6 v 7/2011 khi khng c vic lm thm. Vi tui trung bnh l 20, hu ht cng nhn cha c gia nh. Cng nhn khng kh nng h tr thm ngi ph thuc: thm mt tr em s lm h tn thm mt khon chi ph l 2,8 triu VN/thng.
Lng trung bnh, gm c tin lm ngoi gi Chi ph sinh hot c bn hng thng nam gii Chi ph sinh hot c bn hng thng n gii 4,76 triu VN (231 USD)
3,41 triu VN (165 USD) 2,99 triu VN (145 USD)
Nh cung ng B (quc doanh) gp nhiu kh khn trong kinh doanh hn nh cung ng A. Vi khch hng duy nht l UVN, cng ty cng i mt trc din hn vi bin ng kinh doanh. Trong nm 2011, cng nhn c rt t vic lm thm v Cng ty B ch c th tr lng mc ti thiu rt thp (xem thang lng). Do cng nhn tr li phng vn tng i ln tui, h khng dm mo him b cng ty i tm vic lm mi.
Lng trung bnh, gm c tin lm ngoi gi Chi ph sinh hot c bn hng thng ca mt cng nhn c thn ti H ni 3,42 triu VN (166 USD)
Bng 5 Nh cung ng A: Lng trung bnh, bao gm tin lm ngoi gi, ca mt lao ng tay ngh thp so vi chi ph sinh hot ti thiu cho mt cng nhn c thn khng c ngi ph thuc (11/2011). Ngun: phng vn cng nhn, c xc nhn bi nh cung ng
3,22 triu VN (156 USD)
Theo c cn b qun l v cng nhn ca Nh cung ng B, vic iu chnh lng ph thuc trc ht v quan trng nht vo iu khon m phn vi UVN; vic tham kho kin cng nhn khng c t ra. Cng nhn c phng vn cho l Unilever phi chu trch nhim v vic lng ca h thp ch khng phi l ban qun l cng ty. Nh cung ng B m phn gi vi UVN thng qua Vinachem, tng cng ty ny trong nm 2009 thnh lp mt nhm m phn v gi nhn lc vi UVN. Da trn hp ng mi nht, lng thng ca mt lao ng thng l 4.543.141 VN (220 USD); nhng bao gm c phc li v qun l ph.
Bng 6 Nh cung ng B: Lng trung bnh ca mt lao ng tay ngh thp so vi chi ph sinh hot ti thiu cho mt cng nhn c thn khng c ngi ph thuc (11/2011). Ngun: Phng vn cng nhn. c gi n nh cung ng xc minh nhng khng c phn hi.
Nh cung ng C: V d thc hnh tt v tin lng Cng ty th ba, Nh cung ng C, th hin s trn trng i vi lc lng lao ng c tay ngh v trung thnh ca cng ty. Vic xp lng da trn c nhu cu ca cng nhn v vic chia s li ch. Hng nm, phng nhn s thc hin kho st ly kin ca cng nhn v lng. Hng qu, h cng chia s li nhun vi cng nhn qua mt c ch thng hu hnh. Tin thng chim n 40% thu nhp hng thng ca mt cng nhn trung bnh. Ty theo tay ngh, cng nhn kim c t 3,9 triu VN n 5,9 triu VN hng thng. Theo ph phng nhn s, thang lng c thit k m bo s cam kt ca cng nhn vi cng ty; ngi lm cng lu trong cng ty cng c tr cao. 215 iu y cng c ngha l vi cng nhn ln tui hn, h c th nui c con ci. Vi chnh sch lng ny, Nh cung ng C khng nhng ch gim gi lm ngoi gi v gim thiu s cng nhn b vic n gn con s khng, m cn tng nng sut ca cng nhn, ng gp vo thnh cng thng mi ca cng ty. Bng 7 Nh cung ng C: Lng trung bnh ca mt cng nhn so vi chi ph sinh hot c bn cho mt cng nhn c thn khng c ngi ph thuc (11/2011). Ngun: Phng vn cng nhn, xc nhn bi nh cung ng.
Lng trung bnh, gm c tin lm ngoi gi Chi ph sinh hot c bn hng thng nam gii Chi ph sinh hot c bn hng thng n gii 3,95,9tr VN (189-286 USD) 2,8tr VN (136USD) 2,4tr VND (116USD)
Hai trong s ba chuyn gia cng xc nhn nhng nhn nh ca cng nhn v cc thnh vin tham gia hi tho v Lng sng. l, mc lng m UVN tr tng i thp hn so vi mc trung bnh trn th trng. H cng biu l tht vng rng, quy trnh thng lng tp th c vai tr quan trng trong vic m bo cc quyn ca cng nhn trong mt doanh nghip nhng khng c thc hin ti UVN cng nh mt s cng ty a quc gia khc ti Vit Nam. Cc chuyn gia cng ch ra l t nm 2011, quy nh v lng ti thiu thng nht mc lng gia cc doanh nghip trong nc v ngoi nc ti bn khu vc ca Vit Nam. Mt chuyn gia bnh lun: Hin ti, Lng sng c nhn t phng din xa i gim ngho. iu cn cn nhc l phi da trn quan im chia s li nhun, ngha l, cng ty cn phi tho lun t l chia s li nhun vi cng nhn. Tm tt cc pht hin Unilever c cam kt ton cu v m bo lng c tr ngang hoc cao hn mc lng ti thiu theo quy nh php lut. Cng ty cng t t ngng cho mnh so vi chnh sch lng ca cc i th cnh tranh cng a bn. Tuy nhin, vic thiu hng dn c th cho php c mt lot gi nh, gii thch khc nhau v mc lng phi tr, mc c th tr hoc nn tr. Unilever khng c thng tin y v mc lng c ngha th no vi cng nhn, cho d h l nam hay n, cng nhn a phng hay nhp c, c hoc khng c ngi ph thuc. Nghin cu pht hin ra mc lng ti nh my ca UVN cao hn so vi mc ti thiu hin hnh, tun th lut quc gia v chnh sch ca cng ty, cao hn ngng ngho quc t v gn n mc trung v ca thu nhp thnh th. Mc d vy, gi nh ti tr s chnh ca Unilever l cng nhn c tr cao hn so vi lng sng th khng ng vi kt qu nghin cu. Cng nhn ni rng lng khng p ng nhu cu ti thiu ca ngi lao ng v gia nh h. Mc lng c bn trung bnh ca lao ng tay ngh thp ti UVN ch t 2/3 ngng lng sng theo AFW. N cng
Quan im ca chuyn gia tin lng c mi bnh lun v kt qu nghin cu C ba chuyn gia do Oxfam mi (qua chia s d tho chng v tin lng v thi gi lm vic, xem phn Phng php lun) u khng nh l mc lng ti thiu quy nh bi Nh nc khng m bo Lng sng (thng ch khong 75% ca mc ny). Do , cng nhn gp nhiu thit thi khi doanh nghip xp lng da trn mc lng ti thiu. Mt nh t vn chnh sch ca MOLISA ch ra rng, nu da trn B lut Lao ng sa i (iu 92 v 93), cc cng ty c yu cu phi xc nh thang lng da trn nhu cu c bn ca cng nhn v gia nh h, trn cc iu kin kinh t v x hi c th, v lng trn th trng lao ng.
thp hn hn so vi c tnh ca Oxfam qua tho lun nhm v chi ph hng thng cho mt ngi ln v mt tr em. iu ny xc nhn quan im ca cng nhn, cc chuyn gia Vit Nam v mt kho st ca cng on. l, cc ngng lng ti thiu theo lut nh khng phi l im tham chiu tha ng v nhu cu c bn ca cng nhn. Lng c bn ca cng nhn thu ph ch bng non na ca mc sng AFW. Theo nh tnh ton ca Oxfam, ngi lao ng nhp c khng th h tr cho mt ngi ph thuc. 2/3 trong s h 2 mc lng thp nht v s ny chim ti 1/3 trong tng s cng nhn ca cng ty Tin thng v ph cp tng mc thu nhp thc t ln mt cch ng k, tin lm thm ngoi gi trong nhng thng c vic cng vy. Thng hiu sut cng vic cng l yu t quan trng trong thu nhp thc t; tuy nhin ch c 25% nhn c tin thng v cng nhn khng c c hi tham gia vo vic xp hng hiu sut lao ng ca h. Phn hi t phng vn cng nhn cho thy hu qu ca lng thp l cng nhn phi kim vic lm thm bn ngoi hoc con ci h mt c hi hc hnh do phi kim tin ph cha m. Cng nhn khng c php thng lng tp th v lng v phc li: tha c thng lng tp th vi cng on UVN ch c ni dung v mc lng ti thiu theo lut nh. Trong chui cung ng, UVN kim tra xem lng c c tr bng hoc hn mc lng ti thiu hay khng. Nhng lng ti 2 trong s 3 nh cung ng c kho st c lng thp hn ti nh my UVN: -- Nh cung ng A (FDI) gim lc lng lao ng c thm vic lm ngoi gi v theo h l cch gi chn cng nhn. Cng nhn ch c th kim p ng nhu cu ca mnh nu lm thm bn gi mi ngy lin tc mi thng trong nm. C cng nhn v qun l ngi Vit u khng bit bng lng c xp th no. -- Lng ti Nh cung ng B (quc doanh) cng rt thp v khng th tng thu nhp nh vo vic lm thm v n hng lun bin ng; cng nhn khng sc nui mt ngi ph thuc. -- Nh cung ng C (t nhn) cho thy cng ty c th lm cng nhn hi lng vi mc lng c
bn cao hn, chia s li nhun v hn ch thi gian lm ngoi gi. Tuy th, ch mt s mc ch
khng phi tt c cc mc lng t ngng AFW. Unilever c nh hng ln ti lng v phc li trong chui cung ng thng qua m phn chi tit v gi c. Cc bn lin quan c hi kin cp ton cu v Vit Nam u nht tr rng gia nh cn mc Lng sng ch khng phi lng ti thiu, v nh th, mt bc khi u tt p chnh l nh hng cc tranh lun v iu g c th lm v cn phi lm trn thc t t c mc Lng sng.
Unilever v thi gi lm vic

Chng ta bit in p thp s cho nh sng yu t v in p nh sng s mnh. Con ngi khng phi l nhng c my, h cn c ngh ngi c th s dng nng lng ca mnh vi cng sut cao nht. Phng vn mt gim c sn xut trch trong R. Hurst (2011)
Tm quan trng ca thi gi lm vic i vi quyn lao ng

ILO c tnh c n 22% lc lng lao ng ton cu, khong 614,2 triu cng nhn, ang phi lm vic vi lng gi lm cao qu mc, tc l cao hn 48 gi mi tun, ch p ng cc nhu cu sng.216 Gii hn thi gi lm vic nhm bo v sc khe ca ngi cng nhn h c th ti sn xut sc lao ng; cho php cng nhn cn bng gia cng vic v cuc sng gia nh, ng thi c ngha quan trng i vi bnh ng gii. Quyn t do c bn l cng nhn phi c la chn s gi m h lm vic. Thi gi lm vic cng cn phi c xem xt trong bi cnh rng hn ca lng thp. Nu cng nhn phi c vic lm thm sng, tng s gi lm vic c th s vt qu nhiu so vi gii hn hp php, s e da nghim trng n sc khe ca h. Ngoi ra cn l s gi phi lo vic nh, 80% khi lng cng vic ny hu ht ln u ph n.217 Theo ILO, gi lm qu mc cng l lao ng cng bc:
Mc d trn l thuyt, cng nhn c quyn t chi lm nhiu hn s gi lm bnh thng, nhng s d b tn thng ca h th hin trn thc t l c th h khng c la chn no khc v b buc phi lm thm kim lng ti thiu hoc gi c cng vic ca mnh, hoc c hai l do. Ngun: Hi p v Kinh doanh v Lao ng Cng bc, ILO C s gi lm hp l vi mt mc lng c bn tt c ngha l cng nhn s t mt mi hn, s gim nguy c b tn thng do tai nn hoc m au, n s to ra tc ng tch cc qua vic tng s hi lng ca cng nhn, tng nng sut v cht lng lao ng. iu ny cng th hin trong vic gim s cng nhn b vic v gi c cc cng nhn c tay ngh cao.218
tun th cc lut l v quy nh ca quc gia v thi gi lm vic, bao gm quy nh v gi lm ti a v gi lm thm ti quc gia s ti (iu 3 ca B quy tc cho Nh cung ng). Cng ty cng cm s dng lao ng kh sai hoc lao ng cng bc. Vic ny c gim st qua h thng SEDEX, trong b cu hi t nh gi c km theo cc cu hi v thi gi lm vic. Cc kim ton theo hng dn SMETA s xem xt mi lin h gia lao ng cng bc v lm thm gi, v mi lin h gia lng v thi gi lm vic qu di. Vic khng tun th s c x l bng cc hnh ng iu chnh v ln kim ton sau s xc minh xem c thay i no c thc hin hay cha. Pht hin v bng chng Unilever Vit Nam Vo thi im nhm nghin cu lm vic ti nh my C Chi vo thng 7/2011, nh my ang ma thp im, nhiu cng nhn ch lm vic khng qu ba ngy mt tun. Thm ch trong ma cao im (t thng 9 n thng 12), cp qun l UVN cng cho bit vic lm thm gi ch trong gii hn 4 ting v c b tin lm thm theo ng quy nh.219 Thng tin phn hi ca cng nhn cho bit gi lm khng qu di v vic lm thm gi c chi tr tt, iu ny cho thy cc chnh sch lin quan c thc hin hiu qu.
Ch s thc hnh tt
Unilever qun l thi gi lm vic nh th no

Pht hin v bng chng Cp ton cu Unilever khng c chnh sch ton cu v thi gi lm vic cho nhn vin ca cng ty ngoi vic phi tun th cc lut v quy nh ca quc gia. Vic ny c gim st cp a phng bi cc ban qun l. Unilever yu cu cc nh cung ng t nht phi
Cc nguyn tc quc t
Nguyn tc 1: Gi lm vic bnh thng ti a v gi lm thm l ngoi l

Gi lm vic bnh thng ca cng ty cn hn ch mc 8 gi 1 ngy v 48 gi mt tun trong chnh sch cng ty cng nh trn thc t, hoc t hn nu c quy nh trong lut quc gia, tha c lao ng tp th hoc tiu chun ngnh; v vic lm thm gi ch l mt ngoi l.222
Ch s v gi lm vic v gi lm thm
Lm vic hn 48 gi mt tun c coi l lm thm gi. Vic thng xuyn hoc theo nh k lm vic qu 48 gi khng c coi l lm thm gi. 223 Vic lm thm gi phi hp l v phi c thi hnh ph hp vi mc tiu chung ca cc vn kin chnh thc, ngha l phi xc nh 8 gi 1 ngy v 48 gi mt tun l mt tiu chun hp php. 224
Nguyn tc 2: Bi thng cho vic lm thm gi

Mt cng ty phi b p cho ngi lao ng v vic lm thm gi theo lut, quy nh hoc tha c lao ng tp th. 225
Ch s v bi thng cho vic lm thm gi

Bi th ng: Theo Cng c s 1 ca ILO226, mc chi tr cho vic lm thm gi phi t ti thiu 25% cao hn so vi mc bnh thng.227 Nu cng nhn phi lm thm gi di s thc p hoc cng bc, y l tnh trng bt hp php. rong mt s trng hp, lm thm gi c th cu T thnh lao ng cng bc.
Quan ngi chnh m nhn vin nh my C Chi tr li phng vn nu ra lin quan n vic b tr thi gian ngh php nm. Cng nhn ni rng, khi khng c vic, ngy ngh vic b t ng tnh thnh php nm, v khi s ngy php ht, thi gian ngh s phi lm b khi c cng vic.220 Theo cp qun l UVN, cng nhn la chn cch dn xp ny bi v thay cho vic ch c tr 70% lng vo ma nhn vic nh lut quy nh, h s c tr lng v c php nm c n lng. Theo quan im ca cng nhn, h chn phng n kim c nhiu hn v khng cn ngh php nm.221 Tuy nhin, vic ngh php nm khng c m phn vi cng on nh quy nh, cng nhn cng khng c la chn l c nhn tin thay cho ngh php nm. Trong phng vn cng nhn hp ng qua Thng Li, ngi tr li phng vn ni h khng bit quyn c ngh gia ca: Chng ti khng c ngh gia ca lm vic. Thm ch c khi mun i v sinh, chng ti rt kh xin php ri khi dy chuyn. Phng vn cng nhn Thng Li Pht hin v bng chng Nh cung ng Nhm (nhn vin ph trch) thu mua ca UVN nh gi nng lc ca cc nh cung ng, c v mt my mc v nhn lc, cn nhc n nng sut v b tr lao ng. Sau nh gi bc u, UVN s h tr nh cung cp lp k hoch sn xut. m bo thi gi lm vic nm trong gii hn hp php, UVN tnh ton thi gian cao im da trn nng lc ti a v trang thit b ca nh cung ng hay nh sn xut. Tuy nhin, theo nhm thu mua, cc n hng UVN k vi nh sn xut t khi t n nng lc ti a c tnh ton trong k hoch, nn cc gi thit ca h cng khng thc t. Nghin cu ny thy rng, tuy nhn vin UVN thng xuyn kim tra cc nh cung ng,228 h cng khng kim tra s ngi ang lm vic thc t trn cc dy chuyn sn xut v kh nng h thng ny c th dn n lm vic qu gi hoc cng vic tm thi.229
Vic lp k hoch da trn nng lc ti a ca nh my. Nhng Unilever t khi c n hng cho nng lc ti a ny. Chng ti c th sn xut 700 tn x phng mt tun, nhng n hng ch 500 tn. Chng ti khng th gi tt c cng nhn v tr h 70% lng c bn cho nhng ngy h khng lm vic. iu ny lm hi n nh my v ngi cng nhn cng khng th sng c vi mc lng thp nh th. Do , chng ti ch c th gi mt s lng ti thiu cng nhn sn xut, phn cn li chng ti ph thuc vo lao ng tm thi. Phng vn Ph Gim c Sn xut, Nh cung ng B Nu cng vic i hi lm vic qu gi, Unilever da vo kim ton pht hin vn .230 Ti mt nh cung ng, nhm nghin cu thy cng nhn ni rng, ngoi tr thng Su v By, trong c nm 2011, h u lm ti a s gi lm thm l 4 ting mi ngy. Qun l Nhn s cng tha nhn l gi lm thm thng t 30 n 80 gi mi thng. So vi gii hn c php lut quy nh l 200 gi lm thm mi nm, nu cng nhn lm ti a th h c th lm n 800 gi lm thm mi nm, gp bn ln gii hn. Gi lm vic qu di cng c nhm kim ton SEDEX ghi nhn vo thng 10/2010. Vo thi im nhm nghin cu c mt ti nh my, cng ty cha c gii php no v vic khng tun th vn ang tip din. Unilever cng nhn lao ng cng bc l vn nghim trng. Khi lm thm gi tr thnh thc hnh ph bin ch khng cn l ngoi l, ch s dng lao ng s thuc vng xm v lao ng cng bc. Cc nh cung ng khng nhn thc c iu ny. Mt nh cung ng nhn n hng khng n nh t Unilever nn h phi duy tr lc lng lao ng ti thiu v da vo vic lm thm gi v lao ng tm thi p ng nhu cu. Ban u, chng ti tuyn dng cng nhn cho mi dy chuyn sn xut nhng khng c cng vic cho h v vic lm
thm gi cng hn ch. Hu qu l, mt na phn xng trang tr ngh vic do lng thp. Sau chng ti quyt nh ch duy tr lc lng lao ng nh hn so vi cn thit, thng l 80% nng lc ti a, nh vy cng nhn c vic lm thm gi tng thu nhp. Phng vn qun l ti Nh cung ng A
Nh cung ng C: V d thc hnh tt v gi lm vic
Tm tt cc pht hin Gi lm vic trong nh my UVN nm trong gii hn cho php ca lut php v c b tin lm thm theo ng quy nh. Nhn vin UVN quan ngi v cch b tr ngh php nm khng c m phn, v cng nhn ca n v hp ng cho bit h khng c ngh na gi gia ca theo lut nh. Hai trong s ba nh cung ng c nghin cu tr mc lng c bn thp v do i hi cng nhn phi lm thm gi c thu nhp sng; nh cung ng gi nh lm thm gi l cn thit duy tr cng nhn li vi doanh nghip. Ti mt nh cung ng, vic lm qu gi c pht hin trong kim ton thng 10/2010, nhng thi im nghin cu cha thy c gii php khc phc no c. Nhm nghin cu kt lun iu ny l do nu gim gi lm n mc nh lut nh, lng s thp v cng nhn s b vic. Mt s hp ng ca Unilever da trn cc gi thit khng thc t v nng lc lm vic ti a; iu ny dn n lm vic qu gi v cng vic tm thi.
Nh cung ng C, cng i mt vi vic sn xut khng n nh, nhng cng ty quyt nh khng gim lc lng lao ng trong ma t vic. Ma t vic c dng cung cp o to a k nng nhm ci thin nng sut v tnh linh hot, n cng gip cng nhn tng thu nhp. Trong ma cao im, cng ty s dng mt s lng lao ng ma v m bo hot ng ht cng sut trong khi vn duy tr mt ngy ngh mi tun cho lao ng thng xuyn; khng cn lm vic qu gi. Vi lc lng lao ng hiu qu v tay ngh cao, cng nhn duy tr nng sut cao v thu nhp tt.
Unilever v lao ng hp ng
Lao ng tm thi ang tr thnh ro cn ln nht trong vic tn trng quyn lao ng. Ngy cng c nhiu cng nhn ri vo tnh trng vic lm bp bnh, ni h thm ch khng c quyn tham gia cng on, b gt ra ngoi l ca cc thng lng tp th vi ch s dng lao ng. trnh ca IMF/IUF ln c phi vin UN John Ruggie231
Oxfam nu r trong nghin cu trc y mi quan ngi ca mnh l vn cc chi ph v nguy c trong chui cung ng dn ht ln nhng ngi t kh nng chu ng chng nht, l ngi cng nhn.235 Ph n thng b nh hng nng n hn do ngoi vic phi lm vic nhiu gi v khng nh trc, h cn phi gnh phn ln cc cng vic nh. V iu ny dn n nhng chi ph ln hn cho x hi: tr em b b mc khng c chm sc hoc ch phi trng em dn n cc th h tip theo mt c hi hc hnh.236 Quan h vic lm rt quan trng v n quyt nh bn cht v phm vi ca quyn v ngha v ca ch lao ng i vi cng nhn ca h.237
Tm quan trng ca vic lm n nh Nhiu cng ty tranh ci v nguyn tc ca vic i vi quyn lao ng lm an ton trong bi cnh cnh tranh ton cu
Xu th phi chnh thc ha e da t hng triu cng nhn ra ngoi cc bin php bo v vic lm. H c th b tc cc quyn hp php, khng th thc thi cc quyn ch tn ti trn giy, hoc qu s hi nn khng dm ln ting v lo ngi b mt vic. Vic lm tm thi c th c cc cng ty li dng ln trnh bn phn cung cp an sinh x hi, hu tr, thai sn, ngh php gia nh, tr tin lm thm gi, ngh php, ngh l, v an ton v sinh lao ng. Lng ca cng nhn tm thi cng thng thp hn nhiu so vi cng nhn thng xuyn.232 Nghin cu ca ILO ch ra rng cng vic tm thi tc i s n nh ca con ngi vn i hi cc quyt nh v k hoch lu di cho cuc sng ca h; h khng th ln k hoch lp gia nh, c con ci hay mua nh. Mong mun c mt
ngy cng cng thng, v ku gi cn c s linh hot trong th trng lao ng. Tuy nhin, iu ny mu thun vi mong mun ca cng ty trong vic m bo cc nguyn tc kinh doanh ca h ph hp vi cc tiu chun lao ng trong chui cung ng. Mt bn lin quan tr li phng vn trong nghin cu ny cho rng cng ty thng thiu hiu bit v vn ny: Theo kinh nghim ca ti, cng ty khng hiu v cng vic tm thi, khng hiu nhng tc ng ca n, v cng khng bit lm cch no thay i cch thc kinh doanh nhm gim vic lm bp bnh. Ti ng vi phn tch ca Oxfam y l vn quan trng i vi cng nhn. Cng ty cn phi hiu tc ng m h to ra v lm th no ti a ha c hi n nh vic lm Dan Rees, Chng trnh Cng vic Tt hn ca ILO238 Vai tr ca cc cng ty cung ng lao ng t nhn c c bit ch bi v l cng c quan trng ca th trng lao ng i vi cng nhn thi v. Cc cng ty c th ng vai tr tch cc l ngi trung gian trong th trng lao ng hin i, cho php doanh nghip c th linh hot trong vic tng hoc gim lc lng lao ng ca h, trong khi vn m bo vic lm an ton, c hi v tiu chun lao ng cho cng nhn.239 D vy, khng phi tt c cc cng ty cung ng lao ng u cung cp cc iu kin lao ng xng ng cho cng nhn thi v.
k hoch sng r rng i vi cc lao ng tm thi v ngn hn l rt cao.234 Ba l do chnh v tm quan trng ca hp ng lao ng i vi cng nhn233 Tm quan trng ca hp ng lao ng Ch lao ng Cng nhn c th i hp php ca mnh t ch s dng lao ng Chnh ph Cng nhn c th yu cu chnh ph bo m cc quyn ca mnh v phc li x hi X hi dn s Cng nhn c th nhn c h tr hoc gip thnh lp hip hi t cc t chc x hi dn s
Cng vic tm thi gip doanh nghip gi c chi ph lao ng thp. Nhng c nhng chi ph gin tip ng k thng khng c tnh n, v d nh nng sut thp v tiu chun
Nguyn tc quc t Lao ng hp ng
Lin quan n vic s dng cc t chc cung ng lao ng t nhn, Unilever theo ui p dng cc chnh sch ca mnh vi bt c ai trong quan h lao ng trc tip vi Unilever
Ch s thc hnh tt
Nguyn tc 1: m bo vic lm n nh
C vic lm n nh cho nhn vin v tn trng cc trch nhim lin quan n n nh vic lm v an sinh x hi.241
Ch s
Ti a ha cng vic theo s gi lm bnh thng v lm thm ngoi gi ch l ngoi l.
Nguyn tc 2: Quan h lao ng

Trnh cc cng vic tr hnh che giu v th php l tht s nhm trn trnh bn phn thc hin lut lao ng hoc an sinh x hi.242 Mt quan h lao ng tr hnh xy ra khi ch s dng lao ng i x vi ngi lao ng ny khc bit vi ngi lao ng khc theo cch thc che du v th php l tht s ca ngi , v tnh trng ny c th xut hin khi cch dn xp hp ng tc i ca cng nhn quyn c bo v m h ng c.243 Nguyn tc 3: Cc t chc cung ng lao ng t nhn Mt cng ty cn m bo s ch hp ng hoc hp ng ph lao ng vi cc t chc c tha nhn hp php, mt khc c kh nng v thin ch m bo trch nhim ca mt ch s dng lao ng v cung cp cc iu kin lao ng xng ng.245
Cc ch s v quan h lao ng244:

Cng vic c thc hin theo hng dn v di s kim sot ca mt bn th hai hoc Cng nhn c nhn tin cng theo nh k chi tr
cht lng thp. Thiu s cam kt gia hai bn thng i km vi bin ng ln v lao ng, v th phi lin tc tuyn, o to v qun l cng nhn mi.240
Unilever qun l lao ng hp ng theo cc nguyn tc quc t nh th no

Pht hin v bng chng cp ton cu S lao ng hp ng trc tip vi Unilever gim 45% trong thi gian t 2000 n 2009 (t 295.000 xung cn 164.000 nhn vin). Mc d vy, doanh thu cng ty vn duy tr n nh v thm ch li nhun cn tng (khong 4%).246 Theo ghi nhn ca Nghip on FNV Mondiaal H Lan247, Unilever ang kinh doanh tt hn vi s nhn vin t hn. Tuy nhin, cng vic ca 131.000 nhn vin gim i vn tn ti. Theo Unilever, trong nm 2009, cng vic ny c m nhn bi 86.000 lao ng c thu ngoi hoc di dng hp ng thi v.248
hay vi nh cung ng.249Nu nhn vin l ngi lao ng ca bn th ba, thm ch trong chui cung ng ca Unilever, hoc trc tip lm cho cc nh cung ng, cng ty u k vng rng cc quyn lao ng ct li c bn th ba p dng vi nhn vin ca h. Unilever dnh lu n hai khiu ni gi ti OECD vo nm 2010 lin quan n cng vic tm thi trong chui cung ng Nam ca cng ty. Theo phn quyt ca OECD, Unilever r sot cch thc s dng lao ng hp ng v lao ng tm thi trong ton b cng vic kinh doanh ca mnh bng cch250: Thc hin r sot ni b v vic s dng lao ng tm thi v lao ng hp ng trong ton b hot ng sn xut. Vic ny hon tt vo nm 2011 v cc hnh ng p ng ang c thc hin.
M rng phm vi chng trnh kim ton theo B quy tc cho Nh cung ng sang c cc bn th ba cung cp lao ng tm thi v lao ng hp ng ti cc nh my ca cng ty. Nm 2011, cng nhn hi ch cho Unilever ti n v Kenya c xc nh l phi lm vic di cc iu kin lao ng bp bnh, mc d ngnh ny c Lin minh Rng ma cp chng ch.251 Unilever c nhng hng dn sau y cho nhn vin qun l trong trng hp phi chp nhn lao ng tm thi: Cng vic c c tnh ma v; C s khc bit theo dng sn phm (v d, cng vic xc tin sn phm i hi lao ng b sung trong thi gian ngn); Nu cng vic kinh doanh b st gim s lng v khng th duy tr mc cng vic n nh; hoc V l do k thut (v d, cng vic c ln k hoch c gii ha). Pht hin v bng chng - Unilever Vit Nam 748 trong s 1.539 ngi lm vic ti nh my C Chi (53%) l nhn vin ca mt bn th ba, cng ty Thng Li, c hp ng cung ng dch v ng gi cho Unilever. Cng nhn ca Thng Li lm nhiu loi cng vic (c chia
lm nm mc) gm cc k nng thp hn nhn vin UVN nh tho d hng, iu khin xe nng, x l rc thi v ng gi252. Sau khiu ni OECD, UVN iu chnh chnh sch ca mnh, theo cng nhn hp ng gin tip ch m nhn cc cng vic ph nh ng gi v v sinh. Cng ty bt u mc tiu gim t trng cng nhn hp ng xung 30:70 (30 lao ng hp ng thi v trn 70 lao ng hp ng di hn) vo cui nm 2011.253 Ti nh my C Chi t l ny vo thi im nghin cu l 53:47. Thng Li c lch s pht trin kh c bit do n c thnh lp v iu hnh bi Lin on Lao ng C Chi di dng mt cng ty quc doanh, vi mc tiu cung cp vic lm cho ngi lao ng chu thit thi trong vng. Theo ph ch tch lin on, hu ht cng nhn ca Thng Li (c 42% n) l dn nhp c t cc tnh khc nh Sc Trng, Long An v c Thi Bnh, Ngh An t Min bc. V ny cng cho bit tuyn lao ng ngy cng kh v lao ng a phng khng thch lm dng cng vic tm thi ny v nhu cu tuyn lao ng nhp c trong khu cng nghip ngy cng cao. Vi nm trc, UVN lin quan n mt tranh chp nghim trng vi cng nhn ti y xoay
Cng nhn Thng Li khng ch tham gia vo vic ng gi m cn m nhn mt s hng mc cng vic khc, vic ny quyt nh mc lng ca h: Mc 1: Lm v sinh Mc 2: ng gi Mc 3: H tr (nhiu nhim v) Mc 4: H tr vn hnh my mc Mc 5: Trng nhm
Cng nhn Thng Li lm vic trong dy chuyn sn xut bn cnh cng nhn UVN. Dy chuyn c chia lm hai b phn: B phn 1 bao gm trn nguyn liu v vn hnh my mc, phn ny do cng nhn UVN m nhn. B phn 2 ch yu l cng vic ng gi v do cng nhn Thng Li vn hnh. Tuy nhin, theo cn b Nhn s ti nh my C Chi, cng nhn Thng Li mc 3 v mc 4 cng lm vic cng vi cng nhn UVN trong B phn 1, nht l h tr vn hnh my mc. Khi thm nh my, khong 10% cng nhn b phn vn hnh my mc l ngi ca Thng Li, phn ln l n. Theo trng ca, l do l i khi anh ta phi huy ng cng nhn Thng Li h tr cng nhn UVN sa my hoc trn nguyn liu. Da trn phng vn vi trng ca ti nh my, phng vn cng nhn v cn b nhn s
quanh quan h lao ng khng r rng gia cng nhn hp ng gin tip v cng ty Thng Li, v vic i x khng cng bng gia cc cng nhn ny v nhn vin trc tip ca Unilever.254 Hai ngy trc khi nhm nghin cu n nh my vo thng 7/2011, 50 cng nhn Thng Li phn xng Comfort bt u ln cng i lng cao hn. Cn b qun l ca Thng Li c yu cu n nh my, sau khi lng nghe t ca cng nhn, qun l ca Thng Li m phn thnh cng vi ban qun l ca UVN trong vic tng thm 214.000 VN lng c bn cho ton b cng nhn Thng Li ti C Chi.255 Bin php ny gip gii quyt vn . Trng hp ny cho thy, Thng Li ng vai tr nh mt bn trung gian hn l mt ch s dng lao ng. Khi n nh my vo thng 7/2011, nhm nghin cu thy vn cn nhiu tn ti. Mt s vn c pht hin da trn phng vn vi c cng nhn v cp qun l. Nhm nghin cu nhn thy thiu s minh bch v vic liu cng nhn Thng Li c phi ang thc hin cng vic tr hnh hay khng. Tuy Thng Li tuyn ngi, hp ng vi cng nhn, chi tr bo him x hi v bo him y t, nhng tin cng th li do UVN t quyt nh v ton b cng vic c thc hin di s hng dn v kim sot ca trng ca ca Unilever. Da trn cc nguyn tc ca UNGP th y l cc c trng ca quan h lao ng. S khc bit gia cng vic do cng nhn UVN v cng nhn Thng Li m nhn l khng r rng. Cp qun l UVN ni rng khng ging vi cng vic ca cng nhn UVN, cng nhn Thng Li ch m nhn cc cng vic ng gi. Tuy nhin vo khong thi gian Oxfam kho st, v theo nhiu ngun tin t nh my, cng nhn Thng Li cng c lc lm vic trong xng my. Trong tho lun nhm, cng nhn Thng Li khng nh c s i x khng cng bng gia h v cng nhn UVN. Chng ti rt tht vng khi nm ngoi c cng nhn UVN v Thng Li lm trong cng dy chuyn, nhng UVN ch thng nm cho cng nhn ca h, cn chng ti chng c g. Qun l nhn s ca UVN ni l c cng nhn UVN v Thng Li u c c hi
tham gia o to nh nhau, v nu cng nhn Thng Li mong mun, h c th xin vic UVN. Nhng, mt na s cng nhn tr li trong tho lun nhm ni: Chng ti khng h c c hi c o to v tr thnh cng nhn trong cc dy chuyn sn xut chnh. C nhng biu hin cho thy cch b tr ny nh hng n c nng sut ln cc tiu chun lao ng. Mt cng nhn UVN ni: i x khng cng bng v lng v thng lm gim s cam kt ca cng nhn Thng Li, nn h thng i lm tr hoc khng nhit tnh tng nng sut trong dy chuyn. Kt qu l, tin thng nm cho cc cng nhn UVN trong dy chuyn cng b nh hng. Mt s cng nhn Thng Li lm vic nh my C Chi t mt n ba nm cng phn nn v vic lp i lp li hp ng ngn hn. Mt ngi ni: Ti lm cho UVN trong nm nm qua nhng phn ln hp ng ca ti ch l su thng. Khi nhm nghin cu i chiu cc pht hin d tho vi cn b qun l ca UVN v Thng Li, h u khng tha nhn pht hin ny, v nhm nghin cu khng th a ra kt lun cui cng v im ny. Sau chuyn kho st C Chi vo thng By, nhm nghin cu c cng nhn Thng Li tham gia vo kho st cho bit l h c tng lng hai ln: vo thng Chn (chi b n 1/7) v vo thng Mi 2011. Mt s cng nhn cm n Oxfam v lng tng sau khi c nhm nghin cu n kho st. Theo giy php ca cng ty Thng Li m nhm nghin cu c xem vo thng 8/2012, chc nng cung ng lao ng c S K hoch v u t tp H Ch Minh chnh thc cp php hot ng nm 2006 v cung cp cc dch v bao gm ng gi v v sinh. Hp ng vi UVN k nm 2008 da trn iu kin ny256. Theo (bn tho) B lut Lao ng mi (iu chnh) nm 2011, cng ty phi c giy php cung ng ngun lao ng hoc dch v cho thu li lao ng. Nhm nghin cu kt lun vic Thng Li khng c giy php cung ng dch v nh xc nh trong vn bn php l (d tho) nm 2011 l c nguy c vi phm php lut. UVN tuyn bi rng hp ng v mi dch v do Thng Li cung cp u c khng nh l c
c s php l v phn nh chnh xc cc dch v c cung cp. Thng tin b sung t UVN v lao ng hp ng Trong qu trnh vit bo co nghin cu vo nm 2012, UVN cung cp thng tin b sung v cng vic ca cng nhn hp ng gin tip. UVN tha nhn l c khong 60 (trong tng s 800) lao ng t Thng Li cng ang lm cng vic tng t nh cng nhn UVN trong nh my. 257 Cc cng nhn ny lm vic thay cho cng nhn UVN vng mt tm thi. H cng c nhn lng cao hn v sau vn gi mc lng ny c th linh hot tip tc lm theo cc yu cu cng vic tng t. y l dng tt nhm tng bc chuyn i cng nhn Thng Li thnh cng nhn hp ng thng xuyn ca UVN v l mt phn trong L trnh Gim Lao ng D phng ca cng ty. Theo cp qun l UVN, Unilever cam kt n nm 2012, ton b cng nhn thu ngoi tham gia vo dy chuyn sn xut s c k hp ng trc tip258. Pht hin v bng chng cc nh cung ng Vic sn xut cc sn phm tiu dng trong c n, sn phm chm sc gia nh v chm sc c nhn, c tnh thi v cao. p ng nhu cu th trng vo ma cao im, nhiu cng ty phi s dng lao ng tm thi, thng l t mt n ba thng. Unilever gim st vic s dng cng nhn tm thi v hp ng gin tip ca cc nh cung ng thng qua bn t nh gi SEDEX v kim ton. Phiu cu hi t nh gi c mt s cu lin quan n chi tr lng v phc li (nh tr php nm v ngh m) cho cng nhn tm thi hoc hp ng gin tip. 32 trong s 48 nh cung ng c kho st cho bit h c s dng cng nhn tm thi hoc hp ng gin tip hoc c hai dng; s lng cng nhn loi ny bin ng t mt vi n 300 cng nhn. H thng m nhn cc cng vic nh: (i) ng gi; (ii) ch bin thc phm n gin; v (iii) h tr vn hnh my mc. Trong chuyn kho st, nhm nghin cu thy cc nh cung ng tr cao hn so vi lng ti
thiu v cng nhn tm thi c hng phc li tng ng vi cng nhn thng xuyn lm cng cng vic. Nhm nghin cu kho st trc tip mt nh sn xut y nhim ch sn xut hai sn phm chm sc gia nh v Unilever l khch hng duy nht ca h. n hng him khi i hi nh my phi vn hnh ht nng lc nh gi thuyt m Unilever da vo lp k hoch. Nhm nghin cu nhn thy rng, cng ty gim lc lng lao ng n mc ti thiu, ch duy tr cng nhn nng ct ti mi n v sn xut. Khi nhu cu lao ng tng, cng ty tuyn cng nhn tm thi lp y cc v tr cn thiu trong dy chuyn sn xut.259 Cng ty c 120 nhn vin thng xuyn, 80 lao ng hp ng c thi hn v khong 50 n 80 cng nhn tm thi, mt t l rt cao gia hp ng tm thi v hp ng di hn. Khi phng vn, cp qun l ni h gp kh khn trong tuyn dng cng nhn tm thi v do vy nng sut ca cc cng nhn ny thp hn nhiu so vi cng nhn thng xuyn. Mt nh cung ng khc m bo cng nhn hp ng gin tip c nhn tin cng xng ng bng cch yu cu nh thu lao ng cng khai bng lng ti nh my. Tm tt cc pht hin Cp qun l Unilever London nhn mnh ch ch ca chnh sch l mi cng nhn trong chui sn xut c quyn c hng li t cng vic nh nhau, cho d h l ngi lao ng ca ai. 800 trong s 1.500 ngi lm vic nh my C Chi l ngi lao ng ca bn th ba l Thng Li, cng ty k hp ng cung cp dch v ng gi cho Unilever. Mt s vn c xc nh trong c phn nn ca cng nhn hp ng gin tip v s i x khng cng bng v vic hp ng tm thi lp i lp li nhiu ln. Trong qu trnh vit bo co, UVN tha nhn c 60 cng nhn Thng Li (7%) i khi phi lm nhng vic tng t cng nhn UVN, tuy nhin h c tr lng cao hn v c c hi xin c vic lm chnh thc ti UVN. T l lao ng hp ng gin tip so vi lao ng trc tip ang l 53:47, cao hn qu
nhiu so vi t l 30:70 m UVN t t ra cho mnh theo khiu ni OECD. Tuy nhin, c cam kt s tuyn dng ton b cng nhn hp ng gin tip tham gia vo dy chuyn sn xut vo nm 2012. Nhm nghin cu xc nh c nguy c phm lut trong hp ng ca UVN vi Thng li v cung cp cc dch v ch i hi tay ngh thp, theo mt im thay i (d tho sa i ) B lut Lao ng nm 2011, trong yu cu cng ty phi c giy php cho thu ngoi hoc thu li dch v nhngThng Li hin khng c. Tuy nhin, UVN cho rng bn hp ng vi Thng Li m t chnh xc cc dch v ang c cung cp v c khng nh l hp php. Trong chui cung ng, mt nh cung ng ang phi i mt vi nhu cu khng n nh
ca Unilever phi gim lc lng lao ng xung con s ti thiu v c t l lao ng tm thi trong doanh nghip rt cao. Mt v d v thc hnh tt c pht hin nh cung ng th ba, ni h o to cng nhn nng ct nhiu k nng ngh a dng do ch cn t cng nhn tm thi. Cng ty ny cng cng khai bng lng nhm m bo cng nhn hp ng gin tip c th kim tra xem h nhn c tin cng y hay cha.
7 Kt lun v kin ngh
Tm tt phn tch thiu ht

Chng ny cung cp mt phn tch thiu ht, cc kt lun v kin ngh cn thay i tng cng quyn lao ng ti nh my Unilever v chui cung ng.
Tiu ch Khong cch ng k gia qun l ca Unilever v cc tiu chun quc t Phn no c khong cch gia qun l ca Unilever v cc tiu chun quc t Qun l ca Unilever ph hp vi cc tiu chun quc t Khng thng tin nh gi
Cc chnh sch v quy trnh qun l v quyn lao ng
Cp ton cu
Cp Vit Nam
Nguyn tc 1 (Cam kt): cng ty cn by t cam kt ca mnh trong vic tn trng cc quyn con ngi trong c quyn lao ng, bng cc tuyn b cng khai
Nguyn tc 2 (Lng ghp trong kinh doanh v thc hin vi cc nh cung ng): Chnh sch c phn nh trong cc chnh sch v quy trnh hot ng cn phi gn kt trong mi kha cnh ca doanh nghip Nguyn tc 3 (Cc cng c v quy trnh thm nh)
Nguyn tc 3.1 (nh gi nguy c): Cng ty cn xc nh v nh gi bn cht ca cc tc ng hin c v tim nng i vi cc quyn con ngi do hot ng ca chnh cng ty hay do quan h kinh doanh ca mnh gy ra. Nguyn tc 3.2 (Hnh ng da trn cc pht hin): Cng ty da trn cc pht hin iu chnh ni b cc chnh sch v quy trnh nhm ngn chn hoc gim thiu cc tc ng hin c v tim nng m mnh c th to ra, v lng ghp vo mi phng ban v quy trnh ni b c lin quan. Cng ty c cc hnh ng gii quyt cc tc ng m mnh trc tip hoc gin tip to ra. Nguyn tc 3.3 (Theo di tnh hiu qu): Cng ty cn theo di tnh hiu qu ca cc hnh ng p ng nhm gii quyt cc tc ng c hi i vi quyn con ngi.
Nguyn tc 3.4 (Tnh minh bch): Cng ty cn phi truyn thng vi bn ngoi v cch thc gii quyt cc tc ng.
Nguyn tc 3.5 (S tham gia ca cc bn lin quan): Cng ty cn phi xc nh v tham vn vi cc bn lin quan ca mnh. Nguyn tc 4 (Khc phc, dn xp qua cc c ch khiu ni): Cng ty m bo vic khc phc hu qu thng qua cc quy trnh hp php, v d nh mt c ch gii quyt khiu ni hiu qu xc nh tc ng v gii quyt cc khiu ni.
T do hip hi v thng lng tp th
Nh my Unilever UVN TL
Cc nh cung ng Vit Nam
Nguyn tc 1(Tha nhn v cam kt): Cng ty cn phi tha nhn v t mnh cam kt vi cc tiu chun quc t v t do hip hi v thng lng tp th.
N.C.ng A N.C.ng B N.C.ng C
Nguyn tc 2 (Bo v nhng ngi i din cho cng nhn): Cng ty m bo l cc i din ca cng nhn v nhn vin tham gia vo cc hot ng hp php ca nghip on c bo v y .
Nguyn tc 3 (T do la chn): Cng ty phi cho php cng nhn thnh lp v tham gia cc t chc i din do chnh h la chn .
Nguyn tc 4 (Thng lng tp th): Cng ty phi cho php cng nhn ca mnh c cng on v cc t chc i din do h la chn vi mc ch thng lng tp th v tham gia vo cc m phn c tnh xy dng, mt cch c nhn hoc thng qua cc hip hi ca gii ch, vi cc i din ny trn quan im t c cc tha thun v iu khon v iu kin lm vic. Nguyn tc 5 (Tranh chp v khiu ni): C tha thun v lng nghe cng bng trong cc trng hp c tranh chp v khiu ni.
N.C.ng A N.C.ng B N.C.ng C N.C.ng A N.C.ng B N.C.ng C
Nguyn tc 6 (nh gi nguy c): Cng ty cn xc nh cc hot ng ca mnh v cc nh cung ng chnh c th vi phm hoc c nguy c vi phm cc quyn t do hip hi v thng lng tp th do dng hot ng hoc vng a l ca h.
Tin lng
Nguyn tc 1 (p ng nhu cu c bn): m bo l tin lng p ng nhu cu c bn ca cng nhn v gia nh h.
Nguyn tc 2 (Xc nh lng qua thng lng tp th): xc nh tin lng v iu kin lm vic phn nh cc cn nhc ny, cng ty cn phi thng lng tp th vi cng nhn hoc i din ca h, c bit l nghip on, ph hp vi cc h thng quc gia v thng lng tp th.
Thi gi lm vic
Nguyn tc 1 (Gi lm vic bnh thng ti a v gi lm thm l ngoi l): Gi lm vic bnh thng ca cng ty cn hn ch mc 8 gi 1 ngy v 48 gi mt tun trong chnh sch cng ty cng nh trn thc t, hoc t hn nu c quy nh trong lut quc gia, tha c lao ng tp th hoc tiu chun ngnh; v vic lm thm gi ch l mt ngoi l Nguyn tc 2 (Bi thng cho vic lm thm gi): Cng ty phi b p cho ngi lao ng v vic lm thm gi theo lut, quy nh hoc tha c lao ng tp th.
N.C.ng A N.C.ng B N.C.ng C N.C.ng A N.C.ng B N.C.ng C
Lao ng hp ng
Nguyn tc 1 (m bo vic lm n nh): C vic lm n nh cho nhn vin v tn trng cc trch nhim lin quan n n nh vic lm v an sinh x hi.
Nguyn tc 2 (Trnh cc cng vic tr hnh): Trnh cc cng vic tr hnh che giu v th php l nhm trn trnh bn phn thc hin lut lao ng hoc an sinh x hi.
Nguyn tc 3 (Cc t chc cung ng lao ng t nhn): Cng ty cn m bo s ch hp ng hoc hp ng ph lao ng vi cc t chc c tha nhn hp php, mt khc c kh nng v thin ch m bo trch nhim ca mt ch s dng lao ng v cung cp cc iu kin lao ng xng ng.
Kt lun
Unilever c cam kt mnh m v trch nhim x hi v s bn vng, nhn vin t ho v cc gi tr ca cng ty v mt lc lng lao ng tn ty c coi l cha kha thnh cng trong kinh doanh. Con ngi chnh l ci ngun cho gi tr ca cng ty. Unilever cn phi l cng ty tt nht v chng ta mun cao thng hiu ca mnh, do , chng ta cn u t vo o to v ci thin iu kin lm vic. Chng ta cnh tranh v hiu qu vn hnh, cht lng, c tnh ca sn phm v trch nhim i vi yu cu ca khch hng. Tt c nhng iu ny i hi lc lng lao ng c k nng v c trao quyn Phn tch ca Unilever ch ra rng, u iu kin lao ng tt v ngi lao ng c trao quyn, nh my t c kt qu kinh doanh tt nht.260 Nick Dalton, Unilever, Ph Gim c Nhn s Chui cung ng ton cu Phn tch ca chnh Unilever ch ra rng cc kt qu tt nht t c nhng nh my c iu kin tt v cng nhn c trao quyn; tuy nhin, m hnh kinh doanh ca cng ty li khng th hin iu . Da trn bo co ny, u th cnh tranh trn thc t c hnh thnh da trn p lc gim gi thnh lao ng, y sc p v gi v ri ro ln ngi cng nhn. Oxfam d kin s tm thy cc vn c th ca chui cung ng ton cu, v d nh lng thp, quan h lao ng yu km v cng vic bp bnh, trong cc nh cung ng c nguy c cao, nhng iu ngc nhin l chng ti li pht hin cc vn ny ngay trong nh my ca Unilever do chnh cng nhn cp n. Chng ti cng thy l cng nhn, c nh my ca Unilever cng nh trong chui cung ng, khng c ting ni v trong tnh trng b b qun. Chng ti xem y l mt iu khng c bi Unilever lun cam kt hnh x c trch nhim. Tuy nhin, c th thy l ngi cng nhn khng
c lng nghe do khng c knh an ton cho h c th thng thn nu ln nhng quan ngi ca mnh. iu ny c ngha rng c th c cc vi phm nghim trng tim n v lao ng khng c cng ty ch . Yu cu tiu chun cht lng cao hn v sc p v ngun lc hn ch i hi tt c cc cng ty iu hnh sn xut thng minh hn v mt chui cung ng n nh v c trch nhim hn. iu ny dn n yu cu phi c i ng qun l v cng nhn hiu qu v c k nng, c sng kin ti ni lm vic. S kim sot ca Unilever i vi cc cng ty sn xut ca mnh v cc mi quan h cung ng n nh, di hn to iu kin tt thc hin chng trnh ny. n lc Unilever cn kt hp y hn Nguyn tc Hng dn ca LHQ v Kinh doanh v Quyn Con ngi vo cch vn hnh kinh doanh ca mnh m bo cc quyn c thc hin. iu ny i hi cng ty vn dng mt cch tip cn hng ti con ngi hn, cho php cng nhn xc nh cc vn v u tin quan trng nht i vi h, phn hi v cht lng cuc sng lao ng ca h v tnh hiu qu ca cc c ch m UVN a ra; nh mt ni ni trong cuc phng vn, tt c u bt u t cng nhn.261 S cn c cc bc ch ng gii quyt vn lng thp v cng vic tm thi trong chui cung ng, cng c cc quy trnh thm nh v hp tc vi cc bn lin quan khc, bao gm c cc i th cnh tranh, x hi dn s v chnh ph. Nu khng gii quyt nhng mi lo ngi ny ngha l s cn tip tc b x hi dn s ch trch; ng thi cng ty cng s gp kh khn trong vic gi cng nhn lnh ngh; e da s m bo cung ng ang chu s cnh tranh ngy cng gay gt. Unilever cn phi gi vai tr ch o, coi iu ny l vn tin cnh tranh trong hng lot cc bn lin quan khc nh chnh ph, cc t chc x hi dn s, v cc cng ty khc, cng cn ng gp vai tr ca mnh.
Kin ngh ca Oxfam i vi Unilever

1. iu chnh chnh sch v m hnh kinh doanh mang li cng vic c cht lng tt hn cho ngi lao ng Thay i cc chnh sch ca doanh nghip (CoBP v B quy tc i vi Nh cung ng) xy dng cam kt v lng sng v gim thiu Cng vic tm thi cng ty Unilever v chui cung ng. Tha nhn rng mc lng ti thiu khng phi bao gi cng l mc ph hp cho nhng nhu cu c bn ca cng nhn v gia nh h. Xc nh v gii quyt vn lng thp v cng vic tm thi ngay trong cc nh my ca Unilever Tin n vic Unilever s ch nhn ngun cung ng t cc nh cung ng c qun l nhn s, quan h lao ng v cc c ch khiu ni tt. m bo mi h thng chng ch m Unilever tham gia thc y mt cch hiu qu vic hin thc ha quyn lao ng. Chn cc chui cung ng chin lc ng thi lm vic vi cc i th cnh tranh v bn lin quan khc ci thin cht lng cng vic (v d nh ngnh sn xut tr) 2. ng b ha tt hn gia cc th tc v chnh sch a ra cc cng c h tr chin lc bao gm: -- o to cho ngi mua hiu tc ng ca cc quyt nh ca h i vi gi lm vic, lng thp v cng vic tm thi trong chui cung ng; -- Cc mc tiu c th o lng c bn mua tng gi tr n hng i vi nh cung ng ch ng nng cao tiu chun lao ng; -- Cc cng c khuyn khch i vi cc nh cung ng ch ng nng cao tiu chun lao ng. Mt mnh hoc vi cc cng ty khc trong ngnh (v d, qua Tin trnh AIM) thc hin mt chng trnh o to quc gia cho cc i tc kinh doanh v cc nh cung ng quan trng nhm gii quyt cc vn a phng c th lin quan n tiu chun lao ng. Truyn thng r rng hn v cc k vng ca mnh n cc nh cung ng, lm r Unilever s s dng cch tip cn ci tin lin tc da vo s minh bch ca nh cung ng.
S dng tt hn kin thc ca nhn vin a phng ca Unilever v cc thc hnh tt trong iu kin a phng v cung cp hng dn v cch thc xc tin cc tiu chun quc t cng nh tun th lut php quc gia. 3. Cng c cc quy trnh thm nh gim st chui cung ng khng b qua ting ni ca nhng ngi d b tn thng iu chnh h thng qun l nguy c sao cho nhy cm hn vi tnh trng d b tn thng ca cng nhn, v d nh ph n vi trch nhim gia nh, lao ng nhp c v cc i tng c cng vic tm thi, v t mc nguy c cao ti cc quc gia m quyn t do hip hi b hn ch. Gim st tnh hiu qu ca cc bin php c thc hin gii quyt cc tc ng tiu cc c xc nh v tm kim thng tin phn hi t cc bn lin quan thuc x hi dn s cp quc gia. a cc quy trnh khiu ni a phng hin c ph hp vi chun mc ca cc thc hnh tt nht da trn UNGP v tnh hp php, c th tip cn, c th d bo, cng bng, cc quyn ph hp v tnh minh bch. Tha nhn rng mt chng trnh kim ton thng mi tuy cn thit trong mi trng m s tun th lut php cha tt, nhng l cha hin thc ha cc quyn v cn c cng c bng cc c ch khc -- y quyn thc hin cc phng vn b sung i vi cng nhn bn ngoi nh my (v d, do cc NGO thc hin) i vi cc im t nh my c nguy c cao v c tnh chin lc; -- C th ha mc cao hn v nng lc/ tp hun i vi cc nh kim ton c lp; -- Yu cu kim ton nh gi mc lng theo gi hng ha cho cc nhu cu thit yu; -- Kim ton b sung bng cc c ch khc v d nh kho st khuyt danh i vi cng nhn, nh gi vic Qun l Nhn s, bin bn cc khiu ni c nu ra v gii quyt, v tn xut m phn ca mt Tha c Thng lng Tp th;
4. Hp tc vi cc bn khc xc tin cc phng thc c th pht trin hin thc ha cc quyn v tng cng n by tp th Trong tm nh hng ca Unilever i vi cng vic kinh doanh ca mnh v i vi nh cung cp, Unilever nn khuyn khch mt mi trng trong quan h lao ng c th pht trin, c th thng lng v lng v cc phc li khc. S dng nh hng ca Unilever vi cc chnh ph nhm khuyn khch cc mc lng ti thiu ph hp vi nhu cu c bn v thc y cc chin lc cng/ t ci thin v kinh t v x hi. Cn nhc tham gia mt sng kin a bn v d nh ETI hc hi cc phng php thc hnh tt nht, cc cch tip cn v c hi hp tc vi cc i tc khc trong gii quyt cc vn phc tp. Xy dng mt bo co tin thc hin cc kin ngh ca Oxfam v cc cam kt ca Unilever trong vng hai nm, v cho php Oxfam Vit Nam nh gi cc thay i c thc hin trong hai nm , nht l theo quan im ca cng nhn. m bo phn cng trch nhim ni b cho cng vic ny. 5. Nm iu Unilever c th thc hin ti Vit Nam Chia s kt qu ca nghin cu ny vi cc nh qun l, cc nh cung ng, Tng Lin on Lao ng Vit Nam v cc cng nhn ti nh my C Chi v th nghim vic thc hin cc thay i theo khuyn ngh trong bo co ny. Thc hin cc thay i v phng thc lm vic ti nh my C Chi, bao gm cc cuc hp thng xuyn gia ban qun l v cng nhn; kho st cng nhn; cng nhn ng gp vo quy trnh nh gi hiu qu lm vic; v hiu c nguyn nhn dn n lm vic khng hiu qu. R sot t trng gia lao ng trc tip v cng nhn hp ng gin tip, k hp ng vi nhng ngi tham gia trc tip vo vic sn xut v ng gi, v gii quyt cc phn nn v i x khng cng bng gia ngi lao ng ca UVN v ca Thng Li. Nghin cu v theo di st sao hn cc tiu chun 32 nh cung ng c s dng lao ng
thi v v hp ng trong cc dy chuyn sn xut v ng gi, v thay i quy trnh cung ng v hp ng lao ng c nhiu hn cc cng vic lu di v mc lng tin n mc Lng sng. Cung cp thm cc o to v hng dn cho nhn vin qun l ca UVN hiu hn cc tiu chun quc t v s dng tt hn cc kin thc ca h trong chng trnh kim ton, qun l v pht trin mng li cung ng. 6. Lng ghp vo K hoch Pht trin Bn vng v/hoc quy trnh bo co cng khai cc mc tiu c th o lng c v quyn lao ng v cht lng cng vic Unilever cn phi lng ghp cc gii php v quyn lao ng v cht lng cng vic vo cc quy trnh bo co cng khai cc bn lin quan c th nh gi c tin qun l cc vn c nu trong bo co. Cc nguyn tc v ch s c xy dng trong nghin cu ny cung cp mt cng c hu hiu cho cc cng ty trong vic nh gi thnh tch ca mnh. Mc lng cho mt tun lm vic tiu chun tng quan vi lng ti thiu, chun ngho quc t v mc c tnh tt nht ca Lng sng; T trng hp ng lao ng thng xuyn so vi lao ng tm thi; Phn trm s cng nhn c hp ng lao ng; Phn trm s cng nhn c hng li t mt tha c thng lng tp th ang c hiu lc; S lng khiu ni quan trng do cng nhn a ra v c cc cp qun l gii quyt; Nhn thc ca cng nhn v nhng ngi qun l h v cc quyn ca ngi lao ng (da trn kho st).
Phc p v cam kt ca Unilever

Unilever cm n Oxfam v nhng n lc thc hin v mc chi tit m h thc hin nghin cu v xy dng bo co ny. Oxfam l mt trong nhng i tc ca Qu Unilever v chng ti hp tc trong nhiu d n di hi v canh tc quy m nh, cung ng bn vng v quyn lao ng. Unilever nh gi cao nhng phn hi t cc i tc bn ngoi v tha nhn rng ch thng qua hp tc a bn, chng ti mi c th thc hin c cc mc tiu trong K hoch Sng Bn vng ca Unilever. Thng 11/2010, Unilever cng b K hoch Sng Bn vng ca mnh vi mc tiu tham vng l m rng gp i quy m cng ty trong khi tch bit c nh hng t s tng trng ca mnh vi du n mi trng, ng thi tng cng cc tc ng x hi tch cc ca cng ty. Bi v chng ti tin tng rng tng trng bn vng v cng bng l m hnh tng trng duy nht c th chp nhn c v s thnh cng trong tng lai ca cng ty ph thuc vo kh nng chng ti t pht trin bn vng vo trng tm ca mi hnh ng. K hoch a ra khong 50 cam kt c thi hn n nm 2020 v mt b thc o nghim ngt i vi nhiu tc ng v mi trng vt cht, kinh t v x hi t vic kinh doanh ca cng ty. Nhng cam kt ny da vo nhn thc rng cc sn phm ca chng ti c th to s khc bit cho sc khe v s thnh vng ca con ngi, v chui cung ng ca chng ti h tr sinh k bn vng cho hng triu ngi trn th gii. Vo thng 6/2011, Hi ng Nhn quyn ca UN thng qua cc Nguyn tc Hng dn Thc hin Khung ca UN v Bo v, Tn trng v iu chnh (thng c gi l Cc nguyn tc Ruggie theo tn ca tc gi Gio s John Ruggie). Cu hi l lm th no mt cng ty n l c th lng ghp tt nht cc quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng vo chin lc kinh doanh ct li ca mnh l vn vng mc vi cc cng ty mi quy m. y cng l trng tm ca cc tranh lun x hi v m hnh tng trng bn vng v ton din. Nh nhiu cng ty khc, Unilever thc hin nh gi ton din lm th no a vo hot ng v thc hin khun kh Ruggie mt cch tt nht v m bo ph hp vi K hoch Sng
Bn vng ca Unilever. L mt phn trong nh gi ny, chng ti rt hn hnh c c hi hp tc vi Oxfam, mt trong nhng i tc phi chnh ph quan trng ca cng ty, thc hin nghin cu c tnh t ph ny ti Vit Nam ni c coi l th trng c nhiu thch thc. Cng nh nh gi trc ca Oxfam v tc ng kinh t x hi ca Unilever ti Indonessia262 vo nhng nm 2004-2005, chng ti tin tng nghin cu v chui cung ng ti Vit Nam s mang li cho chng ti ci nhn su sc v cc bi hc qu. Chng ti ng vi Oxfam cng khai bo co ny nh mt phng tin thc y nhng tho lun rng hn v khuyn khch cc cng ty khc theo bc chng ti. Chng ti hy vng bo co s c tip nhn theo tinh thn ny. L mt doanh nghip, chng ti c mt quy trnh khng ngng ci thin v cng bng m ni, bo co ny nu bt tin b t c v r rng l vn cn nhng lnh vc m chng ti cn rt nhiu vic phi lm. Tuy nhin, n s khch l chng ti n lc nhiu hn na. Gn y, chng ti quyt nh tip tc cng c nng lc ca mnh trong lnh vc ny qua vic b nhim mt Ph Ch tch v Pht trin X hi Ton cu, ngi s lnh o tin trnh thc hin khun kh Ruggie trong mi kha cnh kinh doanh ca cng ty v m bo thng nht vi K hoch Sng Bn vng ca Unilever. Chng ti tin chc rng vic gii quyt cc vn x hi phc tp trong ton b chui gi tr ca cng ty s c thc hin tt nht thng qua vic cng hp tc vi cng nhn ca cng ty, cc cng s, chnh ph v x hi dn s. Chng ti s tip tc i thoi qua mt lot cc s kin i ni v i ngoi trong sut nm 2013. Da trn cc kin ngh ca Oxfam v nguyn vng ca chnh mnh, chng ti mun xc nh k hoach hnh ng c cp ton cu v a phng. i vi Vit Nam, chi nhnh cng ty ca chng ti vn cam kt hp tc y vi Oxfam Vit Nam thc hin cc kin ngh v nh gi cc bc tin trong thi gian hai nm ti. C th, chng ti sn sng cho cc bc sau: T chc cc hi tho tp hun v quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng cho cc bn lin quan ni b v kinh doanh ca cng ty (bao gm c lnh o nh my C Chi) v cc nh cung ng chnh thc y cc thc hnh tt nht.
Lm vic vi 80 nh cung ng hng u gii quyt cc vn khng tun th vi B quy tc Nh cung ng ca Unilever. R sot cc c ch khiu ni cho c lao ng thng xuyn v tm thi ca cng ty m bo cc c ch ny d tip cn, c tnh d bo v minh bch hn. cp ton cu, Unilever s c cc bc tip tc: m bo rng chng ti thc y sinh k bn vng cho ton b cng nhn ca cng ty v cng nhn trong chui gi tr ca mnh. V d, nghin cu ca Oxfam cho thy ton b cng nhn bao gm c cng nhn tm thi ti nh my C Chi c tr cao hn mc lng ti thiu theo lut nh. Cng nhn tay ngh thp ton thi gian ca cng ty c tr cao gp i mc lng ti thiu v lao ng lnh ngh c tr lng trn mc lng sn chu v nh gi ca Oxfam v lng sng. Tip cn chnh ca chng ti l tr cho cng nhn gi lng hp l, xng ng v cnh tranh. M hnh kinh doanh ca Unilever da trn hot ng sn xut c a phng ha ngha l chng ti phi cnh tranh vi cc cng ty quc gia v quc t khc. Chnh v vy chng ti thng xc nh mc lng da trn cn nhc mi trng cnh tranh ty theo th trng. C th ni, chng ti t mc tiu gi chi tr tng th lun cao hn mc lng ti thiu ( ni no c p dng), v a ra cc li ch b sung (nh lng hu, ba n min ph hoc c tr cp, bo him y t v.v), cung cp o to v pht trin k nng cho mi cng nhn. Chng ti s r sot sinh k bn vng theo th trng 180 quc gia ni cng ty hot ng n cui 2015 chng ti c th nh gi liu lc lao ng ca cng ty trong c c lao ng tm thi v lao ng hp ng c c tr cng mt cch hp l v cnh tranh ph hp vi cc nguyn tc ct yu trnh by trn hay khng. Gim thiu s tht thng ca lao ng trong lc lng lao ng ca cng ty bt c ni no c th. Chng ti ang tin hnh nhng bc r sot vic s dng lao ng tm thi nhm m bo khi c th s ngh cc c hi vic lm di hn cho cng nhn lnh ngh v cng nhn c tay ngh thp lm vic trong chui cung ng ca cng ty. V d, trong ba nm qua, Unilever gim s dng lao ng t xut chu v chu Phi hn 40%. C th ni, chng ti tha nhn rng trong chui cung ng ca cng ty lun cn
mt lng nht nh lao ng tm thi do bn cht ma v ca mt s mng kinh doanh v s bin ng ca nhu cu. u t vo vic m bo B quy tc cho Nh cung ng ca cng ty c 100% nh cung ng trc tip hiu v tn trng vo cui nm 2014. Unilver c trch nhim m bo cc nh cung ng ca cng ty bit chng ti mong i iu g h trong vic m bo cc quyn ca ngi lao ng v cc lnh vc phi tun th khc. Chng ti sn sng lm vic vi 13.000 nh cung ng trc tip ca mnh, nhng ng nh bo co ni, pha trc vn cn rt nhiu vic phi lm. Do , chng ti m bo l 100% cc nh cung ng chnh ca cng ty s c nhng tuyn b tch cc cng nh c cc chng trnh ci thin mc tun th vo cui nm 2014. m bo cng ty s p ng cc tiu chun ging nh chng ti k vng cc nh cung ng. Chng ti cam kt m bo rng cc c s sn xut ca Unilever s phi c nh gi tng t v phi minh bch nh cc nh cung ng ca cng ty. Chng ti s m bo mi thng tin v cng ty s c chun b theo yu cu SEDEX (Trao i D liu v o c Nh cung ng) vo cui nm 2014. Lin kt vi cc i tc khc tng cng vic lng ghp quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng vo kinh doanh. Chng ti nhn thy t c nhiu tin b nht, cn hp tc vi cc ngnh ngh khc, cc i tc NGO v nh cung ng nhn rng v y mnh vic lng ghp quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng vo cng vic kinh doanh. lm c iu ny, chng ti s ch ng hp tc vi cc t chc ngh nghip nh SEDEX, Hip c Ton cu ca UN v Sng kin Kinh doanh Ton cu v Quyn con ngi. Cui cng, chng ti nhn thc y s cn thit phi minh bch hn na v t k hoch xy dng cc Ch s Hiu qu Hot ng Chnh (KPI) v quyn con ngi v quyn lao ng vo cui nm 2013. Sau , chng ti s c bo co tin hng nm. Chng ti mong mun bo co ny to c hi tip tc cc i thoi mang tnh xy dng vi cc bn lin quan chnh ca cng ty.
Paul Polman Tng Gim c iu hnh (CEO)
8 Cc ph lc
Ph lc 1: Nhm d n v li cm n
Nhm d n
Penny Fowler, Trng nhm Vn ng Khu vc T nhn, Oxfam GB Rachel Wilshaw, Gim c Kinh doanh c o c, Oxfam GB L Kim Dung, Trng i din, Oxfam Anh Vit Nam Vi s h tr ca cc nhn vin Oxfam Vit Nam bao gm: Vn Th Thu H, Cn b Chng trnh; V Th Qunh Hoa, iu phi vin Chng trnh Vn ng v Truyn thng; Nguyn Th Hong Yn, Cu cn b Truyn thng; Thibaut Hanquet, Trng i din Oxfam B. Chng ti cng mun cm n cc nhn vin Oxfam gm: Penny Lawrence, Joyce Kortlandt, Erinch Sahan, Sloane Hamilton, Bernard Gouw, Claire Mortimer, Jonathan Mazliah, Irit Tamir, Andrea Maksimovic, Gerry Boyle.
Nguyn-Phng Loan, Trng phng Nhn s
Nhng ngi cung cp thng tin chnh: Quc t
Peter Rossman, Gim c Vn ng v Truyn thng, Lin minh cng on Quc t, Muhammad Hidayat Greenfield, iu phi vin Khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng, Lin minh Cng on Quc t Dan Rees, Gim c, Chng trnh Cng vic Tt hn ca ILO v cu gim c, Sng kin Kinh doanh c o c. Sanne van der Wal, Nghin cu vin cao cp, Trung tm Nghin cu v cc Cng ty a quc gia ca SOMO. Marc Monsarrat, Qun l cao cp Cnh quan Bn vng, Lin minh Rng Nhit i
Nhng ngi cung cp thng tin chnh: Vit Nam

B Lao ng, Thng binh v X hi (MOLISA): Nguyn Hi Yn, Trng Phong Vic lam va Thi trng lao ng, Cc Vic lm; Nguyn Trng Ngha, Ph v trng V Php ch; Tng Th Minh, V trng V Lao ng Tin lng; Nguyn Huyn L, Trng phng Hp tc Quc t, Vin khoa hc lao ng v x hi Vit Nam; Nguyn Mnh Cng, Gim c, Trung tm H tr pht trin quan h lao ng (CIRD). Cc chuyn gia v tin lng t vn cho d tho bo co: Nguyn Th Lan Hng, Vin trng Vin khoa hc lao ng v x hi Vit Nam; Tng Vn Lai, trng phng Tin lng, V Lao ng Tin lng, MOLISA; Tara Rangarajan, Gim c Hot ng, Chng trnh Cng vic Tt hn ca ILO Vit Nam. Cc bn lin quan khc tham gia phng vn: Nguyn Vn Bnh, Chuyn vin cao cp, V Chnh sch v Php ch, VGCL; Nguyn Th Lan Anh, Trng phng, Vn phng Gii S dng Lao ng; Nguyn Vit Cng, chuyn gia tin lng, Nhm t vn ng Dng, Nguyn Quang Chnh, Trng Chuyn mc Cng on, bo Lao ng; Dng Minh c, phng vin bo Lao ng; Phm H v Nguyn Lan, phng vin bo Ngi Lao ng; Youngmo Yoon, Trung tm K thut Nng nghip v Hp tc Nng thn (CTA); D n Quan H Ngh nghip ILO; Florian Beranek, D n UNIDO CSR; ActionAid.
Nhm nghin cu
Liesbeth Unger, C vn K thut, Quyn con ngi ti ni lm vic Qunh Chi, Trng nhm Nghin cu Vit Nam Phm Thu Thy, Qun l D n Nghin cu Vit Nam v ng tc gi Bo co, Vit Nam Ng Vn Hoi, Nghin cu vin, Vit Nam Trn Thanh H, Nghin cu vin, Vit Nam
Unilever
Miguel Pestana, Ph Ch tch i ngoi Ton cu Michelle van der Burg, Gim c i ngoi Ton cu Rachel Cowburn-Walden, Gim c i ngoi Ton cu Trch nhim Doanh nghip Nick Dalton, Ph Ch tch Nhn s Chui Cung ng Gavin Neath, Ph Ch tch Cao cp, Pht trin Bn vng Petar Sobic, Gim c m bo Chui cung ng ton cu Vikram Agarwal, Ph ch tch Mua sm (Chu , Chu Phi, Trung v ng u)
Unilever Vit Nam

Trn V Hoi, Ph Ch tch Quan h Doanh nghip Nguyn-Vnh Long, Trng phng Qun l Chui cung ng
Xy dng thang lng

Alastair Usher v Pins Brown, Ergon Associates
Nhng ngi cng tc

Ben Moxham, Cn b Chnh sch, Phng Lin minh chu u v Quan h Quc t, TUC; Peter McAllister, Gim c Sng kin Kinh doanh c o c; Stuart Bell, Gim c, Ergon Associates; Rosey Hurst, Gim c, Impactt.
Ph lc 2: V d cc sng kin gii quyt vn mc Lng sng

Ngy cng c nhiu sng kin ang c a ra gii quyt vn lng thp trong cc ngnh t may mc n xut khu hoa qu, c trong mua sm t v cng. Tip cn sc mua tng ng: Mc lng sn chu (AFW) AFW l mt sng kin ca lin minh mc Lng Sn chu , mt Hip hi gm cc nghip on, cc nh hot ng v quyn ca ngi lao ng v cc nh nghin cu lm vic trong ngnh may mc khp chu , chu u v Bc M. Hip hi xy dng mt ngng (mc) bng cch s dng phng php lun Sc mua Tng ng ca Ngn hng Th gii, cho php ngi cng nhn c th mua nhng gi hng v gi dch v tng ng ti tt c cc quc gia sn xut hng may mc.http://www.asiafloorwage.org Tip cn ton ngnh hng: Din n Chui Th gii, ngnh chui Din n Chui Th gii tp hp hu ht cc bn lin quan c nh hng nht trong ngnh hng chui bao gm cc chnh ph (pha Nam), cc nh bn l, cc nghip on, cc NGO v cc cng ty Kinh doanh ngnh hng chui. H tuyn b cng khai l cng nhn c quyn c mc Lng sng v l mt tp hp gi hng ha chung khng my lin quan n mc lng ti thiu. Chng trnh ca h nhn c s ng h ti chnh ca FAO p dng ti Ecuador, Colombia v Cameroon. Cc bc tin hnh ti nay bao gm thu thp cc s liu ngng v nhu cu c bn v lng, r sot tnh hiu qu ca thng lng tp th v xem xt s phn b gi tr trong chui gi tr. http:// www.fao.org/wbf
Tip cn nng sut: Marks & Spencer, ngnh may mc Mt s cng ty may mc khuyn khch / ng vin cc nh cung ng gii thiu chng trnh o to nng cao nng sut to v li nhun cn thit tng mc lng. Marks & Spencer a ra cam kt tin lng tho ng trong k hoch ca cng ty v ra mt mc tiu lin quan n nh my ca cc nh cung ng ti Bangladesh, n v Sri Lanka. Vic nng lng d t cng c tc ng gim bin ng thay i v ngh vic khng l do ca cng nhn v nng cao cht lng sn phm. http://plana.marksandspencer.com/about/theplan/fair-partner Tip cn vn ng chnh sch: ngnh may mc Levi Strauss hp tc vi cc chnh ph Bangladesh, Campuchia v Mexico vn ng nng cao mc lng ti thiu vn khng p ng nhu cu c bn. http://levistrauss.com/sites/default/files/ librarydocument/2012/1/wages-benefits-2011.pdf Ci tin phng php kim ton Qu Fairwear bt u s dng cc thang lng trong quy trnh kim ton, v cng b mt lot cc thang lng. Trch nhim gii trnh x hi quc t (SA8000) bt u xy dng phng php lun Lng sng vo cc quy trnh kim ton ca t chc. http://www. fairwear.org/563/wage-ladder Khuyn khch mc Lng sng qua th tc mua sm ca chnh ph H Lan Chnh ph H Lan hin p dng cc iu kin x hi i vi cc nh thu chu u thc y cc tiu chun lao ng quc t v quyn con ngi trong chui cung ng quc t. Cc cng ty cung cp cho chnh ph H Lan c yu cu phi cam kt m bo cc cng c ct li ca ILO v tn trng quyn con ngi. i vi mt s sn phm (c ph, ch, ca cao, hoa v dt may) v trong trng hp cc ri ro c th c ghi nhn, iu kin bt buc l c cam kt b sung v mc Lng sng. http://www.pianoo.nl/themas/duurzaaminkopen/sociale-aspecten-van-duurzaaminkopen/sociale-voorwaarden (ting H Lan)
Ph lc 3: Ngun thng tin c s dng thng xuyn

Trong phn cc ghi ch c mt s tham kho c ngun l mt website hoc mt t chc. tin cho ngi c, chng ti lit k di y danh sch cc ngun c s dng thng xuyn. Cc trang web u c truy cp ln cui vo thng 12/2012. Sng kin Kinh doanh c o c (ETI) ETI (2012) B quy tc c s ca ETI, http://www. ethicaltrade.org/resources/key-eti-resources/ eti-base-code ETI (2012) Tiu chun Qun l theo ETI, http:// www.ethicaltrade.org/resources/key- etiresources/eti-management-benchmarks Sng kin Bo co Ton cu (GRI) GRI (2011) Hng dn Bo co Tnh bn vng: phin bn 3.1, Amsterdam: Sng kin Bo co Ton cu, https://www.globalreporting.org/ resourcelibrary/G3.1-Guidelines-Incl-TechnicalProtocol.pdf T chc Lao ng Quc t (ILO) C s d liu Tiu chun Lao ng Quc t, ILO http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1. htm Cc n phm ca ILO, http://www.ilo.org/ declaration/info/publications/lang--en/index. htm T chc Tiu chun Quc t (ISO) ISO (2010) ISO 26000: Hng dn v Trch nhim X hi, Geneva: ISO, https://www.iso.org/ obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:26000:ed-1:v1:en T chc Hp tc Kinh t v Pht trin (OECD) OECD (2011) Hng dn ca OECD v cc doanh nghip a quc gia, Paris: OECD Publishing, http:// www.oecd.org/daf/internationalinvestment/ uidelinesformultinationalenterprises/48004323. pdf
Hip c Ton cu ca Lin hip quc Hip c Ton cu (2012) Mi nguyn tc, New York: Hip c Ton cu, http:// www.unglobalcompact.org/aboutthegc/ thetenprinciples/index.html Cng c t nh gi ca Hip c Ton cu, http://www.globalcompactselfassessment.org/ Nguyn tc Hng dn ca UN v Kinh doanh v Quyn con ngi (UNGP) J. Ruggie (2008) Protect, Respect and Remedy: a Framework for Business and Human Rights. A/HRC/8/5. Geneva: UN Human Rights Council. http://www.reports-and-materials.org/Ruggiereport-7-Apr-2008.pdf J. Ruggie (2011) UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework, Geneva: UNHRC, http:// www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/ GuidingPrinciplesBusinessHR_EN.pdf B lut Lao ng Vit Nam B K hoch u t (2002) B lut Lao ng Vit Nam 23: B lut Lao ng ca Nc CHXHCN Vit Nam. B lut Lao ng Vit Nam 23/06/1994, sa i ngy 2/04/2002. H Ni: Quc hi Nc CHXHCN Vit Nam, http://www.global-standards.com/Resources/ VNLaborCode1994-2002.pdf
Cc ghi ch
1 Xem thm thng tin ti: http://www.ethicaltrade.org. 2 Xem thm thng tin ti: http://www.play-fair.org. 3 J. Clay (2005) Exploring the Links Between International Business and Poverty Reduction: A case study of Unilever in Indonesia, Oxford: Oxfam GB, http://policy-practice. oxfam.org.uk/publications/exploring-the-links-betweeninternational-business-and-pover ty-reduc tion-acase-112492 4 Xem thm thng tin ti: http://www.unilever.com/ sustainable-living/ourpeople/rights. 5 Business & Human Rights Initiative (2010) How to Do Business with Respect for Human Rights: A Guidance Tool for Companies, The Hague: Global Compact Network Netherlands, http://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/issues_doc/ human_rights/Resources/how_to_business_with_respect_ for_human_rights_gcn_netherlands_june2010.pdf (last accessed October 2012). 6 ILO (2011) Freedom of Association and Development, Geneva: ILO, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/ wcms_160208.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 7 Cng c 87 ca ILO Cng c v T do Hip hi v Bo v Quyn c T chc, 1948; Cng c 98 ca ILO Cng c v Quyn T chc v Thng lng Tp th, 1949; Tuyn b ca ILO v cc nguyn tc nn tng v quyn ti ni lm vic. Trong Tuyn b Ba bn v cc Nguyn tc lin quan n Doanh nghip a quc gia v Chnh sch X hi (1977), cc iu 48, 49, 50, 51 v 52 m t bn phn c th ca cc doanh nghip. 8 Nguyn tc Hng dn ca UN v Kinh doanh v Quyn con ngi (UNGP) 15. 9 N. Dalton (2011) Ph ch tch Nhn s Chui cung ng Ton cu Unilever, trong phng vn vi Oxfam ngy 15/9/2011. 10 Cc khiu ni ny lin quan n ng ca nh my (nh my Sewri, n ), t do hip hi v thng lng tp th (nh my Doom Dooma, n ) v s dng lao ng tm thi v lao ng hp ng ti cc nh my Pakistan (Rahim Yar Khan v Khanewal). Mt khiu ni khc do nghip on giao thng ThNh K TUMTIS trnh nm 2008. Xem: Unilever(2011) Respecting Rights, http:// www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/ourpeople/rights/ 11 Xem thm thng tin ti: http://oecdwatch.org/newsen/iuf-files-complaint-against-unilever. For more information on the resolution, visit: http://www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/0/16/44478619.pdf. 12 D. Vaughan-Whitehead (2011)Howfairare wage practices along the supply chain? Global assessment in 2011-11, Paper prepared for the Better Work conference, 26-28 October 2011, Washington DC, http://www.betterwork. org/EN/events/research2011/Documents/Session%20 3%20How%20%E2%80%98fair%E2%80%99%20are%20 wage%20practices%20along%20the%20supply%20 chain.pdf (last accessed October 2012). 13 N. Dalton (2011) Ph ch tch Nhn s Chui cung ng
Ton cu Unilever, trong phng vn vi Oxfam ngy 15/9/2011. 14 D. Rees (2011) Director - ILO Better Work Programme, in interview with Oxfam. 15 Ibid. 16 Xem thm thng tin ti: http://www.oxfam.org.uk/getinvolved/campaign-with-us/our-campaigns/grow. 17 Nm bt li ch cho Ngi lao ng v Nh cung ng trong Chui Gi tr Ton cu l mt mng li nghin cu quc t do DFID ti tr vi s tham gia ca cc nh nghin cu ti 20 quc gia chu Phi, chu , M Latinh v Hoa K. Xem thm thng tin ti: www.capturingthegains.org. 18 P. McAllister (2011) Gim c, Sng kin Kinh doanh c o c. Cuc hp Thnh vin ETI, thng 3/2011. 19 R. Hurst (2011) Finding the sweet spot: Smarter ethical trade that delivers more for all, London: Impactt, http:// www.impacttlimited.com/resources/finding-the-sweetspot-smarter-ethical-trade-that-delivers-more-for-all 20 J. Ruggie (2008) Protect, Respect and Remedy: a Framework for Business and Human Rights. A/HRC/8/5. Geneva: UNHRC. http://www.reports-and-materials.org/ Ruggie-report-7-Apr-2008.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 21 J.Ruggie (2011) UN Guiding Principles on Human Rights and Business: Implementing the United Nations Protect, Respect and Remedy. A/HRC/17/31. Geneva: UNHRC, http://www.business-humanrights.org/media/ documents/ruggie/ruggie-guiding-principles-21mar-2011.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 22 Ibid. 23 M. Pestana (2011) Ph ch tch i ngoi Ton cu Unilever, trong tho lun vi Oxfam. 24 http://politicsofpoverty.oxfamamerica.org/2011/02/11/ making-headway-on-business-and-human-rights/ 25 Chin lc ca EU v trch nhim x hi doanh nghip 2011-2014. 26 ILO (2011) Introduction to International Labour Standards, http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/introduction-tointernational-labour-standards/lang--en/index.htm (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 27 Xem thm thng tin ti: http://www.ilo.org/declaration/ thedeclaration/textdeclaration/lang--en/index.htm 28 ILO (2011) About the Declaration, http://www.ilo.org/ declaration/thedeclaration/lang--en/index.htm 29 Xem thm thng tin ti: www.unilever.com/sustainableliving/ourpeople/rights. 30 ILO (2001) Tripartite Declaration of Principles Concerning Multinational Enterprises and social policy, third edition, Geneva: ILO. 31 OECD (2011) OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, Paris: OECD. http://www.oecd.org/documen t/18/0,3343,en_2649_34889_2397532_1_1_1_1,00.html 32 MVO Nederland (2011) Government policy for CSR, http://www.mvonederland.nl/english/content/pagina/ government-policy-csr.
33 Xem thm thng tin ti: www.unglobalcompact.org 34 UN Global Compact (2011) The Ten Principles, www. unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/TheTenPrinciples/ index.html. 35 Xem thm thng tin ti: www.globalcompactselfassessment.org 36 Xem thm thng tin ti: www.iso.org 37 Xem thm thng tin ti: www.ethicaltrade.org 38 Xem thm thng tin ti: http://www.ethicaltrade.org/ resources/key-eti-resources/principles-implementation 39 Xem thm thng tin ti: http://www.globalreporting.org/ home 40 GRI (2011) Sustainable Reporting Guidelines: version 3.1, Amsterdam: Global Reporting Initiative, https://www. globalreporting.org/resourcelibrary/G3.1-GuidelinesIncl-Technical-Protocol.pdf (last accesses June 2012). 41 iu ny ni n mc v cc ch s bo co c trnh by. Bo co Unilever c Deloitfe LLP kim chng theo 10 ch s v mi trng v an ton ni lm vic, m khng bao gm khu vc ca nghin cu. 42 M. Pestana (2011) Ph ch tch i ngoi Ton cu Unilever, trong tho lun vi Oxfam. 43 Ibid. 44 Unilever Vit Nam (UVN) c chnh thc thnh lp nm 2000 vi hnh thc lin doanh vi Vinachem, Tng cng ty Ha cht Vit Nam, mt n v nh nc l cng ty m ca c Viso v Haso. 45 iu 7(2) B lut Lao ng 1995 quy nh: Ngi lao ng c quyn thnh lp, gia nhp, hot ng cng on theo Lut cng on bo v quyn v li ch hp php ca mnh (ibid.). 46 iu 46 B lut Lao ng 1995 quy nh: Mi bn u c quyn xut yu cu k kt v ni dung tho c tp th (B K hoch v u t, 2002). 47 Du Thao Online (n.d.) Salary increases, modified to reduce strikes law [Tng lng, sa lut gim nh cng], Du Thao Online, no date, http://duthaoonline. quochoi.vn/DuThao/Lists/TT_TINLAPPHAP/View_Detail. aspx?ItemID=233 (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 48 Theo iu 56 ca B lut Lao ng 2002, Mc lng ti thiu c n nh theo gi sinh hot, bo m cho ngi lao ng lm cng vic gin n nht trong iu kin lao ng bnh thng b p sc lao ng gin n v mt phn tch lu ti sn xut sc lao ng m rng v c dng lm cn c tnh cc mc lng cho cc loi lao ng khc. N d nh p ng nhu cu ca mt ngi ln v mt tr em. Xem: B lut Lao ng nm 1994 sa i b sung nm 2002. Quc hi Nc CHXHCN Vit Nam. http://www.global-standards.com/Resources/ VNLaborCode1994-2002.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 49 Lao ng (2012) Hard life for labourers on minimum wage, Lao ng, 11 thng 12, http:/laodong.com.vn/ Cong-doan/Nguoi-lao-dong-song-lay-lat-voi-mucluong-toi-thieu/91341.bld 50 Xem thng tin ti http://www.coalimex.com.vn/index. php/227/6124/Nam-2020-tien-luong-toi-thieu-dat-
85-muc-trung-binh-ASEAN http://www.coalimex.com. vn/index.php?language=2&module=news&cateId=281 51 J. Merk (2009) Stitching Decent Wages Across Borders: The Asia Floor Wage Proposal, New Delhi: Asia Floor Wage Campaign. http://www.cleanclothes.org/component/ docman/doc_download/25-stitching-a-decent-wageacross-borders (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 52 Asia Floor Wage (2011) Position Statement of Asia Floor Wage Alliance, http://www.asiafloorwage.org/ asiafloorwage-PositionStatement.htm. 53 Chun ngho quc t tnh ton bi Ngn hng Th gii: 1,25$ mi ngy cho mi ngi c cho l i din cho chun ngho tuyt i , di mc ny kh ai c th tn ti. N c tnh t gi tr trung bnh ca chun ngho quc gia ca 15 nc ngho nht. Ngng cao hn, 2 USD mt ngi mt ngy, l mc trung bnh ca chun ngho quc gia ca tt c cc nc ang pht trin. xem: World Bank (1990) World Development Report 1990: Poverty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/ external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2000/12/ 13/000178830_98101903345649/Rendered/PDF/multi_ page.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 54 H. Tuan, B. Thien and T. Hu (2010) Everyone could see wages so low! [Ai cng thy lng qu thp], Thanh Nien Online, 23 March, http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/ pages/20100323/ai-cung-thay-luong-qua-thap.aspx (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 55 Quang Nam (2011) Workers will bear the same [S gnh cng cng nhn], Quang Nam, 29 April 2011, http:// baoquangnam.com.vn/xa-hoi/lao-dong-viec-lam/30297se-ganh-cung-cong-nhan.html. 56 H. Tuan, B. Thien and T. Hu (2010) Narrow life of employees: 1 hour = 1 ice cream [Ng hp i cng nhn: mt gi lm bng mt que kem], Thanh Nien Online, 21 March,f http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20100321/ ngo-hep-doi-cong-nhan-1-gio-lam-=-1-que-kem.aspx (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 57 H. Tuan, B. Thien and T. Hu (2010) Thanh Nien Online, 23/3, http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20100323/ an-uong-kham-kho-riet-cung-quen-roi.aspx (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 58 TS Hunh Thanh H, Gim c Trung tm Lao ng V sinh Mi trng v Sc khe Bnh Dng. 59 H. Tuan, B.Thien and T.Hu, op.cit 60 D.Vaughan - Whitehead (2011) How fair are wage practices along the supply chain? Global assesment in 2010-11, Responsible for Wage policcies, International Labour Office, Co-chair of the Fair Wage Network. Xem thm thng tin ti: htttp://www.fair-wage.com 61 iu 27.1(c) v 27.3 ca B lut Lao ng. Xem: B lut Lao ng nm 1994 sa i b sung nm 2002. Quc hi Nc CHXHCN Vit Nam. http://www.global-standards. com/Resources/VNLaborCode1994-2002.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 62 iu 26 ca B lut Lao ng quy nh hp ng lao ng l l s tho thun gia ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng v vic lm c tr cng, iu kin lao ng, quyn v ngha v ca mi bn trong quan h lao ng. Hp ng lao ng c giao kt trc tip gia ngi
lao ng vi ngi s dng lao ng (iu 30.1) v ngi s dng lao ng l t chc hoc c nhn c thu mn, s dng v tr cng lao ng. (iu 6). 63 Government of Viet Nam (2001) Decree No. 14/2001/ ND-CP of April 25, 2001 on the Management of the Security Service Business, Hanoi: Government of Viet Nam, http://policy.mofcom.gov.cn/english/flaw!fetch. action?libcode=flaw&id=670c4af8-1e83-42c5-a7edcfa1745892cb 64 Bao Moi (2007) Ho Chi Minh City: 4 strikes for wages and bonuses continue to happen (translated), Bao Moi, (n.d.), http://www.baomoi.com/TPHo-Chi-Minh-Tiep-tuc-co-4vu-dinh-cong-ve-luong--thuong/47/1303810.epi 65 Khu ch xut (EPZ) ln hn v nh hng xut khu, c Th tng thnh lp theo quy nh ca php lut, khu cng nghip (IZ) nh hn, c sn xut phc v trong nc v xut khu do UBND tnh thnh lp, theo Oxfam Vit Nam. 66 ILO-VCCI 2010 Survey of Employers Best Practices in Labour Relations. 2011. ILO Office in Hanoi 67 D. Vaughan-Whitehead (2011)Howfairare wage practices along the supply chain? Global assessment in 2011-11, Paper prepared for the Better Work conference, 26-28 October 2011, Washington DC, http://www.betterwork. org/EN/events/research2011/Documents/Session%20 3%20How%20%E2%80%98fair%E2%80%99%20are%20 wage%20practices%20along%20the%20supply%20 chain.pdf (last accessed October 2012). 68 Nguyn tc Hng dn ca UN v Kinh doanh v Quyn con ngi (UNGP) 15. 69 Mc d s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan khng phi l mt yu t xc nh ca thm nh, n c khuyn khch trong cc nguyn tc khc v nh gi tc ng, theo di v truyn thng. 70 UNGP 16(a); ETI Management Benchmark 1.1; ISO 26000 Guidance sections 6.3.3 and 7.4.2; OECD Guidelines; Global Compact Principle 4; GRI guideline 1.1. 71 UN Global Compact and OHCHR (2011) How to Develop a Human Rights Policy, New York: UN Global Compact, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/ DevelopHumanRightsPolicy_en.pdf 72 N. Dalton (2011) Ph ch tch Nhn s Chui cung ng Ton cu Unilever, trong phng vn vi Oxfam ngy 15/9/2011. 73 G. Neath (2011) Ph ch tch Cao cp v Truyn thng v Pht trin Bn vng Unilever, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 10/8/2011. 74 N. Dalton (2011) Ph ch tch Nhn s Chui cung ng Ton cu Unilever, trong phng vn vi Oxfam ngy 15/9/2011. 75Unilever (2011) Our Suppliers, http://www.unilever.com/ aboutus/supplier/ (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 76 M. Pestana (2011) - Ph G v i ngoi ton cu Unilever, tho lun vi Oxfam vo 10/8/2011 77 P. Sobic (2011) Gim c m bo cc Nh cung ng Ton cu - Unilever, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 10/8/2011.
78 D. Rees (2011) Gim c, Chng trnh Cng vic Tt hn ca ILO, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 17/11/2011. 79 Xem thm thng tin ti: www.unilever.com/sustainability/ employees/rights/. 80 UNGP 16 and GRI indicator HR1 81 G. Neath (2011). 82 UNGP 16(e) 83 UNGP 16 a, b, c , d and e; ISO 26000 6.6.6.1, 6.6.6.2 , 7.4 and 7.5; ETI Benchmarks principle 1 and 2; OECD guidelines (2011), General principles A13; GRI G3.1 HR.1; ; ETI Benchmark 2.3; and Global Compact Self Assessment tool LA.5.A 84 Ibid. 85 Ibid. 86 P. Rossman (2011) - G vn ng v truyn thng Lin minh cng on Quc t, tr li Oxfam ngy 14/9/2011 87 M. Monsarrat (2011) Senior Manager Sustainable Landscapes Rainforest Alliance, in interview with Oxfam on 11 November 2011. 88 D. Rees (2011) Gim c, Chng trnh Cng vic Tt hn ca ILO, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 17/11/2011. 89 Webpage ca Unilever v K hoch Pht trin Bn vng, http://www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/uslp/(ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 90 N. Dalton (2011) Ph ch tch Nhn s Chui cung ng Ton cu Unilever, trong phng vn vi Oxfam ngy 15/9/2011. 91 L.Nguyen-Phuong (2011) Gim c nhn s - Unilever Vietnam, tr li phng vn vi Oxfam thng 7/2011 92 P. Sobic (2011) Gim c m bo cc Nh cung ng Ton cu - Unilever, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 10/8/2011. 93 Nhm nghin cu tho lun nhm vi cn b qun l UVN(2011) 94 Nhm nghin cu tho lun nhm vi cn b qun l UVN(2011) 95 P. Sobic (2011) Gim c m bo cc Nh cung ng Ton cu - Unilever, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 10/8/2011. 96 Mt ngoi l l m phn gia UVN v Vinachem, thay mt cho tt cc nh sn xut thuc Vinachem. Cc cng ty thuc Vinachem phn nn l chi ph nhn cng tr bi UVN l qu thp so vi mc lng trung bnh ca cng ty. Nhm nghin cu phng vn vi Ph Gim c, Nh cung cp B, 18/11/2011. 97 N. Dalton (2011) Ph ch tch Nhn s Chui cung ng Ton cu Unilever, trong phng vn vi Oxfam ngy 15/9/2011. 98 UNGP 17 99 UNGP 17 and 18 and also others; ISO 26000 6.3.3 and 7.3.1, OECD guidelines 2011, general policy 10, ETI Benchmark 100 IBid 101 UNGP 17, 18, 24 and commentary; Taylor et al (2009); OECD guidelines 2011, general policies
commentary, ETI Benchmark 4.1; GRI Sustainable Reporting Guidelines G3.1, HR2; ISO 26000 7.3.4 (listing considerations to follow when determining priorities) 102 UNGP 19b, 22 and commentary, OECD guidelines 2011, General Policies 11 and 12, and Ch.IV, 6; ISO 26000 6.3.3.2 103 UNGP 19b, principle 22 and commentary, OECD guidelines 2011, General Policies 11 and 12, ETI Benchmark 5.1 and 5.2 104UNGP 19a 105 UNGP 19b, 22 and commentary; OECD guidelines 2011, General Policies 11 and 12, and Ch.IV, 6; ISO 26000 7.3.3.2 and ETI Management benchmarks Principle 5 (Improvement Actions) 106 UNGP 19b, principle 22 and commentary, OECD guidelines 2011, General Policies 11 and 12, ETI Benchmark 5.1 and 5.2 107 UNGP 20 and commentary, ETI benchmark on monitoring and evaluation 4.2 108 UNGP 21 109 UNGP 21 a,b, c and commentary 110 Bn lin quan l c nhn hoc t chc c mt phn hoc li ch trong mt cng ty v c th b nh hng tiu cc bi hnh ng ca cng ty . 111 UNGP 18 (b) and 20(b), OECD guidelines 2011, general policies, 14, ISO 26000 5.3, GRI 4.14 112 Hou (2011) 113 SMETA l vit tt ca Phng php lun Kim ton o c Kinh doanh SEDEX, mt phng php kim ton c pht trin bi SEDEX tham chiu n cc quy tc ca B quy tc c bn v Sng kin Kinh doanh c o c, bao gm phng vn cng nhn ti ni lm vic nhng khng c phng vn bn ngoi nh my. 114 AIM PROGRESS l nhm cng tc trong Hip hi Thng hiu Chu u (AIM). PROGRESS l vit tc ca Chng trnh Cung ng c Trch nhim. 115 P. Sobic (2011) Gim c m bo cc Nh cung ng Ton cu - Unilever, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 10/8/2011. 116 S. van der Wal (2011) Certified Unilever Tea: Small Cup, Big Difference?, Amsterdam: SOMO, http://somo.nl/ publications-en/Publication_3711 (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 117 Ibid. 118 P. Sobic (2011) Gim c m bo cc Nh cung ng Ton cu - Unilever, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 10/8/2011. 119 N.Dalton, op.cit 120 Unilever (2011) Respecting Rights, http://www.unilever. com/sustainable-living/ourpeople/rights/ (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 121 S. van der Wal (2011) Nghin cu vin cao cp, SOMO, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 22/9/2011. 122 P. Sobic (2011) Gim c m bo cc Nh cung ng Ton cu - Unilever, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 10/8/2011.
123 G. Neath (2011) Ph ch tch Cao cp v Truyn thng v Pht trin Bn vng Unilever, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 10/8/2011. 124 P. Rossman (2011) Gim c Vn ng v Truyn thng,Lin minh Cng on Quc t, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 14/9/2011. 125 G. Neath (2011) Ph ch tch Cao cp v Truyn thng v Pht trin Bn vng Unilever, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 10/8/2011. 126 P. Rossman (2011) Gim c Vn ng v Truyn thng,Lin minh Cng on Quc t, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 14/9/2011. 127 S. van der Wal (2011) Nghin cu vin cao cp, SOMO, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 22/9/2011. 128 D. Rees (2011) Gim c, Chng trnh Cng vic Tt hn ca ILO, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 17/11/2011. 129 UNGP 29 and 31, ISO 26000, 6.3.6; OECD guidelines, commentary to Ch.IV Human Rights; ETI benchmarks 4.3 and 6.5 130 C. Rees (2011) Piloting Principles for Effective CompanyStakeholder Grievance Mechanisms: A Report of Lessons Learned, Geneva: UNHCR, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/ m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/report_46_GM_pilots.pdf. 131 Unilever (2011) Respecting Rights, http://www.unilever. com/sustainable-living/ourpeople/rights/ (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 132 Trong nm ti, P&G tuyn b h s s dng cc Nguyn tc Hng dn gii quyt cc thiu ht v quyn con ngi trong cc chnh sch v chng trnh. Xem Procter & Gamble (2011) 2011 Sustainability Report: commitment to everyday life, Cincinnati: Procter & Gamble,http://www.pg.com/en_US/downloads/ sustainability/reports/PG_2011_Sustainability_Report. pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 133 Mouvement des Entreprises de France (2010) Consultation with Business stakeholders on the Implementation of the UN Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework: summary note, London: Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, http://www.businesshumanrights.org/media/documents/report-fromruggie-business-consultation-paris-5-oct-2010.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 134 Nestl tha nhn trch nhim tn trng quyn con ngi, nh nu trong Khung ca UN v Quyn con ngi v Kinh doanh do John Ruggie xut . Xem: Nestl (2010) Nestl Creating Shared Value Update 2010, Vevey, Nestl, http://www.nestle.com/Common/ NestleDocuments/Documents/Library/Documents/ Corporate_Social_Responsibility/Nestle_Creating_ Shared_Value_Update_2010.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 135 Mouvement des Entreprises de France (2010) Consultation with Business stakeholders on the Implementation of the UN Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework: summary note, London: Business & Human Rights Resource Centre, http://www.businesshumanrights.org/media/documents/report-fromruggie-business-consultation-paris-5-oct-2010.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012).
136 Unilever (2011) Purpose & Principles, http://www. unilever.com/investorrelations/understanding_ unilever/purposeandprinciples/index.aspx?W T. LHNAV=Purpose_&_principles (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 137 LOral (2011) Ethics: our values, http://www.loreal. com/_en/_ww/html/our-company/united-nationsglobal-compact/human-rights.aspx (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 138 Nestl (2011) Human Rights, http://www.nestle.com/ csv/ourpeople/humanrights/Pages/Humanrights.aspx (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 139 Kraft Food (2011) Corporate Responsibility Expectations for Direct Suppliers, http://www.kraftfoodscompany. com/DeliciousWorld/compliance-integrity/corporate_ responsibility_expectations.aspx (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 140 Nestls Employee Relations Policy, http://www.nestle. com/Common/NestleDocuments/Documents/Library/ Documents/People/Employee-relations-policy-EN.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 141 P&Gs Associate Director of Corporate Sustainability Development, Clifford E. Henry, chairs a committee representing US companies interests during the development of the ISO 26000 guidance standard. See: United States Council for International Business webpage on the Committee for Corporate Responsibility, http://www.uscib.org/index.asp?documentID=813 142 Nestl (2011) Fairtrade, http://sustainabledevelopment09.loreal.com/innovation/fair-trade.asp 143 Ethical Trading Initiative (2011) Our Members, http:// www.ethicaltrade.org/about-eti/our-members (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 144 C s D liu Cng khai v Tnh Bn vng ca GRI, trang thng tin v Kraft Foods, http://database. globalreporting.org/companies/view/3655#b (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 145 General (HR2 Percentage of significant suppliers and contractors that have undergone screening on human rights and actions taken. HR3 Total hours of employee training on policies and procedures concerning aspects of human rights that are relevant to operations, including the percentage of employees trained) Wages (LA14 Ratio of basic salary of men to women by employee category) Freedom of Association (LA4 Percentage of employees covered by collective bargaining agreements. HR5 Operations identified in which the right to exercise freedom of association or collective bargaining may be at significant risk, and actions taken to support these rights.) Precarious work (LA1 Total workforce by employment type, employment contract, and region.) Xem thm thng tin ti: https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/latestguidelines/g3-guidelines/Pages/default.aspx 146 Trang web ca Henkel GRI-Index 147 Unilever: C s D liu Cng khai v Tnh Bn vng ca GRI, trang thng tin v Unilever, http://database. globalreporting.org/companies/view/794#b (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012);
N estle: C s D liu Cng khai v Tnh Bn vng ca GRI, trang thng tin v Nestl, http://database. globalreporting.org/companies/view/2508#b (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012); P &G: C s D liu Cng khai v Tnh Bn vng ca GRI, trang thng tin v Procter & Gamble, http:// database.globalrepor ting.org/companies/view/ 8#b (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012); L Oreal: C s D liu Cng khai v Tnh Bn vng ca GRI, trang thng tin v LOral, http://database. globalreporting.org/companies/view/732#b (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 148 Trang thng tin v Unilever trn website ca Hip c Ton cu, http://www.unglobalcompact.org/ participants/detail/9643-Unilever (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 149 Trang thng tin v LOral trn website ca Hip c Ton cu, http://www.unglobalcompact.org/COPs/ detail/12380 (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 150 Trang thng tin v Henkel trn website ca Hip c Ton cu, http://www.unglobalcompact.org/COPs/detail/15469 (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 151 Ibid. 152 Trang thng tin v Nestl trn website ca Hip c Ton cu, http://www.unglobalcompact.org/COPs/detail/11434 (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 153 Ibid. 154Unilever (2011) Respecting Rights, http://www.unilever. com/sustainable-living/our people/rights 155 OECD (2010) Annual Report on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2010: Corporate responsibility: Reinforcing a unique instrument, Paris: OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/mne-2010-en (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 156 Nestl (2010) The Nestl Corporate Business Principles, Vevey: Nestl, http://www.nestle.com/Common/ NestleDocuments/Documents/Library/Documents/Corporate_Governance/Corporate-Business-Principles-EN. pdf (last accessed 2012). 157 ILO (2011) Freedom of Association and Development, Geneva:ILO,http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/ public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_160208.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 158 Cng c 87 ca ILO Cng c v T do Hip hi v Bo v Quyn c T chc, 1948; Cng c 98 ca ILO Cng c v Quyn T chc v Thng lng Tp th, 1949; Tuyn b ca ILO v cc nguyn tc nn tng v quyn ti ni lm vic. Trong Tuyn b Ba bn v cc Nguyn tc lin quan n Doanh nghip a quc gia v Chnh sch X hi (1977), cc iu 48, 49, 50, 51 v 52 m t bn phn c th ca cc doanh nghip. 159 ng ch l ti Hi ngh thng nh th gii nm 1995 v pht trin x hi Copenhagen v trong Tuyn b ILO nm v cc nguyn tc v quyn c bn ti ni lm vic (Ibid.) 160 Ibid. 161 OECD Guidelines for MNEs, V; GC self-assessment tool on
labour LA.1.A, , ISO 26000 6.4.4 labour practices issue 3 social dialogue, ETI Base Code 2.2 and ETI benchmarks 5.4 , GRI Sustainable Reporting Guidelines G3.1 HR.5 162 OECD Guidelines, V Employment and Industrial Relations 3 163 ETI Base Code 2.2 and ETI benchmark 5.4 164 ISO 26000 6.4.4 labour practices issue 3 social dialogue 165 OECD Guidelines for MNEs, V; ILO Convention 98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949, art. 1 and 2; Tripartite Declaration of Principles 42 and 43; GRI HR 4 166 Global Compact Self Assessment tool on labour, http:// www.globalcompactselfassessmnet.org/labour 167 ILO Convention 87 Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise, art. 2 ; Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy 42 and 49; OECD guidelines 2011, V 168 ILO Convention 98 Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, art.2 169 Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy 49 and 50; OECD guidelines 2011, V 1 b, 8; GC self assessment LA.1.A; GRI Sustainable Reporting Guidelines G3.1 LA.4 170 O ECD guidelines, V Employment and Industrial Relations 8 171 Ibid. 172 Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy 59; ILO Recommendation (No. 92) concerning Voluntary Conciliation and Arbitration. Global Compact Self Assessment tool on labour 173 Tripartite Declaration of Principles 54 and UN Guiding Principle on Human Rights and Business 29 and 31 174 Tripartite Declaration, Principle 54 175 ILO Committee on Freedom of Association, See 300th Report, Case No. 1741, para. 55 Cannot access document online 176 N. Dalton (2011) Ph ch tch Nhn s Chui cung ng Ton cu Unilever, trong phng vn vi Oxfam ngy 15/9/2011. 177 These complaints concerned site closure (Sewri factory, India), freedom of association and collective bargaining (Doom Dooma factory, India) and the use of temporary and contracted labour at factories (Rahim Yar Khan and Khanewal, Pakistan). A further complaint was submitted by the Turkish transport union TUMTIS in 2008. See: Unilever (2011) Respecting Rights, http://www.unilever. com/sustainable-living/ourpeople/rights/ 178 Xem thm thng tin ti: http://oecdwatch.org/newsen/iuf-files-complaint-against-unilever. For more information on the resolution, visit: http://www.oecd. org/dataoecd/0/16/44478619.pdf 179 R. Hurst (2011) Op. Cit. UF (2012) Unilever human rights abuses again under I fire - IUF lodges complaint with UK government, IUF, 28 June 2012, http://cms.iuf.org/?q=node/1768 (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012).
180 P. Rossman (2011) Gim c Vn ng v Truyn thng,Lin minh Cng on Quc t, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 14/9/2011. 181 Ibid. 182 N. Dalton (2011) Ph ch tch Nhn s Chui cung ng Ton cu Unilever, trong phng vn vi Oxfam ngy 15/9/2011. 183 D. Rees (2011) Gim c, Chng trnh Cng vic Tt hn ca ILO, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 17/11/2011. 184 Hp gii thiu gia Oxfam ban qun l Unilever, thng 3/2011 185 Nhm nghin cu tho lun vi ban qun l UVN, 28/7/2011. 186 Oxfam, nhm nghin cu v Ph ch tch Unilever tho lun kt qu nghin cu, 9/11/2011 187 Ibid 188 Vn bn lin lc t G nhn s ca UVN vi Oxfam thng 12/2012 189 Ibid. 190 See paragraph 1: ILO (1970) R135 Minimum Wage Fixing Recommendation, Geneva: ILO, http://www.ilo. org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:12100:0::NO::P12100_ INSTRUMENT_ID:312473 (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 191 R. Wilshaw (2010) Better Jobs in Better Supply Chains, Briefing for Business No. 5, Oxford: Oxfam International. http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/betterjobs-in-better-supply-chains-114001 192 K. Kraut, S. Klinger and C. Collins (2000) Choosing the High Road: businesses that pay a living wage and prosper, Boston: Responsible Wealth, http://www.lecet. org/Legislative/prevailing_wage/Choosing%20the%20 High%20Road.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012); I LO (2010) Global Wage Report 2010/11: Wage policies in times of crisis, Geneva: ILO, http://www.ilo.org/global/ publications/books/WCMS_145265/lang--en/index.htm (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012).
193 Xem thm thng tin ti: http://raisetheminimumwage. org./pages/business-case 194 Xem trang 18: R. Hurst (2011) Op. Cit. 195 ILO Tripartite Declaration 34; OECD Guidelines 2011, Ch.V, 4b; ISO 26000 6.4.4; ETI base code 5; GRI EC 5; Principle 1 GC; 196 Global Compact Self Assessment tool HU 2.B. Wages 197 Global Compact Self Assessment tool HU 2.B. Wages; ETI Base Code 5; ILO Convention 100, Equal Remuneration for Men and Women Workers for Work of Equal Value, 1951 198 Global Compact Self assessment tool HU 2.B. Wages 199 ILO Tripartite Declaration of principles concerning multinational enterprises and social policy 33; ILO Convention 111, Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation, 1958. 200 ILO Tripartite Declaration, par. 50; ISO 26000 6.4.4 labour practices issue 2; ILO Convention 131
201 OECD guidelines, V Employment and Industrial Relations 8 202 Ibid. 203 N. Dalton (2011) Ph ch tch Nhn s Chui cung ng Ton cu Unilever, trong phng vn vi Oxfam ngy 15/9/2011. 204 Ibid. 205 AROSS (2011) Proceedings of the Third Asian Regional Roundtable on Social Security (AROSS): Asian Minima in Practice, Chiang Mai, Thailand: AROSS. http://www. amrc.org.hk/node/1243 (last accessed September 2012). 206 Nhm nghin cu phng vn vi ba cn b ca MOLISA v hai cn b ca DOLISA C Chi, 7/11 207 Research team interview with UVN manager 2011 208 Cng nhn lin lc vi nhm nghin cu xc nhn rng UVN tng lng 10% trong thng (tnh tr li n thng by) v hn 10% trong thng 10/2011. Mt cng nhn cho bit lng c bn ca mnh tng ln 2.500.0002.800.000 VN/ thng t thng 7 n 11/2011; ngi khc cho bit lng c bn ca anh ta l 3.000.000 VN/ thng sau khi tng hai ln v anh ta kim c 3.000.000 VN t lm thm gi. 209 UVN lin lc bng vn bn vi Oxfam, 7/2012 210 UVN lin lc bng vn bn vi Oxfam, 10/2012 211 AFW l mt sng kin ca lin minh mc Lng Sn chu , mt hip hi gm cc nghip on, cc nh hot ng v quyn ca ngi lao ng v cc nh nghin cu lm vic trong ngnh may mc khp chu , chu u v Bc M. Hip hi xy dng mt ngng (mc) bng cch s dng phng php lun Sc mua Tng ng ca Ngn hng Th gii sao cho cho php ngi cng nhn c th mua nhng gi hng v gi dch v tng ng ti tt c cc quc gia sn xut hng may mc, xem: http://www.asiafloorwage.org 212 In April 2012, the general minimum wage was increased from 830,000 VND per month to 1,050,000 VND per month effective from May 1 2012. See: Dezan Shira & Associates (n.d.) Vietnam to Increase General Minimum Wage Levels from May 1, http://www.dezshira.com/ updates/2012/04/vietnam-to -increase - general minimum-wage-levels-from-may-1.html/ 213 Nhm nghin cu phng vn Trng phng iu hnh, Nh cung ng FDI, 9/11/2011 214 Nhm nghin cu phng vn Trng phng Nhn s v Trng phng Sn xut, Nh cung ng FDI, 9/11/2011 215 Phng vn vi Ph phng Nhn s v, Nh cung ng C, 11/11/2011 216 ILO (2007) Working Time Around the World: Main findings and policy implications, Geneva: ILO, http:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@ dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_082838.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 217 L. McCarthy, L. Kirk, and K. Grosser (2012) Gender equality: its your business, Briefing for Business No7, Oxford: Oxfam International, http://policy-practice. oxfam.org.uk/publications/gender-equality-its-yourbusiness-213389 (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 218 R. Hurst, H. Murdoch and D. Gould (2005) Changing
over time: Tackling supply chain labour issues through business practice, London: Impactt Limited, http://www. impacttlimited.com/resources/changing-overtimetackling-supply-chain-labour-issues-through-businesspractice (last accessed October 2012). 219 Nhm nghin cu tho lun nhm vi qun l UVN, 28/7/2011 220 Nhm nghin cu tho lun nhm vi qun l UVN, 28/7 v cuc gp gia Oxfam v Unilever, 9/11/2011 221 Cuc gp gia Oxfam v Unilever, 9/11/2011 222 ILO Conventions 1 (art. 2) and 30 (art. 3); Global Compact Self-Assessment Tool; ETI Base Code 6.1 and 6.2; ISO 26000 guidance section 6.4.4.2. z 223 ILO Convention 1 (art.6) and ILO Recommendation 116 (art.14) describe when exceptions are allowed; I LO (2005) Hours of Work: from fixed to flexible?, Geneva: ILO, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--dgreports/---dcomm/documents/meetingdocument/ kd00123.pdf; I LO (1967) Hours of work, extract from the Report of the 37th Session of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, paragraph 185, Geneva: ILO; I LO (1952) International Labour Code, Volume 1, Article 239, Geneva: ILO. 224 ILO (2005) Hours of Work: from fixed to flexible?, Geneva: ILO, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--dgreports/---dcomm/documents/meetingdocument/ kd00123.pdf 225 ILO Convention 1 (art.6 par.2); ETI Base Code 6.1 and 6.2; ISO 26000 guidance sections 6.4.4.2; Global Compact Self-Assessment Tool. 226 ILO Convention 1 227 Ibid. (art.6 par.2) 228 V. Agarwal (2011), Ph gim c b phn mua bn, Chu , chu u, Trung v ng u - Unilever, tr li phng vn Oxfam vo ngy 24/11/2011 229 Nhm nghin cu lm vic vi cc qun l ca UVN, thng 7/2011 230 V. Agarwal, op. cit. 231 T trnh ca Lin on lao ng ngnh luyn kim quc t trnh ti i din ca Tng th l lin hp quc v vn kinh doanh v quyn con ngi, cng vi mt t trnh t IUF gii quyt cc vn tng t. Xem t trnh ca Lin on lao ng ngnh luyn kim quc t ti http://www.imfmetal.org/index.cfm?c=23192 Xem t trnh ca IUF ti http://cms.iuf.org/?q=node/297 232 Ibid. 233 R. Wilshaw, op. cit. 234 ILO (2011) Policies and Regulations to Combat Precarious Employment, Geneva: ILO, http://www.ilo.org/actrav/ info/WCMS_164286/lang--en/index.htm ee also: International Trade Union Confederation (2011) S Living with Economic Insecurity: women in precarious work, Brussels: International Trade Union Confederation, http://w w w.ituc- csi.org/living-with- economicinsecurity.html
235 K. Raworth (2004) Trading Away Our Rights: Women working in global supply chains, Oxford: Oxfam International, http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/ publications/trading-away-our-rights-women-workingin-global-supply-chains-112405 (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 236 R. Wilshaw, op. cit. 237 ILO (2011) Industrial and Employment Relations Department (DIALOGUE), http://www.ilo.org/ifpdial/ lang--en/index.htm (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 238 D. Rees (2011) Gim c, Chng trnh Cng vic Tt hn ca ILO, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 17/11/2011. 239 ILO (2009) Recovering from the crisis: A Global Jobs Pact, http://www.ilo.org/ilc/ILCSessions/98thSession/ pr/WCMS_108456/lang--en/index.htm (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 240 R. Wilshaw (2010) Better Jobs in Better Supply Chains, Briefing for Business No. 5, Oxford: Oxfam International, http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/betterjobs-in-better-supply-chains-114001 (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 241 ILO Tripartite Declaration 25; ISO 26000 Labour practices issue 1: Employment and employment relationships; ILO Recommendation 198 Employment Relationship, 2006 242 ILO Employment Relationship Recommendation R198, 2006; ETI Base Code 8; ISO 26000 Labour practices issue 1: Employment and employment relationships; GRI Sustainable Reporting Guidelines G3.1 LA3; 243 See article 4 (b): ILO (2006) R198 Employment Relationship Recommendation, Geneva:ILO. http://www.ilo.org/ dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312535 (last accessed September 2012). 244 Xem iu 13: ibid. 245 ISO 26000 Labour practices issue 1: Employment and employment relationships; ILO Private Employment Agencies Convention (No. 181). 1997; ILO Private Employment Agencies Recommendation (No. 188). 1997 ILO Home Work Convention (No. 177). 1996 246 FNV Mondiaal (2010) Unilever as Employer (translated), http://www.fnvcompanymonitor.nl/multinationals/ unilever-werkgever.php (last accessed October 2012). 247 FNV Mondiaal (2009) Adding Insecurity to Life, Amsterdam: FNV Mondiaal, http://www.indianet.nl/pdf/ AddingInsecurityToLife.pdf (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 248 Unilever p ng li iu ny v vi s ch trch ca cc bn lin quan c th tham kho trn website. Xem: Unilever (2011) Responding to Stakeholders Concerns, http://www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/ ourapproach/stakeholders/responding/ (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012). 249 N. Dalton (2011) Ph ch tch Nhn s Chui cung ng Ton cu Unilever, trong phng vn vi Oxfam ngy 15/9/2011. 250 Unilever (2011) Respecting Rights, http://www.unilever. com/sustainable-living/ourpeople/rights/ (ln truy cp cui thng 8/2012).
251 S. van der Wal (2011) Certified Unilever Tea: Small Cup, Big Difference?, Amsterdam: SOMO, http://somo.nl/ publications-en/Publication_3711 (ln truy cp cui thng 6/2012). 252 UVN lin lc bng vn bn vi Oxfam, 10/2012 253 Nhm nghin cu tho lun nhm vi cn b qun l UVN (2011) 254 Bo co ca MOLISA v tc ng ca B lut Lao ng sa i, 9/2011, trang 12-13. Bo co ng ti ti: http:// duthaoonline.quochoi.vn/DuThao/Lists/DT_TAILIEU_ COBAN/Attachments/121/1745016.pdf 255 Nhm nghin cu phng vn Ph Ch tch Lin on Lao ng C chi (FOL), 29/7/2011 256 Giy php ca Thng Li v hp ng thng mi vi UVN c UVN cho nhm nghin cu tip cn thng 8/2012. 257 UVN lin lc bng vn bn vi Oxfam vo thng 10/2012 258 Oxfam tho lun kt qu nghin cu vi Unilever, 11/2011 259 Nhm nghin cu phng vn Ban qun l Nh cung ng B, 18/11/2011 260 N. Dalton (2011) Ph ch tch Nhn s Chui cung ng Ton cu Unilever, trong phng vn vi Oxfam ngy 15/9/2011. 261 D. Rees (2011) Gim c, Chng trnh Cng vic Tt hn ca ILO, tr li phng vn ca Oxfam ngy 17/11/2011. 262 J. Clay (2005) Exploring the Links Between International Business and Poverty Reduction: A case study of Unilever in Indonesia, Oxford: Oxfam GB, http://policypractice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/exploring-thelinks-between-international-business-and-povertyreduction-a-case-112492
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Oxfam Quc t, thng 1 nm 2013 Bo co ny c ng k bn quyn. Chng ti yu cu trch ngun bo co y trong trng hp s dng ni dung thng tin ca bo co phc v cc mc ch nh vn ng, chin dch, gio dc v nghin cu. C quan gi bn quyn ngh ngi s dng ng k vi chng ti vi mc ch nh gi tc ng ca n phm. Trong mi trng hp sao chp khc, hoc ti s dng trong cc n phm khc, hoc cho mc ch dch hay phng tc, ngi dng phi xin php v c th phi tr ph. a ch email lin h: policyandpractice@oxfam.org.uk. Thng tin ca bo co ny m bo cp nht n thi im cng b. n phm do Oxfam Anh thc hin theo yu cu ca Oxfam Quc t vi s ng k ISBN 978-1-78077243-1 vo thng 01/2013. Oxfam GB, Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford, OX4 2JY, UK. Oxfam l mt lin minh quc t gm 17 t chc cng phi hp hot ng ti 94 quc gia, hng ti s thay i ton cu nhm xy dng mt tng lai khng c bt cng do i ngho nh trang ba: Home Market, Hanoi, Vietnam (2008). Abbie Trayler- Smith/Oxfam
Oxfam c ng k vi t cch mt t chc t thin ti Anh v Wales theo S 202918, ti Scotland theo s SC039042 v c ng k ti Vng quc Anh vi t cch mt cng ty TNHH theo giy php s 612172 ti Oxfam House, John Smith Drive, Cowley, Oxford OX4 2JY. Oxfam Anh l mt thnh vin ca Oxfam Quc t. Inhouse 5737.

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L ABOUR RIGHTS IN Quyn UNILEVERS lao ngSUPPLY trong chui CHAIN cung ANng OXFAM ca Unilever STUDY 20 1

2 Quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever

Quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever 3

Quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever:

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4 Quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever

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8 Quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever

4 AN OXFAM STUDY L ABOUR RIGHTS IN UNILEVERS SUPPLY CHAIN

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22 Quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever

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26 Quyn lao ng trong chui cung ng ca Unilever

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