ARRANGED BY:

ADELINA IRMA NOVITA SANI (209121001) AHMAD RIFAI RITONGA (209421001) AINI MELBEBAHWATI SARAGIH (209421002) ASTRI SITUMORANG (209121003) NURDIANA MAHDALENA SINURAT (209121031) PUTRI FEBRINI SIANTURI (209421041) RAHMA SARI SIREGAR (209421042) RESTI SANTA MONA SIDABUTAR (209421044) ZULAIFA (209121054)

GENDER AND AGE The linguistics forms used by women and men contrast to different degrees in all speech communities. There are other ways too in which the linguistics behavior of women and men differs. emphasize different speech function. Women and men from the same speech communities use different linguistics form. First, a brief comment on the meaning of the meaning of the terms sex and gender in sociolinguistics. We have used the terms gender rather than sex because sex has come to categorized distinguished by biological characteristic,, while gender is more appropriate for distinguishing people on basis of their socio-cultural behavior, including speech. The concept of gender allows, however, for describing masculine and feminine behavior in terms of scales or continua rather than absolute categorize. It is claimed women are more linguistically polite than men, for instance, and that women and men

GENDER EXCLUSIVE SPEECH DIFFERENCES NON WESTERN COMMUNITIES There are communities where the language is shared by women and men, but, particular linguistics features occurs only in the womens speech and mens speech. These features are usually small differences in pronunciation or word shape (morphology). In Montana, for instance, there are pronunciation differences in the Gros Ventre American Indian tribe. Where the women say [kjatsa] for bread and the men say [d atsa]. In this community if a person uses the

wrong from their gender, the older members of the community consider them bisexual. Word-shapes in other languages contrast because women and men use different affixes. Example: In Japanese Womens form Mens form Otoosan Onaka Oishii Taberu umai kuu oyaji hara father stomach delicious eat

In modern Japanese, these distinctions are more a matter of degrees of formality or politeness than gender; so the mens forms are restrictive to casual context and consider macho and coarse, while the womens forms are use by everyone in public context.

Some languages signal the gender of the speaker in the pronoun system. In Japanese, for instance there are number of words for I varying primarily in formality, but women are generally restrictive to the more formal variants. Women and men do not speak in exactly the same way as each other in any community. If there is a regular pattern of men from village A marrying and bringing home to their village women from village B. Then, it is likely that the speech of women in the village A will be mark by many features of the village B dialect.

Gender-preferential speech features: Social dialect research Example: Keith was a 7-years old Canadian from Vancouver whose parents were working for six months in the city of Leeds in Yorkshire, England. He had been enrolled at the local school, and after his first day Keith came home very confuse. Whats the teachers name? ask his father. She says she is Mrs. Hall, said Keith, but when the boys call her Mizall she is still answer them. And the girls sometimes call her Mrs. Hall and sometimes Mizall. It sounds very funny. In Western communities where womens and men social roles overlap, the speech from the use also overlap. In other words, women and men do not use completely different forms. They use different quantities or frequencies of the same forms. In Montreal, the France use by women and men is distinguished by the frequencies with which the pronoun (l) in phrases such as il y a and il fait. Both women and men delete (l) but men do so more often than women. In all these example, women tend to use more of the standard forms than men do, while men use more of the vernacular form than women do. In Australia, interviews with people in Sydney reveal gender differentiated patterns of (h) dropping.

GENDER AND SOCIAL CLASS The linguistic features which differ in the speech of women and men in Western communities are usually features which also distinguish the speech of people from different social classes. So, how does gender interact with social class? Does the speech of women in one social class resemble that of women from different classes, or does it more closely resemble the speech of the men from their own social class? The answer to this question is quite complicated, and is different for different linguistic features. There are,

however, some general patterns which can be identified. In every social class men use more vernacular forms than women. In many speech communities, when women use more of a linguistic form than men, it is generally the standard form the overtly prestigious form that women favor. When men use a form more often than women, it is usually a vernacular form, one which is not cited as the correct form. This pattern has been found in Western speech communities all over the world. It has been described by Peter Trudgill, the sociolinguist collected the Norwich data, as the single most consistent finding to emerge from sociolinguistic studies over the past 20 years. This widespread pattern is also evident from a very young age. It was first identified over 30 years ago in a study of American childrens speech in a semi-rural New England village, where it was found that the boy used more [in] and the girls more [i] forms. Boys used more vernacular forms such as consonant cluster simplification: e.g. las [las] and tol [toul], rather than standard last [last] and told [tould].

EXPLANATIONS OF WOMENS LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOUR

Why cant a woman be more like a man? When this pattern first emerged, social dialectologist asked: why do women use more standard forms than men? at least four different explanations were suggested. The first appeals to social class and it related status for an explanation; the second refers to womens role in society, the third to womens status as subordinate group, and the fourth to the function of speech in expressing masculinity.

AGE GRADED FEATURES OF SPEECH

Example