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B xy dng

CHONG TRNH B DNG KY S
T VN GM ST XY DUNG







Bi ging
Mn Hc

Gim st thi cng v nghim thu
cng tc hon thin cng trnh



Ngi son :
PGs L KIu
Trng i hc Kin trc H ni








H ni, 4-2007


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gim st thi cng v nghim thu
cc cng tc hon thin cng trnh

Ngi son bi ging v trnh by:
PGs L Kiu
Ch nhim B mn
Cng ngh Xy dng
Trng i hc Kin trc H ni

I. Phn m u

1.1 Nhim v chung ca gim st thi cng v nghim thu cc cng tc
hon thin cng trnh

Hon thin cng trnh l cng tc phi tin hnh nhm to cho cng trnh
p ng c cc mc tiu s dng tin nghi, m quan.
Hon thin cng trnh bao gm nhiu cng tc khc nhau nh trt hoc b b
mt ph ngoi kt cu, lng hoc lt mt nn , p tng, sn hoc qut vi
ln tng, trn nh, ct v lp knh, nh bng g v kim loi, chn k
cc khe , mch, tri cc lp ph thm . . . Hon thin cng trnh l khu cui
cng ca cc cng tc xy lp nn cht lng m quan cng nh tin nghi
cu cng trnh s do cht lng cng tc hon thin quyt nh kh nhiu.
Cng nh qui trnh gim st v nghim thu cc cng tc xy lp khc, gim
st v nghim thu cng tc hon thin cn c gim st nh l mt khu
trong tng th qu trnh to ra sn phm xy dng. Khng th tch ri ring
mt khu hon thin m cn thit gn kt khu hon thin vi mi khu
trong qu trnh to sn phm xy dng.

Qu trnh gim st cn ch vo cc bc sau y:
Kim tra vt liu s dng trong tng cng tc hon thin, i chiu
gia cc yu cu k thut trong h s mi thu vi catalogues ca vt
liu c cung ng, i chiu gia vt liu c gii thiu trong
catalogues vi hin vt s s dng. Nu thy khc bit hay c iu g
nghi ng v cht lng cn c gii trnh ca nh thu xy lp v ngi
cung ng vt t.
Vt t s s dng trong khu hon thin cn c ngun gc r rng v
nh sn xut, ngi bn hng v cc ch tiu k thut ghi r trong
catalogues. Cht lng vt liu phi ph hp vi catalogues v
catalogues phi ph hp vi cc yu cu ghi trong h s mi thu.
Vt t s dng cho hon thin cn c vn chuyn t ngun cung cp
n cng trnh theo ng ch dn v vn chuyn v bc r. Qu trnh
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vn chuyn vt t khng c lm cho sn phm b bin i tnh cht ,
thay i hnh dng, kch thc hnh hc cng nh cc tc ng khc
lm bin i cht lng ca sn phm. Khi bc xp phi m bo nh
nhng, vt t khng b cc tc ng va p c hc, cc thay i tnh
cht ho hc, sinh hc so vi cc tiu ch cht lng tho thun khi
thng lng hp ng mua bn.
Vt t cn lu gi, ct cha th ni ct cha, lu gi phi ph hp vi
cc yu cu k thut nu trong h s mi thu , cc qui nh v ct
cha trong catalogues. Khng ln ln vt t gy ra nhng thay i
v tnh cht ca vt t trong qu trnh bo qun v lu gi.
Cn kim tra cht lng cc khu cng tc to ra kt cu nn trc khi
hon thin. Chun b y iu kin mt bng tip nhn cc khu
hon thin. Mt tip nhn cc cng tc hon thin phi p ng cc
yu cu k thut ca cng tc hon thin ra nh mt dn phi
nhm bm cht dnh kt, m bo phng, khng c g gh lm
gim cht lng b mt lp hon thin chng hn.
Cc cng vic phi tin hnh trc khi hon thin phi c lm xong
sau khi tip nhn cng tc hon thin khng c c, ph lm
hng cc lp hon thin. Nhng vic ny rt a dng v d qun nn
ngi k s t vn gim st cht lng cn yu cu nh thu lp bin
php thi cng hon thin trong ch n vic chun b cho khu
hon thin , qui trnh hon thin, cc tiu ch phi t, phng php
kim tra nhn bit cht lng hon thin , cng c kim tra cng
nh qui trnh kim tra.

Nhng khu cn lu c bn c th c gi trc khi thi cng
hon thin :
* Chn kn nhng khe do phn thit k kin trc to nn trong
cc kt cu bng vt liu thch hp v cc yu cu v kn kht,
cht ca vt liu nhi, vt liu gn kt.
* Khe k gia nhng cu kin nh khe gia kt cu nh v
khun ca, s chng m, chng g, chng mc, mt ca cc loi vt
liu kim loi, g, nha, gn chc ca khun vi cng trnh
* Kim tra cc lp chng thm trc khi lt, p hay to cc lp
ph.
* Kim tra s hon chnh cc ng ng phi t ngm nh ng
dn dy in, ng nc, ng cha dy dn chuyn dng, cc hc cn
cha cho cng tc sau, cc chi tit t sn cho dng cng tc v sau
Cn lu n cc yu cu v an ton lao ng trong cng tc hon
thin nh bin php dn gio, sn cng tc, bin php chng chy n,
bin php chng c, chng tc hi ca ho cht
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Trc khi tin hnh tng khu hon thin nh thu cng phi lp bin
php thi cng v t vn gim st cht lng bn cnh ch u t phi
xem xt k v trnh cho ch nhim d n duyt trc khi thi cng.
Khng tin hnh hon thin khi cha duyt bin php thi cng hon
thin.

Cng tc hon thin cn gn kt vi m bo an ton lao ng, phng chng
chy v cc qui nh khc ca Nh nc nh bo v mi trng, hi ho v
mu sc cng nh cc yu t khc v truyn thng vn ho, tnh dn tc.
Qu trnh thi cng khng gy phin phc, mt an ton cho nh ln cn cng
nh bo m khng to hi kh chu, khi , bi, nc bn cho mi trng v
khu vc xy dng.
S tun th cc qui nh ca b h s mi thu v cc tiu chun thi cng
hon thin ng thi phi tun th cc tiu chun khc lin quan n vic
xy dng v hon thin cng trnh.

1.2 Cng vic ca cn b t vn gim st m bo cht lng ca mt
n v xy dng

1.2.1 Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng ni chung :

T vn gim st xy dng c ch u t giao cho , thng qua hp
ng kinh t , thay mt ch u t chu trch nhim v cht lng cng
trnh. Nhim v ca gim st thi cng ca ch u t :

(1) V cng tc gim st thi cng phi chp hnh cc qui nh ca
thit k cng trnh c cp c thm quyn ph duyt , cc tiu chun
k thut , cc cam kt v cht lng theo hp ng giao nhn thu. Nu
cc c quan t vn v thit k lm tt khu h s mi thu th cc iu kin
k thut trong b h s mi thu l c s gim st k thut.
(2) Trong giai on chun b thi cng : cc b t vn gim st phi
kim tra vt t , vt liu em v cng trng . Mi vt t , vt liu khng
ng tnh nng s dng , phi a khi phm vi cng trng m khng
c php lu gi trn cng trng . Nhng thit b khng ph hp vi
cng ngh v cha qua kim nh khng c a vo s dng hay lp t.
Khi thy cn thit , c th yu cu ly mu kim tra li cht lng vt liu ,
cu kin v ch phm xy dng .
(3) Trong giai on xy lp : theo di , gim st thng xuyn cng
tc thi cng xy lp v lp t thit b . Kim tra h thng m bo cht
lng , k hoch cht lng ca nh thu nhm m bo vic thi cng xy
lp theo ng h s thit k c duyt.
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Kim tra bin php thi cng , tin thi cng , bin php an ton lao
ng m nh thu xut . Kim tra xc nhn khi lng hon thnh , cht
lng cng tc t c v tin thc hin cc cng tc . Lp bo co
tnh hnh cht lng v tin phc v giao ban thng k ca ch u t .
Phi hp cc bn thi cng v cc bn lin quan gii quyt nhng pht sinh
trong qu trnh thi cng . Thc hin nghim thu cc cng tc xy lp . Lp
bin bn nghim thu theo bng biu qui nh .
Nhng hng mc , b phn cng trnh m khi thi cng c nhng du
hiu cht lng khng ph hp vi yu cu k thut nh trong tiu ch
cht lng ca b h s mi thu hoc nhng tiu ch mi pht sinh ngoi
d kin nh ln qu qui nh , trc khi nghim thu phi lp vn bn
nh gi tng th v s c xut ca n v thit k v ca cc c quan
chuyn mn c php .
(4) Giai on hon thnh xy dng cng trnh : T chc gim st ca
ch u t phi kim tra , tp hp ton b h s php l v ti liu v qun
l cht lng . Lp danh mc h s , ti liu hon thnh cng trnh xy
dng. Khi kim tra thy cng trnh hon thnh m bo cht lng , ph
hp vi yu cu ca thit k v tiu chun v nghim thu cng trnh , ch
u t t chc tng nghim thu lp thnh bin bn . Bin bn tng nghim
thu l c s php l lm bn giao a cng trnh vo khai thc s dng
v l c s quyt ton cng trnh.

1.2.2. Nhim v ca gim st bo m cht lng trong cng tc hon
thin cng trnh v an ton :

(i) Quan h gia cc bn trong cng trng : Gim st bo m
cht lng trong cng tc hon thin v an ton cho cng trnh nm trong
nhim v chung ca gim st bo m cht lng cng trnh l nhim v
ca bn ch u t. Di s ch o trc tip ca ch nhim d n i din
cho ch u t c cc cn b gim st bo m cht lng cng trnh .
Nhng ngi ny l cn b ca Cng ty T vn v Thit k k hp ng
vi ch u t , gip ch u t thc hin nhim v ny. Thng thng ch
c ngi chu trch nhim m bo cht lng xy lp ni chung , cn khi
cn n chuyn mn no th Cng ty t vn iu ng ngi c chuyn
mn theo ngnh hp n tham gia h tr cho ngi chu trch nhim
chung.





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S t chc v quan h in hnh mt cng trng





















* * * * * * *



(ii) Phi hp tin l nhim v trc ht ca ch nhim d n m
ngi xut chnh l gim st bo m cht lng . Trc khi bt u
tin hnh cc cng tc xy lp cn lp tng tin . Tng tin ch cn
vch ra nhng vic thuc bn thi cng no vo thi im no m mc chi
tit c th tnh theo tng nh . Tng tin cho bit vo thi gian no cng
tc no phi bt u cc thnh vin tham gia xy dng ton b cng
trnh bit v phi hp . T tng tin m cc thnh vin tham gia xy lp
v cung ng lp ra bng tin thi cng cho n v mnh trong ht sc
ch n s phi hp ng b to din thi cng cho n v bn .

(iii) Ch tr thng qua bin php thi cng v bin php m bo
cht lng.
Trc khi khi cng , Ch nhim d n v t vn m bo cht lng cn
thng qua bin php xy dng tng th ca cng trnh nh phng php
o t ni chung , phng php xy dng phn thn ni chung , gii php
Ch u t
Nh thu chnh
Thu ph
Hoc Nh my
*Ch nhim d n
*T vn m bo
cht lng
*Cc t vn
chuyn mn
*Kim sot khi
lng
Ch huy
Cng trng
Gim st cht lng v
Phng ban k thut
ca nh thu
i
thi cng
i
thi cng
i
thi cng
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chung v vn chuyn theo phng ng , gii php an ton lao ng chung,
bin php thi cng cc cng tc hon thin, cng tc lp t trang thit b,
cc yu cu phi hp v iu kin phi hp chung . Nu n v thi cng
thc hin cng tc theo ISO 9000 th cn b t vn s gip Ch nhim d
n tham gia xt duyt chnh sch m bo cht lng ca Nh thu v
duyt s tay cht lng ca Nh thu v ca cc n v thi cng cp i .
(iv) Ch tr kim tra cht lng , xem xt cc cng vic xy lp lm
tng ngy . Trc khi thi cng bt k cng tc no , nh thu cn thng
bo t vn m bo cht lng kim tra vic chun b . Qu trnh thi
cng phi c s chng kin ca t vn m bo cht lng . Khi thi cng
xong cn tin hnh nghim thu cht lng v s lng cng tc xy lp
hon thnh.

1.3. Phng php kim tra cht lng trn cng trng :

Thc cht th ngi t vn kim tra cht lng l ngi thay mt ch
u t chp nhn hay khng chp nhn sn phm xy lp thc hin trn
cng trng m kim tra cht lng l mt bin php gip cho s khng
nh chp nhn hay t chi .
Mt quan im ht sc cn lu tm trong kinh t th trng l :
ngi c tin b ra mua sn phm phi mua c chnh phm , c sn
phm p ng yu cu ca mnh. Do tnh cht ca cng tc xy dng kh
khn , phc tp nn ch u t phi thu t vn m bo cht lng.
C s nhn bit v kim tra cht lng sn phm l s p ng
cc Yu cu cht lng ghi trong b H s mi thu . Hin nay chng ta
vit cc yu cu cht lng trong b H s mi thu cn chung chung v
cc c quan t vn cha quen vi cch lm mi ny ca kinh t th trng .
Nhng phng php ch yu ca kim tra cht lng trn cng trng l :

1.3.1. Ngi cung ng hng ho l ngi phi chu trch nhim v cht
lng sn phm trc ht .

y l iu kin c ghi trong hp ng kinh t gia ch u t v
nh thu . T iu ny m mi hng ho cung ng a vo cng trnh phi
c cc ch tiu cht lng p ng vi yu cu ca cng tc. Trc khi a
vt t , thit b vo to nn sn phm xy dng nh thu phi a mu v
cc ch tiu cho Ch nhim d n duyt v mu cng nh cc ch tiu phi
lu tr ti ni lm vic ca Ch u t cng trng. Ch tiu k thut
(tnh nng ) cn c in thnh vn bn nh l chng ch xut xng ca
nh cung ng v thng yu cu l bn in chnh thc ca nh cung ng .
Khi dng bn sao th i din nh cung ng phi k xc nhn v c du
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ng xc nhn mu v c s chp thun ca Ch u t bng vn bn.
Mi s thay i trong qu trnh thi cng cn c Ch u t duyt li trn
c s xem xt ca t vn bo m cht lng nghin cu xut ng .
Nh cung ng v nh thu phi chu trch nhim trc php lut v s
tng thch ca hng ho m mnh cung cp vi cc ch tiu yu cu v
phi chu trch nhim trc php lut v cht lng v s ph hp ca sn
phm ny.
Cn b t vn m bo cht lng l ngi c trch nhim duy nht
gip Ch nhim d n kt lun rng sn phm do nh thu cung ng l ph
hp vi cc ch tiu cht lng ca cng trnh . Cn b t vn gim st bo
m cht lng c Ch u t u nhim cho nhim v m bo cht
lng cng trnh v thay mt Ch u t trong vic xut chp nhn ny .

1.3.2. Kim tra ca t vn k thut ch yu bng mt v dng c n gin
c ngay ti hin trng :
Mt phng php lun hin i l mi cng tc c tin hnh th
ng vi n c mt ( hay nhiu ) phng php kim tra tng ng. Nh thu
tin hnh thc hin mt cng tc th yu cu gii trnh ng thi l dng
phng php no bit c ch tiu cht lng t bao nhiu v dng
dng c hay phng tin g cho bit ch tiu y . Bin php thi cng cng
nh bin php kim tra cht lng y c t vn trnh Ch nhim d n
duyt trc khi thi cng . Qu trnh thi cng , k s ca nh thu phi kim
tra cht lng ca sn phm m cng nhn lm ra . Vy trn cng trng
phi c cc dng c kim tra bit cc ch tiu thc hin. Th d :
ngi cung cp b tng hoc va thng phm phi chu trch nhim kim
tra cng chu nn mu khi mu t 7 ngy tui . Nu kt qu bnh
thng th nh thu kim tra nn mu 28 ngy . Nu kt qu ca 7 ngy c
nghi vn th nh thu phi th cng nn 14 ngy v 28 ngy xc
nh cht lng b tng . Nu ba loi mu 7 , 14 , 28 c kt qu gy ra nghi
vn th t vn kim tra yu cu lm cc th nghim b sung khng nh
cht lng cui cng. Khi thi cng cc nhi, nht thit ti ni lm vic phi
c t trng k bit dung trng ca bentonite , phi c phu March v
ng h bm giy kim tra nht ca dung dch khoan , phi c ng
nghim o tc phn tch nc ca dung dch . . .
Ni chung th t vn m bo cht lng phi chng kin qu trnh
thi cng v qu trnh kim tra ca ngi thi cng v nhn nh qua hiu
bit ca mnh thng qua quan st bng mt vi sn phm lm ra . Khi no
qui trnh bt buc hay c nghi ng th t vn yu cu nh thu thu phng
th nghim kim tra v phng th nghim c ngha v bo s liu t c
qua kim tra cho t vn t vn kt lun vic t hay khng t yu cu
cht lng. trnh tranh chp , t vn khng nn trc tip kim tra m
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ch nn chng kin s kim tra ca nh thu v tip nhn s liu quyt
nh chp nhn hay khng chp nhn cht lng sn phm . Khi c nghi
ng , t vn s ch nh ngi kim tra v nh thu phi thc hin yu cu
ny .

1.3.3. Kim tra bng dng c ti ch :

Trong qu trnh thi cng , cn b , k s ca nh thu phi thng
xuyn kim tra cht lng sn phm ca cng nhn lm ra sau mi cng
on hay gia cng on khi thy cn thit . Nhng ln kim tra ny cn
c s chng kin ca t vn m bo cht lng. Mi vic kim tra v thi
cng khng c s bo trc v yu cu t vn m bo cht lng chng
kin , ngi t vn c quyn t chi vic thanh ton khi lng hon
thnh ny . Kim tra kch thc cng trnh thng dng cc loi thc nh
thc tm , thc cun 5 mt v thc cun di hn . Kim tra cao ,
thng ng thng s dng my o c nh my thu bnh , my kinh v .
Ngoi ra , trn cng trng cn nn c sng bt ny kim tra s b
cng b tng . Nhng dng c nh qu di chun , di laze , ng
nghim , t trng k , cn tiu ly , l xy , vin bi thp , . . . cn c trang
b . Ni chung trn cng trng phi c y cc dng c kim tra cc
vic thng thng .
Nhng dng c kim tra trn cng trng phi c kim chun theo
ng nh k . Vic kim chun nh k l cch lm tin tin trnh
nhng sai s v nghi ng xy ra qua qu trnh nh gi cht lng.
Trong vic kim tra th ni b nh thu kim tra l chnh v t vn
bo m cht lng ch chng kin nhng php kim tra ca nh thu . Khi
no nghi ng kt qu kim tra th nh thu c quyn yu cu nh thu thu
n v kim tra khc . Khi tht cn thit , t vn bo m cht lng c
quyn ch nh n v kim tra v nh thu phi p ng yu cu ny .

1.3.4. Kim tra nh cc phng th nghim :

Vic thu cc phng th nghim tin hnh kim tra mt s ch
tiu nh gi cht lng trn cng trng c thc hin theo qui nh ca
tiu chun k thut v khi ti cng trng c s khng nht tr v s nh
gi ch tiu cht lng m bn thn nh thu tin hnh .
Ni chung vic la chn n v th nghim , nh thu ch cn m
bo rng n v th nghim y c t cch php nhn tin hnh th cc
ch tiu c th c ch nh. Cn khi nghi ng hay cn m bo tin cy
cn thit th t vn m bo cht lng dnh quyn ch nh n v th
nghim .
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Nh thu l bn t ra cc yu cu th nghim v nhng yu cu ny
phi c Ch nhim d n da vo tham mu ca t vn m bo cht
lng kim tra v ngh thng qua bng vn bn . n v th nghim phi
m bo tnh b mt ca cc s liu th nghim v ngi cng b chp nhn
hay khng chp nhn cht lng sn phm lm ra phi l ch nhim d n
qua tham mu ca t vn m bo cht lng .
Cn lu v t cch php nhn ca n v th nghim v tnh hp
php ca cng c th nghim . trnh s cung cp s liu sai lch do
dng c th nghim cha c kim chun , yu cu mi cng c th
nghim s dng phi nm trong phm vi cho php ca vn bn xc nhn
kim chun .
n v th nghim ch c nhim v cung cp s liu ca cc ch tiu
c yu cu kim nh cn vic nhng ch tiu y c t yu cu hay c
ph hp vi cht lng sn phm yu cu phi do t vn m bo cht
lng pht biu v ghi thnh vn bn trong t nghim thu khi lng v
cht lng hon thnh.

1.3.5. Kt lun v lp h s cht lng

(i) Nhim v ca t vn m bo cht lng l phi kt lun tng
cng tc , tng kt cu , tng b phn hon thnh c thc hin l c cht
lng ph hp vi yu cu hay cha ph hp vi yu cu .
nh km vi vn bn kt lun cui cng v cht lng sn phm
cho tng kt cu , tng tng nh , tng hng mc l cc vn bn xc nhn
tng chi tit , tng vt liu cu thnh sn phm v h s kim tra cht
lng cc qu trnh thi cng. Lu nay cc vn bn xc nhn cht lng vt
liu , cht lng thi cng ghi rt chung chung . Cn lu rng mi bn xc
nhn phi c a ch kt cu s dng , khng th ghi cht lng m bo
chung chung.
Tt c nhng h s ny ng thnh tp theo trnh t thi cng khi
tra cu thun tin.
(ii) i i vi cc vn bn nghim thu , vn bn chp nhn cht
lng kt cu l nht k thi cng . Nht k thi cng ghi chp nhng d kin
c bn xy ra trong tng ngy nh thi tit , din bin cng tc tng v
tr, nhn xt qua s chng kin cng tc v tnh hnh cht lng cng trnh.
kin ca nhng ngi lin quan n cng tc thi cng khi h
chng kin vic thi cng , nhng kin ngh , xut qua qu trnh thi
cng v kin gii quyt ca t vn m bo cht lng v kin ca
gim st ca nh thu . . .
(iii) Bn v hon cng cho tng kt cu v b phn cng trnh c
lp theo ng qui nh.
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Tt c nhng h s ny dng lm c s cho vic thanh ton khi
lng hon thnh v c s lp bin bn tng nghim thu , bn giao cng
trnh cho s dng.

1.3.6. Phi hp trnh t thi cng cc cng tc hon thin:

Cng tc hon thin l cng tc cui cng ca mt cng on, mt khu vc
thi cng ca ngi nh nn trnh t thi cng cng tc hon thin cn cn nhc,
tnh ton sao cho qu trnh thi cng ton nh, khng cn bt k cng tc no
khc gy ra s h hng ni c hon thin. Qu trnh thc hin cc cng
tc thi cng thng an xen nn xy ra hin tng vic sau lm h hng
hoc cn tr ln nhau nn ngi t vn gim st cht lng bn cnh ch u
t l ngi phi t chc phi hp cc thnh vin tham gia thi cng cho nhp
nhng, n , khng c o, lm nh hng cng vic ca nhau trong
nhng n v phi thi cng trn mt mt bng. Mun t c s n , nhp
nhng trong qu trnh thi cng hon thin, ngi t vn gim st cht lng
bn cnh ch u t phi a ra phng n phi hp trong tin phi hp (
master schedule ) v bn bc vi cc bn hu quan cng thc hin, trnh
ko di thi gian thi cng, lng ph cng c o cng nh lm i, lm li do
s thiu phi hp gy ra.

Mt s qui trnh kh kinh in c th tham kho nh sau:
Nh c s tng di 6 , thi cng phn th nn tin hnh t tng di
ln tng trn m thi cng hon thin li nn lm t tng trn xung
thp vi l do l khi hon thin th khng phi i qua li ni lm
hon thin ri.
i vi nh nhiu tng th trnh t s c cn nhc cn trng hn, c
th phn mt s tng, c th l ba hay bn tng thnh mt phn on
thi cng hon thin. C th tin hnh hon thin t di ln v thi
cng nh cao tng, vic di chuyn cao thng dng thang my ngoi
tri, khng phi thng xuyn qua li cc tng t di ln.
Cn kim tra cc iu kin bt u tin hnh c cng tc hon
thin. S nng vi hay s thiu thn trng l nguyn nhn gy ra lng
ph trong qu trnh phi hp trnh t thi cng hon thin. Cc khu
chun b cho cng tc hon thin nh vch tim, trc, vch du cao
phi tin hnh xong, vic to phng ca cc lp nn cho trt, b,
lng, lt, p cng nh chun b cho mt qut vi, lp knh, sn ph
phi c kim tra trc khi cho php tin hnh hon thin.
Trn mt mt bng thi cng ch c tin hnh mt cng tc hon
thin, trnh chng cho cng vic ln nhau gy ln xn v mt an ton
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lao ng. Theo phng thng ng khng tin hnh nhiu cng tc
hon thin, trnh tai nn do ngi thi cng bn trn gy ra cho ngi
thi cng di thp .
Thi cng hon thin vi nhng vic pht to ra hi kh kh chu nh
mi sn , mi cc dung mi ca sn, ca nha , hi cacbua hydro
nng vt qui nh, cng nhn phi c trang b khu trang, i
khi cn thit , cng nhn cn c trang b mt n phng c c b
phn lc kh.
Qu trnh thi cng c hiu ng to nhit hay thu nhit lm cho mi
trng lao ng c nhit khng thch nghi cho ngi lao ng,
cng nhn cn c trang b qun o thch hp vi iu kin lao ng.
Nu cn thit m bo mi trng lao ng thch hp, phi t chc
thng gi, iu ho khng kh.

II. Gim st thi cng v nghim thu cng tc trt, b v lng :

2.1 Khi nim :

(i) Thut ng :

Lp trt, lp b, lp lng bao ph bn ngoi kt cu, bo v cho kt cu
nhm chng cc tc ng ca s va p c hc, s n mn ho hc v sinh
hc, lm chm tc hi ca nhit cao do ngn la chy ng thi to ra v
p cho cng trnh.
Lp trt l lp ph kt cu nm trn cao nn nh hoc nn bung nh lp
trt tng, trt ct, trt dm, trt trn nh.
Trt c b mt phng, nhng cng c b mt trn gn nhng g ch theo
m quan to ra phn v khi nhn. C nhiu mt trt trn gn nhng ng
g, ng vin hoc hoa vn hoc hnh ph iu, nht l cc lp trt trn ca
cc gian bung.
Lp b l lp ph bn ngoi lp trt hoc ngay chnh kt cu cn bo v v
c dy nh hn chiu dy lp trt kh nhiu.
Lp lng l lp ph nm trn mt phng nm ngang, chnh l lp mt trn
ca kt cu nn nh, nn li i li. Lp lng thng nm chn ca t th
ng ca ngi ta.
Trt, b, lng l cc cng tc c thi cng theo qu trnh t . Sau khi thi
cng cn c thi gian vt liu ng rn , t cng v s n nh theo
yu cu.

Tu thuc vo vt liu to nn lp trt, b, lng v bin php thi cng m
nhng lp ny c tn gi:
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Lp trt va vi, trt va xi mng ct, trt thch cao.
Lp trt granito cn gi l trt mi, trt ra hay cn gi l trt l ,
trt granitine cn gi l trt mi ht nh mn, trt bm.
B lp va ht mn.
Lng nn nh, lng li i, lng lng rnh . . .

Tu thuc vo v tr v hnh dng ca lp trt m lp trt c tn : trt tng,
trt trn, trt pho, trt g ch.

(ii) Cc tiu chun lin quan n cng tc hon thin :

TCVN 1450 : 1986 Gch rng t st nung
TCVN 1451 : 1986 Gch c t st nung
TCVN 6065 : 1995 Gch xi mng lt nn
TCVN 6074 : 1995 Gch lt granito
TCVN 6414 : 1998 Gch gm p lt Yu cu k thut
TCVN 6476 : 1999 Gch b tng t chn
TCXD 85 : 1981 Gch lt l da
TCXD 90 : 1981 Gch lt t st nung
TCVN 4340 : 1994 Vn sn bng g
TCVN 4314 : 1986 Va xy dng. Yu cu k thut

(ii) Vt liu lm lp trt:

Vt liu cha trong va dng trt c :

Va vi, ct : trong thnh phn va ch c ct v vi
Va tam hp : c ct , vi, xi mng
Va xi mng ct: c ct v xi mng
Va thch cao c thch cao, bt hoc ch n thun thch cao.
Va b : xi mng trng, bt ht mn v cht to mu
Va granito, va trt ra, va trt bm, va trt granitine : xi mng
trng, bt , ht v cht to mu.
Va trt chng phng x : xi mng, bt barium sulfate v ct thch anh.
Va trt chu la : xi mng, bt chu la nh bt samt, bt xyt manh . . .
Va trt chu axit : thu tinh lng, cht ng rn cho thu tinh lng, ct
thch anh.
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Va thng c ch to ti ch. Trn th trng hin nay c cc loi va
trn sn, khi dng ch thm lng nc theo hng dn.
Vt liu b c tn gi l mt tt nhng nhiu ngi vn gi chung l va
trt b.

2.2 Cc yu cu k thut ca lp trt, b, lng :

Lp che ph trt, b, lng phi gn cht vi lp nm di c gi l lp
nn. T yu cu ny, lp nn phi sch s c th bm dnh vi vt liu
dn lp trt, b , lng .
Mt hon thin ca cc lp che ph kt cu phi phng. Nu c dc th
mt hon thin phi dc ng theo yu cu. T yu cu ny m lp nn
phi c chun b trc khi tin hnh cng vic chnh l trt, b hay lng.
Cn to cho lp nn phng hoc t dc theo yu cu bng cch ph
thm va xi mng ct c thnh phn 1:3 vo nhng ch b thp , lm hn mt
nn chung. Khi nhng ch va ph thm ny cng mi thi cng lp hon
thin bn ngoi. Nu lp nn b cao qu lp va hoc keo gn kt lp
hon thin b qu mng, phi ty b chiu dy ca lp nn m bo cho lp
va hoc keo dn, dnh kt chiu dy quy nh.
Mt hon thin ca lp che ph phi t cc yu cu m quan nh mch ni,
g ch phi thng, u n, vung vc hoc c v trn theo yu cu thit
k, c rng khe mch hoc ng g nh thit k quy nh, mu sc hi
ho ng nh bn v hon thin ghi.

2.3 Kim tra khu chun b thi cng:

(i) Chun b lp nn :

- Kim tra sch s ca lp nn. Phi ly b ht vt liu hu c nh
vi, g, phoi bo, vt du, m.
- Mt nn nhm t gn kt tt vi cc lp trn.
- Kim tra vt chn ngm nh ng in, ng ni, hp ni, vt, ng
dn nc t chm, t di lp hon thin v v tr , s lng v
cht lng m vt chn ngm s b lp hon thin trt, b, lng che
khut khi thi cng xong.
- Kim tra cc cng vic lm trc c lin quan n cht lng lp
trt, b, lng lm v sau th d nh vic chn khun ca, vic gn bt,
gn bn l ch, lp chng thm, khe chn ch ni ca cc ng ng
s nm trong lp che ph ny.
- Kim tra cng ca lp nn.
- Kim tra cao trnh , s vch mc tim, trc cho lp hon thin.
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- Khi nn c ch lm qu 20 mm phi b lp bng vt liu tng ng
trc khi thi cng lp ph ngoi.
- Khi s dng lp gn kt nn c xi mng, nn ti m mt nn trc
khi thi cng lp nn khng ht nhanh nc ca lp va c xi mng.
- K bin bn cho php tin hnh cng tc hon thin cho khu vc yu
cu thi cng.

(ii) Kim tra vt liu sp thi cng:

- Kim tra cht lng cc vt liu thnh phn nh ct, vi, ht, bt
v nc. Vi cc vt liu ht cn ch n thnh phn ht, cc tiu
ch thch hc. Nu thi cng vng ven bin, cn ch n nhim
mui ca ct. Vi cc loi cht dnh kt, cn ch n iu kin bo
tr. Ht ct trt khng nn qu to, cng khng nn qu mn. Kch
thc ht ct trt nn t 0,3 ~ 1,2 mm. Cn c kt qu th nghim cht
lng xi mng.
- Kim tra mt bng ni ch trn va. Yu cu khng c trn va
ngay trn mt bng sp lng m phi trn ti v tr bng phng khc ri
chuyn va n ni thi cng.
- Nn trn va phi phng , khng ht nc khi nho trn va. Nn
c lt di l tm tn phng.
- Va phi c trn tht u.Trn cc vt liu kh trc, khi tht u
mi cho nc trn. Ti nhiu thnh ph ln hin nay ang bn loi
va trn kh v ng bao. Cc bao va trn kh phi cha trong v
bao chng m ging nh bao xi mng, phi c bo qun theo ch
chng m . Thi hn s dng trn bao cn c gi tr. Lu l xi mng
gim cht lng theo thi gian v iu kin lu gi .
- Vt liu s dng phi ph hp vi thit k v c ch u t thng
qua trc khi thi cng. Mu ca vt liu s dng vo cng trnh phi
c lu gi ti phng k thut thi cng ca nh thu. Nu l vt liu
c mu phi c mu mu c to khi kh v khi nn cha cc m
khc nhau khi cn thit, c th i chng vi vt liu ti hin
trng vo bt k thi gian no.
- Nc dng cho thi cng phi sch, khng nhim mn. Nhiu ni ti
vng ven bin nc ta, nu nc thi cng b nhim mn , khng c
dng.
- Cn c phng tin kim tra cht lng vt liu v cht lng thi cng
ti phng k thut thi cng ca nh thu . Vic kim tra vt liu
c tin hnh ti ch khi c nghi ng v cht lng. Nu nh thu
khng c phng th nghim nh bn cnh phng k thut thi cng th
phi c nhng dng c kim tra gin n ti phng k thut. Khng
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c dng c phc v cng tc kim tra vt liu v thi cng ph bin,
khng c bt u cng tc thi cng.

2.4 Kim tra qu trnh thi cng:

Ngi cng nhn phi thng xuyn kim tra cht lng cng vic lm
trong xut qu trnh thi cng. Phi to dng c, mc, dy lo lm chun mc
cho cng tc. Cn kim tra chnh ngay c, mc, dy lo nh k khng t hn
vi ba ln trong mt bui thi cng.
Ngi t trng, i trng, k s gim st ca nh thu phi thng xuyn
theo di cht lng thi cng ca cng nhn di quyn v un chnh, rt
kinh nghim thng xuyn v cht lng trong qu trnh thi cng. Khng
qu lu mi kim tra hoc n khi xong cng tc mi kim tra. Nu cht
lng sn phm, bn thnh phm lm ra cha t yu cu, phi ph b v
lm li. Vt liu dng ti nhng ni phi ph do cng tc cha t yu
cu khng c dng li. Nhng vt liu ny phi dn sch s ngay v
chuyn khi khu vc thi cng.

Cng nhn tin hnh tng cng tc trn tng cng on phi c ph bin
cc yu cu k thut cn tun th, qui trnh thi cng v kim tra cht lng
trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh khi hon thnh.

Bn thn ngi cng nhn thi cng phi kim tra cht lng lp nn trt, b,
lng v cc yu cu phng, cng v bm dnh. Vi mt nhn phi
c gii php to nhm v lm nhm trc khi trt, lng, b. Khi cn thit,
phi trt, lng th kim tra bm ca va ln mt trt, b, lng.

Ti nhng v tr tip gip gia hai kt cu nn cho trt, b, lng bng vt liu
khc nhau cn t mt bng li thp ni khe mch nn trong lp va
trnh vt nt khi va kh v nn bin dng do s hp ph nhit khc nhau
ca nn. Si to li ny thng l 1 mm, an mt li khng qu 40~50
mm. B rng bng li ny ph v mi bn ca khe l 150~200 mm.


Nn dng loi li mt co dng ph bin bn th trng lm ro ngn
trong ni nui gia cm, nui chim cnh.

Lp va trt, lng thi cng trong mt ln khng nn dy qu 12 mm. Nu
cn trt hay lng lp va trn 12 mm cn chia vic thi cng thnh hai hay
nhiu lp m mi lp khong 8 ~ 12 mm. Tng lp ny se mt , ly mi
bay vch thnh cc trm to bm dnh cho lp sau ri mi trt tip cho
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chiu dy qui nh. L do l lp nm di bay bt nc, trnh cho lp
va b co, gy hin tng nt n b mt lp trt, lng v hin tng lp va
trt, lng b bong khi kh dn.

Trt va xi mng lp trt mi lp cn mng hn 8 mm v va xi mng mau
b kh hn va c vi nn co nhanh hn. Trt va c nh trt granito ,
mi lp trt c th n 12 mm nh thng thng.

Trt vy l bin php thi cng trt, ly tay cm bay ht va cho bm vo mt
tng. Lp va vy ln mt tng cn u v c dy theo qui nh. Lp
vy lt se mt mi trt lp mng cn phng.

Trt ra hay l si ch thi gian ra khng sm hn 4 gi t khi cho
nc vo xi mng ca va. Chi ra phi c lng mm, mn trnh lm bong
ht . Nu tri m v nhit khng kh di 25oC, thi gian c ra phi
trn 5 gi t khi cho nc vo trn va.

Trt mi ( granito ) theo trnh t : trt lt bng va xi mng ct to bm v
phng theo yu cu. Trt lp va c ht, bt , xi mng v cht to
mu. Khi trt phi mit mnh bng bn xoa st v v nh cho lp va dn
u v bm vo mt lp nn. Nn lm c dy bng cc thanh np c chiu
dy theo qui nh.
Phi mi ti thiu hai ln : ln mi th v ln mi tinh. Mi th sau khi trt
mng oc 24 gi. Nu chm hn 24 gi s kh mi v xi mng qu cng.
Mi tinh tin hnh 5~6 ngy sau khi mi th. Trc khi mi tinh phi ly bt
trn xi mng trng v cht to mu xoa u mt mi tinh lp nhng
ch b khuyt do ng tc mi th gy ra. Khi trn va c ht lm lp
mng nn bt li mt s bt trn xi mng v cht to mu dng xoa mt
sau mi th th nhng nt c lp khuyt sau mi th s c mu sc ng
u vi lp trt chung.
Trong khi mi th cng nh mi tinh phi dng nc sch xi nh ln mt
mi ra tri bt do mi ch va mi thi ra.
Sau khi mi tinh, i mt trt kh , ly ming d hay n xp mi k to
bng. Dng xi khng mu xoa xt cho xi thm su trong lp ngoi, nhm
gi bng v chng nc xm nhp, duy tr v p cho mt trt.

Trt ra cn lu chn thi gian bt u ra thch hp. Nn lm th im
xc nh thi gian bt u ra. Thng thng thi gian ny l t 2 gi n 4
gi, tu theo m v nhit mi trng. Ra mun th l km, ra
sm li b tri.

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Lp b c chiu dy t 1mm n 3 mm. Vt liu b thng l loi va, mt
tt c ht nh nh xi mng, bt , khng c ct. Va b do nhng khng
nho. Dng c b l dao b c li rng 8 ~ 12 mm. Dao b nn lm bng
thp cng c n tnh cao hoc lm bng thp silic. Khi b phi mit
mnh to bm v phng. Khi mit phi chn chiu mit thch hp
v cc vt mit theo cng mt chiu, trnh b gn. Mit u tay trong lc va
cn do. Khi va b kh m vn mit, mt b s vt en nht do dao b mn
vch nn.

Cc thao tc lng v lt cn dng thc tm cn v m phng thng
xuyn. Khi xoa to phng v nhn cho mt trt, mt lng phi xoa nh
tay v u . Mt va qu kh phi dng chi mm b sung nc xoa.
Xoa khi mt va kh, ct bong ra gi l mt trt b chy, cn trnh.
Lng trn mt ng, trn din di cn ngt lp lng bng cc mch co dn
nhit. Chiu rng ca mch co dn nh nht l 20 mm rng nht l 30 mm.
Theo chiu di lp lng, c 4 mt ~ 5 mt li chia thnh khe co dn. Nu lp
lng phi trc tip di mt tri th khong cch gia khe co dn nn ngn
li, nhng khng ngn qu 3 mt. Khi va lng cng, trong khe co dn
nn lp y bng bitum nu chy trn si ay ngn nhi lp kn.

Lng nh mu l s dng xi mng nguyn cht rc trn mt lng ri xoa to
nhn mt lng. Nn rc xi mng nguyn cht kh ln mt va lng khi
mt va cn t nhng khng sng nc ri dng bay mit nh. Mt hon
thin ca lp trt kh qu d b xc do bay qut to nn, khng t yu cu.
Xoa mt khi lp xi mng trn mt sng nc , mt hon thin s c vt bay,
cng khng t yu cu. Trnh nh mu khi mt va cng v lp mu s
b bong. Vic k vch to trn mt lng tin hnh ngay sau khi nh mu.

2.5 Nghim thu cng tc trt, b, lng:

- Mt trt, b, lng khng c c vt nt nh do hin tng co ngt va
sinh ra .
- G nh ln mt trt, b, lng khng c c ting bp chng t lp va b
bong, khng bm dnh mt nn. Ch bp phi cy b.
- Mt trt phi phng, nhn. Khng c vt li, lm cc b.
- G ch, cnh phi u v chiu dy, thng hng lin dy, sc nt.
- Mt lng phi m bo dc theo yu cu thit k. Nu thit k khng ch
r th dc phi ra li thot, trng hp c nc th nc khng chy
vo trong bung hoc gy ng .
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Cn dng mt thng kim tra tng th. Khi c nghi ng, dng dng c nh
thc tm, dy cng, qu di, my kinh v, my thu bnh kim tra li.
Kim tra hng dc c th dng vin bi st.

lch so vi cc yu cu theo bng sau:

Bng cho sai lch c php ca mt trt, b, lng
( trch TCVN 5674 : 1992 )
Tr s sai lch mt trt ( mm ) Tn mt trt hay cc
chi tit Trt n gin Trt k Trt cht lng cao
khng bng phng
kim tra bng thc di
2 mt
S ch li lm
khng qu 3,
su vt li lm
< 5
S ch li lm
khng qu 2, su
vt li lm < 3
S ch li lm khng
qu 2, su vt li
lm < 2
sai lch theo phng
thng ng ca mt
tng v trn nh
< 15 sut chiu
di hay chiu
rng phng
< 2 trn 1 mt di
chiu cao v chiu
rng v 10 mm trn
ton chiu cao v
chiu rng phng
< 1 chiu cao hay
chiu dI v < 5 trn
sut chiu cao hay
chiu di phng
ng nghing ca
ng g , mp tng
ct
< 10 trn sut
chiu cao kt
cu
< 2 trn 1 mt chiu
cao v 5 mm trn
ton b chiu cao
kt cu
< 1 trn 1 mt chiu
cao v 3 mm trn
ton b chiu cao kt
cu
sai lch bn knh ca
cc phng ln cong

10

7

5

Theo yu cu ca TCXDVN 303:2004 yu cu dung sai mt lng l :

Loi vt liu lng Khe h
vi thc
3m
Dung sai
cao
Dung sai
dc
Tt c cc vt liu lng 3mm 1cm 0,3%


III. Gim st thi cng v nghim thu cng tc p ni :

3.1 Khi nim :

p ni to cho mt tng hay mt trn nhng hnh trang tr nh dy nho,
cnh l, hoa vn m thut, hnh mt tri, ng phc , m my...
Trong ngh iu khc gi l tc ph iu.
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Cng tc p ni c th lm ti ch nh nhng khun c hay ct gt ti ch
nhng phng php ny chm m u n khng m bo, t c s
dng. Nhng ngi thi cng ti ch phi c trnh tay ngh cao ca ngi
chuyn lm tng v p ph iu.
Bin php hin s dng nhiu l dng cc thanh hoc tm p ni c sn
bng thch cao, va xi mng ri gn ln mt tng, mt trn.

3.2 Kim tra vt liu dng trong cng tc p ni :

Sn phm v chi tit to hnh p ni c nh sn xut ch to v bn
nh sn phm hng ho. Hng ho giao n cng trng phi ng hoa vn,
ng vt liu s dng v c catalogues ghi r hnh dng cc chi tit, s
lng, cc tnh nng k thut, ph kin km theo v ch dn thi cng.
Nhng dng thanh, tm sn phm v chi tit p ni thng dng vt liu
chnh l va xi mng, thch cao hoc bt giy nghin. Loi ch to bng va
thch cao hay bt giy dng trang tr bn trong nh. Nhng ni b t khi
ma khng dng nhng loi ny m ch nn dng thanh, tm ch to t tm
bng va xi mng.
Thanh, tm p ni chuyn n ni thi cng phi trng thi hon chnh,
khng cn gia cng thm.
Sn phm v chi tit chuyn n cng trng phi c bao gi cn thn,
chng va p khi vn chuyn, chng cc tc ng nc ma, ho cht v
nhit lm h hng.
Nu phi ct cha, lu gi , phi bo qun cn thn chng mi nguyn nhn
lm h hng, mt mt.
Va xi mng hay va thch cao gn c chun b dng va kh cha
trong bao gi chng m cng nh cc ph tng gn nh inh vt, bu lng,
mc, vt n , cn c nh cung ng sn phm giao cng vi sn phm cho
ng b. Trnh ht sc s ch to ti ch do n v thi cng ca nh thu
tin hnh, v nh th s thiu ng b.

Nhng thanh, tm trang tr p ni h hng hay khng t yu cu phi a
khi ni thi cng.

3.3 Kim tra cng tc chun b v nn gn tm p ni:

Mt tng, mt trn gn tm p ni phi thi cng trt , b xong v cng.
Vch du v tr s gn thanh, tm bng phn hay bt ch mu d nhn bit.
Khoan l bt vt n gn gi thanh hoc tm. S lng v v tr cc vt gn
phi gi chc chn c thanh tm do thit k ch nh. Khi khoan bt vt
n phi t thanh, tm ng v tr cng khoan cho khp l inh sau ny.
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Khi khng nh v tr lp thanh, tm, chun b xong l bt vt n, ni chn
vt vo l khoan mi trn va gn.
Thi gian s dng va gn cn trc khi va bt u ng cng.
Chun b tt khu gio v dng c, trang b bo h lao ng c th thi
cng an ton.

3.4 Kim tra qu trnh thi cng:

Cn m, khp chnh xc v tr mi c gn inh gi. Phi c ngi ph
gip, nng v gi ng v tr trong khi ngi th chnh gn kt.
Phi m bo dy gia hai on ni bng nhau, khng to ra chnh lch
b mt.
Khe ni phi tht kht, khng hnh thnh vt ni.
S dng va gn cn tri cho lp va m bo chiu dy v gn kt tt.
Khi thi cng phi cn thn, khng va gn lm bn mt tng, mt trn
nhng ch khng c thanh, tm ph kn.
L inh vt n sau khi bt inh c che lp bng mt tt v gt sa cho
khng c vt nhn bit c v tr.

Vic gn thanh v tm trang tr thng tin hnh v tr cao nn ht sc ch
n cc iu kin an ton lao ng nh kim tra chc chn ca gio,
sn ng cng tc, trnh ri vt liu v dng c trn cao xung di.
Cng nhn di chuyn phi ch , trnh bc ht hoc li ra ngoi sn ng.
Cng nhn phi buc dy an ton v u dy khng buc vo ngi phi c
nh vo v tr chc chn v thch hp, sao cho cng nhn c treo m
khng b va p nu xy ra ri.
Khng gian di phm vi thi cng p ni khng c c ngi lm vic
hay i li.

3.5 Nghim thu cng tc p ni:

lch v tr khng qu 1 mm so vi v tr thit k.
Sai lch v tr trc cc chi tit ng ring bit khng qu 10 mm.
Nhng chi tit ca mt hnh phi cng nm trn mt mt phng.
Nhng hnh cng to nn mt phng nhiu hnh phi nm trong cng
mt mt phng. Sai lch cao gia cc hnh trong mt b nhiu hnh
khng qu 0,5 mm.
Mch ghp phi kn kht khng th nhn bit c v tr ghp.
Hoa vn ng theo thit k.
Hnh hoa vn khng c st, m, gy. Thanh hoc tm b st, m,
gy phi thay th. Khng c gn sa bng mt tt.
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22
Vic to mu sau tin hnh bng chi sn mm hoc phun mu. Mu
sc phi ng thit k v ng u theo qui nh.


IV. Gim st thi cng v nghim thu cng tc lt, p :

4.1. Khi nim :

(i) Thut ng :

Cng tc lt l s to ra lp che ph cho kt cu trong mt phng nm
ngang bng gch lt v tm lt.
Cng tc p l s to ra lp che ph cho kt cu nm trong mt phng ng
bng gch lt v tm lt.

Nu lt s dng gch lt v tm lt th khng cn cp n khi nim tri
ph v dn na. Nu lt s dng ngha hp ch ni v s gn cc vin gch
lt to thnh lp che ph b mt kt cu nm ngang th phi a thm hai
khi nim l tri hoc ph v dn dng cho khi to ra lp ph bng tm
lt.

Phn bit tm lt hay tm p khc vi dng vin v tm lt, tm p c kch
thc rng dng tm hoc c khi dng cun nh thm cao su, thm nha,
thm len, d.

Cc dng lt, p : gch vin , sn g pck, thanh , tm g mng , vin ,
cc dng tm tri hu c hoc kim loi.

4.2 Kim tra khu chun b:

(i) Chun b lp nn :

Lp nn cho cng tc p c chun b nh cng tc trt, b, lng nu
trn.
Cn lu tm kim tra cc chi tit cn t di lp lt , p, trnh phi c, r
mt lt khi lt, p xong.
Kim tra vung vc ca phng c lt bng cch so snh gia di hai
ng cho ca phng. Nu phng c kch thc bnh hnh hay hnh thang,
la chn gii php khc phc bng cch gi cho hai trc song song vi cnh
tng vung gc tm phng, tha thiu dn vo mp.
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Cng tc lt, p ch tin hnh khi mi vic thuc phn trt tng, trt trn,
lp ca, sn ca, qut vi xong.

(ii) Kim tra vt liu lt, p:

Gch v tm dng lt, p phi theo ng chng loi, s lng v cht
lng theo ng cc yu cu ca b h s mi thu v vn bn duyt ,
chp nhn cho s dng ca ch nhim d n .
Vt liu phi c catalogues giao km vi hng ho. Trong catalogues
phi c cc tnh nng k thut v hng dn s dng.
Vt liu phi c ct cha theo ng yu cu v cao cht hng,
chng thm, chng nc, bao b . Nhng hp cha gch lt, g lt hay
bao ngoi cun thm phi ph hp vi vt liu cha bn trong. c
bit nhng bao cha va kh, bt , cn bo qun chng m theo ch
bo qun xi mng.
Vt liu khng ph hp, khng c lu gi ni thi cng.
Qu trnh vn chuyn t kho ra ni thi cng cn ht sc cn thn,
trnh va p hoc b t.
Cn kim tra hoa vn v mu sc cc vin lt cho c gian phng hay
khu vc lt p cho ph hp trc khi tin hnh cng tc.
Phn chun b vt liu h, va ging nh chun b cho cng tc trt,
lng, ni trn v cng c tun th nghim ngt.
Cc vt liu nha, keo dn cn ng trong nhng hp, chai, l kn
khng b bin tnh khi bo qun. L keo, nha hoc c cc cht bay
hi m , sau khi ly ra, phi ng li cho cht trong qu trnh s
dng, trnh b bay hi, thay i cht lng.
Nhng vt liu d chy nh nha dn, xng v cc dung mi ty ra
nh dilung, axtn cng nh vt liu thm len, d , g cn ch
chng gn ngn la ( nht l khi ht thuc l, thuc lo ) .

4.3 Cc yu cu k thut ca cng tc lt, p:

(i) Mt lt, p phi phng. Kim tra bng thc tm 2 mt, khe h
gia mt lt v cnh thc khng qu 3 mm.
(ii) Mt lt c th ngang bng thu chun nhng khi thit k yu cu
phi to dc theo yu cu.
(iii) Va lt di vin gch lt , p bng va phi y kn mt di ca
vin gch.
(iv) Mch lt phi theo ng yu cu thit k v ng mch, hnh
dng , chiu rng khe.
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24
(v) Sau khi lt, p, mch gia vin gch phi c lp y bng xi
mng nguyn cht trn nc do thnh dng h.
(vi) Mch dn cc loi tm phi theo ng cc yu cu ca thit k.
Nu thit k khng c yu cu c th th mch dn thm phi tht
kht , khng c g, khng ni cm.
(vii) Mch lt phi kht, mu sc hai vin lin nhau hi ho v vn
cng nh mu sc.
(viii) Hoa vn trong lt, p, phi ng theo thit k v ghp hnh k h
hoc mu sc.
(ix) Mt lt, p phi lin kt cht vi lp nn. Phi to bm dnh
gia nn v lp lt, p. Lp lt, p, khng c bong, rp.
(x) Mt lt , p phi sch s, khng b dy bn xi mng hay cc cht
lm bn khc.
(xi) Mt lt, p phi c bo dng , bo qun ngay sau khi thi cng
xong t cht lng yu cu.

4.4 Kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng:

Kim tra tnh trng mt nn lt, p. Cn ti nc mt nn m vi
cc lp lt dng va c xi mng, nn khng ht nhanh nc trong va lt.
Kim tra bng phng ca nn.
Kim tra cao trnh lp nn v vch c kim tra cao trnh hon chnh. C
ny vch trn cao trnh hon chnh khong 20 cm khi lt , c, mc ny
khng b che khut.
Vi nn lt thm, lt tm ln, cn to nhm bng cch bm nhng l nh.
Lm sch bng cch qut bng chi qut mm. Mt lt cc loi tm cn kh
ro, sch s gip cho nha dn bm chc.
Mt nn khng c dy du m, ct, bi.

Khng c trn va ngay trn nn sp lt.
Xp th gch chn hoa vn v ng chng cch lt hoa vn, nht l khi c
ng hoa vn vin.
Lt trc nhng vin gc ng vin lm c khng ch chiu rng ca
mch. Khng lt nhng vin c, mch s ui nhau v s c hin tng nhai
mch ( mch ca hai hng lt lin nhau khng thng hng).

To bt dnh cho lp p cng bng cch bm mt nn hnh thnh nhng
l nh lm tm do nh ba. Khi p trn nn g phi ng inh bng ng
to bm cho va. inh cch nhau khng qu 50 mm. Nu cn thit, dng
dy ng ng knh 1,5 mm buc ni cc du inh gi va. Chiu cao
u inh bng 2/3 chiu dy lp va p.
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Khi p cn xp cc vin la chn cho khp mu sc, khe mch. Lt
nhng vin c kch thc ln v nng trn 5 kg, vin cn gn vo mt
nn bng mc kim loi hoc h inh vt, bulng. Khong trng gia mt sau
vin lt v mt nn phi nhi y va xi mng ct. Mch cng phi nhi lp
kn bng h xi mng nguyn cht.

Chiu dy va lt di vin gch lt, p khng qu mng nhng cng khng
c qu dy. Chiu dy va lt nn l 15 mm, chiu dy lp p nn l 10
mm. Mch lt v p phi nhi y h xi mng nguyn cht v khi nhi xong,
phi dng vi mm lau sch ngay mt gch, trnh mt gch b bn, c
mu nh mc do xi mng bm to nn.

Lt tm c kch thc ln, ch lp keo dnh theo yu cu ca thit k
v p ng cc yu cu ghi trong b h s mi thu.

Phi bo qun b mt va lt , p xong cho n khi lp kn mch bng va xi
mng. Khng va chm mnh ln mt lt, p trong nhng ngy va hon
thnh cng tc lt p xi mng ng rn , sc chu lc.

4.5 Nghim thu cng tc lt, p:

Tng th nhn bng mt khng pht hin c khuyt tt v hnh dng, khe,
mch, hoa vn, mu sc.

Mch gch y va nhng khng b mt.

G nh bng ba nh 100 gam ln mt gch, ting ku phi chc, khng c
ting bp, rng bn di vin gch. Nu b rng, phi cy vin lt ln v lt
vin khc thay th.

Mt lt c dc, kim tra dc bng cch t ngang thc tm theo ni v
v o cao chnh gia mt lt v cnh di ca thc tm.
Mt lt khng c dc, vin bi st gia vin gch, vin bi khng c
ln.
p thc tm ln mt lt, khe gia mt lt v cnh thc tm phi p ng
bng qui nh v cht lng trong tiu chun TCVN 5674 1992.

Sai s cho php ca mt phng p ( Trch TCVN 5674-1992)

Mt p ngoi cng trnh Mt p trong cng trnh
Tn b mt p
v phm vi
Vt liu
t nhin

Vt
Vt liu
t nhin

Vt

Tm
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26
tnh sai s
Phng
nhn
Ln
cong
cc
b
Mng
hnh
khi
liu
gm
s

Phng
nhn
Ln
cong
cc b
liu
gm
s
nha
tng
hp
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Sai lch mt p
theo phng
thng ng trn
1 mt


2


3





2


2


3


1,5


1
Sai lch mt p
trn 1 tng nh

5

10

5

4

8

4

1
Sai lch v tr
mt p theo
phng ngang
v phng
thng ng


1,5


3


3


3


1,5


3


1,5


2
Sai lch v tr
mt p theo
phng ngang
v phng
thng ng trn
sut chiu di
ca mch p
trong gii hn
phn on kin
trc





3





5





10





4





3





5





3

khng trng
kht ca mch
ni ghp kin
trc v chi tit
trang tr


0,5


1


2


1


0,5


0,5


0,5

khng bng
phng theo hai
phng

2

4

3

2

4

2

dy mch p 1,5 0,5 33 1 10 2 25 0,5 1,5 0,5 2,5 0,5 2 0,5

Theo quy nh ca Tiu chun hon thin TCXDVN 303: 2004 , yu cu v
dung sai mt lt nh sau :

Loi vt liu lt Khe h
vi thc
3m
Dung sai
cao
Dung sai
dc
Gch xy t st nung 5mm 2cm 0,5%
Gch lt t st nung 4mm 2cm 0,5%
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t nhin khng mi mt 3mm 2cm 0,5%
Gch lt xi mng, granito,
ceramic, granite, nhn to
3mm 1cm 0,3%
Cc loi tm lt nh hnh 3mm 1cm 0,3%


Chnh lch cao gia hai mp vt liu lt

Loi vt liu lt Chnh lch cao
Gch xy t st nung 3mm
Gch lt t st nung 3mm
t nhin khng mi mt 3mm
Gch lt xi mng, granito, ceramic,
granite, nhn to
0,5mm
Cc loi tm lt nh hnh 0,5mm


V. Gim st thi cng v nghim thu cng tc lp knh:

5.1 Kim tra cng tc chun b lp knh:

(i) Kim tra cng tc chun b :

Khung ca s, ca i v cc v tr gn knh khc phi sn lt xong v lp sn
ny phi kh.
Mi khuyt tt ca khung knh phi khc phc xong nh l trm b
mt tt nhng l mt g, vt nt nh, nhng li lm cc b s l xong.
ng xoi rnh lp knh cn nh cho sch sn v sy kh.
Nhng chi tit cn gn, lp vo khung knh cn thi cng xong nh bn l,
ph tng ca nh cl-mn, ke, cht phi gn xong.

(ii) Kim tra vt liu:

Loi knh s dng, cc ph kin nh np knh, inh nh, mt tt phi ph hp
vi cc yu cu trong b h s mi thu hoc nu h s mi thu khng qui
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nh th bn thit k phi qui nh. Cn i chiu vi catalogues giao hng
kim tra vt liu cho cng tc lp knh v s lng, cht lng.
Nhng chi tit bng thp phi sn chng r. Nhng chi tit bt vo khung lp
knh nh bn l, cht, then khng c t ln knh v ln kt cu khung lp
knh.
Mt tt phi do. do ca mt tt c kim tra bng cch mit mt lp
mt tt dy 0,5 mm dn trn ming st ty, ming mt tt c lin v phi
di trn 20 mm. Cc si thanh np knh phi nguyn lnh, khng b st ,
rch.
Mt tt b kh, c th cho thm du trn, nh cho u v do li. Loi
du s dng cn ph hp vi mt tt. Khi cn thit phi kim tra trong phng
th nghim.
Mt tt phi bao gi cn thn trong gi kn, chng bc hi, chng cc cht
bn ngoi xm nhp.
Knh phi c ct ni gia cng chuyn mn. Khi a n cng trng
lp phi ng kch thc theo yu cu t hng hoc theo ch nh ca
thit k.
Km vi knh phi c y np, m v inh nh v, mt tt y .
C th bm nha do silicon vo khe gia lp knh vi khun ca ngn
khng cho nc ma chy t bn ngoi vo trong nh.
Dng c bm silicon nh sau:

ng bm silicon u c vi bm vo khe k gia tm
knh v khun ca.


5.2 Kim tra qu trnh lp t knh:

Khung ca gn knh bng g, knh c nh v bng ghim. Khong cch
gia hai inh ghim cch nhau khng qu 300 mm. Trn mi cnh ca tm
knh phi ghim t nht 2 inh. Nu gn knh trn khung g nhng dng np
thp, gia knh v np phi c np m bng cao su v dng inh nh v vi
gc xin 45
o
so vi mt phng knh.
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Khung kim loi nh khung thp hay khung hp kim nhm, knh c nh v
bng np m cao su c to cng bng np thp m km . Lin kt gia np
v khung nh bt nh vt vo l gia cng trc.
Khung bng nha do s dng np cng bng cht do v lin kt nh vt.
Cn gn mt tt hai pha ca tm knh lm kn khe k.
Khung gn knh bng b tng ct thp th knh c nh v nh cc chi tit
g thp chn ngm trong b tng v np thp bt lin vi np m cao su.

Khng lp hai ming knh ghp nhau trong cng mt khun khung. Khi thit
k cho php mi c lp hai ming knh trong cng khung ca khun
nhng hai ming knh phi chp chng ln nhau, on chp khng t hn 20
mm.
Khi lp knh phi m bo nc ht t bn ngoi vo nh phi tri i, khng
chy ngc vo trong nh.
Cc chi tit kim loi sau khi gn c nh phi c sn ph bo v, chng
phong ho.
Khung knh phi ra mi trng nhit thay i nhiu trong ngy phi gn
np sao ming knh c th co v dn t do m khng nh hng n s
gn kt gia knh v khun.

Cnh , mp knh v gc tm knh rt sc, d va qut lm rch da, rch qun
o. Ngay sau khi ct mt nht knh, cn dng mi vut cho cnh mp knh
khng cn nhng nt sc gy rch da, rch qun o trong qu trnh thi cng.
Trnh mnh ln mt knh lm v knh v gy tai nn.
Khng dng tay trn, khng i gng vut trn mt knh hay vut g, cnh,
mp tm knh.
Khi cn chnh ng ct knh dng km bp v knh, ch bp vn phi dng
mi mi phng khng c nt sc gy t tay, rch da hay qun o.
Cng nhn phi mang knh bo h mt, gng tay, i m v mc qun o bo
h, i giy trong qu trnh lp knh.

5.3 Nghim thu cng tc lp knh:

Nhn bng mt quanh mp knh c th nhn bit c kch thc rnh
lp knh thi cng ng thit k. Knh phi c t m trong rnh, kht,
cht, c np, m ngay ngn. Ly tay n nh nhng ch nghi ng kim tra
cht, kht.
Cht lng mch gn mt tt phng, nhn, mn mt, khng c vt nt, vt ra,
vt long khi knh v khng c khe h. Mch gn mt tt phi c, khng c
khuyt tt.
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ng vin xp ca mch mt tt tip gip vi knh phi phng,song song vi
g rnh. Trn mt knh gip mch gn khng c phoi mt tt vn long l.
M inh vt, inh ghim ng st mt knh v c mt tt che ph kn, khng
nh ra ngoi mch mt tt. inh vt phi c bt cht, khng chp nhn ren
neo gi b chy. Np cao su hay cht do phi bp st vi knh v lin kt
cht vo g ca khung ca.
Mt knh phi nguyn lnh, khng c vt rn, vt nt, vy trai hay cc
khuyt tt khc.
Trn kt cu cng nh trn mt knh sau khi lm sch khng c vt dnh sn,
vi, va, bn, bn hay vt du m.

VI. Gim st thi cng v nghim thu cng tc sn, vi, vc ni:

6.1 Khi nim v yu cu cht lng:

Cng tc sn, qut vi hay vc ni l s ph ln mt kt cu , ln chi tit xy
dng lp mng che kt cu hoc chi tit.
Lp mng ny bo v kt cu bn trong chng li cc tc ng tiu cc ca
mi trng ng thi c mu sc to v m quan cng nh l tn hiu
phn bit vt c che ph.

Lp sn, vi hay vc ni cn :
Bm chc vo mt kt cu, mt chi tit c bo v.
B mt phi to c v m quan.
Mu sc theo ng ch dn v yu cu ca bn thit k hoc ca cc yu cu
ghi trong b h s mi thu.
Khng bin mu theo thi gian.
Khng b bong, phng rp, gn hay bin i hnh dng trong qu trnh s
dng cng trnh.
Chu c mi tc ng ca thi tit v cc iu kin phi l ca mi trng.



Nhng dng cng tc sn vi chnh c cp trong ni dung ny:
Cng tc qut vi
Cng tc sn
Cng tc vc ni

6.2 Chun b thi cng :

(i) Chun b lp nn sn, vi, vcvi :
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31

Mt nn s ph lp vi qut, lp sn hay vc ni cn sch, khng c vt bn,
khng c vt du, m.
Mt lp nn phng, khng b g gh hay b nhng vt khng mong mun
nh cc va bm. Nhng ch lm do khuyt tt phi b p v xoa , trt cho
phng vi mt chung.
Nu nn l va trt, khi qut vi cn kh. Nn m s c vt , loang l khi
qut vi.
Nn l mt g cn nh giy nhm cho nhn, b mt tt lp nhng khe, l
mt ri li xoa giy nhm . Nu nn l mt b lp mt tt mng phi nh
giy nhm cho nhn.

(ii) Chun b vt liu :

To sa vi qut mt tng :
Vi cn dng l loi vi tt, 1 kg vi c th ti c 2,2 lt vi nhuyn. Nu
dng vi ch ti c di 2 lt vi nhuyn th ht vi ti khng mn.
Vi nhuyn ho trn vi nc xong phi lc qua sng , hoc gi vo go
khng c ht ln trn 0,1 mm.
Trn mu xong phi qut mt mng khng nh hn 1/2 m
2
ln tng bn
cnh mu, kh, so snh vi mu quyt nh lng mu trn.
Lng vi ho trn tnh cho qut ln c mng tng c ng bin r rt.
Trnh khi ang qut vi trn mt mng tng m thiu vi. S pha hai ln
vi cho mt mng tng thng t khi ng mu.
Trong sa vi cn cho thm cht to mng, chng hin tng lp vi b thi,
dnh bm vo cc vt chm phi mt tng. Cht to mng thng dng l
phn chua.
Phn chua m nh, ho cho tan vo nc ri vo thng ho vi, khuy
u. Liu lng do nh mc qui nh.


Cc loi sn :

C hai loi sn ph bin l sn du v sn nc. Sn nc l nh tng sn
trong mi trng nc.
Loi sn s dng phi ph hp vi yu cu ghi trong b h s mi thu hoc
do thit k ch nh.
Sn du ch c sn ln mt nn tht kh ro. Sn nc c th sn ln mt
nn m nhng cng kh, cng tt.
Mu sc ca sn do thit k la chn hoc chn theo mu do h s mi thu
qui nh trc. Cn sn th ln mu th quyt nh mu cui cng.
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Dung mi tan sn hoc pha long sn khi cn thit phi c chun b
trc khi tin hnh sn. Dung mi tan sn thng l axtn, dilung ,
benzen, xng cng nghip rt d bay hi v d chy nn ht sc lu v an
ton lao ng v phng chy. Mi dung mi tan sn c th lm cho cng
nhn b nhim c nn cn bo qun kn v khu vc thi cng cn thng
thong.

Vc ni:

Vc ni c ngm t nha cnh kin sch vi cn cng nghip cho tan u.
S cho thm ph gia ( axit sulphuric ) tan ht cnh kin do ngi bn thc
hin v c s chp thun v t l. Vc ni phi trong sut mu h phch,
khng c vt gn bn hay ng mu nu. Cn cng nghip phi t t nht l
85
o
.

6.3 Kim tra qu trnh thi cng sn, vi, vcni :

Vic qut vi hay sn u phi tun theo s lp sn hoc qut vi qui nh
trong h s mi thu hay ch dn ca thit k.
Thng thng phi sn hay qut vi lm ba lp. Lp u l lp lt v hai
lp sau ngoi nhim v bo v cng trnh cn to mu cho cng trnh hoc
kt cu.
Thi gian gin cch gia lc sn hoc qut vi cc lp phi cho lp di
phi kh mi thi cng lp trn. Nu yu cu cao, sau mi lp sn li ly
giy nhm nh cho mt lp sn nhn mi sn tip lp sau.
Vt chi sn lp trc c vch thng, vt chi sau phi ln mt phn
ca vt chi trc cho kn mt sn, vi. n lp sau, vt chi li qut vung
gc vi lp sn hoc qut vi cc lp sn, vi ph kn khp mt tng
hay mt g, mt kim loi cn ph.
Nu nh vc ni, thng xoa (nh) trn ba lp. Cch a vc ni ln mt g
l thm vc ni vo mt bi nhi bng gi mm v bi theo vng xon l xo
di chuyn. Sau mi ln bi vc ni li phi dng bng hay bi nhi gi thm
cn xoa ( nh ) k nhiu ln vc ni tan v thm su xung g. Bi nhi
gi phi c cn m, nu kh vt xoa s vch trn mt g to thnh gn
v mt hon thin khng bng. Nu bi nhi qu xng cn khi xoa ( nh )
trn mt g cng to thnh vt gn. Xoa nh tay theo vng xon l xo cho
cn thm u khp mt g.
Nu thy trn mt g cn l bt nc hay khe nt, sau khi bi vc ni phi
p bt ngay cho bt bm vo vc ni lp y khe hoc l. Trc khi
xoa cn phi dng giy nhm ht mn xoa li mt cho mt cc bt bm
ni trn mt g, ch cn bt trong cc khe v l. Nu khe hoc l kh ln
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

33
phi dng mt tt trm kn, sau nh giy nhm cho phng mt mi bi
vc ni.




6.4 Nghim thu cng tc sn , vi , vc ni :

B mt lp sn, vi v vc ni phi ng mu, khng c vt , vt loang l,
vt chi sn.
B mt phi phng, nhn, khng b nt hay cm sn hoc vt chy vc ni.
Mt lp sn v vc ni phi bng. Lp vcni phi ngm su trong g ti thiu
l 0,5 mm. Mun kim tra, ly ming g mu km ni thi cng vcni. C
mi ln nh vcni ln mt g chnh thc li ph vcni vo ming g mu.
Khi xong vcni, ch ming g mu xem vcni thm vi dy bao nhiu.
G lm tm mu phi cng loi g vi ca hoc mt g ca kt cu trong
nh.
Khng l mu ca lp sn, vi, vc ni nm di lp ph trn cng.
B mt lp sn khng c c bt bong bng kh. Khng c c ht bt
sn vn cc. Khng c c vt rn nt b mt lp sn.
Nu mt sn c hoa vn, hoa vn phi theo ng thit k v hnh dng, kch
thc, ng u v nht l mu sc.


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