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Dental cements are hard, brittle materials formed by mixing powder and liquid together.
They are either resin cements or acid-base cements. In the latter the powder is a basic metal oxide or silicate and the liquid is acidic
1.Phosphate:
4.Resin:
Conventional cement
Zinc phosphate cement Zinc oxide-eugenol cement Polycarboxylate cement Glass ionomer cement
Resin-base cement
Resin cement Resin modified glass ionomer cement
High compressive and tensile strengths Adhesion to tooth structure and restorative materials Low viscosity and film thickness Long working time with rapid set at oral temperatures
Depends on P:L. Brittle, C.S, T.S. Resin cements > polycarboxylate cements
Influenced by powder ratio. Cements have solubility microleakage & pulpal irritation, except resin Affects luting agents. To get secondary consistency, powder
Viscosity
Biocompatibility
Retention
Esthetics
Shades for luting agents for veneers & anterior crowns. Opaque cement to mask dentine discoloration. Try in paste available
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Film thickness
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Restorations (temporary and permanent) Surgical dressing (e.g. periodontal surgery) Others Root canal sealer Calciumhydroxide cement Bite registration material
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Cement base
A thick layer of cement (>0.75mm) is applied under restoration to protect pulp against injuries. The base should be strong enough to resist the condensation force during the placement of restoration. Well insulation ability Good sealing
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Luting cements
Desirable features:
Good wettability Good flow Thin film thickness: 25 m or less to fill the space between
If the luting agents layer is too thick: It will prevent proper seating of restoration Excess cement may wash out and cause irritation
and caries
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Restorations
The exception is GIC, used for class V cavities and primary teeth.
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restoration can be placed Between visits in cases of Endodontic treatment, crowns, inlays
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Surgical dressing
Purpose
Protection and support of surgery site Help to control bleeding Provide comfort for patient
Material used: non eugenol dressing, mixed to soft putty like consistency.
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Their pH is approximately 7 at the time of placement, which potentially makes them the least irritating of all dental materials and are known to have an obtundant (sedative) effects.
Classification: 4 Types
Type I ZOE- Temporary luting cement Type II ZOE- Long term luting cement Type III ZOE- Temporary restorations
Composition
Powder
Principle Ingredient
White resin- 29.3% To reduce brittleness of set . Cement Zinc stearate- 1.0% Accelerator, plasticizer
Liquid
EugenolOlive oil-
Setting reaction
Water is essential for the reaction (dehydrated zinc oxide will not dehydrated eugenol). The chelate formed is an amorphous gel that tends to crystallize importing strength to the set mass.
Thus the set cement consists of particles of zinc oxide embedded in a matrix of zinc eugenolate.
The higher the powder/liquid ratio, the faster the material sets. Cooling a glass-mixing stab slows the setting reaction unless the temperature is below the dew point.
Biologic Properties: PuIpal response- classified as mild and least irritating of all cements. Bacteriostatic and Obtundant Properties: They inhibit the growth of bacteria and have a soothing effect on the pulp in deep cavities, reducing pain.
Properties:
setting
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Specification requirements
Type Setting Compressive Solubility Film time strength thickness [%] [min] [MPa] [m]
4-10 4-10 35 maximum 35 maximum 2.5 1.5 25 25
Type I Type II
35 maximum
1.5
Reinforced ZOE
Add 10-40% resin polymer in the powder for strengthening the set cement Compressive strength 35-55 MPa
EBA cement
Powder
Add 20-30% of aluminium oxide
Liquid
Add 50-60% ethoxybenzoic acid in eugenol
Uses:
Low/high strength base Temporary and Intermediate restoration Temporary cementation Root canal sealers Periodontal dressings New reinforced cements are used for permanent cementation (Type II)
Clinical applications
Manipulation
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Paste/paste
Mix two equal pastes together until it obtains
Powder/liquid
Usually 4/1 for maximum strength Mix the large increment, firstly
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Type II: powder and liquid, powder in immediately incorporated into liquid ad mixed (30 seconds) yielding putty consistency, additional 30 sec. mixing provide fluid consistency.
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Composition
Powder Liquid
Phosphoric
acid
38.2%
ZnO ZnO
Zn+
ZnO
Zn+
Setting Reaction
When the powder is mixed with liquid, phosphoric acid attacks the surface of the particles, dissolving zinc oxide forming acid zinc phosphate.
The aluminium in the liquid is essential for cement formation. The aluminium complexes with the phosphoric acid to form a zinc aluminophosphate gel.
The reaction is exothermic.
Unreacted ZnO
Unreacted ZnO
Unreacted ZnO
The set cement has a cored structure consisting primarily of unreacted zinc oxide particles embedded in a cohesive matrix of zinc alumino phosphate.
Classification
Type IFine grain for luting Film thickness should be 25m or less
Type IIMedium grain for luting and filling Film thickness should not be more than 40m
Working time commonly is 3-6 minute Setting time is 2.5-8 minute(ADA specification No.96)
Mixing procedure
There are three steps: First : add the small amount of powder
into the liquid
Mixing procedure
zinc phosphate. This steps may not effect by heat released from the reaction. {because of the less amount of unreacted acid}
Mixing procedure
Properties
Copressive Film strength thickness Solubility Initial acidity Setting time
Properties
Initial acidity with pH of 4.2, becomes neutral after 48 hours. Retentive by mechanical retention sandblasting of crowns or inlays Similar strength to GIC, high CS, low tensile strength. Low solubility once set
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Compressive Tensile
strength- 103.5MPa
Modulus
Biocompatibility
Acid can penetrate into the dentinal tubule irritate pulp pH of cement
Liquid = 2.0 3 minutes after mixing = 4.2 1 hour = 6 48 hours = 7
Characteristic properties
Setting time at 37O Minimum compressive strength Maximum film thickness Maximum Solubility 5 9 minutes 75 MPa 25 m (for luting the prostheses) 0.2% by weight
Clinical applications
Composition
Liquid
Aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid Other carboxylic acid
Setting reaction
Like zinc phosphate cement Retarded by cool environment
Manipulation
Mix first half of powder to liquid to obtain the maximum length of working time. The reaction is thixotropic
The polyacrylic acid is believed to react with calcium ion via the carboxyl group. The adhesion depends on the unreacted carboxyl group.
Specification requirements
Setting time at 37OC: 9 minutes Maximum film thickness: 25m Minimum compressive strength: 50 MPa Maximum solubility: 0.2%
Properties:
Lower compressive strength than other cements
Mild acidity
Higher viscosity when mixed but reasonable flow Liquid should not be dispensed before needed, to
avoid water evaporation and viscosity Retention is chemical and mechanical To increase working time use a cold slab
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Compressive Strength- 55MPa and is inferior to zinc phosphate Tensile Strength- 6.2MPa and is slightly higher than zinc phosphate Solubility and Disintegration- Its tends to absorb water and is slightly more soluble (0.6% weight) than Zn (Po4)z
Biocompatibility:
Pulpal response is mild and less irritant than ZnPo4 cement because The liquid is rapidly neutralized by the powder
Penetration of polyacrylic acid into the dentinal tubules is less because of its higher molecular weight and larger size
Adhesion:
An
outstanding characteristic of zinc polycarboxylate cement is that, the cement bonds chemically with the tooth. carboxyl group in the polymer molecules chelates with calcium in the tooth structure. ratio- 1.5-1
The
Powder/liquid
Zinc polycarboxylate
Uses:
High strength base Final cementation of indirect restoration
Cement inlays or crowns Used as base Temporary filling Lute the stainless steel crown
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Cavity Liners:
When Ca(OH)2 used as cavity liner, is suspended in a solvent carries with a thickening agent. When it is placed on the pulpal floor, the solvent evaporates and leaves a thin film of calcium hydroxide.
Bases:
The cements are usually produced as a twopaste system with radioopaque fillies the setting reaction occurs between calcium hydroxide and salicylate, yielding calcium disalicylate. It can be used to line the cavity or it can be applied as a direct pulp capping material.
Composition:
Base Paste
Glycol Salicylate 40%-reacts with Ca(OH)2 and ZnO
Calcium Sulphate Titanium dioxideinert fillers, pigments
Catalyst Paste:
Calcium hydroxide- 50% Principal reactive ingredient Zinc oxide- 10% Zinc Stearate- 0.5% accelerator Sulfonamide- 39.5%- oily compound acts as carrier
Properties
Lower compressive strength than others Resist to the condensation force of amalgam filling High pH 9.2-11.7 [Alkaline] Bactericidal High solubility
Stimulate the secondary dentine formation in the area of thin dentine [<0.5mm]
Stimulate the dentine formation in the exposedpulp lesion [Direct pulp capping]
SILICATE CEMENTS
its ability to reduce development of secondary caries has made it a model for the development of caries- resisting dental materials. This beneficial characteristic is attributed to the presence of fluoride in silicate cement powder, which typically contains 15% fluoride. After the placement of the silicate restoration, fluoride ion is released and reacts with the adjoining tooth structure. The enamel solubility is reduced, which builds up its resistance to acid attack and caries.
Properties
Compressive Strength: 180Mpa Silicate is the strongest of all the dental cements. Tensile strength: (3.5Mpa). It is weak in tension Hardness: (70KHN) and it is similar to dentin
RESIN CEMENT
Resin cement has become attractive as a luting agent because of the development of direct- filling resins with improved properties, the benefit of the acid-etch technique for attaching resins to enamel and the potential to bond to dentin conditioned with organic or inorganic acid.
Applications: Cementation of crown and bridges (etched cast restorations) Cementation of porcelein veneers For bonding of orthodontic brackets to acid-etched enamel
Composition Powder Resin matrix (diacrylate monomer) Tertiary amine Inorganic fillers Coupling agent (organosilane) Chemical or photointiators and activators Liquid Methyl methacrylate Polymerization can be achieved by a conventional chemical cure system or by light activation. Several systems use both mechanisms and are referred to as dual-cure systems.
Silane coated
Composition
Filler
Silica
Matrix
Bis-GMA (polymer)
agent
Setting reaction
Polymerization
Chemical activation Light activation Dual activation [chemical and light]
Preparations
Powder / liquid Chemical, light, or dual cure 2 paste system [base / catalyst] Chemical, light, or dual cure
Single paste
Light cure
Bonding system
Bond with the tooth surface by enamel an dentine bonding system. Bond with metal by using metal primer. Bond with ceramic restoration by treating the surface of porcelain with silane coupling agent
Properties
Very good bond strength High compressive strength Water sensitive Might irritate pulpal tissues
Applications
Tooth color filling materials Luting cements
developed by Wilson and Kent in England in the year 1972. These glass ionomer are hybrids from the silicate cements and the polycarboxylate cements. The greatest advantage of this cement was its adhesion to enamel and dentin and fluoride release for anti-cariogenic effect.
Classifications
According to Wilson and Mclean in 1988. Type I- Luting cements Type II- Restorative cements a. Restorative Aesthetic b. Restorative Reinforced
According to Application
Type I- Luting cements
Type II- Restorative cements Aesthetic filling materials Reinforced materials (Fuji IX, Fuji II LC)
Type III- Lining cement Type IV- Fissure sealant Type V- Orthodontic cement
Newer Classification
Traditional Glass lonomer a. Type I- Luting cement b. Type II- Restorative cement c. Type III- Liners and Bases Metal Modified Glass lonomer a. Miracle mix b. Cermet cement
Hybrid Glass- lonomer/Resin Modified Glass lonomer a. Composite resin in which fillers substituted with glass ionomer particles. b. Pre-cured glasses blended into composites
Composition
% by weight 35-50
Alumina (Al2o3)
Aluminium Fluoride (AIF3) Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) Sodium Fluoride (NaF) Aluminium Phosphate (AIPo4)
20-30
1.5-2.5 15-20 3.0-6.0 4.0-12
The powder of traditional GIC is a calciumfluoro-alumino-silicate glass. This powder is referred to as an ionleachable glass.
Liquid
Polyacrylic acid- 45% Itaconic acid Maleic acid 5% (Decreases viscosity) Tricarboxylic acid Tartaric acid- Traces (increases working time and decreases setting time) Water- 50% (Hydrates reaction product)
Modifications in Powder
The modifications were to improve upon the existing property in the manipulation and the area of clinical use. Some of the modifications of the powder are: Dried poly acrylic acid (anhydrous GIC) Silver- Tin alloy (miracle Mix) Silver- Palladium/Titanium (cermet cement} BisGMA, TEGDMA and HEMA (light/Dual Cure GIC).
Modifications in Liquid:
Setting reaction
There are three stages: Dissolution Gelation Hardening.
Water hardening or water setting
Polyacid liquid
Hydrogen ions
Ca2+ Al3+
Glass core
FSilica gel
Polyacid liquid
Ca2+ Al3+ F-
-COOH
Cross-linked polyacid
Gelation
Calcium ions have more reactivity than aluminium ions. This is critical phase of contamination.
Polyacid liquid
Al3+
-COOH
Cross-linked polyacid
Hardening
Last as long as 7 days. The reaction of aluminium ions provides the final strength of set cement.
Glass core
Cross-linked polyacid
Silica gel
The glass-ionomer cement is formed by the reaction of three materials. A fluoro-alumino-silicate glass powder, an ionic polymer of polyacrylic acid and water. While mixing the powder and liquid the acid slowly degrades the outer layer of glass particles, calcium ions and aluminium ions. During the early stages of setting, divalent calcium ions are released more rapidly and are primarily responsible for reacting with the poly acid, cross linking with the adjacent carboxyl ions on polymer chain to form a reaction product, that is calcium polysalts.
At this stage, it has a critical relationship with water. If the cement comes in contact with moisture then the aluminium ions that are slowly leached out may get washed out of the cement before it combines with the cement network. This will result in a weak cement as well as more soluble cement which will get more rapidly eroded by the oral fluids. If the cement is dried then the water, which is essential for ion transfer to take place, will prevent further progression of the reaction. In this case, material is weak and also crumble easily. It also appears dull and white and exhibits poor esthetics.
Aluminium ions are released more slowly and become involved in setting at a latter stage often referred to as secondary reaction stage. The aluminium ions are also replace divalent calcium ions and form tighter network of cross link between polymer chains. The set material consists of unreacted glass cores embedded in a matrix of cross-linked poly acid.
Although it may appear to be hard arid set after the first 5 minutes it truly takes at least one full day (24 hours) before the material is set to a stable form, fluoride and phosphate ions form insoluble salts and complex sodium ions contribute to the formation of an orthosilicic acid on the surfaces of the particles and as the pH rises, this silica gel will assist in binding powder to the matrix.
Compressive Strength: 150MPa. It is less than silicate. The finer the particle more will be the compressive strength. Tensile Strength: Glass ionomer has higher tensile strength than silicates (6.6MPa).
Flexural Strength: GI cements are relatively brittle having flexural strength of only 15-20MPa.
Sensitivity to Moisture: GIC are very sensitive to moisture especially during initial setting phase. Both sorptions of water and over drying are deleterious to the properties of the set cement. Therefore protection of the cement during and after placement is mandatory.
Adhesion:
It provides good adhesion to enamel and dentin. Mechanism of Adhesion: Glass ionomer bonds chemically to tooth structure. The bonding is due to the reaction between the carboxyl groups of the polyacids and the calcium in the enamel and dentin. The bond to enamel is always higher than that to dentine, probably due to the greater inorganic content of enamel and it's a greater homogeneity.
Esthetics: Esthetically they are inferior to composites and ceramic. It is opaque, lacks translucency and may become dull and lifeless in course of time. Biocompatibility: The glass ionomer show a high degree of compatibility with living tissue. They elicit a greater pulp reaction than ZOE but generally less than that of ZnPo4. The polyacids are relatively weak acids and form long complex chain formation. They makes difficult for the acid to permeate through dentinal tubules.
Anticariogenic Properties: Type II GIC releases fluoride in amounts comparable to silicate cements initially and continue to do so over an extended period of time. GIC have the potential for reducing infiltration of oral fluids at the cement tooth interface, thereby preventing secondary caries.
Pulp Protection: In deep cavities, it is wise to place a thin layer of protective liner, that is Ca(OH)2 within 0.5mm of the pulp chamber.
Fluoride Release: Fluoride release from GIC and other compositions is diffusion limited and affected by the concentrations in both the matrix and the particles. For GI, the initially high burst of fluoride release is due to the high concentration of fluoride that exists in the matrix immediately after the setting reaction is completed.
Fluoride Recharging
Although in vitro date have shown that fluoride release from glass ionomer remains detectable for years, the rate of release is reduced by as much as a factor of 10 within the first few months.
It has also been shown that silicate cements are capable of absorbing fluoride from their environment.
The level of re-release depends on the concentration of the storage medium and the duration of storage.
Glass Cermets:
This was introduced by Mclean and Gasser in 1985, Glass and metal powders were sintered at high temperature. This was attempted to improve wear resistance, flexural strength and at the same time maintain the aesthetics.
Moisture sensitivity and low early strength of GICs are the result of slow acid-base setting reactions. Polymerizable functional groups can be added to impart more rapid curing when activated by light or chemicals to overcome these two inherent drawbacks and still allow the acid-base reaction to take its course long after polymerization.
These products are considered to be dual cure cements if only one polymerization mechanism is used; if both mechanisms are used they are considered tri-cure cements
Clinical Applications
Hybrid ionomers can be used as liners, fissure sealants, bases, core buildups, restoratives, adhesions for orthodontic brackets, repair materials for damaged amalgam cores or cusps and retrograde filling materials.
The powder component consists of ionleachable fluora-alumino-silicate glass particles and initiators the light curing and or chemical curing. The liquid component usually contains water and polyacrylic acid or modified with methacrylate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomers. The last two components are responsible for polymerization.
The initial setting reaction of the material occurs by the polymerization of methacrylate groups. The slow acid base reaction will ultimately be responsible for the unique maturing process and the final strength.
Advantages
Stronger and nearly insoluble Fluoride release and good radio-opacity Easy manipulation Better aesthetics Early resistance to water attack Bond strength-excellent Minimal or no postoperative sensitivity bonding to tooth-chemical and micro-mechanical,
GIC
2 min 4 min 202 MPa 16 Mpa
RMGIC
3 min 45 sec 20 sec 242 Mpa 37 Mpa
This material has a structure and physical properties similar to those of composites. It also has the ability to release fluoride and it undergoes an acid-base reaction in the presence of saliva.
It consists of silicate glass particles, sodium fluoride and polyacid-modified monomer without any water.
Setting is initiated by photopolymerization of the acidic monomer that yields a rigid material. The set material begins to absorb water in the saliva that contributes the acid base reaction
Because of absence of H2o in the formulation, the cement mixture is not self- adhesive like conventional GIC and hybrid GIC. Thus a separate dentin-bonding agent is needed for compomers used as restoratives.
Giomer
They are based on pre-reacted glass-ionomer (PRG) technology. Chemically they consist of fluoroalumino silicate glass reacted with polyalkenoic acid in water prior to inclusion into the silica-filled urethane resin.
Giomers contain both of the essential components of glass-ionomer cements and resins but they cannot be classified as compomers in which a variable amount of dehydrated polyalkenoic acid is incorporated in the resin matrix and the acid does not react with the glass until water uptake occurs. These materials have so placed in a separate category of composites known as PRG composites
Indications
Restoration
of root caries Non-carious cervicai lesions Class V cavities Deciduous tooth caries .
Giomers have certain advantages such as fluoride release, fluoride recharging, biocompatibility, clinical stability, excellent aesthetic and smooth surface restorative materials. Giomers are promising restorative materials and are considered to be most interesting development of near future
used for biomedical applications, mainly for bone replacements For orthopedic use, bone cements lies in the lack of exotherm during setting, absence of monomer and potential for improved release of incorporated therapeutic agents
These GIC-BAG materials have been shown to be bioactive in simulated physiologic conditions, and they have been found to mineralize human dentin in vitro.
Depending on the amount of BAG, the materials may also possess antimicrobial properties
The compressive strength of the test specimens decreased with the increasing amount of BAG. In the elemental composition, more Ca was detected in the BAG-containing materials than in the pure GICs.
compromises the mechanical properties of the materials to some extent. Thus, their clinical use ought to be restricted to applications where their bioactivity can be beneficial, such as root surface fillings and liners in dentistry, and where high compressive strength is not necessarily needed
Bond strength
Separation forces [MPa]
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Zinc phosphate GIC RMGIC Resin
Others
Solubility
ZOE > Polycarboxylate > Zinc
CONCLUSION
Manipulation of the cement is very important; variations in the powder and liquid ratio can influence the working and setting time, the consistency and flow, as well as the degree of solubility, erosion, strength and film thickness
factors to consider :
solubility, erosion, tensile strength, compressive strength, toughness, elastic modulus, creep, working and setting time,
References
Textbooks
Kenneth J. Anusavice
Textbook
Richard van Noort
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