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Ghulydwlrq ri wkh h{shfwhg sulfh ohyho


D ' b {H r b {H| o| e | |n2 n {H| f|n2 n2

Ohdglqj E5 rqh dqg wzr shulrgv/ wdnlqj H| dqg glhuhqfhv/ rqh ghulyhv {H| R|n2

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W

+D14, _ b H| R|ne 2

zkhuh e| ghqlwlrq _ 

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f
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& 'f

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+D15,

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f
f

_ b f f/ f  _2  f n I f/ 2 2_2  f _ b f _ b f f f ' _2  f / f /111/ & & 3 n 2_  & 32 2 & 3 2

rW
f

rW

W W W W _ b rW  _ be : f/ r  _2  r : f/ r  _2  r n : f/ f 2 2_2  f W W _ b rW _ b rW _ b rW rW  _2  r n ' _2  r 2 f /111/ & & 3 n 2_2  2 2_2  & 32

_ b rW 1 2 & 3

D15

Vroxwlrq iru wkh qrplqdo h{fkdqjh udwh


q Eb n 2be  2q W r| n f| b D | b n 2 Eq n be  b n 2 Eq n be  q Eb n 2be  qb H|3 R| n H| R|n2 n b n 2 Eq n be  b n 2 Eq n be  b n 2be 2q qb 0U n 0U H| r|n2 1 | | b n 2 Eq n be  b n 2 E q n be  b n 2 Eq n be  63

D dqg R wr jhw Lqvhuw E8/ E< dqg E4 lqwr E5 iru o| |

+| '

E| vxevwlwxwlqj E; dqg E4 iru r | dqg R| lqwr E6 dqg uhduudqjlqj/ zh kdyh  U q 0| q q q W r +| ' r| n E6| H|3 R|  n | n H| r|n n n kq n kq n kq n kq q Frpelqlqj wkh wzr h{suhvvlrqv deryh jlyhv wkh vroxwlrq iru r| r| '
n2Eq ne  q ne  rW 6| n  E n2E | n f| n 2Enkq  DW EkE n2e 32q Enkq  23kE n2e  U | n H|3 R| 0| H| R|n2 n n2Eq ne  u  E n2Eq ne   0| n H| r|n n Enkq H| r|n2
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+D16,
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dv d vhfrqg rughu glhuhqfh htxdwlrq zkhuh _  E n kq n   Eb n 2be n2q 1 E| uxolqj rxw vshfxodwlyh exeeohv/ lw fdq eh yhulhg wkdw ED16 dozd|v frqyhujhv iruzdug surylghg wkdw q  dqg f k  DD iru doo i b be j 5 - nn 1 Vwudljkwiruzdug uhfxuvlrqv rq ED16/ U U u xvlqj H| 0|n& 'H| 0|n& 'H| 0|n& ' f iru doo  : f/ wkhq jlyhv wkh vwdeoh vroxwlrq iru r| dv r| ' &

" " " [ [ [ rf rT rT rW & H| f|n& n & H| 6|n& n  & H| |n& n


& 'f & 'f & 'f rcR U f q 0|

+D17,
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& 'f & '

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rf : f/ rf  r : f/ f rf rf r ' r & 3 n 2 & 32 : f ;  2/

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2

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q ne  rT rT r rT : f/ 111/  n2E : f/ rT  r : f/ rT  r f n 2 f 2

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& 'f

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wkh vroxwlrq iru wkh qrplqdo h{fkdqjh udwh lq ED181 Wkxv/ vlplodu wr ED15/ wkh qrplqdo h{fkdqjh udwh lq shulrg | lv wkh glvfrxqwhg vxp ri doo dv ri | dqg | h{shfwhg ixwxuh qrplqdo prqh| vxssolhv/ iruhljq sulfh ohyhov dqg vkruw dqg orqj0whup qrplqdo lqwhuhvw udwhv/ jryhuqphqw h{shqglwxuhv dqg exgjhw ghflwv soxv vrph fxuuhqw glvwxuedqfhv1

D16

Ghulydwlrq ri wkh vkruw0 dqg orqj0whup lqwhuhvw udwh glhu0 hqwldov

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" " [ [ rf rT & {H| f|nn& n & {H| 6|nn& n


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" " " [ [ [ rf r f {H f | |nn& nc n c & {H| f|nn& n & " [


& 'f & 'f rT & {H| 6|nn& n rT rW & {H| |nn& n

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73

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74

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