Energy Conservation AHRAE 100

ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-2006 (Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-1995)
ASHRAE STANDARD Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings
Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on June 24, 2006; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on June 29, 2006; by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America on July 17, 2006; and by the American National Standards Institute on June 30, 2006. ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number is the year of ASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest copies may be purchased from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: orders@ashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). Copyright 2006 ASHRAE, Inc. ISSN 1041-2336
Copyright ASHRAE Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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Illuminating Engineering Society of North America www.iesna.org
www.ansi.org
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org
Licensee=BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE /5960987001, User=SIRD, Head Not for Resale, 08/11/2011 03:05:54 MDT
ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 100 Cognizant TC: TC 7.6, Systems Energy Utilization SPLS Liaison: Hakim Elmahdy R. Michael Martin, Chair* Robert H. Fuller, Vice-Chair* Kimberly A. Barker Dieter Bartel* Robert E. Chase* Michael P. Deru* Adam W. Hinge* Dennis R. Landsberg* Kathleen A. Langelund* Karen H. Robertson Adrienne G. Thomle*
*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publication
ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20052006 Richard D. Hermans, Chair Jay A. Kohler David E. Knebel, Vice-Chair James D. Lutz Donald L. Brandt Merle F. McBride Steven T. Bushby Mark P. Modera Paul W. Cabot Cyrus H. Nasseri Hugh F. Crowther Stephen V. Santoro Samuel D. Cummings, Jr. Stephen V. Skalko Robert G. Doerr David R. Tree Hakim Elmahdy Jerry W. White, Jr. Roger L. Hedrick James E. Woods John F. Hogan William E. Murphy, BOD ExO Frank E. Jakob Ronald E. Jarnagin, CO Stephen D. Kennedy Claire B. Ramspeck, Assistant Director of Technology for Standards and Special Projects SPECIAL NOTE
This American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this standard as an ANS, as substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution. Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation. ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review. ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The Project Committee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, all must be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all Project Committees. The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for: a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard, b. participation in the next review of the Standard, c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.
DISCLAIMER
ASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and accepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components, or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.
ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDS

ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for rating purposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing other information that may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformance to them is completely voluntary. In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied, that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.
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CONTENTS ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-2006 Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings

SECTION PAGE Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 3 Definitions....................................................................................................................................................... 2 4 Compliance Requirements ............................................................................................................................. 2 5 Energy Survey Requirements......................................................................................................................... 2 6 Operation and Maintenance Requirements.................................................................................................... 6 7 Building and Equipment Modification Requirements .................................................................................... 11 8 References ................................................................................................................................................... 14 Appendix A: Bibliography.................................................................................................................................... 14
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NOTE
When addenda, interpretations, or errata to this standard have been approved, they can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at http://www.ashrae.org.
2006 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.
(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI requirements for a standard and may contain material that has not been subject to public review or a consensus process. Unresolved objectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.) FOREWORD This revision of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 1001995 is part of ASHRAEs continuing program of updating its standards. The cognizant technical committee recognized that the standard needed revising to bring it in line with other published ASHRAE documents, specifically ANSI/ASHRAE/ IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, and the 2003 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications. While these revisions were being made, other less extensive improvements were also made to the standard. 1. PURPOSE 1.1 This standard provides criteria that will result in the conservation of energy resources in existing buildings. 1.2 a. b. c. This standard is directed toward providing procedures and programs essential to energyconserving operation, maintenance, and monitoring, increasing the energy efficiency of the energy-using systems and components, and upgrading the thermal performance of the building envelope.
at least 2.29 m (7.5 ft) of headroom height. The floor area is measured from the exterior faces of exterior walls or from the centerline of walls separating buildings. efficient use of nonrenewable energy: the use of nonrenewable energy in a manner that isor is nearlythe most economical and least wasteful manner as determined by economic and engineering measurement. energy manager: the individual responsible for the energy consumption in the building. Note that, in a given building, the functions of the energy manager may be the responsibility of multiple individuals since these functions include policy, management, engineering, operations and maintenance, and accounting. nonrenewable energy: energy other than renewable or recovered energy. process system: a system used in support of a manufacturing, industrial, or commercial process other than conditioning spaces and maintaining comfort and amenities for the occupants of a building. recovered energy: energy reclaimed for useful purposes that would otherwise be wasted. renewable energy: energy obtained from sunlight, wind, earth, geothermal sources, or bodies of water. zone: a space or group of spaces within a building for which the heating, cooling, or lighting requirements are sufficiently similar that desired conditions can be maintained throughout by a single controlling device. 4. COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS 4.1 A building or complex of buildings complies with this standard if the requirements of Sections 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 have been met and so recorded on Form A. 4.2 A person or persons determining compliance shall conduct an energy survey according to Section 5. 4.3 The person or persons determining compliance shall state in writing that the operating and maintenance requirements of Section 6 have been met. 4.4 The person or persons determining compliance shall state in writing that the building and equipment modification requirements of Section 7 have been met. Exception: No individual requirement need be met that would compromise the historical integrity of a building or part of a building designated by a government body for long-term preservation in its existing state (such as historical monuments). 5. ENERGY SURVEY REQUIREMENTS This section establishes requirements for the survey of energy use in existing buildings for which compliance with this standard is claimed. 5.1 Building Type Classification Each building shall be classified by type according to Form B.
2. SCOPE This standard applies to existing buildings, portions of buildings, and complexes, including the envelope and all energy systems in the building, except process systems. 3. DEFINITIONS brightness controls: restriction or redirection of light from windows and task lighting luminaires to maintain satisfactory illumination levels for productive use of the lighted areas. building: a facility having one or more uses within continuous boundaries under one contiguous roof system, including mobile homes, manufactured homes, and other factory-built buildings. complex: multiple individual or interconnected buildings on contiguous property. conditioned area: an area that is provided with a positive supply of heating and/or cooling capable of maintaining the temperature of the area between 10C (50F) and 30C (86F). conditioned floor area: the sum of the conditioned floor areas of all of the floors of the building, including basements, mezzanine and intermediate-floor tiers, and penthouses with
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Copyright ASHRAE Provided by IHS under 2 license with ASHRAE No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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100-2006
Form ACompliance with Standard 100 Name of Project Street Address City State Zip Code
Name of Person Requesting Compliance Street Address City Telephone No. State Zip Code
Name of Any Additional Person or Persons Establishing Compliance
Street Address City Telephone No. State Zip Code
List the building type as defined in Form B of this standard. This compliance is being established for which of the following? (check one) [ ] Building [ ] Complex
Have the survey requirements of Section 5 been met? [ ] Yes
[ ] No
Have the operation and maintenance requirements of Section 6 been met? [ ] Yes
[ ] No
Have the building & equipment modification requirements of Section 7 been met? [ ] Yes
[ ] No
We state that this building complies with ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100: Signature of person for whom compliance was determined: ______________________________________________________________ Signature of person or persons determining compliance: ______________________________________________________________ Date:___________________ Date:__________________
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Copyright ASHRAE Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
100-2006
Form BBuilding Description
Building ID _____________________ City _____________ Zip Code _____________ Latitude _____________ Longitude ____________
Conditioned Floor Area _________________ (square metres) ________________ (square feet) Number of Conditioned Floors: Above grade ____________ Below grade ____________ Year of construction for at least 51% of the conditioned space _____________________ Building type as characterized by at least 51% of the conditioned space (check one of the types listed below). Office [ ] Retail [ [ [ [ [ ] Drycleaning ] Supermarket ] General Merchandise ] Shopping mall without tenant loads ] Shopping mall without tenant lighting loads [ ] Shopping mall [ ] Other (define)
Lodging
[ [ [ [ [ [
] Hotel ] Motel ] Single family home, site built ] Mobile home ] Manufactured home ] Multifamily up to five units
Apartment
[ [ [ [
] Seniors ] Family ] Retirement home ] Other - define
Industrial
[ [ [ [
] Laboratory ] Manufacturing ] Warehouse ] Refrigerated warehouse
Education
[ ] Primary [ ] Secondary [ ] University
Assembly
Food Service
[ [ [ [
] Full service restaurant ] Fast food ] Take out ] Lounge
[ [ [ [ [ [
] Theater ] Museum gallery ] Church/synagogue/mosque ] Arena/gymnasium ] Arena/rink ] Other assembly (define)
Other
Health Care
[ [ [ [
] Nursing home ] Psychiatric ] Clinic ] Active treatment hospital
[ [ [ [
] Jail ] Transport terminal ] Multi-building complex ] Other type (define)
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100-2006
5.2 Energy Management Planning and Resource Evaluation 5.2.1 Organizing for Energy Management. Energy management shall be given the same emphasis as the management of any other cost/profit center. The actions required to provide this emphasis are as follows: Establish an energy cost/profit center Assign management responsibility for the program Hire or assign an energy manager Allocate resources Clearly communicate energy program to all departments Monitor programs cost-effectiveness Set clear program goals Encourage ownership at all levels, from the lowest to the highest level in the organization Set up an ongoing reporting and analysis procedure to monitor the program Develop a feedback mechanism to allow for revisions to the energy program in a timely manner
over time. Energy purchasing shall be periodically reviewed to ensure that the building is on the proper energy tariffs and that the energy prices that are paid are competitive with the existing market. 5.4.1 The energy manager shall analyze energy-usage data and electric demand data for each building or complex for which compliance is claimed. The energy manager shall establish and maintain an energy accounting system to track energy consumption and costs. A system shall be established to provide data to the building occupants to help them realize the results of their efforts and support their continued efforts and to confirm savings from energy-savings-related projects. The accounting system shall also permit early identification of unanticipated increases in energy consumption. Data sources include the following: Invoices from utilities and fuel suppliers Detailed printouts from time-of-use meters Combustion efficiency, eddy current, and water quality tests Recording of temperature and relative humidity Interviews with building owners, managers, and operators Submetered data Data from building pressurization/depressurization Event recording Climatic recordings Sets of data from similar buildings in similar climates Computer modeling Production records Infrared scans
For further details, see the 2003 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications,1 chapter 35, Energy Use and Management. 5.2.2 Exploring Financing and Other Resource Options. When proposed energy management projects are evaluated, particularly those with significant capital costs, life-cycle cost analysis shall be included. Chapter 36 of the 2003 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications,1 Owning and Operating Costs, provides details on several life-cycle procedures and other factors that shall be considered in the analysis. Capital funds for energy-efficiency improvements are available from various public and private sources. The five general mechanisms for financing investments in energy efficiency are as follows: Internal funds, or direct allocation from an organizations internal capital or operating budget Debt financing, with capital borrowed directly by an organization from private lenders Lease or lease purchase agreements in which equipment is acquired through an operating or finance lease whereby payments are made over five to ten years Energy performance contracts in which improvements are financed, installed, and maintained by a third party Utility (or other) incentives, such as rebates grants or other financial assistance offered by an energy utility for design and purchase of energy-efficient systems and equipment
5.3 Building Area. The conditioned floor area of each building or complex claiming compliance shall be determined in square meters (square feet). The gross conditioned floor area of a complex shall consist of the sum of the floor areas of all buildings within that complex. 5.4 Building Energy Use and Electric Demand Data. The energy manager shall understand how energy is used in the building in order to manage energy use and costs effectively. There are opportunities for savings in reducing the consumption of energy. Systems shall be maintained and monitored to ensure that there is no degradation in performance efficiency
5.4.2 The energy manager shall utilize energy-use benchmarking to compare the annual energy usage of a building to that of similar buildings with similar usage and climates. Sources for data are the US Department of Energys Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA), Building Owners and Managers International (BOMA), National Restaurant Association (NRA), American Hotel and Lodging Association (AH&LA), and ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 105, Standard Methods of Measuring and Expressing Building Energy Performance. (See Informative Appendix A.) 5.4.3 The overall energy use and demand data for a complex of buildings shall be the sum of the energy use and measured electric demand data for all buildings of the complex. 5.4.3.1 For each form of energy purchased from utilities, valid information from at least 12 consecutive months of utility invoices shall be used to establish the annual energy use and annual energy cost. 5.4.3.2 For all forms of energy that are delivered by entities other than utilities, the amount of energy received and the cost of delivered energy at each delivery within the same 12 consecutive months period shall be recorded together with the date of delivery. 5.4.3.3 For any utility bills with a record of demand, such demand shall be recorded together with the energy use. Unit costs for demand and consumption shall be examined to determine whether demand peaks are contributing inordinately to energy costs and to accurately determine savings from conservation measures.
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100-2006
5.5 Data Analysis 5.5.1 For the 12-month period for which data are available, the total energy used for all sources shall be calculated in the form of kWh per year (Btu per year). 5.5.2 Energy other than electricity shall be converted according to the conversion factors in Table 1. 5.5.3 The amount of fuel used during the 12-consecutivemonth period may have to be estimated from delivery data, accounting for fuel used, fuel in storage, and fuel lost by spillage, pilferage, or evaporation. 5.5.4 The total energy used annually for all fuels per square meter (square foot) of conditioned floor area (the Energy Utilization Index, or EUI) shall be calculated as EUI = annual kJ per m2 (Btu per ft2) of conditioned floor area. 5.5.5 The total cost of energy used annually for all fuels per square meter (square foot) of conditioned floor area (the Cost Index, or CI) shall be calculated as CI = annual cost per square meter (square foot) of conditioned floor area. TABLE 1
Coals Anthracite Semianthracite Low-Volatile Bituminous Medium-Volatile Bituminous High-Volatile Bituminous A High-Volatile Bituminous B High-Volatile Bituminous C Subbituminous B Subbituminous C Fuel Oils #1 #2 #4 #5L #5H #6 Gas kJ/m3 Natural Gas 38,400 kJ/L Propane Electricity 25,500 kJ/kWh 3,600 Btu/ft3 1,030 Btu/US gal. 91,600 Btu/kWh 3,412
5.6 Comparing Performance. The EUI and CI shall be compared with similar available data from buildings of the same type code from Form B with similar occupancy and in similar climate. 5.7 Additional Information on Energy Surveys. Additional information on energy surveys can be found in ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits and the 2003 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications,1 chapter 35, Energy Use and Management, and chapter 40, Building Energy Monitoring. 6. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS This section establishes requirements for the operation and maintenance of existing buildings for which compliance with this standard is claimed. 6.1 Information and Feedback 6.1.1 The energy manager shall receive information about the amount of energy used by the building with at least the regularity of utility and fuel supplier billings but preferably more frequently. The energy manager shall maintain easily accessible records of the energy used by the building for at least the past two years, as described in Section 5.4. The energy manager shall provide information to building occupants to provide feedback on energy conservation efforts. The energy manager shall prepare and maintain an annual Building Log Book or computer-based tracking system that includes actual energy consumption with comparisons to benchmarks, and any changes to O&M arrangements/procedures or major energy-consuming equipment. 6.1.2 The energy manager shall reasonably strive to maintain the EUI for that building below the average EUI of similar buildings in similar climates. Energy use shall be reviewed on a frequent basis (at least monthly, but daily if summaries are available from a building EMS) to identify unanticipated changes in building energy use patterns. 6.1.3 Each piece of equipment shall be maintained according to its manufacturers instructions. A list of the equipment operating parameters, such as temperature setpoints, pressures, and operating schedules, shall be securely and visibly located in the immediate proximity of the equipment. 6.1.4 The fluid content and direction of flow shall be clearly marked on all visible pumps and pipes. 6.1.5 The Systems Manual shall be updated and maintained for each building. Additional information about the Systems Manual and contents can be found in Informative Annex O of ASHRAE Guideline 0-2005, The Commissioning Process. The operations and maintenance sections of the Systems Manual shall include, but not be limited to, copies of the following: Interior and exterior photographs Reduced-size as-built blueprints List of major equipment Energy and property insurance surveys Invoices for major equipment purchases and repairs Air, water, and steam balance reports
Fuel to Btu Conversion Factors

kJ/kg 30,000 31,600 33,400 32,600 32,100 29,100 25,600 21,000 19,800 kJ/L 37,600 38,700 40,700 41,300 41,800 42,900 Btu/lb 12,700 13,600 14,350 14,000 13,800 12,500 11,000 9,000 8,500 Btu/U.S. gal. 135,000 139,000 146,000 148,000 150,000 154,000
100-2006
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Location of utility meters and storage tanks Control system logic Seasonal changeover procedures A log of events that includes replacement of equipment, major repairs, damage by wind or flood or fire, major changes in operating personnel, and building modifications Operations and maintenance instructions for each mechanical and electrical system in the building; the instructions shall include a description of operating principles, operating procedures and setpoints, and troubleshooting techniques Training materials, O&M staff training records and skill sets
Exception: Exterior joints are excepted from 6.2.1 if they are not enclosing conditioned space or if such joints purposely vent moisture or air from the building envelope. 6.2.2 Obsolete dumbwaiter shafts, chimneys, and other air chases shall be capped and caulked or otherwise sealed. 6.2.3 Ventilation openings in existing elevator machinery penthouses shall be restricted to reduce airflow to the levels necessary for ventilation of the equipment and elevator shaft and for compliance with applicable codes. 6.2.4 Door closers shall be installed on exterior doors that have none. Loading dock door seals or air curtains shall be considered for use on loading docks. 6.2.5 The energy manager shall establish rules for building personnel with regard to blocking open exterior doors and using operable windows. The manager shall also try to reduce usage of doorways that do not have vestibules. 6.2.6 Unused windows shall be blocked up and thermally sealed. 6.3 Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Systems 6.3.1 Automatic Shutdown and Setback Controls. HVAC systems shall be equipped to provide automatic shutdown and setback control. Automatic Shutdown: HVAC systems shall be equipped with controls that can start and stop the system under different time schedules for seven different days per week, are capable of retaining programming and time setting during loss of power for a period of at least ten hours, and include an accessible manual override, or equivalent function, that allows temporary operation of the system for up to two hours. HVAC system operating schedules must be verified on a regular basis (e.g., weekly) to prevent excessive runtime hours because of building operator intervention. This process should include evaluation of equipment start and stop times against scheduled
capacity of the heating system (with capacity limitations from outdoor temperature reset controls removed) is not sufficient to cause recovery to space temperatures in time for occupancy;
100-2006
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6.2 Building Envelope 6.2.1 Exterior joints around windows and door frames, between the wall and foundation, between the wall and roof, between wall panels, at penetrations for utility services through walls, floors, and roofs, and all other openings in the building envelope shall be caulked, gasketed, weatherstripped, or otherwise sealed. Broken or missing windows shall be replaced. Missing saddles and door sweeps shall be replaced.
hours. Equipment found to have excessive runtime hours shall undergo manual inspection to identify the cause. Setback Controls: When the building is unoccupied during the heating season, the conditioned space temperature shall be allowed to fall to an unoccupied heating setpoint as low as 7C (45F). When the building is unoccupied during the cooling season, the conditioned space temperature shall be allowed to rise to an unoccupied cooling setpoint as high as 32C (90F). When selecting setback temperatures, consider temperatures required to protect water pipes, coils, and/or damage building contents and prevent the condensation of moisture from air. Outside air dampers shall be closed. All unneeded pumps, fans, and compressors shall be turned off during setback period. 6.3.2 Morning Warmup, Morning Precooling, and Optimum Start Controls. If the building has an energy management system, the start time of morning warmup and precooling shall be adjustable. Morning Warmup: If the space is below the occupied space temperature setpoint and the outside air temperature is below 4C (40F) (adjustable), morning warmup will be initiated by the optimal start program. The outside air dampers shall be closed during the morning warmup cycle. The return air dampers shall be open. If occupancy occurs before the space reaches the heating setpoint, the system switches to occupied mode. Preheating shall be programmed to prevent redundant precooling operation. Morning warmup shall occur only once in a day. Morning Precooling: If space temperature exceeds precooling space temperature setpoint and the outside air temperature is below 16C (60F), morning precooling may begin. The unit shall start in the morning precooling mode as determined by the start program. The return dampers shall be closed. Heating shall be disabled. The outside air dampers shall be open. If an economizer is in the system, the precooling mode shall use the economizer as the first stage of cooling and the system as the second and third stages of cooling. Cooling shall be controlled to maintain the space precooling setpoint. When the space has reached this setpoint, the unit shall operate in the occupied mode. If the space reaches the precooling setpoint before occupancy, the system operates as it does in the occupied mode to prevent redundant precooling operation. Morning cooldown shall occur only once a day. Optimum Start Controls: Individual air-handling units with a total design supply air capacity exceeding 10,000 cfm, served by one or more supply fans, shall have optimum start controls. The control algorithm shall, at a minimum, be a function of the difference between space temperature and occupied setpoint and the amount of time prior to scheduled occupancy. Optimum start operation needs to be verified on a regular basis by reviewing the scheduled occupied start time, the actual start time of the HVAC system, and the outside air temperature and space temperature at the beginning of occupancy. Exception: A building is exempted from the requirements of 6.3.1 and 6.3.2 if
hazard to human or animal health, diminished fire safety, problems with research projects, damage to valuable contents, or damage to computer or other processes would result; or equipment start-up for recovery to occupied temperatures cannot be sequenced to maintain energy demand charges low enough to make the setback cost-effective.
6.3.3 Where systems such as boilers, furnaces, chillers, and compressors involve multiple units, cooling and heating shall be maintained with the minimum capacity required to provide the environmental comfort needed for the activities conducted within the conditioned space. Standby or parallel heating and cooling units shall be isolated when not needed, provided that such isolation is allowed by pipe, duct, wire, and switch configurations. The part-load performance curves of these units shall be used to determine when additional equipment is brought on line. 6.3.3.1 The use of electrical humidification shall be evaluated and curtailed as practicable. 6.3.3.2 All dampers and valve actuators shall be properly adjusted and functional. Sensors and controls shall be periodically calibrated. Thermostats shall be locked to prevent unauthorized tampering. 6.3.3.3 Use of portable electric heaters is wasteful and an indication that problems exist with the HVAC system. Where possible the main HVAC system shall be rebalanced or otherwise modified to eliminate the need for portable electric heaters. 6.3.3.4 Chilled Water and Hot Water Temperature Reset Controls. Chilled and hot water systems with a design capacity exceeding 90 kW (300,000 Btu/h) supplying chilled or heated water (or both) to comfort conditioned systems shall include controls that automatically reset supply water temperatures by representative building loads (including return water temperature) or by outdoor air temperature. 6.3.4 System Efficiency 6.3.4.1 Fossil-fueled heating systems shall be maintained according to the manufacturers instructions to ensure operation at the highest possible level of efficiency. 6.3.4.2 Systems using refrigerant shall be charged within the range specified by their manufacturers. 6.3.4.3 Information from contractors ensuring compliance with 6.3.4.1 and 6.3.4.2 shall be displayed on the equipment on clearly visible and waterproof tags. 6.3.5 Controlled space and fluid temperatures shall match the settings on the controls within the accuracy ranges specified by the control manufacturers. 6.4 Energy Distribution Systems 6.4.1 Leaking steam traps shall be identified and repaired or replaced. 6.4.2 Pipes, ducts, dampers, and valves that are leaking shall be repaired or replaced. 6.4.3 Diffusers, radiators, convectors, and other parts of heating and cooling distribution systems shall be balanced to minimize overheating and overcooling of individual rooms
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and entire zones. Air movement in and out of radiators and diffusers shall not be blocked. Thermostatic controls shall be installed on radiators when needed to maintain comfort conditions. Controls on vestibule, storage, and mechanical area unit heaters shall be installed and/or adjusted to eliminate overheating. 6.4.4 Heat transfer surfaces shall be kept clean, with special attention given to the cleaning of fouled chiller tubes, scaled boiler waterside and fireside surfaces, dirty evaporators and surfaces of condenser coils, air handling coils, and radiators. Water treatment systems shall be maintained. Boiler blowdown shall be checked to ensure that it is not excessive. 6.4.5 Fan blades and scrolls shall be kept clean. 6.4.6 Air filters shall be replaced or cleaned frequently, twice per year at the minimum. The use of low-pressure filters to save fan energy shall be considered. 6.4.7 Integrity of insulation on pipes and tanks shall be maintained. 6.5 Domestic Hot Water 6.5.1 Domestic hot water shall not exceed 49C (120F) measured at the closest tap to the water heater. Exception: Systems that are dedicated to heating water for sterilization purposes and a system utilizing a water heater to meet both the domestic hot water needs and space heating load are exempted. 6.5.2 All leaks shall be repaired. Use of low-flow aerators and showerheads shall be considered. 6.5.3 Booster heaters and circulation pumps shall be deenergized when the building is unoccupied. 6.5.4 Electric resistance water heaters shall be replaced with heat pump water heaters, instantaneous water heaters, or fossil-fueled heaters whenever possible and cost-effective, and if these steps are not taken, heating water electrically during off-peak periods shall be considered. 6.5.5 If domestic water is supplied by the main heating boiler, installation of a summer boiler shall be considered. 6.5.6 Bare pipes and storage tanks shall be insulated. 6.5.7 When heaters with standing pilot lights fail or are due for replacement, replacement heaters shall have electronic ignition devices. 6.6 Lighting 6.6.1 A survey of the lighting levels and requirements of each space shall be performed prior to implementing any changes. Changes in lighting that compromise the quality or quantity of light where it is deemed necessary shall be exempted from this requirement. 6.6.2 Visual tasks should be evaluated to determine if adequate brightness controls for windows and task lighting luminaires would maintain satisfactory illumination levels for productive use of the area. 6.6.3 Lights shall be turned off in unoccupied rooms, except those required for emergency egress or a similar special purpose. Standard light switches may be replaced with automated controls, such as occupancy sensors, interval timers, or timed switches.
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6.6.4 Lights shall be turned off in areas adequately and properly illuminated by daylight. Standard light switches may be replaced with automated controls such as photocell switches or automatic dimming systems. 6.6.5 Burned-out lamps shall be replaced, preferably using area relamping according to the following recommendations. 6.6.5.1 Incandescent reflector and PAR lamps shall be replaced by lower-wattage halogen IR types of equal centerbeam candlepower and beam angle. Compact fluorescent reflector lamps are preferable to any halogen lamp, provided that light levels (illuminance, measured in lux or footcandles) are similar to the light levels of the lamps they are replacing. See the IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th edition,2 for acceptable light levels by area. 6.6.5.2 Continuously burning incandescent bulbs of 60 or fewer watts shall be replaced with compact fluorescent bulbs as long as such bulbs have size and weight compatible with the fixture design. Ensure compact fluorescent lamps are rated for fixture style (open/enclosed, lamp base orientation up/down/horizontal). Screw-in compact fluorescent lamps may not be suitable for fixtures with dimming controls. 6.6.5.3 High-intensity discharge lighting systems (mercury vapor, metal halide, and high-pressure sodium) shall be evaluated and replaced with ones of higher efficiency. Always consider total efficiency, which is the sum of lamp efficiency and fixture optical efficiency. Lamp efficiencies, from the lowest to the highest, are as follows:
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6.6.6 Lenses, diffusers, and shielding mechanisms that reduce original light output by 20% or greater shall be cleaned to a condition where output is at least 95% of the original or they shall be replaced. 6.7 Chilled Drinking Water. Electric water coolers shall not produce water cooler than 13C (55F). Compressor operation shall be restricted when there is no need for chilled water. 6.8 Managing Energy Costs and Implementing Improvements 6.8.1 Basic Energy Management 6.8.1.1 The building energy manager shall control building energy use by directing building personnel to turn off systems when not in use, reduce air and water leakage, use setback and setup temperature control, cool with outside air, seal unused vents to the outside, and disconnect and turn off all nonessential loads and by otherwise educating tenants and occupants. 6.8.1.2 The building energy manager shall, as applicable, purchase lower-cost energy by choosing or negotiating lower-cost utility rates, procuring energy through brokers, correcting power factor penalties, controlling usage in peak demand periods, using deregulated electricity or natural gas options, cogenerating, using lower-cost liquid fuels, increasing volume for on-site storage, and obtaining rebates from utilities. 6.8.1.3 The building energy manager shall optimize energy system operation through the ongoing process of training operations personnel, tuning combustion equipment, adjusting gas burners to optimal efficiency, following established maintenance procedures, cleaning or replacing filters on a regular schedule, cleaning fan blades and ducts, adjusting timing of system starts and stops, and using water treatment. 6.8.1.4 The building energy manager shall reduce energy use by purchasing efficient replacements for equipment near the end of its expected life or when major repairs are required. This includes equipment such as lighting systems and lamps, heating and cooling equipment, motors, energy distribution systems, thermal envelope components, industrial process equipment, and controls and energy management systems. 6.8.2 Optimizing More Complex System Operation 6.8.2.1 Recommisioning, retrocommissioning, and continuous commissioning are methods the building manager shall use to ensure that complex building systems continue to function as designed. These tasks consist of verifying the operation and response of building systems, including optimizing hot and cold deck reset schedules, duct static pressure rest schedules, pump control, terminal box settings/control, and sequencing of boilers and chillers; diagnosing and fixing fundamental causes of comfort problems; diagnosing and repairing stuck or leaky valves and dampers; and training personnel in operating procedures. 6.8.3 Energy Audits 6.8.3.1 The energy manager shall ensure that periodic energy audits are performed on the building. Most buildings
White light:
Amber light:
mercury vapor metal halide standard metal halide pulse start quartz metal halide pulse start ceramic high-pressure sodium
Replacement of systems with T-8 or T-5 fluorescent fixtures shall also be considered. Note that higher wattage lamps have higher lamp efficiency but can also produce glare. Consideration must be given to balancing the efficiency and quality of the lighting system. 6.6.5.4 T-12 fluorescent systems shall be replaced with T-8 or T-5 fluorescent fixtures fitted with reflectors. Exercise caution when replacing T-12 high-output, low-temperature systems with ambient temperatures below 18 C (0F). When converting to a T-8 system, use energy-efficient versions of lamps; i.e., for 4 foot lamps, use 28 watt or 30 watt in lieu of 32 watt lamps. For additional gains, consider low light ballasts (ballast factor = 0.77 0.80). For visual comfort, use lamps with a high color rendering index (recommended CRI > 80%). Use appropriate correlated color temperature lamps (recommended CCT = 3500 K soft white for offices, CCT = 4100 K cool white for production areas). 6.6.5.5 When lighting systems are replaced, calculate and/or measure lighting levels for appropriate points (work surfaces, shelves, walls, floor, counter, etc.) to ensure that the new system provides adequate, but not excessive, lighting levels according to the IESNA Lighting Handbook, Reference and Application,2 or other appropriate standard.
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should be audited every five years. The purpose of the energy audit is to identify new opportunities for energy conservation. Periodic assessments are required because of changes in building use, in the condition of existing equipment, and in the available energy-efficient technologies. There are three levels of energy audits. The energy manager shall choose the level most appropriate for the building. Level 1Walk-through assessment Level 2Energy survey and analysis Level 3Detailed analysis of capital intensive modifications (see the 2003 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications,1 chapter 35, Energy Use and Management, for details)
6.8.5 Prioritize Resources 6.8.5.1 The capital cost, cost-effectiveness, and resources available need to be considered once the list of ECMs has been established. The following factors are involved in evaluating the ECMs: IRR (internal rate of return), simple payback, life-cycle cost Total savings (energy, cost avoidance) Initial cost (required investment) Other benefits (safety, comfort, improved system reliability, improved productivity) Liabilities (increased maintenance costs, potential obsolescence) Risk of failure (confidence in predicted savings, rate of increase in energy costs, maintenance complications, success of others with the same measures)
6.8.4 Evaluate Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECOs) 6.8.4.1 The results of the energy audit are a list of energy conservation opportunities. These shall be evaluated with respect to a series of criteria as determined by the energy manager. Typically the ECOs consist of low- and no-cost measures, or O&M improvements that can be implemented immediately, and capital cost items, also referred to as energy conservation measures (ECMs). The ECMs should be screened by the energy manager, prior to further evaluation, to eliminate measures that cannot be evaluated for non-energy reasons, e.g., too disruptive to building operations, wont fit in the building, would degrade working conditions or are incompatible with tenant lease requirements, would degrade the appearance of the building, or are too difficult to maintain. The remaining measures require further analysis. 6.8.4.2 For each energy conservation measure, the cost estimate and annual energy savings shall be determined. When calculating energy cost savings, it is important to utilize the current utility rate structure and not simply an average unit cost. For example, the time of day and duration of kWh savings will determine whether kW demand savings occur as well. For block and time-of-use rates, the kWh cost savings must be determined using the applicable kWh cost, not an average cost. System interaction must also be considered. For example, reduced lighting capacity will also reduce the cooling load but increase the heating load affecting other measures. This may require recalculation once the final list of measures has been obtained. 6.8.4.3 The capital cost shall be divided by the annual energy savings to produce a simple payback period (SPP). This can be used to rank measures according to their priority. The energy manager shall use facility business criteria to decide which measures have sufficient return to be implemented. Measures with short payback periods and low maintenance requirements (e.g., less than two or three years) may be implemented based upon the SPP. Measures with SPP in excess of the business criteria can be eliminated based upon the SPP. For other measures, more detailed analysis may be required. 6.8.4.4 Life-cycle costing is a more accurate method of determining the economic benefit of a measure. It takes into account the time cost of money, annual maintenance periodic replacement, and the life of the measure. Life-cycle costing is also a more accurate method of prioritizing measures for implementation.
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6.8.5.2 The prioritized list of measures shall be used to establish an implementation plan. This plan can be adjusted from time to time as additional resources become available or priorities change. Measures that were previously rejected should be periodically reviewed because changes to the cost of energy, technology improvements, or existing equipment failure can improve the cost-effectiveness of these measures. 6.8.6 Resources Available for Implementation of ECMs The successful implementation of energy conservation measures requires the availability of internal and external resources. These shall include the following: Management attention, commitment, and follow through Skills necessary to coordinate the implementation of the ECMs Manpower to install and maintain the energy conservation measures Investment capital to pay for the implementation
6.8.7 Energy Audit Report 6.8.7.1 A report should be prepared for management. The report shall be a working document that can be used to implement and track the recommended measures. The report shall include: A description of the building and its systems, including architectural, electrical, mechanical, domestic water, and controls A description of utility tariffs and consumption pattern A summary of the recommended energy conservation measures with implementation cost, savings, and lifecycle benefits over time A plan for implementing the recommended measures, including scheduling and sources of funding Documentation for each recommended measure shall include the following items: a. b. c. d. e. f. The present condition of the system or equipment Recommended action Who should accomplish this action Necessary documentation or follow-up required Potential interference to successful completion Staff effort required
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g. h. i. j. k.
Risk of failure Interactions with other end uses and ECOs Capital cost, annual savings, and economic analysis Maintenance considerations Schedule for implementation
6.8.7.2 The audit report shall be periodically reviewed and updated to keep the conservation plan on track. 6.8.8 Maintaining Measures. Once energy conservation measures are underway, procedures shall be established to record energy consumption and costs for each building. Data shall be reviewed while it is current and corrective actions taken immediately if profiles are trending in the wrong direction. This may require one-time repairs or changes to O&M procedures. 7. BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT MODIFICATION REQUIREMENTS This section establishes requirements for building and equipment modifications in existing buildings for which compliance with this standard is claimed. 7.1 Building Envelope. When the thermal performance of any component of the building envelope is improved or when any component of the building envelope is replaced, that component shall conform to the requirements of this subsection. 7.1.1 The replaced or thermally improved components of the building envelope shall meet requirements of Section 5, Building Envelope, of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.3 7.1.2 Building envelope components shall be thermally improved when a. thermal improvements can be made cost-effectively to selected components without extensive damage to or removal of other envelope components, envelope components have been damaged and the repair or replacement of the damaged portion of the envelope permits thermal efficiency to be improved, or improvements are made to a building or envelope component that allows insulation, caulking, infiltration retarders, and vapor barriers to be installed by means and methods similar to new construction.
7.2 HVAC Systems 7.2.1 Each HVAC system shall be provided with at least one thermostat for the regulation of temperature. 7.2.1.1 The supply of heating and cooling energy to each zone shall be controlled by individual thermostatic controls responding to temperature within the zone. Exceptions: a. Independent perimeter systems that are designed to offset only envelope heat losses or gains, or both, may serve one or more zones also served by an interior system with the following limitations: 1. The perimeter system shall include at least one thermostatic control zone for each building exposure having exterior walls facing only one orientation for 15 contiguous meters (50 feet) or more. 2. The perimeter system heating and cooling supply shall be controlled by thermostat(s) located within the zone(s) served by the system. b. A dwelling unit may be considered a single zone. 7.2.1.2 Where used to control comfort heating, zone thermostatic controls shall be capable of being set locally or remotely by adjustment or selection of sensors down to 13C (55F) or lower. 7.2.1.3 Where used to control comfort cooling, zone thermostatic controls shall be capable of being set locally or remotely by adjustment or selection of sensors up to 29C (85F) or higher. 7.2.1.4 Where used to control both comfort heating and cooling, zone thermostatic controls shall be capable of providing a temperature range or deadband of at least 3C (5F) within which the supply of heating and cooling energy to the zone is shut off or reduced to a minimum. Exceptions: a. b. Special occupancy, special use, or code requirements where deadband controls are not appropriate. Thermostats that require manual changeover between heating and cooling modes.
b.
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c.
7.1.3 Where return air ceiling plenums are used, the roof ceiling assembly shall a. for thermal transmittance purposes, not include the ceiling proper or the plenum space as part of the assembly, and for gross area purposes, be based upon the interior face of the upper plenum surface.
b.
7.1.4 Vapor and air infiltration retarders, if accessible, shall be examined to ensure that the thermal and moisture integrity of the envelope is maintained.
7.2.2 If an HVAC system is equipped with a means for adding moisture to maintain specific selected relative humidities in spaces or zones, a humidistat shall be provided. This device shall be capable of being set to prevent the use of fossil fuel or electricity to produce relative humidities in excess of 30% for comfort purposes. Where a humidistat is used for comfort dehumidification, it shall be capable of being set to prevent the use of fossil fuel or electricity to reduce relative humidities below 60%. Heat recovery, such as condenser or desuperheater heat recovery, shall be considered where dehumidification requires the use of reheat. When dehumidification systems are replaced, replacement systems shall be designed so that no additional nonrenewable energy is used specifically for dehumidification below 60% relative humidity where such reduction is for comfort purposes only. 7.2.3 Each heating and cooling zone (except those that are constantly occupied) shall have a readily accessible
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manual or automatic means to reduce or shut off the conditioning to that area. 7.2.4 After improvements that reduce thermal loads on a heating or cooling system are made, the supply air fan speed and zone air volumes shall be reduced to the levels needed to meet the lowered heating, cooling, and ventilating requirements. 7.2.5 When heating, ventilating, or air-conditioning equipment is replaced, the replacement equipment shall conform to the requirements of Section 6, Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.3 7.3 Control of Air Systems 7.3.1 Units with outdoor air supply greater than 94.4 L/s (200 cfm) shall be equipped with movable dampers and controls that can close them during unoccupied periods except when the use of outdoor air during these periods reduces total energy use. 7.3.2 Dual-duct and multizone systems shall be provided with controls that will automatically reset (a) the cold deck air supply to the highest temperature that will satisfy the zone requiring the coldest air and (b) the hot deck air to the lowest temperature that will satisfy the zone requiring the warmest air. 7.3.3 Reheat systems shall be provided with controls that will automatically reset the system cold air supply to the highest temperature level that will satisfy the zone requiring the coolest air. Exception: Variable-volume systems shall be exempt from the supply air temperature reset requirement if the requirements of 7.3.2 or 7.3.3 increase the energy consumption of the system. 7.4 Insulation 7.4.1 Accessible heated or cooled piping, ducts, plenums, and enclosures that are to serve a building or that are within a building shall be thermally insulated in accordance with this subsection. 7.4.1.1 Piping Insulation. HVAC system piping shall be thermally insulated in accordance with Section 6.4.4.1.3, Piping Insulation, of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004.3 Exceptions: a. Factory-installed piping within HVAC equipment tested and rated in accordance with Section 6.4.1, Equipment Efficiencies, Verification, and Labeling Requirements, of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004.3 b. Piping that conveys fluids that have a design operating temperature range between 13C (55F) and 41C (105F). c. Piping that conveys fluids that have not been heated or cooled through the use of fossil fuels or electricity. d. Where it can be shown that the heat gain or heat loss to or from piping without insulation will not increase building energy costs.
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7.4.1.2 Air-Handling System Insulation. Air-handling ducts and plenums installed as part of an HVAC air distribution system shall be thermally insulated in accordance with Section 6.4.4.1.2, Duct and Plenum Insulation, of ANSI/ ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004.3 Exceptions: a. Factory-installed plenums, casings, or ductwork furnished as a part of HVAC equipment tested and rated in accordance with Section 6.4.1, Mechanical Equipment Efficiency, of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004.3 b. Where it can be shown that the heat gain to or heat loss from ducts without insulation will not increase building energy costs. 7.4.2 For service water heating systems, piping insulation for accessible external pipe shall comply with Section 7.4.3, Service Hot Water Pipe Insulation, of ANSI/ASHRAE/ IESNA Standard 90.1-2004.3 7.5 Electric Motors. When electric motors rated at 1 hp and above are replaced, the replacement motors shall conform to this section. All permanently wired polyphase motors of 1 hp or more serving the building shall meet the requirements of Sections 7.5.1 and 7.5.2 of this standard. 7.5.1 Design A and B squirrel-cage, foot-mounted, T-frame induction motors that have synchronous speeds of 3600, 1800, 1200, and 900 rpm and that are expected to operate more than 1000 hours per year shall have a nominal full-load motor efficiency no less than that shown in Table 2. Exceptions: a. Motors used in systems designed to use more than one speed of a multispeed motor. b. Motors used as a component of the equipment meeting the minimum equipment efficiency requirements of Section 6.4.1, Equipment Efficiencies, Verification, and Labeling Requirements, of ANSI/ ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-20043 provided that the motor input is included when determining the equipment efficiency. 7.5.2 Motor Sizing. Motor horsepower rating should not exceed 125% of the calculated maximum load being served. If a standard rated motor is not available within the range, the next larger standard motor size may be used. 7.5.3 Motors with Variable Output. Whenever variable output of a motor-driven device is required, variable-speed operation shall be provided unless an economic evaluation demonstrates that using an alternative, such as throttling, bypass, or a similar device, results in a lower life-cycle cost. 7.6 Service Water-Heating Systems 7.6.1 When water-heating equipment is replaced, the replacement equipment shall meet the minimum efficiency requirements of Section 7, Service Water Heating, of ANSI/ ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.3 The required capacity of replacement equipment shall be calculated based on the amount of hot water saved by devices
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TABLE 2
Minimum Acceptable Nominal Full-Load Motor Efficiency for Single-Speed Polyphase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors Having Synchronous Speeds of 3600, 1800, 1200 and 900 RPMa
2 Pole Nominal Efficiency Minimum Efficiency 81.5 82.5 82.5 84.0 86.5 87.5 88.5 89.5 90.2 90.2 91.0 91.7 92.4 92.4 92.4 93.0 93.0 94.1 74.0 81.5 82.5 84.0 86.5 87.5 88.5 89.5 89.5 90.2 90.2 91.0 91.7 92.4 92.4 93.0 94.1 94.1 94.5 4 Pole Nominal Efficiency 82.5 84.0 84.0 86.5 87.5 88.5 89.5 91.0 91.0 91.7 92.4 93.0 93.0 93.6 94.1 94.1 94.5 95.0 95.0 82.5 84.0 84.0 87.5 87.5 89.5 89.5 91.0 91.0 92.4 92.4 93.0 93.0 93.6 94.1 94.5 94.5 95.0 95.0 Minimum Efficiency 81.5 82.5 82.5 85.5 86.5 87.5 88.5 90.2 90.2 91.0 91.7 92.4 92.4 93.0 93.6 93.6 94.1 94.5 94.5 81.5 82.5 82.5 86.5 86.5 88.5 88.5 90.2 90.2 91.7 91.7 92.4 92.4 93.0 93.6 94.1 94.1 94.5 94.5 6 Pole Nominal Efficiency 80.0 84.0 85.5 86.5 87.5 88.5 90.2 90.2 91.0 91.7 92.4 93.0 93.0 93.6 93.6 94.1 94.1 94.5 94.5 80.0 85.5 86.5 87.5 87.5 89.5 89.5 90.2 90.2 91.7 91.7 93.0 93.0 93.6 93.6 94.1 94.1 95.0 95.0 Minimum Efficiency 78.5 82.5 84.0 85.5 86.5 87.5 89.5 89.5 90.2 91.0 91.7 92.4 92.4 93.0 93.0 93.6 93.6 94.1 94.1 78.5 84.0 85.5 86.5 86.5 88.5 88.5 89.5 89.5 91.0 91.0 92.4 92.4 93.0 93.0 93.6 93.6 94.5 94.5 8 Pole Nominal Efficiency 74.0 75.5 85.5 86.5 87.5 88.5 89.5 89.5 90.2 90.2 91.0 91.0 91.7 92.4 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.6 74.0 77.0 82.5 84.0 85.5 85.5 88.5 88.5 89.5 89.5 91.0 91.0 91.7 91.7 93.0 93.0 93.6 93.6 94.1 Minimum Efficiency 72.0 74.0 84.0 85.5 86.0 87.5 88.5 88.5 89.5 89.5 90.2 90.2 91.0 91.7 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.0 72.0 75.5 81.5 82.5 84.0 84.0 87.5 87.5 88.5 88.5 90.2 90.2 91.0 91.0 92.4 92.4 93.0 93.0 93.6
Hp
1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0
82.5 84.0 84.0 85.5 87.5 88.5 89.5 90.2 91.0 91.0 91.7 92.4 93.0 93.0 93.0 93.6 93.6 94.5 75.5 82.5 84.0 85.5 87.5 88.5 89.5 90.2 90.2 91.0 91.0 91.7 92.4 93.0 93.0 93.6 94.5 94.5 95.0
Open Motors Enclosed Motors

a
15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 75.0 100.0 125.0 150.0 200.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 75.0 100.0 125.0 150.0 200.0
For many applications, efficiencies greater than those listed are likely to be cost-effective. Guidance for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of high-efficiency energy-efficient motor applications is given in NEMA MG 10-19834 and MG 11-1977.5
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installed according to Sections 7.6.5, 7.6.6, and 7.6.7 of this standard and the capacity reduced, when possible. 7.6.2 Service water-heating systems shall be equipped with automatic temperature controls capable of adjustment to intended use temperatures. 7.6.3 Circulating hot water systems shall be arranged so that the circulating pump(s) can be conveniently turned off (automatically or manually) when the hot water system is not in operation. 7.6.4 Service water heating systems shall be provided with a separate switch to automatically or manually shut down the system when hot water is not needed for prolonged periods. 7.6.5 Warm water showers shall be equipped with shower heads to limit total flow to a maximum of 0.16 liters per second (2.5 US gallons per minute) per showerhead. 7.6.6 Lavatories in restrooms of public facilities shall be equipped with outlet devices that (a) limit the flow of hot water to 0.03 liters per second (0.6 US gallons per minute) or (b) if a metering valve is used, limit hot water delivery to a flow of 0.95 liters (0.25 US gallons) per cycle and be equipped with an 8.3 liters per minute (2.2 US gpm) maximum spout outlet. If the flow is found to exceed 0.3 liters per second (0.6 US gallons per minute) or 0.95 liters (0.25 US gallons) per cycle, the system water pressure shall be reduced or the valve(s) replaced with valve(s) complying with the provisions of ANSI/ASME A112.18.1-2003.6 7.6.7 Dwelling-unit kitchen and bathroom sinks shall be equipped with flow-control devices to limit total flow to a maximum of 0.16 liters per second (2.5 US gallons per minute) per fixture. 7.7 Heated Pools 7.7.1 Pool water heaters shall be equipped with a readily accessible ON/OFF switch to allow shutting off the operation of the heater without adjusting the thermostat setting and to allow restarting without manually relighting a pilot light. 7.7.2 Heated pools shall be equipped with pool covers that shall be used when the pool is unused for at least eight consecutive hours. 7.8 Lighting Systems. When lighting systems are replaced, the replaced lighting systems shall meet the requirements of Section 9, Lighting, of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.3 8. REFERENCES 1. ASHRAE. 2003. 2003 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications, chapter 35, Energy Use and Management; chapter 36, Owning and Operating Costs; and chapter 40, Building Energy Monitoring. Atlanta: American Society Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
2. IESNA. 2000. IESNA Lighting Handbook, Reference and Application, 9th ed. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. 3. ASHRAE. 2004. ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.12004, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta: American Society Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 4. NEMA. 1988. NEMA MG 10-1983 (R 1988), Energy Management Guide for Selection and Use of Polyphase Motors. Washington, DC: National Electrical Manufacturers Association. 5. NEMA. 1987. NEMA MG 11-1977 (R 1987), Energy Management Guide for Selection and Use of SinglePhase Motors. Washington, DC: National Electrical Manufacturers Association. 6. ASME. 2003. ANSI/ASME A112.18.1-2003, Plumbing Fixture Fittings. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (This appendix is not part of this standard. It is merely informative and does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the standard. It has not been processed according to the ANSI requirements for a standard and may contain material that has not been subject to public review or a consensus process. Unresolved objectors on informative material are not offered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.) INFORMATIVE APPENDIX A BIBLIOGRAPHY ASHRAE. 2004. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Atlanta: American Society Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE. 1999. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 105-1984 (RA 1999), Standard Methods for Measuring and Expressing Building Energy Performance. Atlanta: American Society Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE. 2005. ASHRAE Guideline 0-2005, The Commissioning Process. Atlanta: American Society Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE. 1993. ASHRAE Guideline 4-1993, Preparation of Operating and Maintenance Documentation for Building Systems. Atlanta: American Society Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. DOE/EIA. 1998. Nonresidential Buildings Energy Consumption Survey: Characteristics of Commercial Buildings 1995. DOE/EIA-0246(95). Washington, DC: US Department of Energy. ASHRAE. 2004. ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits, 2004. Atlanta: American Society Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
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100-2006
POLICY STATEMENT DEFINING ASHRAES CONCERN FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ITS ACTIVITIES ASHRAE is concerned with the impact of its members activities on both the indoor and outdoor environment. ASHRAEs members will strive to minimize any possible deleterious effect on the indoor and outdoor environment of the systems and components in their responsibility while maximizing the beneficial effects these systems provide, consistent with accepted standards and the practical state of the art. ASHRAEs short-range goal is to ensure that the systems and components within its scope do not impact the indoor and outdoor environment to a greater extent than specified by the standards and guidelines as established by itself and other responsible bodies. As an ongoing goal, ASHRAE will, through its Standards Committee and extensive technical committee structure, continue to generate up-to-date standards and guidelines where appropriate and adopt, recommend, and promote those new and revised standards developed by other responsible organizations. Through its Handbook, appropriate chapters will contain up-to-date standards and design considerations as the material is systematically revised. ASHRAE will take the lead with respect to dissemination of environmental information of its primary interest and will seek out and disseminate information from other responsible organizations that is pertinent, as guides to updating standards and guidelines. The effects of the design and selection of equipment and systems will be considered within the scope of the systems intended use and expected misuse. The disposal of hazardous materials, if any, will also be considered. ASHRAEs primary concern for environmental impact will be at the site where equipment within ASHRAEs scope operates. However, energy source selection and the possible environmental impact due to the energy source and energy transportation will be considered where possible. Recommendations concerning energy source selection should be made by its members.
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86297 PC 7/06
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Energy Conservation AHRAE 100

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Energy Conservation AHRAE 100

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ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-2006 (Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-1995)

ASHRAE STANDARD Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings

Illuminating Engineering Society of North America www.iesna.org

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDS

CONTENTS ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 100-2006 Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings

Name of Any Additional Person or Persons Establishing Compliance

Street Address City Telephone No. State Zip Code

Have the survey requirements of Section 5 been met? [ ] Yes

Form BBuilding Description

] Seniors ] Family ] Retirement home ] Other - define

] Laboratory ] Manufacturing ] Warehouse ] Refrigerated warehouse

[ ] Primary [ ] Secondary [ ] University

] Full service restaurant ] Fast food ] Take out ] Lounge

] Theater ] Museum gallery ] Church/synagogue/mosque ] Arena/gymnasium ] Arena/rink ] Other assembly (define)

] Nursing home ] Psychiatric ] Clinic ] Active treatment hospital

] Jail ] Transport terminal ] Multi-building complex ] Other type (define)

Fuel to Btu Conversion Factors

1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.5 10.0

Open Motors Enclosed Motors

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