1 CHAPTER

(C()4;4p= /0 VD&

21

~J..

1, z: 5''I-o-31J.ys fk4.
T'i)':: t s~0 .
w.=[);[_
o !

. flJ:)

= J.rf)l(i)

__
-

-~----------~----

(vkiJ cA

2-) .

p(:t)

:9

(IoJ

= A}>1~IPSlVo{J i[!r(-t7~:) - 7T(.i;jl-VL)]

-~

'JO(~}= 0& DS

L:..p(tj>

!/~le
7-

I aS(7.:1Ti}1

ft.j)J~lIiM-t
-~

:::. 21/pI [s/{}f!)

p

1.'t(

_sl;'l~
2'f

J1

::. 2~1p_ Sihf!lJ ::. ~ ~4;::. o. ]2W/iIf.

2- 7.)
(q) J~M=

Jo/\)~fo.;,) -;/O/r>t-~:~/)

(bJ~~k~ lo 'or{-/':Ov)

~ ID/D(-6;~

=- 1f.8.1~dBJct
z,

-//.71fdB(

1.

(e) :p~ v,.'h~

'R

:;. Vf')H[":.. ~

=- V (!cTJjs)

~ c1llV:' 2DI()~(-~~~}-) -

=- 7D. 'f VlJlh

C7JBInV
8

---------------------------

2-81

p= ~; z: ~~

dS..,

'=

10 lo?",

(-:'DI)

d~ =

=}

1D

iJ -

(~iJ

ID 1~11.

Ip(1t (Vny)

=.

+ 13

2-Cf .. ] ~ Ji, ::: I~ R....,-= (o, S' J p"'3)'1. {2 X 101}

1)

Vy~

T()\:

::.

'r)

so

V. 'l-

(3~~XJt>~~)'l-

'R....

.3 o D

" ) p,.::..~::
\..Q..

ID\)

dBo :: (D I'Th ~:~ ) -= !D/D1,.

(e.)

p,'t1;:;

75
9 V~=-1?5

2-111

s: o ~~'I- LV

w'

JI

-1'1--

t~!C;/Slj =-103.7 dBIO

= lf. D B'X ID-1'((lf.()~XJt)/4f)

Ar(i) z: } 2.r,It

=- l. 7bHvr,ll

(Lv"t -2$') ~ /2 e <>S (w.t-25~-9)b)

::. /2 O>J( w{)-t. -liSo} ::;.Re. /2

Ih e p

e:

:= I.D8] '/./D

Ct.\

V~

2D/~,,(V...,)-IDI.}~(D.oM

u-: (0

V:::

/21=//5

'C-jIlSI>-eJ

wQ't}

~2-J2.1 'W"El:)~~~~tlt>~rn{-l~~)4-4(.~ (J~o1ft )

=-3c.~{'~i.-'2.()~

Th()~'(:.

'IV

~(JO\)"'rl)
'1- is: =-l.S""':"j 1.t''J

~~+

::

~ v-\:\.)':

3.(,I

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Wlf)~ f

(J>

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t:t;;\ a

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el!.::'

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-lll{ t j W )

2-141 w(f)-::.
~

7'~

b::: -J}Jft

'r - iT{'1'f)'l-

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oIbt14Al,o as ")( p.ec. -;eJ.

2-1t.)

D{

be~er

lo.iter ~ff:/

~<'b...eJ

W (f)
+ j l.7f.f
==========

rilTt 1Jt{iJt

m'r
- ~F~
ll(

urt
:} rv i}::..

2.. ~ -j .2..sqg

e-O(. e-~l:vf

')i.

-~''Jw

J_

Urltl1 (.4"1)) o.'1.=1{fr1-

Ar T

I~

r~e

+ lJ- :..

==

W/4er

e:cJtrl wrJ)

b",~

Ji -f'~ f,J.e 1?J1{ r;.fu~.4- q

wlf:.)-=.s'h(n{i) Cl>S{~-L) :.1cf (f}141i (i)

~ W(f):

141, ~(f)~

[f~(f+~)-tf({-rJl*[tf{f+l;}
-fr({..;.}]

As-iJe; ffrtr.J~J (f.tf;) ::. n~+~,)(f-\~(l.),tl

~ cf(-f-ff.+rl.)

-~

~~ w t-\).:.{j 4) [~tf+ ~,-tQlo rt{"i~-t;.) -~(f-fa +!?) - re f-f, -t.ll

';2- lb.]

S (O.:: r's~ooiJwiJi ~ [~ie-j wi pl1:.

E*r .)] rtcr~~~Jx,-e~[* -*2.])

-.

t>

:: A[ e"\&.>!

"' A WT" (-~~ +.tp.) - +.}

A 1: -J nr-!'1; _
_A
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- lllf)1... 2 e
r
- j 1.rr-t
~ ~ HJ::.

- A

t)Jrf)1-

. A -J1-fft( 1

(znf)1. t J

2Jrf

lO

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4.0

w-~) ~

-w; t{) -

W-'- (:l)

wh~~-e.

'Wj (t)

11

-1

-a, -IJ

zz: j l

.
(tm-W)

/2 [Cf.f/(4J-W.) -

_ _!_[[jx,fd(#'~51-[L-fj
I

;::.
r_

#-~)J

[a.. +J [ w-~fl [ ti -t j

.., J 2

tri f{..JjlU;,}

tt

(is Wol]

~~
a_'l.-fj o:

(w+IA

f j ~(l.)--rf9) -(W-lv~{~~)

w~
a."L. -1 J 24, W -

w~

_
[

t.ul. - ~

(/p-'f~

_1)1--) -tj

Lai

[ct'1.-1 ~ -w}- -j 1~J

[(;f,~-f ~ -4J"1-J/)_ + {zawJ'L
Loo

- 2o~w

(C{'1.+f41--lVj2._. {2o.wJ-

({ul)
-ZtIWoLJ

'rfr:: fa1411-J!--f(7AAr

12
.-

---

------------------

- {f -J\f}}
_ (t+AJ) + (i -JW)
- (f -jw) (f +jw)
-_

2
T

checl:s
TCLh le ;;_
-2.

Alrrfe: ihlj-

.l h

__ 1__
I
(1)'l.. f w1-

w /1ft

13

-fhe

reJ"ulIs s-hbWIJ

:2.-22.1
(a. )
M := 8

N := 2
T
dt

N :: 256

.-

k:=

O .. N - l.

T .-

40

k dt - 10

:=

LO] - <1>[\ w

n .- O

.-

:=

0.156
4

10

MAGNITUDE
SPEcrRUMout

].

fs

~;:: W 111 11 11

[~] icfft(w)

dt

.-

.. N -

dt
f4

WAVEFORM

5.0]

to 4th

null

.-

dt

3.906

fs

0.025

f4

Wnl

6.4

O
f

].

1.

n
(b.)

2.0

:=
]e

to 4th

MAGNITODE
SPECI'RUM
out
80

:=

dt [~]

icfft

null

(v)

IVnl

80
O
O
f

].

n
NOTE: The FFT cannot give the correct
~litude
value for a delta
function
since the delta
function
has an infinite
~litude.
Bowever the area under
the FFI' result
that approximates
the delta
fWlction will be approximately
the correct
weight for Che delta
function.
The value for the weight of the
delta
function
may be calculated
directily
via the FFl' by using
(2-187).
This is shown below.
3
icfft(v)

<--we;ight

of

k .- 0.2 [\

[..;;J

X : =' dt

[4>[\] - 4>[\ -

icfft

-0.25
(c. )

5]] - [\

(x)

MAGNlTODE
SPECI'ROM
out

to

5th null

-5

I\~~\_

15

t
]e

x
O

O
O

14

_.

__

..

_--------------

'l.-'13.}
M := 8

M
N := 2

T
:= N

dt

N = 256

k:=

O __N -

T := 300

dt = 1.172

:= k-dt - 100
k

:~I~III
o

100

k
sec

n := O N W := Q.~

[-l]

icfft(w)

n
f

fs :=dt

:=-

fs

0.853

MAGNITODE

SPECTRUM

40
I

l
~

vrJl

kJ
1 Hz

40

1\
~ ~
O

r-..

1'-1

l/

Ir1\\

EXPANDED

IV -,

0.1 Hz
n

15

SCALE

2_-2+'

/J,l prv~/e~ Cf)kld b~ WvrKed d'recJIJ

hy

+h~ ];u,rtey-

eva.l/..{afl)1~

c>f 'Wi.i).

~nJ"fv~

jft>weva;

+4 ffla}~

J eo.1/ el- ',f

ah jndirecl- aoprt:Jad ----Jr___--+---+--~t.2 t-tj lAS-eJ -: The wavc,fQ~
- ~ -tI
.
f
I
aJ1tJ( Jtr f~si ";W{)
I

de"Ydlvet are'
t,t>wn /0 -I-he.. Jlfftl~

I
I

1\.1

rirW.
Let k tJ..--t
__:A_
,

qf~e

A
1:::

"i;-:?

-~ -

I
d'2.W(tl

Iq

J.

df:J- I

firl{~.e ~..

~V

-k'

'1

d'l.w[t) ~ K,J( t.fi~ -1\, f{/::Ii,) - kJ ~'(t-tJ) +~{i-t2)

di)-

tlJ/~~

~h/e

2-2)

"h~J"pedn/Ji" ri ~tJ

ts

::.f?w(t)l_ b ~jwt2. _ k eiJwi,_ k e-JwI:., f k e--V wi2_

Ld-1-- j - 1\, e
1
I
I

u./"V ratk 2-1) -J-4~ sfl <:dnrif1 of/l1:t";t1jdl::

.
. uJt.1wi/
:t.d~
'"-g.[r;::lt-!J ~ /(eY -:.~
-1:./ e di e-V

~1IIfJ.}

-:v1Vt..)

See CKtlJnf/-e.

2-(,

Cdld

Aj.
. lb

;Z-f

G,

)_-Lf. \.~"I\~c}..) .4P1'J,);,~ f~e.l~rJ

o'f f-{dINf1}df-

sp-etV,{,M

J[wwJ

lJ 0)2..
::.1~ [(ei~..e.-Jwt/l_

'<JI, -t /<:., wt.1-.

/(

'C..

(I''')

1-4

lJ

- C... Lv'tl.)]

[LC>S(21lirf)-Co!(2ttlcfJl

(27ff) 1..

-t~- ti

Wl!/ -

leiwt2.+~-J~)l

-;

[LoS (V>~)

=- ~~

Se-e .skdv~ beJow ':y fhe

-6.= D 0Lf J il.: {).D7 tVJd

Ctw'-e 1>{

~a41~, i~e-

~ wi) is

dt
k, iJ vAL_ k, ei ""-J

~~"

=Jl

..he.t>Y4!.1+"

f,r the

s;ecfr'tu,

11:::./'0,

tlote.:

-t~~ rr r
6"II.P't+e.r s~IJ-;n

A~

f\>y 'P2.-gS

(tU,

+0

be used

I W{fJ I .(,,_ i,-=-Olo'f

-tz_:::D.

Di

A:-/D

os

1'-' ~e. l\ plt>-t .

of .fh is yesu/t
W~~t(.

,.

t::.o.ff1;

t).";.

O.D--;:'7--=-Dr--~Ir.r-D-~4---=::::~---

:z..o

A::;/'()J~~1..:'1

31) f+

W~

----rp--~~7~7.~-,l
vlfJ)~-fA w(j.)e

C1

"'~),,-rw-) ~lfff_Jf -_([["o.) lrf~J{j

= r7,., J e
oIUf ::._[7.r/l) [l.

&lJ7{i

(]I

br f(). -t)

-j l:(~ _-f)

-10-

::: r":w~)r (.\-t) oll

Ji

~ kr(t)

17

,JI] d).

2-:2(..1

= fw(-n eP.Jrfi df

-t(-l-_)

-~

-9 1Jr[D)

2- 2 7.)

=-_[W (-{)~olf

w({).::

~l

=-_[W(r)J.f

rd)

-~

'",,1:.

1.I.r('!j e-J

oft.

W!f} = :rw (.o:(tVf_)Ai

~Wi:.~~j~

rw

wH)

~r

an)

-j r:-{l)s/~ {Wi} JI:.

.,fo
MrJ= ! cl>~Wi)clt -J
i-

~f:U

e.veJ-}

..tv!h

e_ve,

\{Y"-ev~

Oc

~ Wlf)

11e.,

=-

1I1f~tt;Jf>f t:f,r, pc!d fu;zt.i~11

-ev:J~ie4 oVf!-f- JYU1lt1efrA.{

rJf f.

r-.

jl1tlls

/j:Z eyu .

"cM
f,(.1!JJ.

(5'S(wf)dt

:=.-

-'" '-;.e;j ~
(kJ F\>v -w (f) r-e~1

W(t):::.

Clhd

pdJ)

:;_(.f:l . s~)o({

-j

-cP

~
eve,v

od

bdP{

.Jr.te1J.4,1 JS
ht,f 'leYc> cd SD~

/~hlf) dt

rtl)

"-iP ~

-J) \./V"./' ~

I~}.rIi(rA)df
~~

OcId

-~

IJoId

-ev~J.

Jnl.efr.J

~ W({)::'-JL~.r~d{J
~

Il<'to..

;J:>

r.....

r4/

"~I
v-

re~(

j h f i!..00 -pi {

1hr"1-M~ry

z;

_.._.,lO

vrE n

, ..u.

18

:2- 28.] 1{-etlac.~

~. W{w}=-

f ~

f-:, !f;

tr(~ -1) .. tS(:*) +

+ J}af (;")

2.

::- J. ~ CA- (w-11r'f)) +t S f&( W+ 21/Jt)} + ~J.J:a;.t

w:.:..... _-

2.

.J....

0'- w( w)"

f't f(w-BIr}

._

':J

F,oK-o sfC.A~B f(A.Y} ~ l~l

2-3D.}

(a)

:= 0,0.05

-0.1 t

(t) := O.le

15
-10t

-t
(t) := e

(t) := 10'e

v
3

1.

;1;1<)

JjL r.lrJtBt) +

+vw

(t),v

(t),v

l\

(t)

123

.,
o

(h)

f:=
0.1

(f)

= 0.1

:;.5

2
10

1+j'20T'f
(O)

.-

0,0.001

......_

(f)

:=
l+j

(O)

2Tf
3

19

:= ----

= 1

(f)

1+jO.2Tf
(O)

= 10

~ 0i)

=e

(jrt(fJ

!_; f{ :~:)
2.0

==

n_I7f!:}

QEJ).

~-32.1

1#- -

Lll:t.)

I.Oi----

=9- U{r) -:_J{qlJj} =- J[fJ

.z: ~

f
2-33.'
--...o__J

~ w

][1] f i:f[SctrLiJ]

tM -J. t (JIr.r

@1111 I ~

J[{ SJ1(-U]

Ji)

{(fJ 4hJ S'h(l;) ~

<

<.A

d \1

:; ~

v -(v

d u.

..') ~ ~ (i - xc) J)(

--;~)

tef jv ~ o

x'xo

di.

::

-.,1:>

- wL-I-)_yr::.)l:

-_(C~-x.)wO{-'!)dx
oQ

{'oc- ~:: (

:-~

~ {;l-i:J

-c;P>

w~)
= {-/) 0./\( Xo)

w ....
-,t)

el ~

z: -

lA

oA

'" _ f Jo~~~i")/_:

-_~ ~"-?_{,-x.) W oc'!)Jx

000

~,>' '" =- L

:. (

{x-x.,) w~(xJ J x

_ .,..o

21

z:

(-1) ./{X6)

2-34]

-10

(a)

f:=

10

rad;: 1
,0.05 40

Sin ("Ir" 0.1"

X(f)

:= 0.1"

180
deg:; -orad
"Ir

f)]

2 T f 0.05

-j"

9(f)

arg(X(f

:=

deg

T 0.1"f

0.1

IX(f)1

40

40

(b)

M := 8

N := 2

x:=

256

O .N - 1

T := 0.8

dt := N

:= x"dt

WAVEFORM

dt

=).

:~J !

0.003

1111 11111

n := O N W := dt
f

n
:= T

0.2

[-r;] "icfft(w)
fs:=

1
-f
dt).

1.25

MAGNITUDE SPECTRUM out to 4th

).

fs = 320
null

40

40

\h.) F~

(4.J we. k n\) k) -fh~+

(~'r.)J'>. =-

wW): uli}

-d::J

UJ I

'1t f he

CovlID / tr!tDYJ

-J her>YeJt. pf Tc_~/e2-/~

JAle, t ef
q-[ w{_-l.).>f

u(f_D =- W(fJ / (f) = W{I)-jJfrJ + .WffJ

t
J 17f{
(F-~#t1 T:zblel-2,ffJ:=.f. [(r) +br)

7-_~}dJ ..=- i W{D}!{f}-I (jl'llfr' tv({j

=_:'6.};~-f:.-4})~

(e).w{{)$.".
.wi>J ~o.)Jl

2.- 37.1

" .f<r(i _A)

(H-J

!u~v
==GvJ.n__ :-"dU.]
'J: .._~
r

: fd:>~~) eJ t di =~

-,b

C:t,,-~
fk\d~;

(Us'lj

{l--H).'.J"

QE(-J)

Lef
~

};y

u= -e-JJ..ttfi::

pa..rti)

,dv=

dh~e~2te~wtJ

~ J[oI~ff_q::l1lf-l:1<riO
23

clw(f:} A(

v~

1:'__[~(j}

e-j2l1r-t[- j4tl)tit

2- 37,

(p~1-JJ ~

r,
-hh-{e =?- I'M..(-v{r[j
.
t.+!.,p
J[~~1i2J=.D -i- ~}1Jlf-fdt

~~i~I:'(4
wfr)lJt
~ -~

fhenJ

z-

C\)

",'

. -~

~ J [0<;1iJ] :: (j Mf) W (f)

&~~#D~
2-38

,- _-t_

-,

0<

t <7

o
t+"t
-T<..l<v
T )
T-i:;
T

o <i<T

)t else

24

JV{J

JfeJ~;JI4~

3{~J=: ][A7f(!f)s/h w.~ tt1][7r(~HtlMi)]

~'ufh e. m...tTitI c.d ft,Y)

,I

+4eo)'f!,Ju y{ bble 2:-lJ

-;:.A [r s j (71-FT J t-[cffr -fJ - fe-r'1-{;)

11fT)

= AT

lj

f (-.r,j,(1f1J))[(f_~-~)
ti::.

2j _~

[d".Ji" (717))

2J -~

11.-LV})

W(.FJ ~ A,T

W (f) ;:_j.p:(0..) )

_S~~Jl.A

-H{o) el-(

~~c."'~~ aJ SJ,b.m

S/~7r7(f-i) _ Al f;';7f7{f+{,}
717
ro) 1)
." T(fff-v)'

~J

I r \

f{{

7T7).

Un"., titar s-i-rfiht-proM oF +Ae elfO\.

- J..-4U

df

(1f7J.)

_ 117
~'1

_1
J

u-

Sa [lrT(f+fo)] -

(t-).)J

Sa.[7r7(f--r.JJ]

S/'vt ('l-t)

=-

-OC)

(,J

(b,J-o 4 (z-.l) dA

z,

2 -1

-~

~:b

2-41.1

M (-rJ

*~((-{)~-~[M

(f-A)f(A-f:J d). ~ M (-(-)

25

2-42.1

c;----uJ,(t)

1
1

- ~ -r <:
I
1-1:
I <
1

To/2_

To

fo,," T;

To :

To/"

1lt\ =-

S (1- i) J;

+ ( ( If 2.1') el d
Lt -"fi.)

Lh_

,,0-,/)/

+(ihJ~!
o

(rr;,-I)

'db') =- _t2_+

+<) r- To
U \

i:

f <:>

+1 Tu _TaL

~/~

<; ( I- 24) d (/

z:

t-~

z:

{ir - d

/ Io/~

0 _,
t.

t-To

_ tL

' Uj

(a) Rw(-Z);::_

<

/+2To)t
J

+-

T..

-i- ~
tL

-t- ~

.,o

2-43 .\
1t,,{i)

z-" [5

w-lf: -rl.,) >

+ILCoS~

-{1[~+J~~s(lJo(f-n~),[J

=--<J_5 t~()WS(wJ.t.tr..}) + "O Cb ~ Wd) ti'/-'fa4._r.,J;j;)Ci>S ~-r/P

1?w(zJ z, <~7 t~~~r9)/-f<~~J>fla:tl4l}fJ!>{t1t}

~b

1'fJI<{ cos{Wj+i 6~(2~ttf47.)

27

>

1-43" (fVhf)J

~)

'ti/- ~

",Cl);:_ 2S -f
.

=9

'1</

Cos {w,z}

RwlZ)-=--

(b.) J.,,(f)

<~
'D

-1- 72 CoS{LV,,-}

2_~

~Jgkbn~JL2) 172. [i>S(w.1

7J]

=-l-[~5J + 7 2 ~~

e-j!J.J

~ '1[eJ

lVo1-l

z:

Yw(f)=-

2-41
/l'v\>yk_

1 (al

15 f {f} f
J_~

f{f)

,8~re.

Sh (f-~)

7-

i Jbffr-ffo)

+l. r;f:.ttercJ

o~ +h~ resull- ~
w,::"W2_

i(/:~)

{{i-f,) - }

-1 he_

/"eJ1jJI

J'pe4~f

iJ

~e

""~Ir~e4 ()~
w4~:

afta ~=9-z...

=f: w-[t):::. @J fA?.)

c.ur~-f -f6>-)

< c~

R~L-z}=- \ tv-(_i) ~l i-l-7.J> :..'flrltJJ1-

(Wii!1)tnr(~lfttzT9/

={A +11_}'l-< f l:DS tv, L- + t W (1-Wi T WI~ +29 )"

1

z,

>.stlo', ~

(/.l{~J[~)/

+~W,.Utv2t2rrtV

~ RlVl7.-}=- ~J+4:)').. GbS(W,7-/

2.

28

v4eh w:::w]_ 4.JtdB=~"

1-44. (0,) Ctsh-i Ir)

NWJ ~~

c.j

"""ti)'::;. ~ J

+4 ~ ~ eMercv)

'\tt.
u4>ti-9 ) + Al.. c~ L~i..;.t>l.)
re

R\oJtz:.) -:. ~[AI ()J~fT,) l'Al. CA! (Wz.tit0J [4ft (W,lt.flj+ (),)fI1L~ (qft-fl}fQ)

=- Al -i.< (.\>$ (~-t:1e-J >S ({A), H::fL)'' ~)

>

-J- Al !J-_( W (W,l:f~) lD{wJf:ft-J..Jf)_)/

-+ JJ /.]l- <_ 4>J (~t.t

-f

~~}
R.v(2)=,4,T

'l-,

(il!~-z,)

~) c~ (~(-t'/1-)-1 Fr})

K< L~(~-t:ff}l) as(Wz..tJ.t-C)j 19'1..}>

{t:f$ (W;7.t f\.-&-,) , ~':::Wl.-1

t .11,4]:
/ /,~1)t
2. ~L{'<)2.-J
f

(\)$(

1
t i]'/)l-~

+~/1,

:: 11-GvS(wiuj -+ ~

C>
7

LJII~l.J

+w 1.7,..1. (;),2... _&;1>

IJ
T

lvl,i&J-fh) ,
O
,

fftl-eJ>.

w,=.Uh.]

CJ/:Fwl..
-Ir A;: ~(Lc\.1.1
1

&S~7)

+ /)2..J1_ f[lAr (!Al L-I6".~)+c.t.r(4.h U" -e,)] 7W,~Vi

'} R",lzJ ~

f *,z t!AA-

ThlASJ fhe
Rw(-z)-::'

/4J#/A

f
,~/)}..J

()l!(9~-&,)CIJ/f., 1)1
O

-lU1e,rq) rcsu H i[ i

W:-~(+

u{u,)

f [4J'l-+2JJt4ibS(~.l"'Ef}fI1;J{$(w7) 7 tu,'::W")._

~'1-

l4._tq 7) .

f-

CbS(ltJ,.7/

J l:j i<J_

2--44(0..) (ord'o{, N~-'e.-h4d~J,-

4JJ~ w2._ nd () :::()2_) fht$

1C1teJ'a/ restilH redkLEf i

-fhe r~~l{;H fl-Q.i

fjisf DhiaJ~d [t>r -Ihe

JJOeG{Ql

-f [A1.f

WttS

(pe ..

J4/Jl.(,~(aO)fJJ:]lf(f-f)tf{ffl,

Jj (f -~) -1[{f-H;iJ-t ~

~ 1--

f,::f

[f({ -fz)-I {f+r,_}] 7.f;tFz

(e)

--t;_ --t,

-ti 12. -( -7-

fe(.) ([Jw f:rl=- ~ [11 1-''1I11h...~ -'tD~+.t1"tl{r --( )-1 [-tr-lf JJ

-=- (A,~f)u -f,) + sv

- -~

--

-.f

(e.) fJw(f)=- [11/-+ 2AAz_

=.

cA~.p,4~Lj[f({-tJ+ f{+f,}]

(Al fA 1..)~(f --t;)

1-

fj

-sr J]

- -~,t - -

cweirfrliJ ~/+lJ.f
Lf-

-fj

30

fi

-f+

2. -45.1&,)

\J

bC_

(St-t\
dt
T

:=

_\

__ - ~ [-LA
le t t = t -2.
,

~ [-

lt,]

2.

='

Jt]

A {,;"'( It(t-Z))

't- ('

2.A +- A ~ s;'" rr--I::,

~ 4- [-L - co<,:t, CJ = ~ [-2 + :]

[-11--11 ~ - c.if;-1- A

=- - ~~

'=

V/)(._

-\

(b

o')

Vr~~ ~ ~

< 51-t) di
o

U-A\l L

=- ~

([A-S;'" rr-t,1'H, ]
o

K [ 2 + ~ , <_,;'" "L{n,) H, ]
~

[ 2.

=- ~

+ ~ e; '(

= ~

/-

C"S

27ft,) d to,]

<>

[2. +

,,-f(f)

~ - ~ ~~']
O

\] r",,~::

Jf

A ::

(e,)

31

o. <::jI

V ttAA5

c'> ~ VD, =- -

D.

CA

(d.) S({)-<- ~
N'()1(;; -i,eDPr ~

4-5lf' A

C"Jlr-h{.)
SoIlJ.ft~'1 i~ ~;yel

32.

J~

r 2- 87.

.c;

'Z --46.

T z.

"Z .~

-t L b
- c. >. 5' r;_

<. (t) = Ac e o ~ (w( t

~(.( J;:_

5, i \

o--d

<

W 2. -1:.

b ~

(.

52.

(t)

f-

4>,)

+- ~
o,f

2.)

v.J" -=-

3f

-t kuJov.c. \ (.l__ \ . f{ :

2.57).

.;,(i:)

- ?')T"

s/{J di

== ()

s,"(-I:) =~>(t_1
e,

<:..

re.:>-\ _j'

(l)

oi.>

(W ;

4:>,

= cP2. :::

O
"'?

33

te A~

:=

c~t d

2 -46. (d,)

<

{A-ti)

s,+J

tJ d t- -

~l

CO~

(Wl-t) t~ (?w~t)di

'" ~

4 =- A A?_ (
I

)\

2..

[oS (,.; -l:) + e-s (~'-<.J-1:)( J t:

=-

_._ _L

(e.)

= ~

w,

W2_

4>,::- 4>?_ ::: o

z. 6

<;~ \,
~t

a)

( S~(.\\-D

s,(--lJ d i:

L:~

:::..O

"

1- [\

=f

~.~

:J

--.l...._

4>,:: <Pz

S, (I:J >Li}

- A:

A, AL ( a ~<>s/w,t) c<>s(:w,~Jt

71wz_

uJ, ~

='

~c,,~(~'t:)Jt+)~oS(~'-t:)Jt7

~L~

(f.')

el t

Flf-I~t(J{
_

==- ~

..

34

f :",[(1'+I)<.J-~}Uf

2. -47.

(a.)

u),

cM -\

==-

w;

-;(-f)

sc""~-lo) -=

<P~

'd

PI = <Pe.

(A(+A)

:=

o (O, s;""'I'I"~ "+O-

z:

tJ,t

Cc>S

L(, + A;r=f- \
~

T
(<>s ~

2~

1t (A,+A~){tr

(01, f_) Jt ]

~CS(2e)Je_]Y

uJ-t = e
'dt=d6=deT
"2. TI

<-Uf

= (A, +A~) L'rr-(~) ;m-1

(b.)

w,

w?_

4>1:: 4> 2. +

~(t-) = A, Lc)s{wi

(o - ~;lI\wt

-=

A,

cO,>

(A+ SJ ~

~;V'

C_o~

71'/2)

y,-

'%

i:

(A,fAt)

;z_-

li/2-

+A2..tc>,>{wt}

'Y,-) + Al.

e<)~

wt

(A) e '>~) - ~;""'(A ~ ~Jv..A.)

::: - A, ~"" wt + A L c.c)~ v.J1:-

<s?_lf\>

z,

(A.\,.Nwt)
+

< A~

o oJJ

-<A,A~tlco-:tw-l:~
C_<,

~(c_Jt

A,L +All
L

3S

"
i
Ll

7..-47.

cJV'.

-+

'd

") cP

( e ,) w( =- w,

A,

5,(1:) =

=- (A

:::

4> L -t

c'a

< (.rf. f

' -

A,)

rr)

:;11

!"

(d.)

L.

~(t)

~',!i

<-,'0:

1;

,I

+-

uJz_

('~W' (a.)

ct~()Ve

P,

LOS

=<A,\~o<,yz,-",_f)

A, A.,_

<

w. t.

(.o~ (

(w~-t)
C>

<>S

+ <AL

. ~ (1::\
..

wt

i:

= P ~ :: O
= A( Co,>(2lA)~ -t) + A z

c_

CeS

2._

lj.),::;

+ A,-

coe; 6.J

5 (1:) =- (]A~-A,I)
~Wl.S

tr =- TI

(c.V -t)
C(')~

~(w~t)'>

J(A, 2+A~~)

-W\~

(e.)

w, -=

cW?_

~(t:) =-=

<

~2{)

2-

4J

::

4> ~ +

'('"-

=- TI

A ~o~ ((.w 1: + 1/) -f- A z (o s~ ~t)

-A,coS(2wt)
+ A~ cus(uJl.-t)
I

= (A,L+A/)

36

2-48.

~e Iod .c (J.J; +k
[Je...f\' o .

37

IJ

( e, '>

w ( t)

i cP, (l:) -

-_n

= J2c:P.{(_-I:\
I

ti

(d.)

\" [<J) -. ~ -:

"

-l(.l(.
:o

4> z (t: )
cj>((_-tJ
~

(*)]

~
,j i

j-

[w(l:)-

~d>(t)r~

-l.f

38

4>/-t;lJt

3S

2 -.qq (e.) Ct)k\i-' cf

E.:::

r[
-~

w (:Jt,f-) +

r-

+f[~b${1'l-~ ]~i.

cIt
~

(!)

+/ '[ L.,P'f)~ ~~{dt

(1)

(fr- 2'(/)

h-()tf1 Sy~J,..~1"1 @=-(f) aJ-rJ

:::;: E-=-lf..Q)

ri~8.11f)
+- &<>s{-:i1 + fr.]di
-t
::.t-L[I+ [us(:!f)]Jt + J7~(!f-)1 -f -/f7-t /_~2

(O ::

-L

~l.

= ~

,-2

-'f

7(' S/- l1ilz. } J -2 -!l:.

7(7 -4-

~ (J) z, (J./ 7

t_th

.fl.ey

Sl~(.~

Va, v

do

(t.)}

eG./t

-~

.::j

nc-f

7T%..

=-

E =- 'I-.(f)

1-.9_ =1f 1..

D. -rs ~

/-L

=- 6

a. (.i>*pk;f~ orIIrol1t>rmcr,1 sd

~r'11

[)#tly

yefre&e;J

.e{,

subc.k

l>f

pr,u,/ie,

a.~cA

Sin

lhlA\-t)

e.lbr>t.s.

2-50.1

lJ_-\7'J)

trc~
o.'(~

br\hQ~O~~\

( <A ) o, +o)
",~
b-::...q+Te>

(9n

ct>S\~v)o-l)
\)V~

CA~ <A

+h~
Q t\ 1

Y ., f

t:lJ (l4:) t ~

1-0

\vJet"~\

71 z:

42

('
\

.1\

V ~ I IV -

I
V""

1
""'"

?.-

... .

(.

. . -

Fr.... fl-r>

fTA

P{fJ~
O

i: e-VWf. cJi:.

(=f.o
)

e .:::.
V\

.
)

c. ","

f [co<, ("

2lt(~,) - ~5; ""{,,,m+.

IJ1

[1+; '" 2 JI t'.T -1 (

To ,wL

45

2- 5S
-w-(i)

.1
=

F~1'h

(1.-Q5)

cJl

~'i)

2. a~

(.M

+ h:,
L b# sl;"(nw~t)

(#1Wot.)

n=,
_
e (e?\Wot t e-/1WO
.., qo t a~
h

--r

Q~ t

't)

2. (t

"wi

c{.,

~~l1w"f:._ JnW;t~
lj

~::-I

-J t ,~J
ei

_'l1kJpi

+:)..

hq

+-~f.b,,)

~"'-I(
.
f~
to._...'fi-1.t~}eJ

l.U{t)::-

I1

~jHKi,"f

n::~

) n>

ftll1-jih.,

-~
c,,=
/

qo

t ~ +dL _."
2-SQ.]

J)::

h _

el-=- X,4.j~\ j cJ.. =-X;). +j

R~ el 4-(:2.}

e"

~::1

w~4 ~-88):

C"}tJ}olL;<, ''~IS

+:_~Jtt-:-----

2.

fJl

;{V{t)

el>

~l.

Re ~ X,"t~~l +
+j '<t~}
::.R~ t~I-t)(,~) +~lJ-' +-!L) }
~

=- X J

~:l.

+ Xl. =-

Re

tc. 3 + Re r el.}

hW:t

'1-bO. C~t\tIJ

"1 (i)

:: f. (.J

~ cJt =

n :=

+ 2 ~,H)

:= - + 0.0001
n

0.25
0.5
0.75

e2

n
-0~25
0.521
0.101
-0.084

n
0.062
0.272
0.01
0.007
O
0.005

-o

1..25
1.5
1.75
2
2.25
2.5

fn

(c,( e

0.072
0.011
-0.041
-O

0.038
0.004

Magni tude

Spectrum

0.6

0.002
O

0.001
O

2-G2

(a.)

jJt~

n
:=-

fn

:= e

i :

1.0

P2-55.

cz

"-=>(1]

(_c,,)s + 1. (CJ.f,_
f

Prom

.?..l.l-e, JI,

:;;.

fn

vL{\

!
I

-,-

z,

:7

:=

M
2

N - 32

:=

O . N _ ~

T :== 2

T
dt. := -

t. := k'dt
k

= ~

dt. :: 0.063

(a.) Find the eOtlplexFeur:ier series.

n

t
k
:=

O N - ~

n
f

Prom aoalytieal
en

:=

:=-

fe

:=

eomputatien,

if[mod<n,2)

:F O,

4.

2,0]

(n 71")

Alternately,

eomputing FS using

the p;- via

(2-187),

e
ce ,.

[~]

n
O
0.4.05
O
0.045
O
0.0~6
O
0.008

iefft(w)

48

o
0.407
O

ce ==

0.046
O
0.018

O
0.01

Voltage

Spectrum

Power Spectral

0.5

0.25

2-G3. 1
e --:.X i:.j lf(q) "Re. e }::. 1G -1- t c_'A

lb) I~

Density

fcl::.tsC-tc!'

t (!+jt)

-1-

L (x -J y}::.

>:-!;('Af1.)-!sCx-j.t.}::.1-

:2-(;+1
M :'"

N := 2

N = 32

o ..

k:=

N - 1.

T := 1.

de :..N

k dt

71"

:=

1.0

Sa(x)

dt

0.031.

:=

sin (x) ]
if [ x ~ O, X
,1.

(1)0

WAVEFORM

~;11 I [1
o

e= 2 T

Find Che complex Fourier

series.

n .- O . N - 1

1
fo := -

f
n

From analytical
e
:= 2.S
n

Alternately,

computation,
(Sa(O.S

(o

+ 1) ~) + Sa(o.S

(n - 1)

computing FS using
e
n

ce . - [~]

icfft

3.183
2.5
1.061

(v)

-0.212
O

0.091
O
-0.051
O
0.032
O
-0.022
O
0.016
O
-0.012
O
0.0l.
O
-0.008
O
0.007
O
-0.006
O

ce

tP(fj =Power Spectral

3.173
2.5
1.071.
-B
-14
1.203 10
+ 3.216 10
i
-0.223
-14
-14
6.336 10
+ 3.226
10
i
0.102
-12
-12
-2.175 l.0
1.086 10
i
-0.062
-14
-14
2.705 10
+ 3.207 10
i
0.045
-14
-J.4
1.767 10
+ 3.256 10
i
-0.036
-15
-14
9.774 1.0
+ 3.232 10
i
0.032
-13
-12
-5.456 10
- 1.634 10 i
-0.031
-15
-14
-3.2210
+ 3.235 10
i

i rCt,['J- b (e: n~)

-Density

12

1
o

8
n

50

51

1-'6,

R e: ic,] Re hJ

-:.t~[(Y- Tj1')
1

G,

+ "/1 12. J
RGf X/~ +J LfX'}.. +J ~J.-){/-~11..}

:;t fl.e..[ '/./ "'.. -i ~,,_x, -f j id,

Xl-

::-t x, -+ t

t 11 11-

J./J

y. L

.1

"d1- -1- t

4-}

+ t _~r(x,.fJAJI){~1.+jds-}}

('xl-_- j~~)}

+t

J. -(;7

~~rcl~:}
+1!

't, x'- == /_

'i X).

XJ 'J.y_,

.z:

3- ['1. (:tJl -::.

r~) e-J1tll!At

-:Pf~

J [ 1H}]::.
'-.Il

:)J[.t.(ilt t 't)] .z
:. t.t

~H:)

-' lJtff

e. J

J,

m:

_f 14"XlilH "f &)]

rp/jW-e-J1h[~

e_-j '4If-t

Jt.

t f~

{T)e-j

Af

-~

::.~ J-[x{'9] + ~ Y.I1-(tJ]

6/1!b

:5

1- bS..}
/.J

=t

(H(;)/

[i) ==

ID}

s- -fJ-F
=- IJ I~I ::.
I s +j f f

ID

f f/

V rl-.... r>.

52

JO

in

C~Y\+)d.

2-'8
10

t---

.:

IH(f) I ;

LfU;),

IQ

')..Q

~~

Ik~

50

)\
.~

Ang(f)

I'---_
O

2-6qJ
1,.)
I

H (f) .z:

(i)

CI{f<~ R~ -

_ R:L (l..jZV1(J

~ fRjltvw/?'C)

53

yt/here.

l;R.... ) ;.:

K.. e:

-rhi.r cJt~(,kJ

Ztr~l[,

-flre. re,jl{H

wj"'J....

hDWH

(_.:.O. oSH{el. ) R.r=-I.)

Fo r

k .:
fl

leo

180-;./ sse

1:..

1<. fft,_

2.". rl.G

17,.

,Ij

5-15(1,/,

al1d 1<1..--I!o}

o~I D7

.:

/
TL -

'27t

=- 2/ 122 /.k

{ISDDI(b,b~~-t.j

.. ISDO'1fff)

17t(!S/Jt;}{IBb) ({).{)!'f~~) ::./~

-=i: .-.: o.. ID? [

.

s:

;_:

aJz"f

-fJ ~

-...(.:>
J

.)

fa' th.

It:tSO' /

E:va. (Ud..11'1~ ..J,_e.re. bk a.. PfoyraJ'hll.6k

-H,- jJhf~ aJ ht)lJrl 011''lte }1ed flCi.e
5lf-

Cq_ IGldtt!ory
4.~

DtfaiJted.

}H({Jf 4B -

-It::>

-/5

-~~==~~;_r-~~~---

~ooo =$OOIJ IqbJ

-fhir plo+ lv/f4 +4~ 9t>tk p6/h'f- 5- 15 (CJ
lo

(t>l-kfCd-e,
.r~b~11 I~

100

7...tp'J

/D~Oi)i}

f-+

Ik.(Yffc~J.e)

I!!tl
d~Ye~

3D

(c.) G-(f).:

I HW/1.

z:

7/ / + (ik_)'1{ )-z.

(0./0

\\

I + tq 960/

(d.) [G-HUd ID 1~7-[64J] =:.Ii>/~j.[j J/(Ij1-J ~lDOjjHl8]

~ {P-(IJ]dS:: / .({)14li
=? J-e~ plvf D { I .j(fj dlJ lit Par! (t) 4hp1/6 -h/r f>/;'f d[fJ!;k
55

ss

2-73,1
'Ay d~i'';''\~;'h, ~'(-tT~tJ
~"t

T~~J

I~-Iv (J)) wl '(01-

SM.bS-f,.f\t4\,,;v ~

'Rw LT

QEJ.

1.-71: 1
& nre., o. 'X{i)" e.s 'f l. S loS(t JJi)

..

(JoS

'tTi]

{os

Q)

A~~l...t~<1.{~~ ~nt.it~::.. RwCI.):. <:tA}'lt)~(Hl-

~w("\) ~ <, v1i)/
(!)

def:~l~nJ

1>::.

R>w(.'r:'? ~ <. -io..t\tJ>

X(r];,. O. 5 ~(f).,. lo,7S-jO.25)S(f-jJ

'-'"Y-

(jryJi -qf)0)

i-{O.75+JD,25)f(.f+J)

",_____

....__..._.__.

G-,

e,

e,

(9.J ~ (f) ~ L'c~l~d (f -i1t()

., ~'" \J) -=-

( b.J

t ().
(,1.5 ~ lf -11 -J

D,).5 S(f)

_
J.
11({) ... l-fjlltF

:t

11

1.

b.~).~

r(f+ fj

rdfJ/ =- Jftf7T).fl.

Of (f):: Iti (1') Jr~ (.r)

::. (J.').5

1(+'-11 ~rIHV]

~(f) +\/~~~1(fF

~ ~~li)~ o.l.5flfJ

+ 0.1/'" Jlf-}) + D.II~f{)+i)

(cJ

p ':..[~tt).<.f

-_[t 1.;b(JJf ~.IM(f-J) ...

o

57

(Jo1M

(f-liJ]

off

2-75.

(el.)

~w=

D. S

-.

I.s w{J %-I:}

o. 5 .r/;,(JtP.~i}

t- (dJwol + e--J;~) + t (~-l~

=-0.5+U -.i4JJWof a +N] J w.-t
=-0.1;+

-1

* Xli)

g (.Ji1n fWf

=-

0.5

-1-

0--v----"

\/\..--'

c~
Ih~

-I4c_

, Ce>': O.b /

olite,t- L" '.f e<J-e

~ (r)---

~I

.rene" {.r>e{{L{~-f as-e irleJ,F/eLf

~Krlej,-

JI111

c.., -=~ (JJJ 1)

{f. (3jlil eJ jIv.-i

-1-

(3-j1)

1 fhG

f(t/'.ffrj

-:! rPx ()--~({+~~)-Iff)

f4~

?O/J /

f
I c~/'L- ({-n {)
-~
=- ~tS({+j{)

~d

&,.ir ~,

TlteftUt,/Aht~

~-llH>.

f!--U}

el'::

fi

iV:/rf(fj{)

S(r-f{)

lh.) t4'Mg-

(2-jLfJ.-) aHJ

b--1i7),

4- (f) ::;I H (f)I1- ~ (r)

=-

E.~t] [fJ'(l'f fr.)

t:"/fl

z:

f -1 (~~'l-

fU-ifr.) +
58

+4Jt}-tf~i(~

'/'1--+ff,
If o u

.Sff

r;+/~"

F[r]()

'1-75

(b.j CvKf'd

~ dJ~) ~~

[({. fft,)

tffJ

-1

-l!r:-{f-f{j

:
fl lr) =

:=)

~.t

It ,;wR2.(

_"f-..;;;;:,'2.. __

J+JJ~G
3

Rl

:=

7.S-10

R2

:=

15-10

f := 10,20 10000

-9
:== 100 10

:=0

R2
-R1+R2

Hm:=

R2
H(f)

Hm

:= --------

IB(!)

dB(f}

:=

20-109 [

"<,

BlD

1]

e (f)

0.667

-,

:"" [1:0]_arg(H(f

;--

-,

-lo
dB(f)

100 f

1000

R1+R2
f3dB :=--2-""-Rl
R2-C

r-. -,

\
\

-30
10

(Rl + R2) + j-2-T-f-Rl-R2-C

-90

10000

10
f3dB

59

318.31

IW f

-,

r-.=

Jo"" 10000

2-77.1
H(f)

j:=

Td :=.1
:= 1 -

:=

0,0.02

30

cos(2-~-Td f) + j sin(2 ~-Td f)

(b. )

T := 1
sin(~ T f)

X(f}

:=

T-----

Y(f) := H(f) X(f)

T T-f

Square wave
T

IYCf)I

IXCf)1

:= 0,0.2 S

y(t}

.(a.)

10

B := 0.6
.5- B

-O.S-B

Sin(T- t)

y-f

j- y- (2- t-1) - f
-e

df

B=O.6
1

y(t)

-1

60

2-'78
(h. )

CoY\t'd
B = 1

~
~

y(t)

-1
O

y(t)

-1

X~)
~

Lf!f -the
S1 I't..~
Y~I"rf.;s~

JS1i'~+

lo

s:

w Ve. ~
(4.

ed by

+h~

S.(!_r~!;

~DHrJ(iy

..t)

Xli} .: L e, e J Jtw,,"i
h=-~

e -{
J1-

1.$,;'

J17T

(I,I)

'

61

J1

-. o

h=O

To

.1:.+
......_

2- 7f . Co JJ.
a,h~

W~ alst> k)1f).v +~ct+ cL)'=- cJ.r,i- SlflCe XH:) IJ4-he. )'.,. p~ls~ res~~ ~f fhe fU h:y iJ f'e(.,L
red\((e, -fh.e. o~+p~t ~t'.t1er Ser--ie{ f'\)

ex f~"m +h4-i
wh~v~

1)" z, O

a"d

1)11 =

tl,:

r,

...

1-ut=

ilij'd- (2.-103) J

tJ~ W(hW.ii~,J

s 1t1(.<. c~=l)
I JI1/ -=

1._

=.

p~,

h'C".~

2./ .[Jt{) 4tl

[;J, ':::::J

2'-Ij/{lfR

ti" ::.~
~

e~""

Can ~

-1ti):: D.,

o~

jtH{.,Q,

1)"

}1.f:[

".

:c

,}J

>' D

!+~t(h71)'

--t:.(f)..1-

c.os(14. + fP~)

fo := 300

fl := 1500

n := 1,3 . 11
t

:= 0,0.00005

:=---~

62

.0.004

h=Mt

;!J), J=oJq

h=odd

D
n

J.-e",l

: = rr

ti>
n

y tt)

:=

Dn cos[n 2

1T

fo

tl>n]

(a]
fo

300

y(t)

r--

-2

0.004

0.004

0.004

(h)
fo ;:500
2

y(t)

-2

Ce)

63

Select fs
--->

fs:=

14
n := O -

T := --

t:= 0,0.05 .14

fs

Sin[..

o-t _-T-n_TJ
-O.l n T
o

t(n,t)

.- ----t -

:= e

w(t)

:=

anot (n,t)

'1"0_-

fs

1.5

h.
(-0.1 t)

w(t),e

r-;
~

.__

-r---. r---

.._

o
o

14

fs = 0.5
1.5

~
(-0.1 t)

w(t),e

~
~

.......

--.::::.. ~

_"

14

~ _ S-vO

~2-92.1

+-

Ir .:Ij

(0..)

11

~.J[_
- 5l>t>

1:1T

0-

83.1

I ~-

Actua.l spectrum is
f := 10

W(f)

T' [Sin

:=

given

as follows:

-10
,0.05 ..5

T
1

(T' T' f)]

T'T'f

IW(f) I

'l'he DPTspectrulD
M := 6

:= 1.

is as follows:

N := 2

N = 64

k:= O ..N - 1

TI

:=

12.8

TI
dt

:=-

r= kdt
k

= 1

WAVEFORM

dt

i:: o....
1,,,1

0.2

n := O N -

W := dt,
f

ic.fft(w)

l.

:=-

fs :=dt

TI

[.[].

0.078

fs = 5

1
O

5
n

65

:=

M
N := 2

N = 64

k.

- O .. N - 1

T1 .-

10

:=

TI
dt

:=

:= k dt

0.156

dt

n .- O
W

. N -

[~] icfft(w)

dt

:=

n
f

.-

fs

:Q -

TI
fs

0.1

MAGNrTODE SPECTRUM out to fs

1

dt

IWnl
f

TI

6.4

1\
\

5.1

2-8
2-85

M := 7

t2

:::s 1.

:= 2

N := 2
dt

tl

:= 1

Tl
:=-

p2(x)
p(x)

:= k

k.

- O .. N - 1.

TI

:=

20

dt

pl(X)

N = 128

:=

if(lxl

.-

[-A]
t2

:= pl(X)

< tl,A,O)

tl

(j x]

- t2)

(4) <lxl

- tl)

- ~(Ixl

- t2

+ p2(x)

NOTE:In FFTtime domain, peints for negative time are the same as those
measured fron the end of the data span-Iength TI for pesitive time.
w

:=

if[\

[:1] ,p[tkJ,p[\

- Tl]]
66

WAVEFORM

dt

= 1

n .-

O .. N -

------nI I

Jn=---\

0.156

Tl

k
W

[-!]

dt

.-

icfft(w)
MAGNITIlDB SPECI'RUM

n
f

fs

:=

:=

TI

dt
fs

0.05

6.4

2-8G'.{
fo

2-86
~

:= 4

A2

:=

:= 5

f1 .- 2 fa
f2 .- 5 fo

91 .- 30
92 .- -10

:=

fo
M

:=

N := 2
N .. 32

.-

.. N -

].

T :=

dt

fa

.- k dt

:= -

.- wl
k

w2

k
w

dt = 0.006

3.97
O

-10
O

Compute

the FFT data

n := O .. N - 1

:= ~

:=

icfft

FFT

(w)

-N -N

points.
Data

Points
70

+ 1

Since the waveform i~ eriodic, the spect:rum will concaan only delta
funetions. ===> Evaluate the weights of the delta functions by using
to calculate che complex Fourier series coefficients.
=====> Use (2-187) and (2-178) along with (2-109).
c(n)

:=

if[O ~ O

n
: W
'N

e (o)

: ..

[1:0]

the FFT

arg

: W
O'N

(e (o)

]
N+o

0.001)

f (n)

:= -

].

fs .dt

(a)

See next screen

SPECTRUM,

MAGNITUDE

for a plot of the magnitude

spectrum.

IW(f}

and phase

PBASE SPECTRUM , e(f)

90

o, le (n) 1

9(n),0

(b) Use

I ~
I

-90

f(n)

-100

100

f (n)

-100

100

(2-126) to get PSD

Density

Power Spectral
S

O,

(1 e (n) 1)

-100

f(n}

100

2-87.1
A

:=

To

M := 6

.-

:=

To
1

fo

N := 2

dt

.-

N=

64

:=

To
k

.-

O .. N - 1

k dt

:==

-5

dt

0.047

-6
Compute the FFT data points.
n := O .. N - 1
W

:= ~

:= -,-

FFT Data Points

200

G8

.. _hT

1T.....

+ 1

t
k

icfft (w)

-N -N

Since. the waveformis periodic, the spectrwn will contain only delta
functl.ons.
> Evaluate the weights of the delta functions by using
the FFTto calculate the complexFourier series coefficients.
> Use (2-187) and (2-178) along with (2-109).

c(n)

:=

if[n ~ 0,:'1'1 ,:.'1'1 ]

N n N N+n

fs := dt

+ 0.001)

9{n) := [~:O].arg(c(n}
MAGNITODE SPECTROM,

n
:=T

f(n)

IW(f) I

o,lc(n)1

9(n},O

I y .

T,

-5
e(O)

.1

ITd.

hl

Ir T

.y

f(n)

-180
5

fo

-2.299

0.333

f(n)

-5
fs

21.333

NOTE:These results maybe comparedwith answer obtained for the

analytical solution to P2-45.

:2-88 ,

r :=1.0

M:=8
fo re l
fdel :=rfo

n:=O,LN-l
fs :=20

dt :=-

fl :=fo- fdel

T :=Ndt

fs

f :=~
D.

t r= n-dt
Q

B :=fo+del

Construct the Raised Cosine frequency response using the Mathcad

cosl(f) :=0.5 [l+oos[O.5-1t.(f;e~)J]

Hl(f) :=if(>fl,cosl(f), 1)

H2(f) :=if(f>B,O,HI(f)

cos2(f) :=cosl(-(f-fs
H3(f) :=if(f>fs- B,c0s2(f),H2(f)
H(f) :=i1(f>fs-fl, 1,H3(f)

15

"ir function.

The Impulse Response wlll now be calculated by using the Inverse FFT and plotted below.

fs

h :=-rCPFT(H)
N

lr-~--~------~----~----~

Or-----~==~--~=---~----~
o

-;u;a-,

0.$

LS

Hl-n::. ) -4- j ~,lf,) Wtl~~ -r.~ ~ Re: -=.s\".(..Jl\~J\':::1 H~~, r=- i.l {, is t~e. ~ JH

(~

~e,~

(tiO

1 H(fJ 1'1. oJ

frP

'l.

fI W I Jf

F/.r, ~ dx~{!4I:i)

r; f

z:

][

_1
-= .2fRC.

-:::f ]'1::' 2. ~

(b.)

S,l1G.e

I H&JI.::.o

bt:\.,dw\J+~ j~
de,-flfl~'1 doe.s

O().

J1D-f

h/y

C/J

In 7h~

tlVG

~:!..

C4J-e.

B""'I-=-

tj;)

(c.) A n$~er

ti> ,

~k

fhe hulJ

HI<-tf

~l1dwidfh

very /,fJ"(_ful Itt~ltre

of kI\JwiJ+~ ~er.tUi$e all Re

~(,{ve

wiotth.

1-1- (ff)~ $

~o

:7,

x=:

bo.~

~ 01 71'~~ (r;dxl -r; 1-cu,~ (x) LOt>

t(Lef

:eJoI~

tiHel

wil!
-e1~Y.J I<4J ttf -fhe va./J,((t of Re.,

l~

IbJ4J-PtUJ

~m~ a.r {DI" Pu;..l (h,) aboll('.

70

2-

q~.1

--~~ -e1t.(~/a)~Jtf 6Q,~/hhi/fLz 1". otf~IJ1~d by

fhe fof6( !li)wer t>f f4e ~t(iva/~f recitVrfllla,-

PS-,D -ecrUCt)
jJ i>VJ 'C r: /

h -1-4 e,
....4 e SlttJ.

h~ .ehvelbp~ "f {s;,.>;J/x

l. 4LJJ,de 1t.v.
{~Cj::)."

q;+

2. 3d~ 8W

Eq/"r=

}..

" '.+

~W: 1-{:. 0,881<

1. .a__ ~ I

e: 1..~9."~'~~!!q
e.'fSf./.4

~y

1.

J Hlfc.Jr-

:;'y

'R. :C. ~ kl/~e

e:

'l. -/~(1T1j,~) ~b ~

c:?

7T~ (f-/(,)

fe: _-r. '1.111=

717;,':..I

~.-

=-:f

7'{

~"k,=).f

t=- t>.'PIl<

[i1(fJr-dl: .L ~;'Llt7i,({-fl1df': /...DR.

-~

)l

ierl>

d:>

t s: (~/!1i,f) ::9 7.f:: o.if'f

11tllS

?Des ,\

-= ~

= R. ., For7<.~t('Ir.Me~.J
71

~~"'I~
2(.,J--t1.ztfJ_

1-

en .. (O., +J el

s.

Pi R = - j~

h'a-[!""('lf+fJ)J -=- -1 o J~,.(.."~f 7 ""10~ 6r1

~ f::.f/o* R =-Ir/D~
.

9-

l(

11

.:-111;, -t 9'

S~.JI~

9 ~~~
Jl.1'l

J\o

e~X;1- _ .fAt7,))
~(J'i~)()l- -

UTI,O "1<,,,ut<4J

;/

1{

(T

2:

OIJc

.:

@b

0.1r

1;:: ~ Xo= !.~t 1!. .: /7),,1.87<

.:~t~er::1~ -:2.\:) .. 5 (p R.

::1.-'f2.]

= IOf).b56'lZ

1=by 1(: 9.('~6k~,,~:"ES(>1.t /?JLk.t7J-

~b~db:J_{ =: 1l>1. 3~..

&. Le}

R.

Fr>r 1<.:! c..~66q(;J 11~ /Cf7. 1/-1<11;.

< ~

.r(i):!\~)

Sin =10 [s: (7rft.J]1-

~J fk,~ ywlts

I~

2-'" (l.) ~v"e, ~

7J~~:= Ob

{bJ .f(fa~)--JL:: i[S: (11~J81o)]_

l'L

11 -C.l(, 1" ~ f+ #- .7J'Je':

/%]

;J.s~ ..,/.i,q :::;0.38/r.

r t; lTI =- J~

'72