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Overcurrent Protection of Transformer (NEC 450.3)

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Technical Articles Home / Technical Articles / Overcurrent Protection of Transformer (NEC 450.3)

Overcurrent Protection of T ransf ormer (NEC 450.3) - Photo by Ef rem Oshinsky @ Flickr

Content
Introduction Overcurrent protection of transformers >600V (NEC450.3A)

1. Unsupervised location of transformer (impedance <6%) 2. Unsupervised location of transformer (impedance 6% to 10%) 3. Supervised location (in primary side only) of transformer 4. Supervised location of transformer (impedance up to 6%) 5. Supervised location of transformer (impedance 6% to 10%) 6. Difference in C.B between supervised & unsupervised Location 7. Sumary of overcurrent protection for more than 600V Overcurrent Protection of Transformers <600V (NEC 450.3B) 1. Only primary side protection of transformer 2. Primary and secondary side protection of transformer 3. Summary of overcurrent protection for less than 600V

Introduction
The overcurrent protection required for transformers is consider for Protection of Transformeronly. Such overcurrent protection will not necessarily protect the primary or secondary conductors or equipment connected on the secondary side of the transformer. When voltage is switched on to energize a transformer, the transformer core normally saturates. This results in a large inrush current which is greatest during the first half cycle (approximately 0.01 second) and becomes progressively less severe over the next several cycles (approximately 1 second) until the transformer reaches its normal magnetizing current. To accommodate this inrush current, fuses are often selected which have time-current withstand values of at least 12 timestransformer primary rated current for 0.1 secondand 25 timesfor 0.01 second. Some small dry-type transformers may have substantially greater inrush currents. To avoid using over sized conductors, overcurrent devices should be selected at about 110 to 125 percentof the transformer full-load current rating. And when using such smaller overcurrent protection, devices should be of the time-delay type (on the primary side) to compensate for inrush currents which reach 8 to 10 times the full-load primary current of the transformer for about 0.1 s when energized initially. Protection of secondary conductors has to be provided completely separately from any primary-side protection. A supervised location is a location where conditions of maintenance and supervision ensure that

only qualified persons will monitor and service the transformer installation. Overcurrentprotection for a transformer on the primary side is typically a circuit breaker. In some instances where there is not a high voltage panel, there is a fused disconnect instead. It is important to note that the overcurrent device on the primary side must be sized based on the transformer KVA rating and not sized based on the secondary load to the transformer. Go to Content

Overcurrent Protection of Transformers >600V (NEC450.3A)

1) Unsupervised Location of T ransformer (Impedance <6%)

OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (Primary Voltage >600V): Rating of Pri. Fuse at Point A= 300% of Pri. Full Load Current or Next higher Standard size. or Rating of Pri. Circuit Breaker at Point A= 600% of Pri. Full Load
Unsupervised Location of T ransf ormer (Impedance <6%)

Current or Next higher Standard size. OverCurrent Protection at Secondary Side (Secondary Voltage <=600V): Rating of Sec. Fuse / Circuit Breaker at Point B= 125% of Sec. Full Load Current or Next higher Standard size. OverCurrent Protection at Secondary Side (Secondary Voltage >600V): Rating of Sec. Fuse at Point B= 250% of Sec. Full Load Current or Next higher Standard size. or Rating of Sec. Circuit Breaker at Point B= 300% of Sec. Full Load Current. Example:750KVA, 11KV/415V 3Phase Transformer having Impedance of Transformer 5%

Full Load Current At Primary side = 750000/(1.732X11000) = 39A Rating of Primary Fuse = 3X39A = 118A, So Standard Size of Fuse = 125A. OR Rating of Primary Circuit Breaker = 6X39A = 236A, So standard size of CB = 250A. Full Load Current at Secondary side = 750000/(1.732X415) = 1043A. Rating of Secondary of Fuse / Circuit Breaker = 1.25X1043A = 1304A, so standard size of Fuse = 1600A. Go to Content

2) Unsupervised Location of T ransformer (Impedance 6% to 10%)

OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (Primary Voltage >600V): Rating of Pri. Fuse at Point A= 300% of Primary Full Load Current or Next higher Standard size.
Unsupervised Location of T ransf ormer (Impedance 6% to 10%) Rating of Pri. Circuit Breaker at Point A= 400% of Primary Full Load Current or Next higher Standard size.

OverCurrent Protection at Secondary Side (Secondary Voltage <=600V): Rating of Sec. Fuse / Circuit Breaker at Point B= 125% of Sec. Full Load Current or Next higher Standard size. OverCurrent Protection at Secondary Side (Secondary Voltage >600V): Rating of Sec. Fuse at Point B= 225% of Sec. Full Load Current or Next higher Standard size. Rating of Sec. Circuit Breaker at Point B= 250% of Sec. Full Load Current or Next higher Standard size. Example:10MVA, 66KV/11KV 3Phase Transformer, Impedance of Transformer is 8%

Full Load Current At Primary side = 10000000/(1.732X66000) = 87A Rating of Pri. Fuse = 3X87A = 262A, so next standard size of Fuse = 300A. OR Rating of Pri. Circuit Breaker = 6X87A = 525A, so next standard size of CB = 600A. Full Load Current at Secondary side = 10000000/(1.732X11000) = 525A. Rating of Sec. Fuse = 2.25X525A = 1181A, so next standard size of fuse = 1200A. OR Rating of Sec. Circuit Breaker = 2.5X525A = 1312A, so next standard size of circuit breaker = 1600A. Go to Content

3) Supervised Location (in Primary side only) of T ransformer

OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (Primary Voltage >600V): Rating of Pri. Fuse at Point A= 250% of Primary Full Load Current or Next higher Standard size. Rating of Pri. Circuit Breaker at Point A= 300% of Primary Full Load Current or Next higher Standard size. Go to Content
Supervised Location (in Primary side only) of T ransf ormer

4) Supervised Location of T ransformer (Impedance Up to 6%)

OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (Primary Voltage >600V): Rating of Pri. Fuse at Point A= 300% of Pri. full load current or next lower standard size. Rating of Pri. Circuit Breaker at Point A= 600% of Pri. full load current or next lower standard size.

Supervised Location of T ransf ormer (Impedance Up to 6%)

OverCurrent Protection at Secondary Side (Secondary Voltage <=600V): Rating of Sec. Fuse / Circuit Breaker at Point B= 250% of Sec. Full Load Current or Next higher Standard size. OverCurrent Protection at Secondary Side (Secondary Voltage >600V): Rating of Sec. Fuse at Point B= 250% of Sec. Full Load Current or Next Lower Standard size. Rating of Sec. Circuit Breaker at Point B= 300% of Sec. Full Load Current or Next Lower Standard size. Example:750KVA, 11KV/415V 3Phase Transformer having Impedance of Transformer 5% Full Load Current At Primary side = 750000/(1.732X11000) = 39A Rating of Primary Fuse = 3X39A = 118A, so next lower standard size of fuse = 110A. OR Rating of Primary Circuit Breaker = 6X39A = 236A, so next lower standard size of Circuit Breaker = 225A. Full Load Current at Secondary side = 750000/(1.732X415) =1043A. Rating of Secondary of Fuse / Circuit Breaker = 2.5X1043A=2609A, so standard size of Fuse = 2500A. Go to Content

5) Supervised Location of T ransformer (Impedance 6% to 10%)

OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (Primary Voltage >600V): Rating of Pri. Fuse at Point A= 300% of Pri. full load current or next lower standard size. Rating of Pri. Circuit Breaker at Point A= 400% of Pri. full load current or next lower standard size.

Supervised Location of T ransf ormer (Impedance 6% to 10%)

Overcurrent protection at secondary side (Secondary voltage <=600V): Rating of Sec. Fuse / Circuit Breaker at Point B= 250% of Sec. full load current or next higher standard size. Overcurrent protection at secondary side (Secondary voltage >600V): Rating of Sec. Fuse at Point B= 225% of Sec. full load current or next lower standard size. Rating of Sec. Circuit Breaker at Point B= 250% of Sec. full load current or next lower standard size. Example:750KVA, 11KV/415V 3Phase Transformer having Impedance of Transformer 8% Full Load Current At Primary side = 750000/(1.732X11000) = 39A Rating of Primary Fuse = 3X39A = 118A, so next lower standard size of Fuse = 110A. OR Rating of Primary Circuit Breaker = 4X39A = 157A, so next lower standard size of Circuit Breaker = 150A. Full Load Current at Secondary side = 750000/(1.732X415) = 1043A. Rating of Secondary of Fuse / Circuit Breaker = 2.5X1043A=2609A, so standard size of Fuse = 2500A. Go to Content

Difference in C.B between Supervised & Unsupervised Location

Here we see two notable conditions while we select Fuse / Circuit Breakerin Supervised Location and Unsupervised Location.

First notable condition is Primary Overcurrent Protection. In unsupervised location fuse in primary side is 300%of primary current or Next Higher Standard sizeand in supervised location is 300% of primary current or Next Lower Standard size. Here primary overcurrent protection is same in both conditions (300%), but selecting size of Fuse/Circuit Breaker is different. Lets us Check with the Example for 750KVA, 11KV/415V 3Phase Transformer. Full Load Current At Primary side = 750000/(1.732X11000) = 39A In Unsupervised Location: Rating of Primary Fuse = 3X39A = 118A, so next higher standard size = 125A In Supervised Location: Rating of Primary Fuse = 3X39A = 118A, so next lower standard size = 110A Second notable condition is Secondary Overcurrent Protection increased from 125% to 250% for unsupervised to Supervised Location. Go to Content

Summary of overcurrent Protectionfor more than 600V

Maximum Rating of Overcurrent Protection for Transformers more than 600 Volts Location Limitations Transformer Rated Impedance Primary Protection (More than 600 Volts) Secondary Protection More than 600V Less than 600V C.B or Fuse 125%(NH)

C. B.

Fuse Rating 300%(NH)

C. B.

Fuse Rating 250%(NH)

Any location

Less than 6% 6% To 10%

600%(NH)

300 %( NH) 250%(NH) Not required 300%

400%(NH) 300%(NH)

300%(NH) 250%(NH)

225%(NH) Not required 250%

125%(NH) Not required 250%

Supervised locations only

Any

Less than 6%

600%

300%

6% To 10% NH: Next Higher Standard Size. Go to Content

400%

300%

250%

225%

250%

Overcurrent Protection of transformers <600V (NEC 450.3B)

1) Only Primary side Protection of T ransformer

OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (Less than 2A): Rating of Pri. Fuse / C.B at Point A = 300% of Pri. full load current or next lower standard size. Example: 1KVA, 480/230 3Phase transformer, full load current at Pri. side = 1000/(1.732X480) = 1A Rating of Primary Fuse = 3X1A = 3A, so next lower standard size of Fuse = 3A. OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (2A to 9A): Rating of Sec. Fuse / C.B at Point A = 167% of Pri. full load current or next lower standard size. Example: 3KVA, 480/230 3Phase transformer, full load current at Pri. side = 3000/(1.732X480) = 4A Rating of Primary Fuse = 1.67X4A = 6A, so next lower standard size of Fuse = 6A. OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (More than 9A): Rating of Pri. Fuse / C.B at Point A = 125% of Pri. full load current or next higher standard size.
Only Primary side Protection of T ransf ormer

Example: 15KVA, 480/230 3Phase transformer, full load current at Pri. side = 15000/(1.732X480) = 18A Rating of Primary Fuse = 1.25X18A= 23A, so next higher standard size of Fuse = 25A. Go to Content

2) Primary and Secondary side Protection of T ransformer

OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (Less than 2A): Rating of Pri. Fuse / C.B at Point A = 250% of Pri. full load current or next lower standard size. OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (2A to 9A):

Primary and Secondary side Protection of T ransf ormer

Rating of Sec. Fuse / C.B at Point A= 250% of Pri. full load current or next lower standard size. OverCurrent Protection at Primary Side (More than 9A): Rating of Pri. Fuse / C.B at Point A= 250% of Pri. Full Load Current or Lower Higher Standard size. Example: 25KVA, 480/230 3Phase Transformer, Full Load Current at Pri. Side=125000/(1.732X480)=30A Rating of Primary Fuse = 2.50X30A= 75A, So Next Lower Standard Size of Fuse =70A. OverCurrent Protection at Secondary Side (Less than 9A): Rating of Pri. Fuse / C.B at Point B= 167% of Sec. Full Load Current or Lower Standard size. Example: 3KVA, 480/230 3Phase Transformer, Full Load Current at Sec. Side=3000/(1.732X230)=8A

Rating of Primary Fuse = 1.67X8A= 13A, So Next Lower Standard Size of Fuse =9A. OverCurrent Protection at Secondary Side (More than 9A): Rating of Pri. Fuse / C.B at Point A= 125% of Pri. Full Load Current or Higher Standard size. Example: 15KVA, 480/230 3Phase Transformer, Full Load Current at Sec. Side=15000/(1.732X230)=38A Rating of Primary Fuse = 1.25X38A= 63A, So Next Higher Standard Size of Fuse =70A. Go to Content

Summary of overcurrent Protection for Less than 600V

Maximum Rating of Overcurrent Protection for Transformers Less than 600 Volts Protection Method Primary Protection More than 9A Primary only protection Primary and secondary protection 125%(NH) 2A to 9A Less than 2A 300% Secondary Protection More than 9A Less than 9A Not required 167%

167%

Not required

250%

250%

250%

125%(NH)

NH: Next Higher Standard Size. Go to Content

jiguparmar- Electrical engineer having more than 11 years experience in Power Transmission -Power Distribution-Electrical Maintenance-Electrical ProjectsPlanning-Designing-coordination-Execution.Currently associate with one of the leading business group as a Asst.Manager at Ahmedabad,India. Freelancer Programmer of Advance Excel. Design useful Excel Sheets of Electrical Engineering as per IS,NEC,IEC,IEEE codes. Technical Author for "Electrical Mirror" and "Electrical India" Magazines. Technical Blogger. Familiar with English, Hindi, Gujarati, French languages. Share experience and knowledge and help technical enthusiasts to find suitable solutions and updating themselves on various Engineering Topics. Write for EEP, become contributor | Introduce yourself to huge number of our readers and followers

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