2

Dot product or scalar product

1

Example 1
Y 6

Dot product or scalar product

r = 5 + 6 j + 3k r = (5)(1) + (6)(0) + (3)(0) = 5 r j = (5)(0) + (6)(1) + (3)(0) = 6 r k = (5)(0) + (6)(0) + (3)(1) = 3
Z 3

a = ax + ay j + az k

b = bx + by j + bz k

a b = axbx + ay by + az bz

5 X

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Dot product or scalar product

3

Example 2
r = 5 + 6 j + 3k 3 5 d = + k 34 34 (a unit vector in the x-z plane)
Z 3

Y 6

Dot product or scalar product

5 X

Conclusion: To calculate the component of a vector in a certain direction one merely needs to calculate the dot product of the vector with a unit vector in the required direction.

9 25 r d = +0+ 34 34 34 = = 34 34

The component of r in the direction of d is 34.

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Dot product or scalar product Dot product or scalar product

Y 6

Example 3 Example 4
r = 5 + 6 j + 3k g = 6 + 5 j 2 k
Z 3 X 5

r = 5 + 6 j + 3k

Example 5
r = 5 + 6 j + 3k p = 6 + 5 j r p = (5)(6) + (6)(5) + (3)(0) = 0 What does this mean?

5 3 e = k 34 34

(a unit vector in the x-z plane in the opposite direction as d ) r g = (5)(6) + (6)(5) + (3)(2) = 6

25 9 r e = + 0 34 34

34 = = 34 34

r in the The component of direction of e is 34.

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Cross Product

Dot product or scalar product

MA = r F

If r p = 0 and | r | = 0 and | p | = 0, then r p .

Why ? p

Example 1

If r p = 0 and | p | = 0, then r

|p|

= 0 . But

is a unit vector in the |p| direction of p . Thus the component of r in the direction of p is zero and thus r must be perpendicular to p .

. . .

r = 5 m F = 20 j N M O = 5 20 j = 100 k N m

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Cross Product Example 2

Cross Product

j = k k j = . . . MO = r F = (4 + 3 j ) 20 j = 4 20 j + 3 j 20 j = 80 k + 0 = 80 k N m k = j r = 4 + 3j m F = 20 j N

j = k

j k =

k = j

(Properties of a right handed axis system)

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Cross Product Example 4

r = 3 + 4 j + 2k m F = 2 j 3k N . . . MO = r F = (3 + 4 j + 2 k ) (2 j 3 k ) = (12 + 2) + (9 + 4) j + (3 8) k = 10 + 13 j 11 k N m
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Cross Product

Example 3

r = 3 + 4j m F = 10 5 j N

. . .

MO = r F = (3 + 4 j ) (10 5 j )

= 15 k 40 k = 55 k N m

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Cross Product Cross Product Example 5

z = r (r F ) = (3 + 4 j + 2 k ) (10 + 13 j 11 k ) = (44 26) + (33 20) j + (39 + 40) k = 70 + 13 j + 79 k = (r r ) F = 0 F = 0 ( r and F as in example 4)

Example 4

r = 3 + 4 j + 2k m F = 2 j 3k N

or

j k MO = r F = 3 4 2 2 1 3

= (12 + 2) (9 4) j + (3 8) k

= 10 + 13 j 11 k N m
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