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Zlvdkifv 20 &ufae@wGif &efukefòr@ =unfhjrifwdkif/ Am;*&mvrf; uGefjrLepfygwDXmecsKyfwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. 'kwd,t}udrfajrmuf
uGef*&ufudk uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmif ocifpdk;ESifh ocifoef;xGef;wdk@ }uD;rª;+yD; usif;yavonf?
uGef*&ufodk@ usaemfhtm; zdwf=um;ojzifh usaemfvnf; wufa&muf&onf?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD mS Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k 1939 ck =o*kwv f (15) &ufae@ zG@J pnf;pOfuwnf;up+yD; ajratmufwiG v f #Kd @0u
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ArmjynfawmfvSefa&;udk OD;aqmif+yD; aqmif&GufcJh=u&onf? ,ck zufqpfawmfvSefa&;}uD;wGif twdtvif;ajray:wuf+yD; ajymifajymifyif
awmfvSefa&;udk aqmif&GufcJhonf? uGef*&ufudk ArmjynfwGifru EdkifiHjcm;uyg tm±Hkpdkuf=uonf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrSm ajray:wGif
awmfvSefa&;udk wdwdvif;vif; aqmif&GufaeaomygwD}uD; jzpfaeayawmhonf?
uGef*&ufwGif *syefESifh &ifqdkifwdkufcdkufae=uaom ArmhwyfrawmftwGif;rS ygwD0ifrsm;ESifh ajymufusm;acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf;
tajrmuftjrm; wufa&muf=uonf? xdk@tjyif ppfawmif;jrpfwzufurf; &efolzufqpf*syefwdk@. aemufausmrS wdkufcdkufae=uaom
wyfom;rsm;vnf; yg0ifwufa&muf=uonf?
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ppfEdkifolawGtaeeJ@ wdwdvif;vif; ajray:rSm pnf;a0;=uwm jzpfw,f[k ajymcJhygonf?
ArmjynfzufqpfawmfveS af &;wGif toufq;kH ±_;H =u&wJh Armhom;aumif;&wemrsm;ESihf Armhvw G vf yfa&;wGif usq;kH cJ&h wJh &Jabmftaygi;f
udk uGef*&uf}uD;u 0rf;enf;a=umif; rSwfwrf;wifazmfjy=uonf?
uGef*&ufwGif obmywd ocifoef;xGef;u uGefjrLepfygwDrS acgif;aqmifESpfOD;jzpfaom ocifpdk;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom
ocifodef;az (wufbkef;}uD;) wdk@udk txl;csD;usL;*k%fðypum;ajymcJhonf?
ocifoef;xGef;u ajymonfrSm “acgif;aqmif}uD; ocifpdk;[m *syefzufqpfwdk@ }uD;pdk;wJh oHk;ESpfwm umvywfvHk; ajratmuf
ykef;atmif;um usKyfwkd@ygwDvkyfief;awGudk a&S@aqmifjcif; ðycJhw,f? zufqpf*syef&J@ vSHpGyfzsm;atmufu yGwfumoDumeJ@ tESH@tjym;
v#dK@0SufoGm;a&muf+yD; zufqpfawmfvSefa&; vkyfief;}uD;udk acgif;aqmifchw J ,f? ocifpdk;&J@ a&S@aqmifr_rSefvdk@ usKyfwkd@ygwD[m ppfEdkifolwdk@&@J ygwD
jzpfchJ+yD? ocifpdk;udk usKyfwdk@ua&m Armjynfuyg tcsD;ajr‡mufEdkifqHk; csD;ajr‡mufr_udk ðy=u&r,f” [k ajymcJhygonf?
aemuf udkodef;azudkvnf; ocifoef;xGef;u csD;usL;ajym=um;&mrSm “usKyfwdk@ygwD vkyfief;awG atmifjrifr_/ zufqpf*syefwdk@vufrS
ArmjynfvGwfajrmufr_twGuf EdkifiHjcm;odk@ toufqHzsm; pGef@pm;oGm;a&muf+yD; urBmhjynfoljynfom; taygif;wdk@u ArmhawmfvSefa&;udk
ulnDvmatmif aqmif&Gufwho J l[m wufbkef;}uD; udkodef;azyJ”
“usKyfw@kd [m ArmjynfwiG ;f *syefzufqpfou H eG cf smatmufrmS ae=u&vd@k wd;k wufaeaom urBmeJ@ tqufjywf+yD; usKyfw@dk &@J t,ltq/
tawG;tac:awG r=umc% rSm;,Gi;f azmufjyefcw hJ ,f? usKyfw@dk [m wd;k wufaewJh urBmjh ynfojl ynfom;awG&@J ajcvSr;f udk rvdu k Ef ikd b
f ;l ? od@k ayr,fh
urBmhawmfvSefa&;eJ@ &ifaygifwef;vdkufaewJh udkodef;az[m EdkifiHjcm;uae+yD; usKyfwdk@&@J t,ltq vGw J mawGudk t+rJwap ðyjyifay;cJhw,f”
“r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;eJ@a&m/ r[mrdwfppfwyfe@J a&m Armjynfoljynfom;wdk@ wOD;eJ@wOD; oabmaygufem;vnf=uwmvJ udkodef;az&J@
vHk@va=umifhjzpfw,f? udkodef;azaus;Zl;[m Armjynftay: rsm;ygw,f?ocifpdk;vdkyJ usKyfwdk@&@J ygwDua&m Armjynfuyg csD;ajr‡muf=u&r,f”
[k ajym=um;cJhygonf?
ocifoef;xGe;f u qufIajymonfrmS “usKyfw@kd atmifEikd af ewJh ppfy[ JG m r+yD;ao;bl;? ppfawmif;jrpfta&S@bufurf;rSm zufqpf*syefawG
&Sdaeao;w,f? 'Dbufurf;ul;zdk@ trsdK;rsdK;+cdrf;ajcmufaew,f? &Srf;jynfrSmvJ e,fawGtrsm;}uD; *syefvufatmufu rvGwfvyfao;bl;?
tm&Swdkufawmifydkif;wckvHk;rSmvJ *syefwdk@ rqkwfcGmao;bl;? *syefu|ef;r}uD;udk r[mrdwfwdk@ r_ef@r_ef@nufnufa=uatmif AHk;}uJayr,fh
*syefwdk@[mw±kwfjynfwGif (5) oef;avmuf tcdkiftcHhwyfpGv J suf &Sdaeao;w,f? usKyfwdk@&@J xifjrifcsuft& w±kwfjynfrSm *syefzuffqpfwdk@
OD;rusdK;oa&G@ urBmhzufqpfpepf[mvJ usqHk;OD;rSm r[kwfbl;? 'gha=umifh usKyfwdk@ *syefvufatmufrSm awmfvSefa&;vkyfwkef;uxuf
tqaygif;rsm;pGmwdk;+yD; zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;udk vkyf=u&r,f? a&S@tzdk@rSm usaemfwdk@vkyfief;[m ydkI}uD;us,fvmr,f? ydkI tm;xkwf&r,f”
[k ajymygonf?
wzef ocifoef;xGef;u qufIajym=um;&mrSm “1941 ckESpf/ ZGefvavmufuyif usKyfwdk@[m r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;bufrS wdkufr,fvdk@
qdkif&mawGudk ta=umif;=um;cJhzl;w,f? usKyfwdk@&J@ vufurf;csufudk tpdk;&u vufrcHbl;? *syef Armjynf0ifvmwJhtcg usKyfwkd@udk vufrJh
ypfxm;cJhw,f? usKyfwdk@tzdk@ tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ awG@ch&J w,f? jzpfovdk vkyfchJ&w,f? odk@ayr,fh usKyfwdk@,Hk=unfcsufudk rpGef@bJ zufqpfpepf
wdkufzsufa&; vkyfch=J u&w,f? tckvJ wdkufae=uw,f? aemufvJ zufqpfawG rusrjcif; wdkuf&r,f”
“*smrefemZDpepfeJ@ *syefzufqpfpepfwdk@udk wdkuf=uwm[m omrefppfyGJuav; r[kwf? urBmrSm tqdk;0g;qHk;pepfeJ@ urBmhjynfol
jynfom;wdk@ wdkuf=uwJh “vGwfvyfa&;ppf” om jzpfw,f? ESpfw&m waxmif urBmwckvHk; u|efrjzpfatmif wdkufwhpJ pfjzpfw,f?”
1
 “Armjynfoljynfom;awGu udk,hfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkuf=uwmrSm r[mrdwfEdkifiHawGu vmulwmjzpfw,f? ‘jynfol@ppf’wenf;
‘vGwfvyfa&;ppf’ jzpfw,f?
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'D tpdk;&awGxrJ Sm vlxktusdK;aqmifjzpfwhJ uGefjrLepfawG[m tcsuftcsmudkifwhJ 0ef}uD;awG jzpfae+yD? zufqpfudk wdkufEdkif&if wdkufEdkifoavmuf
jynfoal wG wefc;kd }uD;wmyJ? w±kwjf ynfrmS vJ uGejf rLepfawGu *syefukd xdxad &mufa&mufwu kd af wmh uGejf rLepfawG v$r;f rd;k wJah e&mrSm jynfoal wG
wefcdk;}uD;wmyJ? ArmjynfrSmvJ jynfolawG wefcdk;}uD;csif&if zufqpfawGudk ememwdkufay;&r,f”
“'Dppf[m awmfvSefa&;ppf jzpfw,f”
“usKyfw@kd a=unmcsupf mwrf; (1) rSm vGwv f yfa&;onf yxr/ 'Dru kd a&pDa&;onf 'kw, d / qd&k ,
S vf pfa&;onf wwd,vd@k qdck yhJ gw,f”
“w±kwfjynfrSm *syeftkyfpkd;aewmu w0uf/ csefau&Sdwfu av;yHkwyHk/ uGefjrLepfu av;yHkwyHk jzpfaew,f? w±kwfjynfrSm
vGwfvyfa&;&&if 'Drdkua&pD jzpfr,f? vGwfvyfa&;ppfESifh awmfvSefa&;ppf[m qufpyfaew,f”
“Oa&myudk=unfh/ bmjzpfaeovJ? vGwfvyfa&;ppfyGq J if&if; jynfoljynfom;awG rvdkvm;wJh tpdk;&awG ðywfukef+yD”
“'gawGudk=unfh&if 'Dppf[m jynfol@ppf/ vGwfvyfa&;ppf/ jynfolawG Edkifw,f? wdkufEdkifoavmuf jynfolawG wefcdk;}uD;r,f”
“t*Fvdyf[m *smr%Du tvJxdk;xm;vdk@ uGaJ e+yD? t*Fvdyf jyefxvmEdkifwm[m jynfoljynfom;awGu olwdk@rvdkvm;wJh csdefbmvdef
tpdk;&udk ðzwfcs+yD; ppfacgif;aqmiftjzpf rpPwmcsmcsDudkwif/ qdkAD,uf±k&Sm;eJ@aygif;/ ppftwGuf ypPnf;awG odyfxGufatmifvkyf+yD; *smrefudk
wdkuf=uvdk@ emvefjyefxlvmwmyJ”
“t*Fvdyft&if;&Sifpepf[m ezl;+yJ'l;uGJ jzpf±Hkru bdkifjywfaewJh vufa0S@orm; jzpfae+yD? 'Dawmh usKyfwkd@ txl;pdk;&drfp&mrvdk?
usKyfwdk@uom 'Dppf[m jynfol@ppf/ vGwfvyfa&;ppfqdk+yD; zdomwdkuf/ wdkufoavmuf jynfolawG EdkifrSmyJ”
“+idrf;csrf;a&;om &r,fqdk&if vGwfvyfa&;udpP[mvJ at;csrf;om,mwJhenf;eJ@ +yD;p&mvrf;awG &Sdw,f”
“vufeufryg&if vGwv f yfa&;&ygrh vm; ar;p&m&Sw d ,f? tckwu kd af ewm vGwv f yfa&;twGuf vufeufuikd w f ukd af ewmyJ? vufeufe@J
zufqpfudk wdkufEdkfifoavmuf ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf t*Fvdyfe@J pum;ajym&mrSm at;csrf;om,mEdkifor# om,mr,f”
“'gha=umifh zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;eJ@ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;[m a&maew,f? cGv J dk@ r&bl;? jynfolawG vGwfvyfa&;vdkcsif&if zufqpfudk
tpGrf;ukefwdkufzdk@yJ”
“zufqpfwu kd zf suaf ewke;f usKyfw@kd rmS ta&;}uD;wJv h yk if ef; &Sw
d ,f? wdik ;f jynfjyefvnfxal xmifa&;yJ? usKyfw@kd wikd ;f jynf[m jymusae+yD?
'gudk b,foljyefvnfxlaxmifrvJ? jynfolawG jyefvnfxlaxmif&r,f? 'Dawmh usKyfwkd@ArmjynfrSm jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;[m t"duvkyfief;yJ”
“'gudk vkyfzdk@twGuf usKyfwdk@[m trsdK;om;tpdk;& vdkw,f? trsdK;om;tpdk;&ay:zdk@ ppftkyfcsKyfa&; tjref&yfpzJ dk@ vdkw,f”
“usKyfwdk@&@J EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsuf[m -
(1) ppftkyfcsKyfa&; tjref&yfqdkif;zdk@
(2) ,m,DtrsdK;om;tpdk;& zGJ@pnf;+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ tjrefqHk;usif;y+yD; wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf}uD;ac:zdk@
(3) wdkif;ðyjynfðyv$wfawmf}uD;u ArmEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&; a&;qGzJ dk@ jzpfw,f”
“usKyfwdk@vkyfief;rSm zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;eJ@ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;[m t"duyJ? aemufwwd,u ,m,Dtpdk;&zG@J pnf;a&; jzpfygw,f?
'gawG aqmif&Gufzdk@ uGefjrLepfygwD[m wjcm;ygwDe@J yl;aygif;zdk@ toifhygy”J [k ajym=um;cJhygonf?
txuf y gwd k @ rS m Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD 'k w d , t}ud r f u G e f * &uf w G i f ocif o ef ; xG e f ; ajym=um;cJ h a om obmywd r d e f @ cG e f ; rS
aumufEkwfcsufrsm; jzpfygonf? xdktcsdef ygwDwGif;Y vGwfvyfa&;udk +idrf;csrf;pGm &,lEdkifonfqdkaom ba&muf'g0g' pwif0ifa&mufvm+yD
jzpfa=umif; awG@jrifEdkifygonf?
aemufuGef*&ufudk qufvufusif;y&mwGif tqdk (13) csufudk wa,muf+yD;wa,muf wifoGif;=u&m ta&;}uD;aomtqdkrsm;rSm -
(1) EdkifiHjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;tqdk?
(2) EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;tqdk (u) ppftkyfcsKyfa&; &yfqdkif;+yD;aemuf/ ,m,Dtpdk;&tzG@J wGif wdkif;jynfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifa&;?
(c)bk&ifcH. wefcdk;tm%mrsm;onf jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vufxJ a&mufvmatmifóu;pm;&rnf? (*) EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;
a&;qG&J ef v$wfawmf}uD;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJudk wESpftwGif; ac:Edkif&ef óu;pm;&rnf?
(3) vlrsdK;a&;/ vlenf;pkjy\emtqdk? vGwfvyfaom ArmEdkifiHonf ArmvlrsdK;wdk@. wdkif;jynfr[kwfbJ Arm/ u&if/
ucsifponfwdk@ rdrdwdk@oabmtavsmuf aygif;pnf;xm;aom tdrfaxmifpkEdkifiH jzpf&rnf? A[dkudk,fpm;vS,ftzG@J csKyfwGif
v$waf wmf 2 &yf &S&d rnf? v$waf wmf w&yfrmS vlrsKd ;pkvw $ af wmfjzpfI v$waf wmfaemufw&yfrmS jynfo@l vw $ af wmf jzpfonf?
vlrsdK;pkv$wfawmfudk vlrsdK;csif;wef;wlxm;I wrsdK;v#if (10) a,mufus udk,fpm;vS,fajr‡muf&rnf? Oyrm - Arm 10 OD;/
u&if 10 OD;/ &Srf; 10 OD;/ &cdkif 10 OD;/ csif; 10 OD;/ ucsif 10 OD;pD jzpfonf? tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif Xmeqdkif&m 0ef}uD;rsm;omru
vlrsdK;pkqdkif&m 0ef}uD;rsm;yg cef@xm;&rnf?
(4) Armhwyfrawmftqdk? tcsKyftm;jzifh Armhwyfrawmfonf wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;tm; !‡if;qJonfh AsL±dkua&pDppfwyf
2
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tqifhtwef;odk@ wufvSrf;&ayrnf?
rSwfcsuf? usaemfonf txufygobmywdrdef@cGef;ESifh tqdkrsm;udk jynfol@bufawmfom;rsm;. ordkif;rSefuluGuf (2) pmtkyfrS xkwfEkwfudk;um;
azmfjyygonf?
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- w&ufESpf&uf =um+yD;aemuf ygwDuGef*&ufrS &JabmftcsdK@ uGef*&uf+yD;qHk;I aq;±Hk&Sd usaemfhudk vma&muf=unfh±_=uygonf?
olwdk@u tm;&0rf;ompGmESifh ygwDuGef*&uf aemufqHk;ae@wGif uGefjrLepfygwDA[dkaumfrwD0ifrsm;udk a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf&mwGif
usaemfhudkvnf; ygwDA[dkaumfrwD0if vl}uD;wOD;tjzpf a&G;wif=uonf[k ajymjy=uygonf?
usaemfuawmh olwdk@vdk 0rf;romEdkifbJ wm0ef}uD;av;vmI pdwfav;oGm;ygonf?
usaemfhtm; 1944 ckESpf ESpfv,favmufu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u zufqpfawmfvSefa&;udpP aqG;aEG;!‡dEd_if;&ef zufqpfawmfvSefa&;
twGuf pnf;±H;k vkyuf ikd af eaom uGejf rLepfygwaD cgi;f aqmif ocifp;kd udk jrpf0u|e;f ay:ajratmufrS yJc;l od@k oGm;Iac:,lc&hJ ef !ïe=f um;ojzifh xdw k m0ef
aqmif&GufcJh&ygonf? ocifpdk;udk ac:,ljcif;/ jyefydk@jcif;wm0efrsm; vkyfaepOftwGif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. oabmwlnDcsufjzifh ocifpdk;.
uGefjrLepf0g'oifwef;ESifh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk usaemfwvr#wuf+yD; avhvmcJh&ygonf?
xdkoifwef;ESifh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; +yD;onfhtcg ocifpdk;u usaemfhudk uGefjrLepfygwD0iftjzpf odrf;oGif;cJhygonf? xdkrSpI usaemf
uGefjrLepfygwD0ifwOD; jzpfvmygonf?
usaemf uGejf rLepfygw0D ifwOD; jzpfvmaomfvnf; uGejf rLepfygw. D oD;jcm;wm0efrsm;udk usaemfxrf;aqmif&jcif; r&Sb d J wdik ;f jynfwm0ef
awGom vkyfaqmifch&J ygonf?
odk@aomf usaemfhudk uGefjrLepfygwDA[dkaumfrwD0if vl}uD;tjzpf wif=ujcif;rSm uGef*&ufwufa&muf=uol &Jabmf&b J uf}uD;rsm;u
usaemfwdkif;jynftwGuf vkyfudkifcJhwmawG txl;ojzifh 1945 ckESpf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif usaemf. aqmif&Gufcsufwdk@udk odjrif
óuufESpfouf=uI a&G;wif=uonf xifygonf?
usaemfrSm uGefjrLepfygwDwGif av;av;eufeuf jzwfoef;r_r&SdbJ A[dkaumfrwDvl}uD; jzpfvm&ojzifh a&S@wGif rdrdonf vl}uD;wOD;
jzpfvm+yD; wm0efawG aus¹yefpGm xrf;aqmifEdkifyghrvm;[k pdwfylpdk;&drfrdygonf? odk@aomf wwfEdkifor# óu;pm;oGm;rnf[kvnf; pOf;pm;rdygonf?

aeol&defvlxktpnf;ta0;}uD;

'kwd,urBmppf}uD;t+yD; 1945 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 19 &ufae@wGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;. rSwfwdkifwwdkifjzpfaom aeol&def

vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD;udk &efukefòr@wGif zwyv tzGJ@csKyfu }uD;rª;usif;ycJhygonf? A[ef;&Sd aeol&def±kyf&Sif±HkwGif usif;y+yD; &yfuGuftvdkuf
jynfolvlxkrsm;ESifh wyfrawmfom; trsm;tjym; tvHudkifaqmif+yD; aºu;a=umfoHrsm;wdkifum wcJeufnD!GwfwufºupGm usif;ycJh=uygonf?
aºu;a=umfoHrsm;rSm vGwfvyfa&;pdwf"mwftjynfh tm;rmeftjynfhyif jzpfonf? ±kyf&Sif±HkxJwGif vly&dowfrSm rqef@awmhbJ ab;w0dkuf&Sd
uGuv f yfreS o
f r#wiG f jynfah eygawmhonf? teDcaH y:wGif =u,fjzL&Sad om awmfveS af &;tvHerD sm;vnf; wvlvv l iG ahf eygonf? toHcs@J pufrsm;vnf;
wyfqifxm;ygonf?
zwyv tzG@J csKyfrS OuUXAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;trª;ðyaom OD;pD;tzG@J 0if rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS wyfrª;rsm;tm;vHk; pHkpHknDnD wufa&muf
=uygonf? tpnf;ta0;obmywdrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpf+yD; twGif;a&;rª;rSm ocifoef;xGef;jzpfum tcrf;tem;rª;rSm ocifcspf jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u obmywdrdef@cGef; ajym=um;ygonf? AdkvfcsKyfu zwyv zG@J pnf;&onfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ wyfrawmfESifh ajymufusm;
wyfrsm;. zufqpfawmfvSefa&; wdkufyGJrsm;/ a&S@av#mufvkyf&rnfh vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;pOfrsm; ponfrsm;udk y&dowfvufckyfoHrsm; =um;rS
ajym=um;oGm;ygonf? xdk@aemuf tqdktrsm;tjym; wifoGif;+yD; axmufcHaqG;aEG;olrsm;uvnf; axmufcHajymqdkoGm;=uygonf?
xdktpnf;ta0;}uD;wGif usaemfu rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk,fpm; wdkif; (4) wdkif;rª; Adkvfrª;ausmfaZmtaejzifh tqdktrSwf (3) jzpfaom
wEdkifiHvHk; nD!Gwfa&;tqdkudk wifoGif;cJhygonf?
‚nD!Gwfa&;tqdkwGif usaemfwifjycJhaom ta=umif;t&mwcsdK@rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?
“usaemfwdk@tm;vHk;&J@ a&S@&nf&G,fcsuf[m bmvJ? vGwfvyfa&;yJ? tJ'DvGwfvyfa&;pcef;udk ra&mufcif 'Dppftajctaet& yxru
wu,ftm%m&Sd trsdK;om;,m,Dtpdk;&/ 'kwd,u t&G,fa&mufolwdkif;u wifajr‡mufwhJ wdkif;jynfðyv$wfawmf}uD; wnfaqmufzdk@y?J aemuf
tJ'vD w $ af wmf}uD;uae+yD; Armjynftem*wf tkycf sKyfa&;udk qGzJ @kd y?J 'Dtcsuaf wG jzpfajrmufz@kd qvkd #if ta&;t}uD;qH;k tcsuu f Edik if n
H !
D w
G af &;yJ?
usaemfwdk@EdkifiH rnD!Gwf&if vGwfvyfa&;[m a0;oxufa0;rSmyJ? usaemfwdk@0rf;xJrSm 'Dtcsuf[m rD;awmufaeygw,f? 'ga=umifh
usaemf0rf;xJ&Sdor# xkwfazmfajymyg&ap”
“usaemfwdk@ 'Dvdk'kuQawG cH&wm/ taotauscH&wmawGudk axmufxm;+yD; nD!Gwf=uapcsifvdk@ ,ck usaemfwdk@&J@ wdkufyGJrSm
wpdwfwydkif;jzpfwhJ usaemfawG@ñuHor# vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGw J Gif; usaemfe@J twl wdkufchwJ h&J aJ bmfawG&@J udk,fpm; tpD&ifcHyg&ap” [k usaemfu
ajym=um;+yD; usaemfESifh ocifcspfwdk@ acgif;aqmifwhJ ppfwdkif; (4) twGif; 1945 ckESpfu usaemfwdk@wdkufchJ&wJh zufqpf*syefqef@usifawmfvSefa&;
3
wdkufyGJtcsdK@ta=umif;udk OD;pGmwifjyajymqdkcJhygonf?
xdkta=umif;t&mrsm;udk usaemfonf usaemfhtwˆKy`wWd'kwd,ydkif; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umv ta=umif;t&mrsm; a&;om;pOfu
xnfhoGif;azmfjy+yD; jzpfojzifh xyfrHra&;om;awmhyg? ,ck xdkpOfu usaemfwifoGif;aom nD!Gwfa&;tqdk. t&if;cHpmom;ydk'fom
wifjyygawmhrnf? xdktqdkrSm -
“xdk@a=umifh Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;u ArmEdkifiHwGif acgif;aqmifrnfh yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh wdkif;oljynfom;taygif;wdk@u pdwf0rf;uGJjym;jcif;
tvsOf;r&SdbJ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf}uD;twGif;odk@ xda&mufpGm0ifa&mufvkyfudkifum ArmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;ESifh
jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;t&yf&yfwdk@udk wnDw!Gwfwnf; aESmifhaES;qdkif;iHhjcif; tvsOf;r&SdbJ aqmif&Guf=u&ef Ttpnf;ta0;}uD;rS
av;eufpGm wdkufwGef;yga=umif;”
xdktqdkpmydk'fudk usaemfu zwf=um;wifoGif;ygonf? xdktqdkudk Adkvfrª;&JxGËfESifh aysmfbG,fOD;jrwdk@u ajymqdkaxmufcHoGm;avonf?
u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaom q&momxdkESifh Od;bdk;jrwdk@uvnf; ArmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wrsdK;om;vHk;nD!Gwf=uzdk@vdka=umif;
nD!Gwf=urSom Armjynfu|efb0rS vGwfajrmufrnf jzpfa=umif;wdk@udk ajym=um;I “wEdkifiHvHk; nD!Gwfa&;tqdk” udk axmufcHa[majym
oGm;onf? ±HkwGif;±Hkjyif&Sd vlxky&dowf}uD;uvnf; =obmvufckyfrsm;wD;+yD; aºu;a=umfoHrsm; [pfaºu;vsuf wcJeufaxmufcH=uavonf?
wnDw!Gwfwnf; twnfðyvdkuf=uygonf?
xd@k aemuf zwyv vkyif ef;pOfrsm; OD;pD;tzG@J 0if trnfpm&if;rsm; pwmawG zwf=um;+yD; aemufq;kH wGif obmywd Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;u
tpnf;ta0;ed*Hk;csKyf ajym=um;ygonf? xdktpnf;ta0;}uD;udk aemufqHk;wGif vlxky&dowf}uD;u aºu;a=umfoHrsm; [pfaºu;+yD; pdwftm;
wufºupGmjzifh atmifjrifpGm usif;y+yD;qHk;cJhygonf?
,ck usaemfwdk@ESifhtwl uGefrif;òr@rSm aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS 'kOuUXa[mif;wOD;jzpfol OD;cifarmif}uD;u
olñuHawG@cJh&aom xdkaeol&def tpnf;ta0;}uD;ESifh ywfouf+yD; usaemfhudk jyefvnfajymjyzl;onfrSm ol xdktpnf;ta0;}uD;udk Armjynf
tm&Svil ,ftzG@J EiS thf wl wufa&mufczhJ ;l a=umif;/ usaemfrh ed @f ceG ;f udv
k nf; =um;zl;a=umif;/ tvGepf w
d t
f m;wufºuzG,jf zpfa=umif;/ tpnf;ta0;}uD;
uvnf; tvGef}uD;us,f pnfum;a=umif; ajymjyzl;ygonf?
TwufºuzG,f tpnf;ta0;}uD;u Armjynf.vGwfvyfa&; a&S@a&;tvm;tvmudk xGef;ajymifapvdkufygonf? wEdkifiHvHk;&Sd
jynfoltaygif;udkvnf; vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGif; Edk;=um;pGm yg0ifvm=u&ef vH_@aqmfvdkufygawmhonf? usaemfwdk@wGif EdkifiHa&;t&vnf;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;+yD; usefEdkifiHa&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh nD!GwfpGmzG@J pnf;xm;onfh zwyv tzG@J csKyf}uD; &Sdae+yD jzpfonf? ppfa&;
t&vnf; vGwfvyfa&;udk r&t& wdkufay;rnfh vufeufudkifwyfrawmfvnf; &Sdae+yDjzpfonf?
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tqifoihfjzpf=uay+yD?

uEN D t pnf ; ta0;ES i f h p mcsKyf

1945 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv (27) &ufae@wGif zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@rS oD[kdu|ef;
(,ckoD&dvuFmEdkifiH) uENDòr@wGif ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'oqdkif&m r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbufwefESifh rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf
udpPudk awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@ apv$wfa&;udk oabmwla=umif;qHk;jzwf+yD; udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf atmufazmfjyyg
yk*~dKvfrsm;udk a&G;jc,fcJhygonf?
1? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; - ppfaoemywdcsKyf/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?
2? Adkvfvufsm - 'kwd,ppfaoemywdcsKyf/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?
3? Adkvfae0if; - a&S@wef;ppfXmecsKyfrª;/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?
4? AdkvfaZ,s - ppfOD;pD;csKyf/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?
5? AdkvfaZmfrif; - (OD;armifarmifausmf0if;) ppfa&;Xme/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?
6? AdkvfausmfaZm - wdkif;rª;/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?
7? Adkvfarmifarmif - wdkif;rª;/ rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf?
8? OD;baz - A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ@0if/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@tzGJ@csKyf?
9? apmbOD;}uD; - A[dkaumifpD0if/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@tzG@J csKyf?
10? udk!dkxGef; - &cdkifjynfe,f/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif?
11? ocifoef;xGef; - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;/ zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;jynfol@tzG@J csKyf?
uENt D pnf;ta0; ac:,l&jcif;rSm rsKd ;cspAf rmhwyfrawmfrS awmif;qdo k uJo h @kd +Adwo
d #tm%mydik rf sm;taejzifv
h nf; rsKd ;cspAf rmhwyfrawmf
ta&;udk t+yD;owfajz&Sif;Edkif&ef rac:v#ifrjzpfaom tajctaea=umifh ac:,lusif;y&jcif; jzpfonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; acgi;f aqmifaom usaemfw@kd u, kd pf m;vS,tf zG@J onf &efuek òf r@rS 1945 ckEpS f pufwifbm (4) &ufae@wiG f av,mOfjzifh
xGufcGmvmcJh&m umvuwWm;òr@wGif ntdyf&yfem;+yD;aemuf uENDòr@odk@ pufwifbm (5) &ufae@wGif a&muf&Sdcho J nf?
1945 ck E S p f puf w if b m (6) &uf a e@wG i f ta&S @ awmif t m&S a 'oqd k i f & m r[mrd w f w yf r sm;. ppf a oemywd c sKyf
4
avmh'fvl0Darmifhbufwef. ±Hk;cef;raqmifY uENDtpnf;ta0;udk pwifusif;y=uygonf?
xdktpnf;ta0;odk@ usaemfygoGm;pOf rSwfrdaom ta=umif;t&mwckrSm usaemfhtdwfxJwGif udk,fydkifaiG 2 usyfom ygoGm;wmudk
rSwfrdygonf? aemuf usaemfaiGoHk;&ef enf;enf;vdkaomtcg OD;baz}uD;qDrS awmif;,loHk;pGJcJh&ygonf? uENDrS jyefvmaomtcg wcsdK@
udk,fpm;vS,fawG tdENd,rS EdkifiHjcm;ypPnf;awG 0,fvmEdkif=uaomfvnf; usaemfu bmvufaqmifypPnf;rS 0,frvmEdkifacs?
tpnf;ta0;wGif jrefrmbufrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@0if (11) OD;ESifh +Adwdo#wdk@bufrS
avmh'farmifbufwef/ 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qvif;wdk@ acgif;aqmifaom udk,fpm;vS,ftzG@J 0if 25 OD; wufa&muf=uonf? xdktxJwGif jrefrmjynf
tpdk;&tzG@J 0if tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxGËf yg0ifygonf?
tpnf;ta0;wGif avmh'af rmifb h ufwefupI +Adwo d #w@kd . jrefrmEdik if H jyefvnford ;f ydu k af &;twGuf qifE$cJ o hJ nfh wdu k yf pJG Of wav#muf
vHk;wGif zwyv acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh qufoG,faqmif&GufchJyHk/ ArmhwyfrawmfrS yl;aygif;yg0ifulnDr_ESifh óu;yrf;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk rnfodk@rnfyHk
0g'jzef@csday;cJhyHkwdk@udk ajym=um;+yD; trSwf (14) wyfrawmf ppfaoemywdcsKyf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD;qvif;tm; jrefrmEdkifiH wdkufyGJpOfwGif
Armhwyfrawmftiftm;pkrsm;xHrS &&SdcJhaomtultnDESifh pyfvsOf;I&Sif;vif;ajym=um;aponf?
Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;uvnf; rdrw d @kd bufu +Adwo d #wEkd iS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nfjh zpfpOf/ &oif&h xdu
k o f nft h cGit hf a&;rsm;/ awG@&&dS onfh
tcuftcJrsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;ygonf?
pufwifbm (7) &ufae@wGif ESpfbufudk,fpm;vS,frsm; t+yD;owfawG@qHkaqG;aEG;+yD; rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk jyefvnfz@JG pnf;a&;ESifh
ywfoufonfh uENpD mcsKyfukd vufrw S af &;xd;k =uonf? xdpk mcsKyfukd jrefrmwd@k bufrS Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k u vufrw S af &;xd;k +yD;
+Adwdo#wdk@bufrS armifbufwefu a&;xdk;onf?
xdkpmcsKyft& rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS wyfom;OD;a& 5200 ESifht&m&Sd 200 udk t+rJwrf;jrefrmEdkifiHwyfrawmf Burma Regular
Army xJodk@ yl;aygif;xnfhoGif;&ef jzpfygonf? uENDpmcsKyfudk xdktcsdef ba&muf'g0g' 0ifaepOfumvrSm csKyfqdkchJjcif; jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfa&;udk
+idrf;csrf;onfhenf;eJ@ awmif;qdkEdkifonfqdkaom t,ltqatmufrSm vufeufudkifESpfaomif;ausmf&Sdonfh rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk zsufodrf;ay;
vdu k &f ygonf? od@k aomf wzufwiG v f nf; xdt k xJrS vlaygi;f ig;axmifausmu f kd t+rJwrf;wyftwGi;f od@k oGwo f iG ;f vdu
k Ef ikd yf gonf? Tonfuawmh
t±H_;xJutjrwf jzpfygonf?
Todk@jzifh uENDpmcsKyfoabmwlnDcsuft& rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk t+rJwrf;jrefrmEdkifiHwyfrawmfxo J dk@ yl;aygif;odrf;oGif;zG@J pnf;cJh+yD;
trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;udk oHvsifòr@Yvnf;aumif;/ trSwf (4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;udk jynfðr@Yvnf;aumif;/ trSwf (5)
Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;udk ysOf;rem;òr@Yvnf;aumif; zGifhvSpfcJhonf?
trSwf (3) wyf&if;wGif usaemf/ trSwf (4) wyf&if;wGif Adkvfae0if;/ trSwf (5) wyf&if;wGif AdkvfaZ,swdk@u Adkvfrª; (ar*sm) &mxl;jzifh
'kwd,wyf&if;rª;rsm; jzpf=uygonf? wyf&if;rª; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;rsm;rSm rsufESmjzLt*FvdyfvlrsdK;rsm; jzpfonf?
rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS t&m&Sd/ t=uyfwyfom;wdk@udkvnf; uENDpmcsKyfwGif owfrSwfxm;onfh ta&twGuftwdkif; ppfXmecsKyfrsm;/
avhusifha&;wyfrsm;/ rdwˆDvm&Sd tajrmufwyffESifh txufygaoewfudkifwyf&if; (3) &if;wdk@odk@ jzef@a0cJhygonf?
oHvsifpcef; trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;wGif tdkif;&pfvlrsdK; 'kAdkvfrª;}uD;oef;'g;u wyf&if;rª;jzpf+yD; usaemfu 'kwyf&if;rª;
jzpfygonf?
usaemf oHvsifajcvsifwyf&if; (3) 'k&if;rª;jzpfpOfumvwGif *syefacwf txl;ojzifh *syefawmfvSefa&;umv qif;&J'kuQ'%fwdk@a=umifh
usaemftenf;i,f rusef;rrm jzpfaeygonf?
wyf&if; (3) . wyfcGJrª;rsm;rSm +Adwdo#ppfwyfESifhygvmaom rsufESmjzLrsm;/ ujym;rsm; jzpf=uI usaemfwdk@ jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;rSm
'kwyfcGJrª;ESifh wyfpkrª;rsm;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh=uonf?
xdk+Adwdo#wdk@ESifh ygvmonfhwyfcrJG ª;wdk@u 'k&if;rªae&mwGif usaemhfudk z,f&Sm;+yD; olwdk@vdkcsifvmygonf? xdk@a=umifh ume,foef;'g;eJ@
usaemhft=um; wdkufcdkuf=uojzifh ume,foef;'g;u usaemfhudk rav;rpm;qufqHvmum roifhrwifhjzpfvmygonf? usaemfvnf; pdwfnpfvm
ojzifh/ aemuf t*Fvdyfrsm;udkvnf; rkef;wD;aeojzifh ‚wdk@atmuf raeawmhbJ wyfrSxGuf&eftxd pdwful;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xH oGm;I
wyfuxGufvdka=umif;ESifh ume,foef;'g;ESifh roifhrjrwfjzpfyHkwdk@udk ajymjyygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfu cifAsm;[m wyfESifhoifhawmfol jzpfw,f? wyfrSm qufaeyg? roifhwmawGuawmh cifAsm;[m &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifvjJ zpf/
uENpD mcsKyfupd rP mS vJ yg0ifco
hJ jl zpfv@kd 'gawG olw@kd ov d @kd zdEydS w
f myJ? c%awmhonf;cHyg? a&&Snf olw@kd tm%m&aerSm r[kwyf gb;l [k azsmif;zsajymqdk
ojzifh usaemfwyfu rxGufjzpfbJ wyfxw J Gifyif qufae&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? oef;'g;vdk tr_xrf;wa,mufu Adkvfuswmudk acwWawmh
onf;cH&rnf[k em;vnfvmygawmhonf?
wyf&if; (3) . 'kwyfcrJG ª;rsm;rSm Adkvf}uD;pdefrSef (aemif Adkvfr–;}uD;pdefrSef) / Adkvf}uD;aomif;=unf (aemif Adkvfr–;}uD;aomif;=unf)/ Adkvf
}uD;ausmfxGef; (aemif Adkvfr–;ausmfxGef;)/ Adkvf}uD;cspfòrif (aemif Adkvfr–;}uD;cspfòrif)/ Adkvf}uD;pdef0if; (aemif Adkvfr–;csKyfpdef0if;)/ Adkvf}uD;wifarmif
(aemif Adkvfr–;}uD;wifarmif) wdk@ jzpf=uygonf?
xdkpOfu'kwyfcGJr–;rsm; tm;vHk;rSm Adkvf}uD;&mxl;rsm;ESifh jzpfygonf?
usaemfwdk@rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS t&m&Sdrsm;onf rdrdwdk@wyf&if;tvdkuf a*:&cg;wyf=uyf}uD;rsm;xHrS +Adwdo#vufatmufcHwyfrsm;.
5
ppfavhusifha&; tajccHppfoifwef;rsm;udk avhusifhoif,l&ygonf?

txl;Adkvfoifwef;
r=umrD b,fvSnfh nmvSnfh ponfhtajccHppfa&;jywdk@udk u|rf;usifvmaomtcgY usaemfwdk@onf aròr@wGif txl;zGifhvSpfaom
Adkvfoifwef;wckudk wuf=u&onf?
usaemfwdk@trSwf 3 ³ 4 ³ 5 Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;wdk@rS Adkvfae0if;/ AdkvfaZ,sESifh usaemfAdkvfausmfaZmwdk@ toD;oD;acgif;aqmifaom
t&m&Sdq,fOD;pDESifh Adkvfatmifa&$acgif;aqmifaom rdwdÎvm/ aròr@rS jrefrmt&m&Sd tcsKd@wdk@jzpfonf? xdkoifwef;odk@ Adkvfr–;}uD;vufsmvnf;
wufa&mufonf?
rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfudk zsufodrf;+yD;aemuf t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfaom t+rJwrf;ppfwyfodk@ 0ifa&mufcJh=u+yD;rS rxrqHk;t}udrftjzpf
usaemfwdk@ wpkwa0;jyefvnfawG@qHk=ujcif; jzpfonf?
usaemfwdk@. oifwef;r–;rSm ar*sm[wfzdk@'f qdkoljzpfonf? ‚rSm t*FvdyfppfynmtajccHrsm;vnf; tawmfu|rf;yHk&onf? avhusifh
a&;rsm;wGif tajy;0goemyg+yD; r=umc%ajy;cdkif;wwfonf?
oifwef;rSm ajcvsiw f yf&if;wcktwGi;f &Sd ppft&m&Sw d OD; txl;ojzifh wyfcrJG ;– / wyfprk ;– tjzpf vkyaf qmif&rnfh ppfynmoif=um;a&;rsm;
udk t"duxm; oif=um;&onf?
oifwef;rSm wESpfcef@oif=um;&rnfhoifwef; jzpfaomfvnf; oHk;vESifh wufokwf±dkuf+yD; oif=um;&onf? usaemfwdk@ Adkvfoifwef;
+yD;qHk;aomtcg usaemfwdk@rdrdwyf&if;&Sd&m oHv#ifòr@&Sd ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) odk@ jyefvm=uygonf?
+Adwdo#wdk@ OD;pD;aomppfwyfwGif ppfAdkvf&mxl; 2 rsKd; 2 pm;&Sdonf? wrsKd;rSm bk&ifhaumfr&Sif xdkaumfr&Sif&mxl;udk rsufESmjzLrsm;udkom
ay;avhay;x&So d nf? 'kw, d trsK;d tpm;rSm bk&ifccH sKyfEiS hf bk&ifcaH umfr&Siw f @kd jzpfonf? xdak umfr&Si&f mxl;onf wdik ;f &if;om; rsuEf mS 0g/ rsuEf mS !d/k
rsufESmrJwdk@twGuf jzpfonf? oD;jcm;wDxGifxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
xdk 2 rsKd;rSm uGmjcm;vSonf? vctm;jzif; rsm;pGmuGmjcm;onf? aexdkifr_tqifhtwef; uGmjcm;onf? oD;jcm;&dyfomwGif cGjJ cm;aexdkif
=u&onf? xdk@tjyif tac:ta0:tm;jzifhvnf; jcm;em;onf?
bk&ihaf umfr&Sipf pfAv
kd uf kd puUi;f vufzwifeif/ vufzwifeif/ uy`wed f pojzifah c:onf? bk&ifccH sKyfEiS hf bk&ifcaH umfr&Sipf pfAv kd u f kd *sr'g/
qlA'g pojzifhac:onf? odk@&mwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&mrSmawmh twlwlyif jzpfonf?
usaemfwdk@ rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmfrS vmaomppfAdkvfrsm;rSm bk&ifhaumfr&SifppfAdkvfawG jzpfonf?
aemifjrefrmtpd;k & tm%mwjznf;jznf;&vmaomtcg xdo k @kd t&m&SEd pS rf sK;d uGaJ er_ukd Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k u zsuo
f rd ;f vdu
k +f yD; tm;vH;k
puUif;vufzwifeif/ vufzwifeif/ uy`wdefwdk@ jzpfaponf? *sr'g/ qlA'g ppfAdkvfawGudk vufzwifeif/ uy`wdef&mxl;rsm;odk@ ajymif;ay;+yD;
vcawGvJ wef;wl&aponf?

1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &uf

xdkpOftwGif; 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ vkyf}uHcHvdkuf&+yDqdkaom owif;qdk;}uD; usaemfwdk@=um;&yg

awmhonf? usaemfwdk@}uD;pGm wkefv_yfoGm;=uygonf?
ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) wyf&if;r–;'kAdkvfr–;}uD; z&pfZ,fonf csufcsif;vdkyifwyf&if;. t&m&Sdtm;vHk;wdk@udk ol@±Hk;cef;odk@ac:,l+yD;Adv k fcsKyf
wdk@vkyf}uHcH&yHkudk ajymjy+yD; &Jabmfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;=u&ef yef=um;onf? ol@rsufESmvnf; raumif;ay?
usaemfwdk@ ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) onf oHv#ifòr@rS &efukefòr@ a*:&mukef;odk@ t+yD;tydkif tjreffajymif;a&$@&+yD; AdkvfcsKyfwdk@usqHk;cJh&jcif;
a=umifh rwnf+idrfaom &efukefòr@. tajctaeudk xdef;&efwm0efay;jcif; cH&ayonf?
AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ vkyf}uHcH&ojzifh ArmjynfolawGrsm;pGmwkefv_yf+yD; b,folvkyf}uHwmvJ/ bma=umifhvqJ dkwm tm;vHk;uodcsif+yD; wzufu
a'goxGufae=uum wzufuvJ tvGef0rf;enf; ae=uygonf?
xdktwGif; usaemfwdk@ESifhwuG jynfoltrsm;udk todynmwdk;wuf yGifhvif;apaom tcsuf}uD;wcsufay:xGufvmonf? ‚rSm
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. twGif;a&;r–;ocifoef;xGef;u AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf}uHcH&wm[m +Adwdo#e,fcs@J orm;wdk@&@J vufcsuf jzpfonf[k a=unm
vdkufjcif;jzpf&m jynfoltm;vHk;rSm EdkifiHa&;t& rsufpdyGifhoGm;avonf?
+Adwdo#tpdk;&uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfwdk@udk vkyf}uHolrSm *VKefOD;apm wdk@jzpfonfqdk+yD; wu,fvnf;vkyf}uHchaJ om OD;apmwdk@udk tvsiftjref
zrf;qD;ta&;,l aeayonf?
jynfoltrsm;uawmh t&if;cHvufonf onf +Adwdo#e,fcs@J qdkonfudk em;vnf+yD; +Adwdo#wdk@tay: tvGefrkef;wD; vm=uonf?
jynfow l @kd u +Adwo d #w@kd uakd rmif;xkw+f yD; vGwv
f yfa&;wcgwnf; a=unmEdik =f uonf? od@k aomfwu,fvufawG@ vky}f uHo*l VKefO;D apmwd@k cHaeIom
+Adwdo#wdk@ oufomawmhonf?
6
 *VKefOD;apmrSm *syefESifh wdwfwqdwfqufoG,fojzifh +Adwdo#wdk@u ol@udk'kwd,urBmppf}uD;wckvHk;twGif; tmz&du ,l*E<modk@ydk@I
csKyfaESmifxm;ojzifh 'kppf}uD;twGif; Armjynfolwdk@. EdkifiHa&;tod tvGefjrifhoGm;cJh+yD qdkonfudk olrcHpm;& rod&ay? ol@taejzifh ppfrjzpfrD
Armjynf. 91 XmetkyfcsKyfa&; tawG@t}uHKom&Sd+yD; tawG;tac:vnf; tvGefaemufusaeyHk&onf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;r&Sdawmh&if OD;apmu0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfESifh OD;apmtpdk;& jzpfEdkifacs&Sdonfh oabme,fcs@J +Adwdo#wdk@. toHudkvnf;
OD;apm,Hk=unf ar#mfvifhaeyHk&onf?
+Adwdo#wdk@tay: ocifoef;xGef;. pGyfpGcJ sufonf EdkifiHa&;t& w&mcHtppfudkpGyfpGjJ cif; jzpfonf? +Adwdo#wdk@u OD;apmwdk@udk ta&;
,ljcif;rSm wdkuf±dkuf&mZ0wfa=umif; t&jzpfonf?
+Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@u AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&r_ udpPwGifolwdk@ yg0ifonf[laom pGyfpJrG _udk tjyif;txefjiif;qdk+yD; ta=umif;wdkufqdkifwdkif;
xdkudpPudkumuG,f ajymqdkcJh=uonf?
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk@ vkyf}uHcH&r_ tESpfig;q,fajrmuf txdrf;trSwftwGuf 1996 ckESpfukef 1997 ckESpfqef;avmufwGif t*Fvef/
vef'efòr@ bDbDpDtoHv$ifhXmerS usaemfESifh awG@qHkar;jref;ygonf? xdkar;cGef;rsm;teuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folawGvkyf}uHoenf; qdkaom
ar;cGef;tay: uaemfh. jyefvnfajz=um;csufudk ,ckaz:jyygrnf?
bDbDpD. ar;cGef;trSwf (1)? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk tppftrSefowfol[m b,folvdk@ cifAsm;xifjrifygoenf;?
ajz? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk tppftrSefowfol[m +Adwdo#tpdk;& jzpfygw,f? olwdk@&J@vkyf}uHr_}uD; jzpfygw,f?
bDbDpD. ar;cGef;trSwf (2)? bma=umifh'DvdkajymEdkifygoenf;?
ajz? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf - AdkvfcsKyftowfcH&wmrSm ta=umif;&if; (4) ck&Sdw,fvdk@ usaemf xifjrifygonf?
(u) yxrta=umif;uawmh AdkvfcsKyfonf wdkif;jynfwjynfvHk;udk pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfatmif vkyfEdkifolacgif;aqmif jzpfygonf? xdk@a=umifh
+Adwdo# wdk@onf jrefrmjynfwjynfvHk; pnf;vHk;nD!GwfoGm;rSmudk a=umuf=uygonf? TonfrSm t"duta=umif;&if; jzpfonf?
(c) 'kwd,ta=umif;rSm AdkvfcsKyfonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh jyef+yD;pnf;vHk;nDF!Gwf oGm;Edkifygonf? +Adwdo#wdk@onf Ttcsufudk
vnf; ylyefpdk;&drf=uonf?
(*) wwd,ta=umif;rSm +Adwo#w@kd taeeJ@ Adv k cf sKyfuzkd ,f&mS ;Edik vf ukd &f if Armjynfuvkd ,G u f pl mG udik w
f ,
G of mG ;Edik rf nf[k ,lq=uonf?
(C) pwkwˆtcsufuawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ArmjynfrSm +Adwdo#wdk@. tkyfpdk;r_udk “vufeufudkif”+yD; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf
wdkufchoJ l jzpfojzifh aemifTuJhodk@rsKd; +Adwdo#tifyg,mrSm ray:&Jatmif vufpm;acsqHk;r&eftwGuf wefjyefowfjzwfvdkjcif; jzpf[ef&Sdonf?
TtajztwGuf taxmuftxm; tcsuftvufrsm; xifjrifcsufrsm;ay;&ef vdkwhJtwGuf atmufygtwdkif; tcsufwcsKd@udk wifjy
vdkufygonf?
1? yxrtaxmuftxm;?
OD;apm vufeufudkif&mZ0wfr_}uD; wcktwGuf pDpOfv_yf&Sm;aeonfrsm;udk +Adwdo#tpdk;&u óuwifod&SdaecJhygonf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_
rsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk OD;wnfaeonf qdkonfudkvnf; ‚wdk@em;vnfEdkifonf? xdkudpPESifhywfowfI usaemfrSwfrdaewm (2) csuf
avmuf &Sdygonf?
yxrtcsu?f tpd;k &ykvyd t f zG@J u Adv
k cf sKyfw@kd vyk }f uHr_ ta&;tcif;ray:cifuwnf;u OD;apm&J@trd u f kd tdref ;D csi;f +cHw+cHtwGi;f u opfyif
yef;yifawGt=um; t+rJapmif=h unfzf @kd tvSnu fh swm0efcs+yD; apmif=h unf&h wJt h xJrmS usaemfEiS hf aqGrsK;d eD;pyfawmfol ykvyd u f av; armifarmifqo kd l
(aemif ppfwyfwGif;ajymif;vmonf?) u usaemfhudkajymjyzl;wmawG &Sdygonf? OD;apmESifh +cHtwGif;v_yf&Sm;aeyHkawGudk tcif;rjzpfrD wywftvdk
olapmifh=unfhwm0efuspOf awG@&or#udk txufudktpD&ifcH&a=umif; olwm0efruspOf tcsdefuwnf;u apmifh=unfhae=uwmjzpfvdk@ 'Dvdk
apmifh=unfhaewm[m wywfruEdkifa=umif; qdkygw,f?
'kwd,tcsuf? 1960 ckESpfESifh (70) ckESpfrsm;twGif; AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ usqHk;aom tmZmenfae@rSm jrefrmowif;pmwapmifxw J Gif xdkae@
twGuf aqmif;yg;wapmif ygvmygonf? OD;apmaexdik o f nfh at'Dvrf;ESihf qdik o f nfh r&rf;uke;f ykvyd Xf merSm xdpk OfuXmetkyjf zpfco hJ l yifpifpm;ykvyd f
t&m&Sd}uD;wOD;a&;om;onfh aqmif;yg;xJwGif zGifhcsxm;onfrSm - AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ta&;tcif;rjzpfrD OD;apmtdrf+cHtwGif; v_yf&Sm;jzpfysufaer_awGudk
olwdk@ykvdrfXmeu axmufvSrf;od&Sd+yD; txufodk@tpD&ifcHpmawG a&;ae&onfrSm tawmf=uma=umif; olwdk@v_yf&SmoGm;vmaewmawG awG@+yD;
wckc&k mZ0wfr}_ uD; vkyk af wmhrnfqf okd nfukd odEikd af omfvnf; tb,fa=umift h a&;,l zrf;qD;r_awGvyk &f ef trde@f ray;oenf; qdo k nfuekd m;rvnf
a=umif; a&;om;xm;ygonf?
TudpPwGif OD;apmv_yf&Sm;r_awGu &mZ0wfr_}uD;wckck vkyfawmhrnfqdkonfudk +Adwdo#tpdk;&taeESifh awmfawmfapmapmuwnf;u
odae+yD;/ ‚onfvnf; bmudk&nf&G,fonfqdkwmvnf; odem;vnfEdkifygvsuf xdxda&mufa&muf óuwifta&;,lr_ bmrSrvkyf=uonfrSm
xif&Sm;ygonf?
2? 'kwd,taxmuftxm;?
u? xdkumvxkwfa0aom owif;pm/ pme,fZif;ESifh pmtkyfrsm;t& od&Sdcsufrsm; jzpfygonf? t*FvdyfvlrsKd; uy`wdefADAD,ef;ESifh
b&if;*ef;tvuf (200) vufeufr_}uD; jzpfygonf? ADAD,ef;onf ppfbufrS ykvdyfbufodk@ r=umrDurSajymif;vmol jzpfygonf? ykvdyf
vufeufypPnf; axmufyHha&; Xme &mZ0wf0efuav; jzpfonf? ADAD,ef;u OD;apmudk b&if;*ef;tvuf (200) xkwfay;cJhonf? 24 ² 6 ² 47
7
ae@wGif OD;apm. vl&if;azmfaumif b!Gef@ESifh tzGJ@u ykvdyfa,mifaqmifI Adkvfwaxmif trSwf 226 (BOD) tajcpdkuf vufeufwdkufrS
ADAD,ef;ESifh OD;apmwdk@. pDpOfay;r_jzifh vma&mufxkwf,loGm;cJhonf? xdkpOfu xkwf,loGm;onfh vufeufrsm;rSm b&if;*ef;aoewf tvuf
(200)/ ajymif;wdk (200) ESifh r*~Zif; usnfuyf (800) wdk@udk tvG,fwulxkwf,l oGm;cJh=uonf?
c? 'kw, d t}udrf ADA,
D ef;u OD;apmtm; cJ,rf;usnq f efrsm; aemufxyfxyk af y;jyef&m t&ifwacgut f wdik ;f OD;apm. vl&if;azmfaumif
b!Gef@ESifh tzG@J u 10 ² 7² 47 ae@u (16) rdkif&Sd r*Fvm'Hktajcpdkuf cJ,rf;rD;ausmufwyfrS oGm;xkwf,lchJonf? xkwf,loGm;cJhaom ypPnf;rsm;rSm
yGdKifh (303) ±dkifz,fESifh b&if;aoewfusnfqH (100˜000)/ pwif;usnfqH (25˜600) (ppfwyfxkwf wyfrawmfordkif;wwd,wGJ-ESm 149 wGif
‚usnfqH (25˜600) vdk@omqdkxm;&m xdk*%mef; ydkrSefEdkif) vufypfAHk; (200) wdk@jzpfonf? xdkpm&if;wGif pwif;*ef;rnfr#[k rygaomfvnf;
ta&;tcif;}uD;+yD;p (21 ² 7 ² 47) ae@wGif OD;apmtdrfteD;&Sd a&uefxw J Gif owif;t&&SmazG&mwGif a&ueftwGif; a&atmufavvHkaowWmawG
twGif;wGif xnfhxm;aom b&if;*ef;tvuf (170) ESifh pwif;*ef;tvuf (100) wdk@udk awG@&Sd&rdonf[k xdkumv pme,fZif;rsm;wGif
azmfjycJhygonf?
*? xdb k &if;*ef; tvuf (200) ESihf usnq f rH sm;udprP mS vky}f uHr}_ uD;wGif +Adwo
d #tpd;k &wd@k yg0ifa=umif; }uD;rm;aom taxmuftxm;}uD;
jzpfayonf? Tr#avmufrsm;jym;aom (tpdk;&ajcvsifwyf&if; 6 &if;pmcef@jzpf+yD; xdkumv Armhwyfrawmf wyf&if;rsm;. xuf0ufpmjzpfonf?)
vufeufrsm;udk OD;apm0,f,lwmvnf;r[kwf/ ADAD,ef;u xkwfay;wmomjzpfonf? Tr#avmufrsm;jym;aom vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;udk
txuftm%mydkifwkd@. oabmxm;rygbJ xkwfay;wmrjzpfEdkif? ADAD,ef;twGuf udk,fusdK;aiGa=u; &&Sdwmvnf; r&Sday? tvGefxif&Sm;onfh
tcsuf}uD; jzpfayonf?
C? xdv k ufeufrsm; xkwaf y;cJjh cif;onf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k ukd vky}f uHowfjzwfa&;twGuf wGe;f tm;ay;jcif;omru ‚aemufwiG f
}uD;rm;aom }uHpDcsuf}uD;wckvnf; &Sdaeonfudk usaemfwdk@jrifEdkifayonf? Tr#rsm;jym;aom vufeufc, J rf;rsm;a=umifh OD;apmu AdkvfcsKyfwdk@udk
vky}f uHowfjzwf±rkH #ru aemufxyfquf+yD; ArmjynfwiG f oltm%m&&Sad &;twGuf ykeu f efxºur_}uD; jzpfomG ;Edik af tmiftwGuyf g &nf&, G cf suEf iS fh
ay;onf[kvnf; aumif;pGmxif&Sm; odEdkifonf? odk@jzifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf jrefrmEdkifiHudk jynfwGif;ppf}uD;jzifh òyuGt J m;enf;oGm;ap&ef }uHpnf
tm;xkwfcJha=umif;vnf; cef@rSef;od&SdEdkifayonf?

3? wwd,taxmuftxm;?
u? OD;apmonf vkyf}uHr_}uD;twGuf 1946 ckESpf up+yD; vufeufc, J rf;rsm; pkaqmif;ae&m ukuUdKif; trSwf (1) bDtD;trftD;wyfrS
wyfr–; t*FvdyfvlrsdK; ar*sm pD/ tdyfcsf/ tdyfcsf/ &ef;ESifh &if;ESD;=u+yD; ‚xHrS qyfr&Sif;*ef;wvuf/ tar&duefumbdkif (3) vuf/ pwifaoewf (1)
vuf/ awmfrDaoewf (2) vuf/ vl*gypPwdk (1) vuf/ ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf (2) vuf ESifh ,rf;awmifhrsm;udk &,lchJonf?
c? xdfk@jyif t*FvdyfvlrsdK; Adkvfr–;vef;pf'def;xHrSvnf; py&if;zD;±dkifz,faoewf (1) vuf/ awmfrDaoewf (2) vuf/ umbdfkifaoewf
(1) vuf ESifh ,rf;awmifhrsm;udk &&SdchJonf? (‚vufeufrsm;rSm tcsdK@udkaiGay; 0,f,lyHk&onf?)
*? xd@k jyifowif;pmrsm; tqdt k & Adv
k cf sKyfuykd pfowfaom usnq f rH mS 'ef'efac: tvGejf yif;xef+yD; tqdyyf gaomusnqf [
H k qd=k uonf?
rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;}uD; '%f&mrjyif;bJ aoqHk;&onf[k qdkonf?
C? ‚vufeufrsm;rSm vkyf}uHr_}uD;twGuf t*FvdyfAdkvfr–; ESpfOD;xHrS OD;apmutcdkiftrm óuwif&&Sdxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
txufyg'kwd,ESifh wwd,taxmuftxm;}uD; ESpfckonf vkyf}uHr_wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;& yg0ifa=umif; tvGefxif&Sm;aom
taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfonf?

4? aemuftaxmuftxm; tcsdK@uawmh/ AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&r_ vdkufvHpHkprf;ppfaq;&mrSm yg0ifcJhwJh xdkpOfu 'kwd,ykvdyfrif;}uD; jzpfcJhol

uG,vf eG o
f l OD;xGev
f aS tmif.om; OD;cifatmifu 1993 ckEpS af vmufu a&;cJw
h hJ “atmifqef;udk b,foo
l wfovJ” pmtkyrf S vd&k if;udk bDbpD u
D
1993 ckESpftwGif; toHv$ifhcsufrsm;udk usaemf&&Sdxm;&m xdktxJrS tawmuftxm;tcsdK@udk qufvufwifjyoGm;ygrnf?

5? pwkwˆtaxmuftxm;rSm?
u? OD;cifatmifpmtkyf azmfjycsuft&/ AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf}uHcH&+yD; wywfavmufwGif Zlvdkif (25) &ufae@avmufwGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&
Tvkyf}uHr_}uD;rSm yg0ifywfoufaeonfqdkonfh aumvm[vrsm; ysH@ESH@aecJhr_a=umifh OD;Ektpdk;&onf +Adwdo#wdk@. qENESifhvnf; udkufnDatmif
atmufyga=unmcsufwck xkwf&efpDpOfchJonf? ‚rSm “Tvkyf}uHr_}uD;wGif t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtpdk;&wdk@ ryg0ifa=umif;/ t*Fvdyftpdk;&ESifhtwl
Tvkyf}uHr_}uD;. w&m;cHtppfudk&zdk@ óu;pm;&SmazGvsuf&Sda=umif;” qdkaomw&m;0if a=unmcsufxkwfzdk@yif pDpOfchJ&onftxd jzpfchJygonf?
c? odk@aomf 28²7²47 ae@xkwf &efukefvrf;!¸ef owif;pm}uD;wGif ygvmaom owif;wyk'fa=umifh tajctaeydkqdk;0g; vmcJh&onf?
‚ owif;azmfjycsurf mS “Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k tzJ@G 1947 ckEpS f ZEM0g&v
D atmifqef; - tufwvD pmcsKyf csKyfqzkd @kd twGuf t*Fvefa&mufcphJ Ofu
OD;apmESifh ocifApdefwdk@u vufrSwfxdk;zdk@ jiif;y,fcJh=uonf? OD;apmonf zqyv}uD;tm; òzcJG&ef&nf&G,fcsufjzifh t*FvefrSmae&pfcJha=umif;/
xdk@tjyif vljzLrsm;. tultnDjzifh OD;apm aiG (5) odef; vufcH&&SdchJa=umif;/ t*FvefrS t&if;&SiftcsdK@u OD;apmtm; aiGtajrmuftjrm; ay;
cJah =umif; pojzifah &;om;xm;ygonf? xdo k wif;a=umihf ODEt k pd;k &. txufyga=unmcsux f w
k af &;tpDtpOfukd rðyvkyjf cpfbJ ±kyo
f rd ;f cJ&h ygonf?
8
 *? xd k u d p P r S m +Ad w d o #tpd k ; &ES i f h yÉd y uQ r jzpf v d k w J h t jyif +Ad w d o #wd k @ tay: aumvm[vjzpf r _ a wG r S umuG , f a y;vd k a om
OD;Ektpdk;&onfyifvsif xdkumvu +Adwdo#wdk@ESifh ywfoufaewJh txufygvdk owif;trsdK;rsdK;rsm;a=umifh umuG,fay;wJh a=unmcsufrsdK;awmif
rxkwf&aJ tmif jzpfchJ&onfrSmvnf; xif&Sm;wJhtcsufwck jzpfygonf?

6? yÌrtaxmuftxm;/ TwGiftcsufESpfcsuf yg0ifygonf?

u? yxr - OD;apmonf vufpm;acsa&; oufoufom&nf&G,fygu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; wOD;wnf;om owfjzwfzdk@jzpfEdkifonf?
,ckrl AdkvfcsKyfomru tpdk;&wzJG@vHk;ESifh OD;Ekudkyg vkyf}uHowfjzwfwmjzpfonf (AdkvfcsKyftyg0ef}uD; (7) OD;/ twGif;0ef (1) OD;ESifh oufawmfapmifh
(1) OD;wdk@ usqHk;&+yD; usef0ef}uD;tcsdK@ usnfqHrxdvdk@ vGwfajrmuf&onf) xdk@a=umifh vufpm;ajca&; oufoufr[kwfEdkif/ +yD;&iftpdk;&opf
&mxl;twGufyg &nf&G,fonfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf?
c? xdkvkyf}uHr_}uD;+yD;vsif bk&ifcHu OD;apmudk tpdk;&opfzG@J zdk@ zdwfac:vdrfhrnfvdk@ OD;apmuar#mfvifhcsuf &Sdaeonf? OD;apmudkzrf;&mwGif
ol@tdrfY “OD;apm/ 0ef}uD;csKyf” qdkaompmwef;ESifh vkyfxm;aom wHqdyfwHk;udkyif awG@&a=umif; OD;cifatmifpmtkyft& od&onf? xdkudpPudk
owif;pmrsm;ESihf bDbpD D toHvi$ chf surf sm;wGivf nf; azmfjy=uonf? xdo k @kd jzpfv#if TuJo
h @kd ar#mv
f ifch surf sKd ; &Sv
d matmif rnfoal wGu vrf;cif;ay;
oenf;? TonfrmS OD;apmu vky}f uHvmzd@k v_@H aqmfwu kd w
f eG ;f ay;onfh tcsu}f uD;r[kwyf gvm;? TonfrmS vky}f uHr}_ uD;jzpfvmatmif ajr‡mufyi
fhv_H@aqmfay;wJh rufvHk;}uD; r[kwfygvm;?
txufygtcsuf (2) csufa=umifhvnf; Tvkyf}uHr_}uD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ yg0ifEdkifyHkudk od&SdEdkifonf?

7? qÏrtaxmuftxm;?
OD;cifatmifpmtkyfwGif tcsufESpfcsufxyfawG@&ygonf?
u? yxru OD;apm.a&S@aejzpfol t*FvefrS t*FvdyfvlrsdK;a&S@ae “z&uf'&pf[ife&D” onf t*Fvef&Sd ol@tcef;wGif ±kwfw&ufvkyf}uH
owfjzwfcH&onf?
c? 'kwd,u AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf}uHr_}uD;udk tvGwfpHkaxmufaeol t*FvdyfvlrsdK; “tufzfudkvif” rSmvnf; ol.pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;
aysmufq;kH oGm;um olvnf;±kww f &uf aoqH;k oGm;&onf? xdEk pS Of ;D aoqH;k a=umif; ,cifu usaemfw@kd rodc&hJ / OD;cifatmifpmtkyt
f &om od&onf?
tvGefpOf;pm;=unfhp&mrsm; jzpfygonf? tr_}uD;.t&if;cH tjzpftysuftcsdK@udk olwdk@odaeojzifh aemifayguf=um;rSmpdk;I ,ckvdk tqHk;pD&if
vdkufyHk&onf?
TudpPonfvnf; vkyf}uHr_}uD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ yg0ifEdkifyHkudk rsm;pGmoHo,0ifzG,f jzpfonf?

8? owWrtaxmuftxm;?
OD;cifatmifpmtkyft& od&onfrSm OD;apmao'%fpD&ifcsuf cscH&+yD;aemuf óu;rdef@ay;cH&olrsm;. tusOf;axmiftcef;wGif; ae&pOf
olvGwfajrmuf xGufajy;a&;twGuf +Adwdo#t&m&Sdrsm;xH tulnDawmif;cHr_jzpfonf? OD;apmonf xdkumvwGif;u axmifrif;}uD;OD;pHwifudk
vGwaf jrmufrt _ wGuf aiGtajrmuftjrm;ay;rnf[k qd+k yD; csO;f uyfczhJ ;l onf? OD;pHwifu OD;xGe;f vSatmifEiS hf wdik yf if+yD; pDrcH suw
f ckvyk u
f m aiGay;&if
vkyfay;rnf[kajym&m xdkrSp+yD; OD;apm.aiG&SmyHkawmfa=umifh OD;apmESifhqufpyfol t*Fvdyfrsm;ta=umif; tHh=ozG,f awG@&awmhonf[k qdkxm;
ygonf? ‚aiGawmif;pmrsm;wGif emrnf0Sufrsm;ESifh pum;vHk;awGyg a&;xm;onf?
u? yxrqHk; OD;apmaiGawmif;oluawmh uy`wdefADAD,ef; jzpfygonf? (OD;apmudk b&if;*ef; 200 ESifh cJ,rf;rsm; xkwfay;oljzpfonf?)
OD;apmonf ‚ADAD,ef; - vufeufxkwfay;r_jzifh axmifxaJ &mufaerSef; roday? ADAD,ef;u OD;apmxHjyefay;pmwGif “igwdk@tm;vHk; pDpOfay;Edkif
onf? rif;bmvdk@ vl&Snf}uD;udk rqufovJ” [k a&;xm;onf[kqdkxm;onf?
c? OD;apm 'kw, d ta&;w}uD; qufo, G of rl mS &efuek òf r@/ +Adwod #aumifq,fu rpPwm *|epf wD;0yfbifuvif jzpf+yD; aiGawmif;pma&;+yD;
qufoG,fwmjzpfonf? (‚rSm +Adwdo#oHwrefjzpfI EdkifiHa&;t& ydkta&;}uD;oljzpfonf) bifuvifu xdkpmudkzwfvdkuf&awmh
odyfajcmufjcm;+yD; pmudkzsufqD;um pmvmydk@ol ykvdyft&m&Sdudk armif;xkwfvdkufonf? aemufOD;apmu ‚bifuvifxH =o*kwfv 22 - 23
&ufae@rsm;rSm pmawGxyfydk@onf? aiGawmif;wmomru +cdrf;ajcmufonfhpmrsm;yg a&;cJhonf[k qdkygonf? odk@&mwGif bifuvifxdkpmrsm;
r&awmhyg? ta=umif;rSm OD;apm. yxrpm&+yD;uwnf;u olArmjynfrS xGufcGmzdk@jyifqif+yD; aetdrfrS urf;em;vrf;[dkw,fodk@ ajymif;aecJhonf?
olxGufcGmzdk@ pDpOfaewkef; ol@udkzrf;zdk@ OD;xGef;vSatmifu xdkpOfu jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; OD;ausmf+idrf;xH ta=umif;=um;cJhonf? OD;ausmf+idrf;u
bk&ifcHxHwifjy&m bk&ifcHu oufaotaxmuftxm;awG xyfrHawmif;qdkonf[k qdkonf? aemufwae@ OD;xGef;vSatmifu olrxGufcGmrD
±kwfw&uf xyfoGm;+yD; OD;apm.aemufqHk;pmudkjyonf? bifuvifu xdwfvef@a=umuf&GH@oGm;+yD; oludkzrf;vdk@r&a=umif; ol@taejzifh
oHwrefa&;&m tum tuG,rf sm; &Sx d m;a=umif; ajymygonf? Tudpt P ay: OD;cifatmifa&;xm;onfrmS “trSeu f awmh rpPwmbifuviftaeESihf
Adv
k cf sKyfw@kd vky}f uHc&H r_rmS ‚b,fvykd wfoufovJqw kd m taotcsmodv@kd yJ jzpfw,f”f [k qdx k m;ygonf? OD;xGe;f vSatmifu ol@ujkd refrf mEdik if rH S
t+yD;tydkif xGufoGm;&efajymcJhonf[k qdkygonf? xdkae@ 4 ² 9 ² 47 ae@up+yD; ‚b,fa&mufoGm;onf tpray:awmh [kqdkonf?
9
 *? ADAD,efonf b&if;*ef; (200) ESifh usnfqHrsm;pGm OD;apmudkxkwfay;cJholjzpfI Tvkyf}uHr_ESifh ywfowf&mwGif ta&;tygqHk;ol
jzpfonf? aemufbifuvifqdkolrSmvnf; +Adwdo#oHwrefjzpfI ta&;ygolyifjzpfonf? Adkvfr–;,ef;udk zrf;qD;+yD;ppfaq;aomtcgwGifvnf;
‚. ajzmifhcsuft& OD;apmESifh +Adwdo#aumifq,frS bifuvifwdk@. qufoG,fr_onf omrefxufydkI qufoG,fr_&Sda=umif; qdkxm;ygonf?
+Adwdo#tpdk;&rS xdkta&;ygol (2) OD;xHodk@ OD;apmu ta&;}uHKaomtcg aiGawGtwif;vSrf;awmif;,lyHkawGudk axmuf±_I xdkvkyf}uHr_wGif +Adwdo#
tpdk;&wdk@yg0ifEdkifyHkudk odjrif,lqEdkifayonf?
9? aemufqHk; tÏrtaxmuftxm;rSm -
OD;cifatmifpmtkyft& txufygADAD,ef;. aemufqHk;tjzpftysufyif jzpfayonf? azmfjyxm;yHkt& ‚ADAD,ef;onf 1949 ckESpf
arv tif;pdefwdkufyGJrS u&ifrsm;qkwfoGm;&mwGif tif;pdefaxmifrS vdkufygoGm;+yD; 1950 ckESpftxd aumhu&dwfòr@teD;wGif apmbOD;}uD;ESifh
twl &SdaecJhonf? jrefrmtm%mydkifrsm;u ol@udkowfvdkuf+yD[k qdkaomfvnf; olonf 1950 ckESpf tv,fydkif;avmufwGif xdkif;EdkifiHrSwqifh
t*Fvefodk@ jyefoGm;+yD; 1980 ckESpfavmufwGifrS uG,fvGefoGm;onf[k qdkxm;ygonf? tr_}uD;twGuf ta&;}uD;yk*~dKvfvGwfajrmufoGm;yHk
jzpfygonf? TwGifvnf; +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ yg0ifEdkifyHkudk xif[yfonf?
txufazmfjyyg taxmuftxm;rsm;a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfwdk@vkyf}uHr_}uD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ yg0ifa=umif; usaemfaumif;pGmxifjrif
,lqygonf? txufazmfjyyg taxmuftxm;rsm;teuf eHygwf (2) ADAD,ef;u OD;apmtm; b&if;*ef; (200) ESifh usnfqHrsm;xkwfay;r_onf?
+Adwo d #tpd;k &wd@k yg0ifa=umif;txift&Sm;qH;k tcsu}f uD;jzpfonf? 'kw, d xif&mS ;onft h csurf mS eHygwf (3) t& vky}f uHa&;twGuf vufeufrsm;
usnq f rH sm;a&mif;wJh Advk rf ;– ,ef;ESihf vef@p'de;f wd@k tr_jzpfonf? ADA, D ef;. b&if;*ef; (200) ESiu hf snq f rH sm; OD;apmtm;xkwaf y;r_onf vkyk }f uHr}_ uD;
jzpf&efwGef;aqmfay;±Hkr#ru aemufydkif;OD;apm tm%m&a&; ykefuefxºua&;twGufyg &nf&G,fonfjzpfojzifh xdkpOfu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.
zqyv wyfaygif;pk}uD;atmufwGif pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfvmaeaom jrefrmjynf}uD;udkvnf; jynfwGif;ppfjzifh òzcGJtm;enf;oGm;ap&ef vkyfaom
vkyf}uHr_}uD;wck vnf;jzpfonf? ‚rSqufI awG;ac:EdkifonfrSm OD;apmvkyfroGm;Edkifonfh aemufydkif;jzpfvmaom Armjynf. jynfwGif;ppfrsm;
jzpfvmatmif vkyf&mwGifvnf; +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ wenf;wzHkyg0if=uonfudk ar#mfrSef;odjrifEdkifayonf?
txufygta=umif;rsm;a=umifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd@k acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm; vky}f uHowfjzwfrw _ iG f +Adwo
d #tpd;k &wd@k yg0ifonfukd usaemf
xifjrif,Hk=unf±Hkr#ru ,ckESpf (50) ausmf=um Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf}uD; jzpfvmatmif zefwD;=u&mwGifvnf; +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@ wenf;wzHyk g0if
Edkifa=umif;vnf; usaemfxifjrif,lqygonf?
Tonfrsm;rSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyf}uHcH&r_ tESpf (50) ajrmuf txdrf;trSwftwGuf bDbDpDtoHv$ifhXmerS usaemfESifh awG@qHk
ar;jref;cef;rS ar;cGef; trSwf (1) (2) ESifh ‚wdk@tay: usaemf. ajz=um;csufrsm; jzpfygonf?
xdak r;jref;cef;wGif ar;cGe;f aygi;f (13) ck ar;cJ&h m wcsK@d ar;cGe;f rsm;rSm Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiahf &m xdak cwf xdu k mv (1947 ² 48) twGi;f u
EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;ESifhyg ywfowfae&m xdkar;cGef;rsm;ESifh tajzrsm;udkvnf; ,ckxnfhoGif;azmfjyvdkufygonf?
ar;cGef;trSwf (11)? ? AdkvfcsKyfruG,fvGefrD &ufowWywftcsKd@twGif; uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;rnfodk@ &SdygovJ?
ajz? ? xdu k mvtajctaersm; usaemfww d ud sus rrSwrf ad wmhay? od@k &mwGif xd0k ef;usiu f mv a,bk,stajctae usaemfavhvmod&rdS w S o f m;
rdoavmuf ajymjyygrnf?
1? 1946 ESpfOD;ydkif;avmufup+yD; ArmjynfwGif uGefjrLepfygwD (2) ck jzpfaeygonf? yxru ,ckvuf&Sd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
CPB jzpfygonf? 'kwd,rSm CPB ygwDrS 1946 azaz:0g&DvwGif cGx J GufoGm;aom xif&Sm;aom ocifpdk;OD;aqmifonfh tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD
[lIESpfygwD jzpfaeygonf?
2? cGJxGufoGm;aom tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDrS acgif;aqmif ocifpdk;u xdkumv ArmhawmfvSefa&;. ausm±dk;r¾dKif jzpfaeaom
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; (CPB) ygwED iS hf Adv k cf sKyfO;D aqmifaom trsK;d om;nD!w G af &;wyfO;D jzpfaom zqyv tzG@J w@kd ukd OD;pGm qef@usiw f ukd cf u
kd yf gonf?
txl;ojzifh CPB ESihf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk jzpfygonf? Adv k cf sKyfukd wdu k cf u
kd &f mwGif yk*Kd~ vfa&;awGyg edruhf sjyif;xefpmG wdu k cf u
kd cf o
hJ nf? ‚wdu k cf u kd f
r_rsm;rSm 1947/ Zlvdkifv AdkvfcsKyfwdk@usqHk;cgeD;txd jzpfaeonf[k xif&ygonf?
3? (CPB) uvnf; 1947 ckESpf apmapmydkif;uwnf;u zqyv ESifh nDF!Gwfa&;aºu;a=umfae&if; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zqyv
wdk@udk tjyeftvSef wdkufcdkuf=uygonf? txl;ojzifh xdkESpf{+yDv a&G;aumufyu JG mvtwGif; jzpfonf? olwdk@.wdkufcdkufr_rSm AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ bk&ifcH
tpdk;&tzG@J wGif yg0ifr_ESifh atmifqef; - tufwvDpmcsKyfay: t"duxm;onf? odk@aomf arvavmufup+yD; uGefjrLepf - zqyvnD!Gwfa&;
a&S@wef;wif+yD;aemuf wdkufcdkufr_rsm; avsmhenf;vmonf? AdkvfcsKyfu xdkESpfapmapmydkif;u (15 ² 2 ² 47) u zqyv OD;pDtzG@J tpnf;ta0;wGif
ajymonfrmS “aygi;f csi&f if (ode;f -oef;) (CPB) ygweD @J awmh aygi;f Edik w f ,f”[k ajymcJzh ;l onf? aemufusq;kH cge;D 13 ² 7 ² 47 ae@ Adv k cf sKyfred @f ceG ;f wck
wGif “ArmjynfrSm vlrsKd;tcsif;csif;ruGzJ dk@ vli,fydkif;jzpfwhJ vuf0o J rm;tcsif;csif;ruGzJ dk@ owday;vdkw,f”[k ajymcJhonf? TonfrSm (CPB)
udk &nf&G,f+yD;ajymwm jzpfygonf? (CPB) . zqyvESifh jyefaygif;a&;aºu;a=umfoHa=umifh usqHk;cgeD;wGif (CPB) ESifh twdkuftcdkuf avsmhenf;
vm;yHk&onfudk owd xm;rdonf? usaemfxdkudpP Tr#avmufom ajymEdkifygonf? (rSwfcsuf- 1946 atmufwdkbmwGif zqyvrS (CPB)
xkwfypfcH&onf?)
ar;cGef;trSwf (12)? ? uGefjrLepfrsm;awmrcdkEdkifatmif olumuG,fEdkifrvm;/ umuG,fEdkifr,fqdk&if b,fvdkenf;eJ@ umuG,fEdkifrvJ?
ajz? ? uGefjrLepfrsm;awmrcdkatmif AdkvfcsKyfumuG,fEdkifr,fvdk@ usaemf,Hk=unfygonf? Tonfudk xdkacwfEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftrsm;uvnf;
10
oabmwlEdkifygonf?
'gudkumuG,frnfqdkv#if rnfonfhenf;eJ@ umuG,frvJ?
'gu&kd iS ;f jy&efrmS Advk cf sKyfonf uGejf rLepfrsm; awmrcdak pvdak om qENtvGe}f uD;rm;pGm &Scd yhJ gonf? TonfrmS wdik ;f jynfpnf;vH;k nD!w G rf _
òyuGrJ mS pd;k &drvf @kd wa=umif; aemuf'rD u kd a&pDw&m; ysuo f mG ;rSmpd;k &drv f @kd wa=umif; t"du xdt k csuf (2) &yfa=umifh jzpfygonf? xdjk yif uGejf rLepfrsm;
tay: tm;xm;ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;vnf; &Sdaeygao;onf? xdk@a=umifhawmrcdkjzpfatmif olom&Sdaev#if +idrf;csrf;pGm 0ifumuG,frSm jzpfygonf?
umuG,fEdkifaom tiftm;ESifh pGrf;&nfvnf;&Sdaeygonf? Tonfudk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;ygrnf?
yxr wdkif;jynfpnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf ol@qEN/ olajymyHk/ olvkyfudkifcJhyHkwcsKd@udk tusOf;wifjyygrnf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
ArmhawmfveS af &;twGuf vufeufaumif; (3) vufukd zefw;D wnfaqmufay;cJah om yk*Kd~ vf}uD; jzpfonf? yxr awmfveS af &;udk OD;aqmif&eftajccH
aumif;aom vlwef;pm;ygww D &yf &St d yfonf[k ,lq+yD; ,ckvuf&dS (CPB) udk 1939/ =o*kwv f rSm pwifz@JG pnf;cJo h nf? 'kw, d ArmhawmfveS af &;
wGif cGeftm;pGrf;tif&Sdaom trsKd;om;vufeufudkif ppfwyf}uD;w&yf &Sd&rnfqdk+yD; 1940-41 rSm vuf&SdArmhwyfrawmf}uD;udk pwifxlaxmif
zJGpnf;ay;cJhonf? wwd, e,fcs@J ESifh zufqpfwdk@udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf+yD; vGwfvyfa&;udk &,l&eftwGufvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyf+yD; wdkif;jynf
wnfaqmuf&efvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynfnD!Gwfzdk@ vdkonfqdk+yD; trsKd;om; nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk}uD;rsm; zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfu nD!Gwfa&;onf wdkif;jynf. tiftm;jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;wav#mufvHk;twGuf yifrtkwfjrpfjzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;
twGuo f mru vGwv f yf+yD;wdik ;f jynfopf xlaxmifa&;wav#mufv;kH vnf; vdt k yfonf jyefvnfxal xmifa&;rSmjzpfap/ wdik ;f jynfumuG,af &;rSm
jzpfap tm;vHk;rSm nD!Gwfa&;&Sdzdk@vdkonf? nD!Gwfa&;onfxm0&ESifh t&m&mrSmvdktyfonfh oabmrsm;ajym=um;cJhygonf? aemufusqHk;cgeD;
Zlvdkif (13) &ufrSmyif nD!Gwfzdk@ajymoGm;ygao;onf? ol@rdef@cGef;rsm;pGmwGif nD!Gwfa&;ta&;}uD;r_udk rsm;pGmajymcJhygonf?
nD!Gwfa&;twGuf AdkvfcsKyf.aqmif&GufchyJ Hkrsm;udk jyef=unfhv#if yxrqHk; 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;pcsdef e,fcs@J awmfvSefa&;twGuf 1939
ckESpfwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;t&if;&Sifrsm; t"dujzpfaom ArmhxGwf&yf*dk%f; tzG@J }uD;udk wdk@Armociftpnf;t±Hk;}uD;udk tajccHI zG@J pnf;cJhonfh
aemuf 1944 =o*kwfvwGif zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf uGefjrLepfygwDwdk@ESifhwI JG zqyvtrsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&; wyfaygif;pk}uD; zG@J pnf;cJhonf?
aemufArmhvGwfvyfa&;ESifh tem*wfta&;twGuf jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkwdk@ESifh aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&; yifvHkpmcsKyf}uD;udk 1947 azaz:0g&DrSm
csKyfqdkEdkifchJonf? vlrsKd;pk}uD;wpkjzpfaom u&iftrsKd;om;wdk@ESifhrl 1944-45 uwnf;u u&iftrsKd;om; vufeufudkifwyf&if;w&if; zG@J ay;+yD;
pwifpnf;±Hk;EdkifcJhygonf?
Adv
k cf sKyf[m wdik ;f jynfpnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;twGuf ok. l qENajymqdck suEf iS hf vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;a=umifh jrefrmhordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;u csKD;usL;
cJh=uonf? +Adwdo#vlrsKd;ordkif;ygarmuQ vk(pf)u 1948 avmufu ajymcJhonfrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf Armhordkif;wGif pwkwˆajrmuf
wEdkifiHvHk;udk pnf;vHk;oGm;Edkifaom yk*~dKvf}uD;jzpfonf? ol@t&if (3) OD;rSm yxr bk&ifaemf&xm (AD 1044-1077) 'kwd, bk&ifaemifbk&if
(AD 1550-1581) wwd, bk&if tavmif;bk&m; (AD 1752-1760) wdk@jzpfonf? pwkwˆrSm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; (AD 1915-1947)
jzpfonf[k csD;usL;cJh=uonf? xdk@tjyif AdkvfcsKyfonf vuf±Hk;&nfe@J r[kwf ESvHk;&nfe@J om wnfaqmufonf[kvnf; ajym=uonf? wcsKd@ordkif;
q&mrsm;u ajym=uao;onfrmS ArmEdik if w H iG f +idr;f csr;f pGmESihf vlrsK;d pktm;vH;k udk yg0ifatmif pnf;±H;k +yD;Edik if w
H nfaqmufEikd o f rl mS usepf pfom;bk&ifu
vGv J #if AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wOD;wnf;om &Sdonf[k qdk=uygonf?
xd@k a=umifh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf ArmhawmfveS af &;twGuf trsK;d om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk odyv f v kd m;+yD; &atmifvJ wnfaqmuf
cJhol/ wnfaqmufEdkifokl jzpfonf? TonfrSmvnf; olvkyf}uHcH&aom ta=umif;&if;wck jzpfonfqdkonfudk a&;cJh+yD;jzpfygonf? TuJhodk@
trsKd;om;pnf;vHk; nD!Gwfa&;udk wav#mufvHk; vdkvm;wnfaqmufchJol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;udk òyuGaJ &;jzpfaprnfh
uGefjrLepfrsm; awmcdkrnfhta&;udk rnfodk@r#vdkvm;rnfr[kwf enf;vrf;&Sdor#umuG,frSm jzpfa=umif;&Sif;vif;pGm jrifEdkifayonf? TonfrSm
yxrta=umif;&if; jzpfygonf?
'kwd,ta=umif;&if;rSm AdkvfcsKyf. 'Drdkua&pDpdwf"mwf jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfonf ol&owWd&Sd+yD; rdrdudk,frdrd,Hk=unfolvnf;jzpfum
cdkifrmonfhpm&dwWESifh w&m;r#wpdwf"mwf&Sdol/ tcsKyfrSm 'Drdkua&pDpdwf"mwf tjynfht0 &Sdoljzpfonf? ol@rdef@cGef;rsm;t& b,fvdkArmjynfrsKd;
wnfaqmufvdkonf qdk&mrSm vGwfvyf+yD;aemuf wnfaqmufrnfhEdkifiH. tajccH (3) csufudk ajymcJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_t& qif;&Jjcif;
yajymufwhJ acwfrDEdkifiHawmfopfjzpfzdk@ EdkifiHa&;t&'Drdkua&pDuszdk@ESifh wwd,rSm wnf+idrfat;csrf;aom EdkifiHjzpfzdk@[laom tcsuf (3) csufudk
OD;wnf+yD;ajymcJo h nf? 1945 ckEpS f pwkwt ˆ }udraf jrmuf Edik if aH cgi;f aqmifrsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif ajymonfrmS “'Dru kd a&pD0g'omv#if vGwv f yfa&;ESihf
qDav#mfw,f? 'D0g'om+idrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f? 'D0g'udkom usaemfwdk@&nf&G,fw,f?” vdk@ajymcJhonf? AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
1300jynfh (1938-39) umvrSpI ArmhawmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;udkoHk;qifhcGJI !¸efjycJhonf? yxrtqifhu vGwfvyfa&;/ 'kwd,tqifhu
'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ wwd,tqifu h srS qd&k ,S vf pfa&;jzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyfonf yxrtqifh vGwv f yfa&;udo k m taumiftxnfazmfEikd +f yD; 'kw, d tqifh
'Dru kd a&pDa&;twGuf rde@f ceG ;f rsm;om t"duajymcJEh ikd +f yD; uG,v f eG cf ge;D wpdww f ydik ;f tm%m&cJo h nfh umvtwGi;f wGio f m 'Dru kd a&pDvyk [f efwcsK@d
jyooGm;EdkifcJhygonf AdkvfcsKyfonf *syefzufqpfpdk;rdk;xm;onfh umvrSmyif 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf? 1943 =o*kwfv (1) &uf *syefu
vGwfvyfa&;twk ay;onfhtay: 'Drdkua&pDESifh rudkufnDaom vGwfvyfa&;rsKd;jzpfonf qdkonfudk tcGifh}uHKwdkif;wav#mufvHk; ajymcJhonf?
tjyif;txefqHk;ajymonfrSm 1943 ckESpfukefcgeD; udk,fhrif;udk,fcsif; (csmcsDvrf;) tm&Svli,frsm;tpnf;t±Hk;wGif vli,facgif;aqmifawGESifh
ppfbufacgif;aqmifawGudk ajymonfhrdef@cGef; jzpfonf? bmvkyf=urnfenf; qdkonfudk !¸ef;onfhoabmvJ ygygonf? AdkvfcsKyf. 'Drdkua&pD
11
aºu;a=umfoHrSm “vltrsm;qHk;twGuf taumif;qHk;tusKd;ðyEdkifr,fh vlrsm;pkuóu;udkifEdkifwJh 'Drdkua&pD”[k t}udrf}udrfajymcJhonf?
aemufwae&mrSm ajymonfrSm “vlwef;pm;awG uGJaeor#umvywfvHk; tm;vHk;twGufaumif;r,fh 'Drdkua&pDrjzpfEdkifao;bl; 'gayrJh
tpdk;&uvlrsm;pk qif;&Jom;awGudkyif;wJh 'Drdkua&pDrsKd; jzpf&r,f?” [kajymcJhonf? “taemufwdkif;'Ddrdkua&pDvdk t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; wOD; wnf;
uom óu;udkifwJh'Drdkua&pDrsKd;r[kwfbJ vlrsm;pkjzpfwJh tvkyform;/ v,form;/ vlvwfwef;pm;rsm; tajccH+yD; trsKd;om;t&if;&Sifrsm;yg
yg0ifwhJwyfaygif;pk 'Drdkua&pDrsKd;vdkw,f” [kvnf; wae&mrSmqdkchJygonf? “*syefjynfrSmvdk ppfbufu vuf0g;}uD;tkyf+yD; wdkif;jynfv$wfawmfu
bmrStpdk;r&wJh ppftm%m&Sif0g'rsKd; r&Sdatmif ppfbufudk wdkif;jynfv$wfawmfu tkyfpdk;EdkifcGifh&Sd&r,f? aemufvGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh/ pnf;±Hk;cGifh/
pDwef;vrf;av#mufcGifhrsm; &Sd&r,f” [kvnf; w}udrfruajymzl;ygonf? aemuf *syefrSm ppf0g'v$rf;vdk@ tm&Swdkuf}uD;ESifh ol@wdkif;oljynfom;
vlxk}uD;yg xdcdkufepfem&yHkawGvJ r=umc%ajymcJhygonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfonf 'Dru kd a&pDvyk if ef;udk taumiftxnfazmf roGm;Edik cf /hJ t"dutm;jzifh rde@f ceG ;f rsm;avmufom xm;oGm;Edik cf o hJ nf? od@k aomf
1946 - 47 ckESpfrsm;twGif; wpdwfwydkif;tm%mtwGif; acwW - vydkif;r# tm%mudkifoGm;&pOf ol.'Drdkua&pDvkyf[efrsm; trsm;}uD;udk
usaemfwdk@ awG@cJh&ygonf? yxr rSm ol@udkyk*~dKvfa&;t&yg jyif;xefpGm wdkufcdkufaeaom ocifpdk;.tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD rw&m;oif;
a=unmcHxm;&r_ukd ol@b&k ifct H r_aqmif tpd;k &tzJ@G xJ 1946 atmufwb kd mvavmufu 0if+yD;aemuf Ed0k ifbm - 'DZifbmavmufwiG f w&m;0if
toif; tcGit hf a&;rsm; csucf si;f jyefay;onf? xku d mv tawmtwGi;f rSmvnf; ppf+yD;aemuf xkwx f m;aom umuG,af &;Oya'rsm; ±kyo f rd ;f ay;cJh
onf? +yD;aemuf ppf}uD;twGif;u jzpfchJaom tr_r_rsm;udk yvyfypf&ef Oya'ðycJhonf? wdkif;jynfwGif; qlylxºur_rsm;udk vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrsm;
a=unmcJhonf?
AdkvfcsKyf. jrifhrm;aom 'Drdkua&pDpdwf"mwfudk usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; jrifawG@Edkifonfh xif&Sm;aom wcsufrSm zufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD;
'kwd,urBmppf}uD; +yD;oGm;+yD;aemuf 1945 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif ppfwyftwGuf uENDpmcsKyf csKyf+yD;onfhaemufwGif ol@taejzifh wdkif;jynf
tusKd ;udk ppfom;b0xuf Edik if aH &;bufyv kd t
kd yfrnfxif+yD; Edik if aH &;bufo@kd ul;ajymif;oGm;onft h cg olz@GJ pnf;wnfaxmifco hJ nfh wyfrawmftay:
oHa,mZOfEiS hf wyfaumif;a&; apwemawGom&S+d yD; ppfwyf.tcGit hf a&; t&Sed t f 0grsm;udk ol@Eikd if aH &;twGi;f qG, J t l oH;k csjcif;r&Sd oef@oef@&iS ;f &Si;f ESihf
±dk;om;pGm EdkifiHa&;bufodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;udk jrifawG@Edkifayonf?
txufazmfjyyg tcsuftcsdK@rsm;uyif AdkvfcsKyf. 'Drdkua&pDpdwf"mwf tb,fr# &ifhoefcdkifrmaeonfudk jyqdkaeayonf? xdk@a=umifh
xdkuho J dk@aom yk*~dKvfrsdK;atmufwGif uGefjrLepfawGudk 'Drdkua&pDray;bJ Oya'jyifyawmwGif;wGef;ydk@rnfh vkyf&yfrsm;udk =unfhaernfr[kwf/ rkcsyif
z,f&mS ;ypfrnfqo kd nfukd tm;vH;k odjrifEikd yf gonf? TonfrmS uGejf rLepfrsm; awmwGi;f ra&mufatmif rkcsumuG,zf ,f&mS ;rnfh 'kw, d ta=umif;
jzpfygonf?
wwd,ta=umif;wcsufvnf; usaemhfpdwfwGif &Sdaeygao;onf? xdkta=umif;rSm (CPB) ygwDonf oludkwdkifOD;aqmif+yD; 1939 ckESpf
=o*kwfv (15) &ufae@wGif pwifwnfaxmifay;cJhaom ygwDjzpfonf? oHa,mZOfwpHkw&m &SdaeEdkifrSmudkvnf; usaemfwdk@ odjrifEdkifonf?
aemuf AdkvfcsKyfonf uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepfygwDtay: &efoluhJodk@ b,fwkef;urS oabmrxm;cJh/ xdkodk@ oabmrxm;±Hkr#ru tem*wf
ArmhawmfveS af &;ESihf wnfaqmufa&;wGif aumif;rGezf @kd EiS hf pnf;vH;k nD!w G =f u&eftwGuf vli,fvuf0uf0o J rm;tcsi;f csi;f pnf;vH;k nD!w G =f u&ef
r=umc% ajymcJhayonf? usqHk;cgeD; Zlvdkif (13) &ufae@u xyf+yD;ajymcJhygao;onf? xdkumvawmfvSefa&;. tajccHtiftm;jzpfaom
vuf0o J ;kH ygwD CPB˜ qd&k , S v f pfygw˜D jynfo@l &aJ omfygww D @kd ukd nD!w G af p&ef ud, k w
f ikd &f if=um;aph tm;xkwaf y;cJo h nf? quf+yD; tm;xkwrf mS vnf;
jzpfygonf? Tonfwdk@rSm AdkvfcsKyf. uGefjrLepfrsm;tay: oHa,mZOf&Sdjcif;/ wdkif;jynfaumif;rGefa&;twGuf rsm;pGmtm;xm; ar#mfvif;jcif; ponfh
Advk cf sKyf. pdw"f mwfqENukd jyjcif;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh olvyk }f uHc&H onfh ta=umif;&if;w&yfrmS uGejf rLepfrsm;ESihf jyefaygi;f pnf;Edik af om ta=umif;
&Sdonf[laom tcsufa=umifhwa=umif; jzpfchJ&onf r[kwfygavm?
xdok @kd ueG jf rLepfrsm;udk &efov l kd b,fwek ;f urS oabmrxm;bJ rsm;pGmtusKd ;ðyEdik o f nfb h ufo@kd ar#mv f ift h m;xm;+yD; vuf0n J !D w G af &;
udkyif óu;pm;tm;xkwfaeaom AdkvfcsKyfonf uGefjrLepfrsm; uG+J yJvGifhpif+yD; awmwGif;vufeufudkifvrf;ESifh &efoltjzpfodk@ a&mufoGm;atmif
zefwD;ðyvkyfr_rsm;udk awG@&Sd&aomf tb,fr#v#if rwm;qD;rumuG,fbJ vpfvsL±_aeEdkifrnfenf;? rkcsyif umuG,frnfjzpfonf?
txufwiG f azmfjycJo h nfth wdik ;f uGejf rLepfrsm; awmcd&k onft h ajctae a&mufomG ;aomf jzpfvmEdik af omtcsu}f uD; (3) csujf zpfonfh
wdkif;jynfpnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; òyuGv J mrSmudk vnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynf'Drdkua&pD tm;enf;ysufpD;&m usrSmudkvnf;aumif;/ pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_&SdpGm
wufnDvufnD yl;aygif;vkyfudkifoGm;Edkifzdk@ rsm;pGm ar#mfvifhtm;xm;aeonfh vuf0Jtiftm;pkvnf;jzpf+yD; wdkif;jynf&J@ tajccHtrmcH
tiftm;pkvnf;jzpfonfh uGefjrLepfrsm; ðywfxGufoGm;±Hkru &efoltjzpf &ifqdkif&rSmudkvnf;aumif; wl;cg;pGmrvdkvm;onfh AdkvfcsKyfonf
xdkuGefjrLepfrsm; awmwGif;a&mufa&; wGef;ydk@vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk jrifawG@&aomf rkcsyif rdrdpGrf;tm;udkoHk;+yD; tpGrf;ukef umuG,foGm;rSmom
jzpfonfqdkonfudk usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; ,Hk=unfEdkifygonf?
uGefjrLepfrsm;wGif t"dujzpfaom CPB ygwD awmcdk&wJh tajctaersdK;ra&mufatmif wm;qD;EdkifwJh wdkuf±dkufenf;vrf;uawmh
Adv
k cf sKyfonf ol.}uD;rm;vSaom Edik if aH &;tiftm;ESihf =oZmESihf xdpk Ofumvu ta&;}uD;wJh vuf0yJ gwo D ;kH ygw=D um; 0ifa&mufjzefajz wm;qD;a&;
om jzpfygonf?
xdkpOfu ArmhEdkifiHa&;wGif OD;aqmifvkyfudkifae=uaom t"duygwDrsm;onf vuf0o J Hk;ygwD jzpfygonf? ‚wdk@rSm CPB˜ qd&k , S v f pf
ygwDESifh jynfol@&JabmfygwDwdk@ jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfudkifwG,f&rnfh xdkygwDoHk;&yf. xdkumvrSm wnf&Sdaeaom tajctae oabmxm;udk
12
yxr azmfjyvdkygonf?
yxr awmcdu k pd .
P rl&if;jzpfaewJh CPB ygw. D xdpk Ofumv tajctaeudk wifjy&aomf/ olw@kd onf vufeufuikd w f u kd yf GJ qifEvGJ akd om
ygwDr[kwf/ olwdk@rSm vlxkvlwef;pm; tajccHtm;&yfwnfr_ tawmf}uD;}uD;&Sdaom ygwDjzpfonf? 1946 - 47 ckESpfrsm;wGif ‚wdk@. jzL;òr@ESifh
ysOf;rem;òr@rsm;rSm ðyvkyfonfh nDvmcH vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD;rsm;[m ordkif;wGift}uD;qHk; vlxkwufa&mufr_ tiftm;t}uD;qHk;[k xdkpOfu
qd=k uonf? 'Dru kd a&pD tawmftwef&o dS nfah tmufwiG f +idr;f csr;f pGm v_y&f mS ;cGi&hf vsif rdrw d @kd vrf;pOfukd wifjy+yD; atmifjrifatmif csw D ufomG ;Edik rf nf
qdkonfudk aumif;pGm,Hk=unfaom ygwDjzpfonf? ‚wdk@onfjynfolrsm; }uD;pGm'kuQra&mufapbJ olwdk@vrf;pOfudk +idrf;csrf;pGm pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;+yD;
obm0t& +idrf;csrf;pGm/ at;aq;pGm aqmif&GufoGm;vdk=uonf? atmifjrifEdkifonfudkvnf; ,Hk=unfxm;onf? odk@jzpfI olwdk@tvdktavsmuf
awmcdk/ vufeufudkif/ jynfwGif;ppfwdkufa&; rjzpfEdkifyg?
jynfo@l &aJ bmfygwrD mS t"dutrsm;pkonf awmfveS af &;wGiyf g0ifcahJ om &Jabmfa[mif;rsm;jzpfonf? Adv k cf sKyf.ygw[ D yk if ajymEdik o f nf?
AdkvfcsKyfpum;em;axmif+yD; AdkvfcsKyfoabmrwlwm bmr#vkyfrnfhygwD r[kwfay? olwdk@tvdktavsmuf awmcdkvufeufudkifrnfh vrf;pOfvnf;
r&Sday? CPB udkvnf; awmwGif;armif;csa&;vrf;odk@ ydk@rnfr[kwf? ol@&yfwnfcsuftwGuf AdkvfcsKyf&Sdae+yD;jzpfonf?
Adv
k cf sKyfTudpt P wGuf csO;f uyf&rSm tcufcq J ;kH jzpfaom ygwrD mS qd&k , S v f pfygwyD ifjzpfonf? xdyk gwrD mS jynfov l x l t k wGi;f ol@[mol
&yfwnfEdkifzdk@ jynfolvlxk axmufcHr_ odyfr&SdvSaom ygwDjzpfonf? TygwD.ordkif;wav#mufrSm xif&Sm;onfh acgif;aqmifwOD;OD;ESifh tpdk;&
tm%mtwGif; zufqpfqefr_tay: tm;xm;&yfwnfchJ&ayonf? AdkvfcsKyf&SdpOf AdkvfcsKyftm; rSDcdk&yfwnfchJ&onf? AdkvfcsKyfuG,fvGefaomtcg
OD;Ektm; t"durSDcdk+yD; wzufu EdkifiHa&;tm%mjzifh zufqpfqefr_ESifh &yfwnfcJh&onf? 1958 ckESpf OD;EkeJ@uGJaomtcg 1960 azazmf0g&Dv
a&G;aumufyJGwGif jynfolawG. vHk;0pGef@ypfvdkufjcif;cH&+yD; tm%mrJhoGm;aom r=umcifvydkif;twGif; Armhordkif;ZmwfcHkay:uqif;+yD;
uG,faysmufoGm;&aom ygwDjzpfygonf?
xdqk &kd ,
S vf pfygwo D nf Adv
k cf sKyfu, G v
f eG +f yD;aemuf OD;Ekuw kd zufurScD +kd yD; wzufuzufqpftm%m wpdww f ydik ;f jzifh &yfwnfae&onf?
jynfolvlxktwGif;wGif CPB ESifh,SOfòyif+yD; &yfwnfraeEdkif? AdkvfcsKyfuG,fvGef+yD; wESpftwGif;rSmyif CPB udk zdESdyfvmonf? aemufqHk; CPB
udk awmwGif;armif;csa&; jzpfapaom &efukefESifhwuG wjynfvHk;&Sd uGefjrLepfygwD0ifrsm;udk wòyifwnf; tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkuf zrf;qD;awmhonf?
od@k aomfacgi;f aqmiftrsm;onf rsK;d cspjf ynfcspEf iS hf vdv k m;olrsm;. óuwifowif;ay;r_a=umifh em&Dyikd ;f twGi;f tcsK@d vnf; ntdyaf e&mrS xGuaf jy;
vGwfajrmufoGm;+yD; awmwGif;rS rD;usKd;armif;ysufvufeufESifh ckcH&onf? odk@jzifh vlxkwGif;r&yfwnfEdkifaom qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf Tenf;jzifh
CPB udk awmwGi;f armif;cs+yD; aomif;use;f olqu kd m qd&k , S v f pfvr$ ;f xm;aom ppfwyfo@kd vt J$ yfzEd ySd f ygawmhonf? Tenf;jzifh qd&k , S v f pfrsm;onf
ppfwyftm;udk; e,fcs@J tm;udk;jzifh jynfwGif;ppf}uD;udk zefwDvdkufygawmhonf? xdkudpPudk yk*~dKvft&OD;aqmif aqmif&GufolrSm xdkpOfu jynfxaJ &;
0ef}uD;jzpfaom qdk&S,fvpfygwDacgif;aqmif OD;ausmf+idrf;yifjzpfonf? olonf Armjynf jynfwGif;ppf. yk*~dKvft&w&m;cHeHywf (1) jzpfonf?
txufyg tajctaewGif AdkvfcsKyfu uGefjrLepfrsm;awmcdk&onfh b0ra&mufatmif0if+yD; zsefajzwm;qD;&v#if rnfodk@jzpfrnfenf;?
- CPB u rdrw d @kd twGuf ydrk q kd ;kd 0g;onfh awmcd&k rnfv h rf; ra&mufrnfr@kd Adv k cf sKyf0ifa&mufzseaf jzr_ukd óuqdek mcH=urSmrv$J jzpfygonf?
- jynfo@l &aJ bmfrmS vnf; olw@kd taeESihf vufeufuikd af wmcdzk @kd rvdk Adv k cf sKyf=oZm&S+d yD;jzpfI Adv k cf sKyfqENtwdik ;f uGejf rLepfrsm;awmcdak &;
vdkvm;=urnf r[kwfacs?
- qdk&S,fvpfygwDom AdkvfcsKyfpum;em;raxmif vdkaomfvnf; vufawG@t& AdkvfcsKyfudk qef@usif+yD;vkyfa&;rSm rsm;pGmtusyf
awG@aeonf? qdk&S,fvpfwdk@onf CPB tay:jyif;xefpGm zdESdyfvm+yD; aemufqHk; awmcdkoGm;a&; jzpfaponfh wygwDvHk;udk wòyifeuftpkvdkuf
t+yHKvdkuf pD;eif;zrf;qD;r_rsKd;udk AdkvfcsKyfa&S@arSmufrSm vkyf&=J urnf r[kwfay? AdkvfcsKyfuvnf; tajctaewif;rmvmv#if rkcs0ifa&mufwm;qD;
rSmyif jzpfonf? ‚qdk&S,fvpfrsm;onf AdkvfcsKyfu uGefjrLepfrsm;tay: &efolvdkoabmrxm;Edkifonfudk tvGefrauseyf=uay? xdk@a=umifh
AdkvfcsKyfwdk@ vkyf}uHcH&pOfu yxr ocifpdk;. tvHeDygwDuyif “'g[m qdk&S,fvpfawGowfwm” [lIyif a=unmzl;ao;onf? qdk&S,fvpfwdk@rSm
AdkvfcsKyf. jzefajzr_udk róuufaomfvnf; pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsuf (2) csuf&Sdonf? yxru vuf&Sd ‚wdk@. &yfwnfr_rSm AdkvfcsKyfOD;aqmifxm;aom
zqyv tzGJ@csKyfwGif;u AdkvfcsKyfudkrSD+yD; &yfwnfae&onf?
aemufwcsufrSm AdkvfcsKyfESifhqef@usif+yD; woD;wjcm;&yfwnf&ef ‚wdk@onf vlxktajccHr&SdI rjzpfEdkifaomb0jzpfonf? aemuf
AdkvfcsKyfonf tiftm;}uD;rm;+yD; =oZm}uD;vSonf? qef@usif&ef rjzjpfEdkifay? xdk@a=umifh rvGefqefEdkifbJ AdkvfcsKyfzsefajzwm;qD;rnfh vrf;udkrkcs
vdkuf&ayrnf? odk@jzifh uGefjrLepfrsm;awmcdkrnfh tajctaersKd;ra&muf&ef AdkvfcsKyfu rkcszsefajzwm;qD;Edkifayrnf?
xdka=umifh txufygar;cGef; (12) t& uGefjrLepfrsm; awmrcdkEdkifatmif AdkvfcsKyfu rkcsumuG,fEdkifrnf jzpfonf?
umuG,Ef ikd o f nfeh nf;vrf;rSm txufwiG f usaemfazmfjycJo h vdk t"dutiftm;rsm;jzpfaom CPB / qd&k , S v f pfygw/D jynfo@l &aJ bmfygwD
wdk@t=um;0if+yD; zsefajzwm;qD;aom enf;vrf;yif jzpfayonf?
Tonfrsm;rSm usaemfESifh bDbDpDowif;axmufwdk@ ar;jref;cef;rS usaemfxkwfazmfwifjyvdkaom ta=umif;t&mwcsKd@ jzpfygonf?
Tae&mwGif usaemfa&;zd@k usecf o hJ nfh udpw P cka&;om;&ygO;D rnf? Adv k cf sKyfruG,v f eG rf u
D usaemfu h kd apcdik ;f cJo
h nfu h pd wP ck&ydS gao;onf?
xdkudpPrSm -
AdkvfcsKyfofn zufqpfawmfvSefa&;+yD;aemuf olppfwyfuxGuf+yD; EdkifiHa&;buful;ajymif;vdkuf&ef qHk;jzwf+yD;aemuf wyfrawmfudk
ol@udk,fpm; xdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyf&ef v$t J yfchJzdk@ yk*~dKvfudkpOf;pm; &SmazGchJonf? olwnfaxmifvmcJhaom wyfrawmf t*Fvdyfwdk@ESifh aygif;pnf;&onfh
13
aemufwGif azmufazmufjym;jym;awG jzpfvmrSmtvGefpdk;&drfyHk&onf? &mxl;pOfvm 0gpOft& xdkpOfokl@vufatmuf 'kppfaoemywd jzpfaeaom
Adkvfvufsmudkom v$Jtyf&rnfjzpf&m Adkvfvufsmtay:EdkifiHa&;t& pdwfcs&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; usrf;rma&;t& a&&SnftwGuf pdwfrcs&[k
xifjrify&kH ygonf? xd@k a=umifh Edik if aH &;t& razmufrjyefpw d cf s&+yD; trsm;av;pm;jcif;vnf;cH&um ygwt D rsm;ESiq
hf ufqaH &;vnf; aumif;rGeaf om
uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmif wOD;jzpfaom ocifA[def;udk ppfwyftm; ol@udk,fpm;v$t J yfzdk@ pdwful;qENjzifh qHk;jzwfcho J nf?
xd@k a=umifh cef@reS ;f ajc 1945 Zlvikd vf wGi;f avmufxifonf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; usaemfu h akd c:+yD; ocifA[de;f udpP ol.qENEiS hf qH;k jzwfcsuf
udk ajymjyum ocifoef;xGef;xHapv$wfI ocifA[def;udk ppfwyfudkv$J&ef ay;zdk@&efoGm;awmif;cdkif;ygonf? usaemf ocifoef;xGef;xH oGm;I
xdkudpPudk ajymjyygonf?
xdkpOfuvu usaemfwdk@ArmjynfuGef jrLepfygwDrSm ba&muf'g0g'0ifae&m tem*wfvGwfvyfa&; awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm
ppfa&;t& t=urf;zufv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rvdkbJ +idrf;csrf;pGmjzifh vlxkpnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;r_jzifh atmifjrifEdkifonf[laom t,ltqpG+J rJpGm ,Hk=unfaeonfh
umvjzpf&m ppfwyfvkyfief;tay: 'gavmuftm±Hkrxm;awmhbJ vlxkvlwef;pm; pnf;±Hk;a&;om t"dutm±Hkxm;aeaom umvjzpfonf?
ocifoef;xGef;u a&S@rSmppfwyfvkyfief;[m 'gavmufta&;ygawmhrSm r[kwfyg vlxkpnf;±Hk;a&;om t"dujzpf&m udkA[def;rSm tvGef
ta&;yg+yD; vlxktwGif;=oZm}uD;ol jzpfonf? ol@udkta&;}uD;onfh tvkyform;or*~awG udkifcdkif;zdk@pDpOfxm;I ray;Edkifa=umif;ajymygonf/
ppfwyfudk tpOftvm&Sdonfh cifAsm;wdk@awGyJ wyfrSm=oZm&Sdatmif vkyf+yD;xddef;odrf; oGm;=uyg[k ajymygonf?
usaemfxdkudpP AdkvfcsKyfudkjyeftpD&ifcHawmh AdkvfcsKyfu udkA[def;ray;Edkif&if jzL;e,frS uGef jrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfaom
ocifoef;aza&m ray;Edkifbl;vm;[k xyfar;cdkif;ygonf? ocifoef;xGef;u ocifoef;azudkvnf; ray;Edkifa=umif; ta=umif;jyefygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfvnf; tawmfpdwfysufoGm;yHk&onf? aemufqHk; Adkvfr–;}uD;vufsmudkbJ ol@udk,fpm;ol@ae&mqufcHbdk@ a&G;cs,f+yD; +Adwdo#wdk@
atmufwyfrawmf 'kppfaq;a&;t&m&SdcsKyfae&modk@ 0if,lapygawmhonf? aemufAdkvfcsKyfwdk@ tpdk;&tzGJ@wGif;0ifvmaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfonf
umuG,fa&;0ef}uD; wm0efyg,lxm;+yD; wyfudkolwzufu xdrf;odrf;oGm;rnf[k pdwfulk;xm;yHk&onf[k ,lq&ygonf?
xdu k Akd [de;f udpuP kd xdpk Ofu qd&k ,
S vf pfrsm;odomG ;yH&k onf? Adv
k af tmif}uD;u Advk af e0if;xHay;pmrsm;wGif xdu k pd yP gvm+yD; qd&k ,S v
f pfawG
rausreyfjzpfyHkudk 1988 0ef;usifu zwf±_vdkuf&ygonf?
TonfrSm AdkvfcsKyf ruG,fvGefrDu usaemftm;apcdkif;cJhonfh udpPwck jzpfygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfu usaemfhtm;ynmay;cJhonfh udpPwckvnf; &Sdygao;onf?
1947 ckESpf azazmf0g&D (12) &uf yifvHkpmcsKyfcsKyfqdk&mwGif aemuf 10 ESpf=umv#if &Srf;jynftaeeJ@ cGJxGufcsifcGJxGufcGifhðyrnf
qdkaomtcsuftay: usaemfu AdkvfcsKyftm;ar;jref;=unfh&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfu uJ rif;ArmjynfajryHkudk=unfhprf; wdk@vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg
&Srf;jynfryg&if wdk@ajryHkb,fvdkjzpfoGm;rvJ 'ga=umifh vGwfvyfa&;,lwJhtcg waygif;wpnf;xJ&zdk@vdkw,f? [kajymjyaqG;aEG;+yD; xyfI
ajymjyonfrSm wdk@wawGu ig;ESpfpDrHudef; 2 ckavmufvkyf+yD; EdkifiHudkwnfaqmufjy&if wdk@wawGeJ@twlaecsifvmrSmyguGm [kvnf;ESpfodrfh
ajymqdkygonf? AdkvfcsKyfuqdkvdkonfrSm (ig;ESpfpDrHudef; 2 ck) 10 ESpf=um wdkif;jynfwnfaqmufa&;udk twlwuGvkyfaqmif=u+yD;&if cGx J GufcsifrSm
r[kwfawmh [kqdkvdkygonf?
xdk@jyif AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHrcH&rDuav;rSmyif vGwfvyfa&;twGuf tjyif;txef aqG;aEG;!êdE_dif;aepOf usaemfESifhawG@pOf ajymonfrSm
vGwfvyfa&;twGufawmh tpptqifajyaewmyJ bmawGjzpfvmtHk;rvJawmh rodbl;uGm [lIjzpfygonf? usaemfhpdwfwGifh pOf;pm;rdonfrSm
AdkvfcsKyfonf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;tm; odyf,Hk=unfr_r&SdvSbJ wpHkwcktay: pdwfenf;enf;av;aeyHk&onf[k xifjrifcJhrdygonf?
Tonfrsm;rSm AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufI usaemf. xdawG@cHpm;&csuftcsKd@ jzpfygonf?

aoewfudkifajcvsifwyf&if; (3) &efukefòrodk@ajymif;a&$@&jcif;

AdkvfcsKyfwdk@usqHk;+yD;aemuf &efukefòr@udk xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf usaemfwdk@ aoewfudkifajcvsif wyf&if; (3) udk &efukefodk@a&$@ajymif;+yD;

òr@vHkðcHa&;udk ykvdyftzJG@ESifhwJGI udkif&ygonf?
xdkumvwGif Armhwyfrawmf wyfr–;rsm;ae&mudk t*Fvdyfrsm; rudkifawmhbJ jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk v$Jtyfvmygonf?
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef &ufeD;uyfvmI jzpf[ef&Sdygonf? usaemfrSm wyf&if; (3) wyf&if;r–;jzpfvm+yD; &mxl;vnf; 'kAdkvfr–;}uD; (vufzwifeif
ume,f) jzpfvmygonf?

&cdkifjynfe,fqlyl ykefuefr_

1947 ckESpfwGif Armjynf &cdkifjynfe,fwGif Armjynfocifpdk;OD;pD;aom tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD. tEG,f0ifjzpf=uaom AHkaygufomausmf

qdkolESifh bkef;awmf}uD; q&mawmfOD;pdENmwdk@ acgif;aqmifaom &cdkifolykefv_yf&Sm;r_ ay:aygufaeygonf?
‚wdk@ESpfOD;onf 1947 ck {+yDvYðyvkyfaom &cdkifjynfajryHknDvmcH aemufydkif;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifonfh tpdk;&udk
qef@usifum pifòyiftpdk;&axmif+yD; awmcdkum vufeufudkifajymufusm;olykefrsm; jzpfvm=uonf?
14
 &ckid jf ynfe,fwiG f ArmhwyfrawmfrS aoewfuikd w f yf&if; (5) ESihf csi;f wyf&if;w&if; &Sad e&m ‚wd@k ukd t*Fvyd w f yf&if;r–;rsm;u udik x f m+yD;
olykefawGudk vJAD;wyf/ &Jwyfwdk@ESifhyl;aygif;um wdkufcdkufaeygonf?
&cdkifjynfe,folykefrsm; }uD;xGm;vmrSmpdk;ojzifh tpdk;&u aemufxyf,ltrfyD wyf&if;w&if;ESifh Armhaoewfudkwyf&if; (3) udk &cdkifodk@
xyfydk@+yD; usaemf@udk &cdkifjynfe,folykefrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef &ckdifjynfe,f tpdk;&wyfaygif;pkr–;tjzpf cef@tyf+yD; wm0efv$Jay;ygonf? usaemf
&cdkifjynfe,f oGm;cgeD;wGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDOuUX ocifoef;xGef;xHoGm;awG@+yD; usaemf. &cdkifjynfe,fwm0efudk ajymjy+yD; bmrsm;rSm=um;
vdkygoenf; [kar;ygonf? usaemfrSm uGefjrLepfygwD0if jzpfaeIjzpfygonf?
OuUXocifoef;xGef;vnf; tvkyftvGefrsm;aeyHk&ygonf? txl;taxGodyfrajymawmhbJ &ckdifjynfe,f uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmif
&JabmfausmfjrxHodk@om pmwapmifay;vdkonfqdk+yD; csufcsif;pma&;ay;ygonf?
usaemf &ckdifjynfe,f ppfawGòr@odk@ a&mufaomtcg ppft&m&Sdwa,mufudk &Jabmfausmfjrudk tac:cdkif;ygonf? &Jabmfausmfjr
a&mufvmaomtcg ocifoef;xGef;.pmukday;vdkuf+yD; pum;te,f;i,fajymum &if;ESD;vm=uygonf?
‚&JabmfausmjrrSm tjcm;vlr[kwyf g? ,cktcgw±kwjf ynf cGerf if;òr@Y usaemfw@kd EiS t hf wlwuG a&muf&adS eaom OD;ausmjf ryifjzpfonf?
,cktcg touf (90) eD;yg;&Sd+yD; usaemfwdk@vlpkwGif touft}uD;qHk;jzpfum tm;vHk;u0dkif;I av;pm;=uygonf? OD;ausmfjronf
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. (aygvpfAsL±dk) EdkifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzJG@0if vl}uD;jzpf+yD; olESifhtwlrdom;pkyg twl&Sdaeygonf?
&cdik pf pfawGwiG f usaemfEiS hf OD;aausmjf r tawmf=um pum;prnfajym+yD; jyefomG ;ygonf? usaemfu &cdik w f iG f rdr. d wm0efvyk if ef;udv k nf;
ajymjyvdkufygonf? usaemfhxHta=umif;&Sdwdkif; tcsdefra&G;vm&efvnf; zdwf=um;vdkufygonf?
&cdkifjynfe,folykefrsm; xºuv_yf&Sm;onfhae&mrSm yxru jynfe,fajrmufydkif;wGifjzpfygonf? olykefrsm;rSm waxmifausmfrnf
xifygonf? usaemfhvufatmufwGif Armhwyfawmft+rJwrf; ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) &if;/ ,ltrfyD (ppf&)J wyf&if;w&if; aygif; t"duwyf&if; (4)
&if;&Sdaeygonf? rdrdwyftiftm;rSm aumif;pGmvHkavmufygonf?
usaemf &cdkifolykefwdkufaepOf Adkvfr–;}uD; (ume,f) &mxl;odk@ wdk;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&ygonf?
usaemfonf &cdkifjynfe,folykefrsm;udk ,cifu t*Fvdyfrsm;OD;pD;aom wyf&if;rsm;uwdkufcdkufovdk “qefpif&m usnfayG@vdkufovdk”
vdkuf+yD;rwdkufbJ tuGufcs+yD; pkpkpnf;pnf; tvHk;t&if;ESifh tESHtjym;/ aphaphpyfpyf wdkufcdkufojzifh olykefrsm; tajctae[efcsufysuf+yD;
ajy;v$m;Iomae=u&mu pdw"f mwfusqif;vm+yD; olw@kd . t"dutiftm;udk &cdik jf ynfe,fawmifyikd ;f od@k a&$@ajymif;yke;f atmif;=u&ef tjrefppD Of+yD;
awmifydkif;odk@ v#dK@0SufpGm csDwufa&$@ajymif;=uygonf?
twef=umaomtcg oklykefrsm; awmifydkif;odk@ ajymif;a&$@qkwfcGma=umif; usaemfwd@kodvmojzifh usaemfwkd@wyfrsm; awmifydkif;odk@
vduk =f uygonf? olyek rf sm;rSm ajcvsijf rpfacsmif;rsm;udk jzwfausm+f yD; yifyef;}uD;pGm rdik f (100) cef@csw D ufomG ;=u&wm jzpfygonf? olw@kd tvGeyf ifyef;
=uygonf? usaemfwdk@wyfrsm;url oabFmrsm;/ armfawmfum;rsmpD;+yD; vdkuf&ojzifh ryifyef;bJ jrefqefygonf?
xdk@a=umifh &cdkifokykefrsm; awmifydkif;a&muf+yD; csufcsif;vdkyif usaemfwdk@wyfrsm;u xuf=uyfruGm awmifydkif;odk@ a&muf&Sdvm+yD;
vdkufvHwdkufcdkufEdkifygawmhonf?
TwGif &cdkifaysmuf=um;olykefrsm; rsm;pGmtHh=o=u+yD; t}uD;tus,fpdwf"mwfrsm; usqif;um ajyv$m;a&Smifwdrf; ae=u&ygonf?
aemufqHk; ‚wdk@yifyef;vGef;I wcsdK@tzrf;cHvufeufcs+yD; trsm;tjym;rSm rdrdwdk@.olykefvkyfief;udk pGef@v$wfum rdrdtdk;tdrfZmwdo@dk xGufajy;
wdrf;a&SmifoGm;=uojzifh olykefwyftvHk;t&if;rSm ysufjym;oGm;ygawmhonf? wcsdK@tenf;i,fr# &cdkif±dk;rawmifwef;ay: wufajy;=uolrsm;vnf;
&Sdonf[k =um;&ygonf?
tcsKyfrSm &cdkifolykefrSm òyuGyJ sufpD;oGm;oavmuf jzpfoGm;ygonf? usaemfwdk@vnf; tao;tzJGrsm;udk vdkufvHwdkufcdkufae&ygonf?
xdktwGif; usaemfrSwfrdwmwckrSm olykefrsm;vdkuf+yD; tESHtjym;wdkufcdkufaepOf usaemfwdk@&cdkifjynfe,f “ajryHkòr@e,f” twGif;
wdkufcdkufae=upOf 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv (4) &ufae@a&mufvm+yD; ArmjynffvGwfvyfa&; a=unmoHudk =um;&ygonf?
usaemfw@kd onf 1948 ckEpS f ZEM0g&v D (4) &ufwiG f usaemfw@kd b;kd pOfabmifquf vdck siaf wmifw h +yD; wdu
k yf 0GJ ifc=hJ uonfh jrefrmhvw G v
f yfa&;
&ygawmhonf? xdkpOf usaemfrSm Adkvfr–;}uD;&mxl;ESifh jzpfaeygonf?
&cdkifolykefwdkufyJG+yD;qHk;cgeD;wGif usaemfrSmiSufzsm; 0ifvmonfxif&onf? rusef;rrmjzpfvmI ppfawGodk@jyefvm&+yD; aq;±HkwGif
vJygawmhonf?
usaemfhusef;rma&;rSm wdk;wufaumif;rGefrvmbJ qdk;0g;vmojzifh &cdkifrS &efukefodk@ jyefydk@ay;=uygonf?
Armhwyfrawmf aq;r–;csKyfjzpfol ume,fO;D armifarmif}uD;rSm usaemfwyfwiG ;f Y tm;óu;rmefwuf jyif;xefpmG tvkyv f yk yf akH wGukd od&+dS yD;
usaemfhudk tcsdefrSefvkyfzdk@/ usef;rma&;ESifhavsmfnDpGm pm;aomufaexdkifzdk@ r=umc%owday; ajym=um;cJholjzpfygonf? usaemfhudkvnf; rsm;pGm
cifrifav;pm;ol jzpfygonf? wyfrawmfwGif usaemfonf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfol[k ,lqxm;olvnf; jzpfygonf? (ume,fOD;armifarmif}uD;onf
usaemfwyfrawmfrS aemiftcgxGuf&aomtcg usaemfhxHvma&muf awG@qHkvdkaomfvnf; roifhawmfIrvmjzpfxifygonf? usaemfwyftjyif
a&muf + yD ; aemuf usaemf h o m;i,f xG e f ; at;ausmf a Zm (wG w f w G w f ) uG , f v G e f a omtcgrS psmyear; usaemh f t d r f a &muf v mygonf ?
usaemft h a=umif;awGukd ar;jrefo&d x dS m;yH&k ygonf? usaemfoh rD;wa,muf aq;wuUov kd w
f ufaeonf[k =um;&a=umif;ajymojzifh orD;vSvES iS hf
rdwfqufay;vdkuf&ygonf?)
15
 usaemfppfawGrS &efuek jf yefa&mufaomtcg &efuek òf r@wiG f ppfbufaq;±Hrk &Sad o;ojzifh ume,fO;D armifarmif}uD;u usaemfu
h kd t&yfbuf
&efukefaq;±Hk}uD;odk@ wifvdkufygonf?
&efukefaq;±Hk}uD;rS aq;±Hktkyf}uD; a'gufwmOD;boef;wdk@uvnf; usaemfhudk *±kpdkuf=uygonf?
usaemf&efukefaq;±kH}uD;a&mufrS ppfaq;=unfh±_csufrsm;t& usaemhfwGif wDbDtqkwfa&m*g pwif&Sdae+yDudk od&ygawmhonf? xdkpOf
wDbDa&m*gaysmuf aq;rsm;vnf; ray:ao;yg? xdkacwfwDbDa&m*gjzpfv#if ,ckacwf uifqma&m*gvdk aojcif;w&m;udk wjznf;jznf;
&ifqdkif&awmhrnf[k odxm;&I usaemfvnf;rsm;pGm pdk;&drfoGm;ygonf?
aemufume,fOD;armifarmif}uD;u usaemfESifhawG@+yD; wDbDa&m*gtwGuf odyfpdwfrylzdk@/ aumif;aumif;rGefrGef aexdkifpm;aomuf+yD;
aq;0g;aumif;rsm; pm;aomufoGm;v#if a&m*gaysmufuif; oufomoGm;Edkifa=umif; tm;ay;pum; ajymygonf?
usaemf&efukefaq;±Hk}uD;wGif wvcef@r#ae&+yD; usef;rmvmI aq;±HkrSqif;cGifh&ygonf?
xdk@aemuf wyfrawmfaq;r–;csKyf ume,fOD;armifarmif}uD;u usaemfhudkaq;cGifh (6) v &uf&Snf,lap+yD; wDbDa&m*goufomapaom
&moDOwk&Sdonfh rdwDˆvmòr@wGif olay;vdkufaom pm;aq;/ xdk;aq;rsm;udkoHk;pG+J yD; aumif;aumif;tem;,l pm;aomufaexdkifzdk@ ajymygonf?
usaemfonf ppfyGw J Gif;ao&rSmudk odyfra=umuf&GH@aomfvnf; ,ckvdkwDbDtqkwfa&m*gESifhawmh raocsifvSyg? wdkif;jynfwm0efawGudk
quf+yD;xrf;aqmifcsifaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh aq;bufu !¸ef=um;xm;onfhtwdkif; usaemftm;vHk;udk vdkufemcH,lvkyfaqmifygonf?
usaemfonf aq;cGihf (6) v,l+yD; rdwv ˆD mòr@o@kd usaemft
h rd af xmifEiS t
hf wl oGm;I wDbaD &m*g oufoma&;twGuf tem;,laecJyh gonf?
xdktwGif; EdkifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;vnf; tawmftwefzwfcsdef &vdkufygonf?

wDbDtqkwfa&m*g ukoaepOftwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;

usaemfwDbDtqkwfa&m*g ukoaepOf wdkif;jynfwGifta&;}uD;aom tjzpftysuftcsKd@ jzpfcJhygonf?

xdkumvtwGif;rSm ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu ,ck 1948 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv (4) &uf vGwfvyfa&;rSm rppfrSef rjynfhpHka=umif; a0zef
oHk;oyfcsufrsm; =um;odvm&ojzifh xdkrjynfhpHkaom vGwfvyfa&;twGuf rsm;pGmpdwfraumif; jzpf&ygonf?
xdktwGif; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS vGwfvyfa&;tay: a0zefr_rStpðy+yD; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh zqyvtzG@J rS qdkd&S,fvpfygwDwdk@
t}uD;tus,f pum;rsm;=u+yD; tm%m&qdk&S,fvpfygwDrS uGefjrLepfygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;udk odrf;}uHK;zrf;qDojzifh uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;
a&Sifwdrf;ae&onf?
xdkaemufydkif; AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvf&x J GÉfwdk@u Adkvfae0if;ESifhaygif;+yD; vuf0n J DF!Gwfa&;&zdk@ jyefaygif;a&;óu;pm;=uaomvnf; r&awmhay?
xd@k a=umifh uGejf rLepfygwrD S uGejf rLepfrsm;tzrf;rcHbJ awmcd&k ef!e¸ =f um;csuf xkw&f onf? aemufArmhwyfrawmfwiG ;f &Sd uGejf rLepfygw0D if
tm;vHk;udkvnf; awmcdk=u&ef awmwGif;usrS vufeufESifhjyefvnfckcH=u&ef !¸ef=um;ojzifh wyfrawmfwGif;&Sd uGefjrLepfrsm; 1948 ckESpf
=o*kwfvwGif awmcdk=uygonf?
odk@aomf usaemfhtwGuf xdkawmcdkvufeufudkif&ef !¸ef=um;csufrSm tcuftcJ}uD; jzpfaeygonf?
usaemhfrSm wDbDtqkwfa&m*g}uD; pGJuyfae+yD; 'Dtwdkif;awmcdkoGm;cJhaomf awmwGif;qif;&J yifyef;aom'%fjzifh r=umrDtdyf&mxJ
bkef;bkef;vJ+yD; rusef;rrmjzpfum bmr#vkyfEdkifrnfr[kwfbJ aemufr=umcifrSmyif aoqHk;oGm;Edkifonf[k usaemfjrifygonf?
xdkpOfu usaemfhtoufrSm (30) 0ef;usifr#avmufom &Sdao;ojzifh omrefa&m*gESifhvnf; raocsifao;yg?
awmwGif;vdkufoGm;+yD; =um=umbmrSrvkyfEdkifbJ r=umcifvlrrm}uD;b0 tjzpfvnf;ra&mufcsifay?
f aemufqHk; xdkudpPusaemfrsm;pGm pdwfqif;&J+yD;aemuf usaemfawmrcdkawmh&ef pdwfem=unf;pGmjzifh qHk;jzwfvdkufygawmhonf?
,ckru S saemf jyefpOf;pm;rdonfrmS usaemf,ckvkd ygw. D !¸e=f um;csuu f kd rvduk ef m y,fveS cf ahJ omudprP mS ta=umif;}uD; 2 csuaf =umif[ h k
,lqrdygonf?
yxrESihf t"duta=umif;}uD;rSm usaemfw h iG f ruse;f rrmjzpf+yD; aooGm;Edik af om wDbt D qkwaf &m*g}uD; &Sad e+yDjzpfI olrsm;ud'k u k rQ ay;csif
'Da&m*gESifhvnf; raocsifIwa=umif; jzpfygonf? xdktcsdefu usaemf. zcifESifhnDi,fwOD;rSmvnf; wDbDa&m*grsm;ESifh uG,fvGef+yD;jzpfonf?
aemufwa=umif;rSm usaemfonf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD A[dak umfrwDv}l uD;wOD; jzpfaeaomfvnf; uGejf rLepfygwt D wGi;f uvmyfpnf;
rsm;wGif pepfwus pnf;urf;wus aexdik cf &hJ jcif;r&Scd ahJ y? woD;yk*v ~ u
d uGejf rLepf}uD;wa,mufvkd aexdik v f mcJ&h ojzifh uGejf rLepfygw. D pnf;±H;k a&;
pnf;urf;rsm;udk aumif;pGmrod rav;eufcahJ y? ay;onfw h m0efukd rvkyEf ikd o
f nfh tajctaea=umifh rvkyaf qmifEikd u f vnf; Tr#ta&;r}uD;vS[k
omrefEdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;vdk awG;ac:rdygonf? trSefrSm bmyJjzpfjzpf!¸ef=um;csuftwdkif; vdkufem&rnfudk Tr#rav;eufchJay? xdk@a=umifhvnf;
usaemfonf xdktrSm;udk usL;vGefrdchJjcif; jzpfonf?
usaemfhudk ygwDucdkif;onfhtwdkif; awmrcdkbaJ eojzifh wcsKd@&aJ bmfrsm;u ygwDrSxkwfypf&ef ocifoef;xGef;udk wdkufwGef;aomfvnf;
ocifoef;xGef;u usaemfhudk ygwDrSrxkwfypfay[k aemifrSusaemfod&onf?
xdk@aemuf usaemfygwDESifh tquftoG,fjywfoGm;ygawmhonf?

16
 ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r–;
usaemfcGifh 6 v,lk+yD; tem;,lI jyefaeaumif;vmaomtcg usemfhudk ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r–;tjzpf aròr@wGif wm0efcef@vkdufygonf?
aemuf 1949 ckESpfqef;avmufwGif ajrmufydkif;ppfwdkif;r–;jzpfpOf ppf±Hk;csKyf.tpDtpOft& u&ifwyfrsm; v_yf&Sm;vmojzifh ajrmufydkif;&Sd
u&ifwyftcsKd@udk vufeufðzwf&onf? xdkudpPrSm vG,fonfr[kwf u&ifrsm;u usaemfhtay:,Hk=unfojzifh vufeuftyf=uonf?
u&ifwyfom;rsm;udkrl aròr@tcsufjywyf&if;wGif xm;onf? (xdk usaemf vufeufðzwf+yD; xdef;odrf;cJhzl;onfh u&if/ ucsif&aJ bmftcsKd@ESifh usaemf
aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yD;aemuf jyefvnfqHkawG=u&ygonf? olwdk@rSm Adkvfaemfqdkif;wyfESifhtwl w±kwfjynfygoGm;+yD; xdkrSwqifh
ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;a'o ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvm+yD; usaemfhrSmvnf; 1976 ckESpfrsm
awmcdkum ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ a&muf&Sdvm&mwGif ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o XmecsKyf&Sd&m yefqef;òr@wGif jyefvnfqHkpnf;rd=uygonf?)
xdktwGif;rSmyif aròr@av,mOfuGif;rS AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef; zkef;qufojzifh av,mOfysHuGif;qif;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;wdk@ ZeD;armifESHudk
oGm;awG@um usaemfhtdrfodk@ ac:vm&onf?
xdrk o
S &d onfrmS Adv k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f onf uavmòr@o@kd omG ;&ef &efuek af vqdyo f @kd vm=u&mwGif avqdyt f eD;wGif wpHw k OD;u aoewfjzifh
acsmif;ajrmif; ypfcwfvkyf}uHjcif; cH&ygonf? uHoDIbmr#rxdcdkufbJ vGwfajrmufch&J onf?
TwGif AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;u pOf;pm;rdonfrSm ,ckvdkol@twGuf tEW&m,frsm;aomumvwGif rdwfaqGjrefrm t&m&Sd}uD; wOD;OD;udkrSDcdk+yD;
aexdkifrSjzpfrnf pdwful;+yD rSDcdk&rnfoltjzpf usaemfhudka&G;cs,f+yD; usaemf&Sd&maròr@odk@ vm =ujcif;jzpfonf[k qdkygonf? usaemfu 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om vufcH+yD; usaemfhtdrfwGif óuufoavmuf ae&efajym+yD; tdrfwGifxm;ygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;wdk@ usaemfhtdrfwGifaepOf usaemfhorD;i,f pef;pef; 1 ESpfc&JG G,f orD;udkoltawmfcspfonf? yg;azmif;}uD; yg;azmif;}uD;[k
eHrnfay;I ac:wwf jr‡Lwwfygonf? usaemfhorD;t}uD; vSvS 3 ESpforD;rSm ZmwdoHk;q,fòr@wGif usaemfha,muQrrsm;ESifh usef&pfchJygonf?
aemufwae@wGif u&ift&m&SdwcsKd@ usaemfhtdrfa&mufvm+yD; AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;udk awG@vdka=umif; cGifhawmif;ygonf? usaemfu
cGifhawmif;p&mrvdkyg awG@csifwmawG@&ygw,f [k ajym+yD; AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;&Sd&m tdrfay:xyfodk@wufoGm;+yD; “u&iftrsKd;om; t&m&SdwcsKd@
AdkvfcsKyfudkvmawG@ygw,f? usaemfolwdk@udk{nfhcef;rSm apmifhcdkif;xm;ygw,f” [kajym+yD;rS “usaemfuxyfajymonfrSm AdkvfcsKyfcifAsm; olwdk@u
AdkvfcsKyfudk usaemfhtdrfrSm zrf;qD;xm;w,fvdk@ xifjrifaeyHk&ygw,f? r[kwfa=umif; ajymay;ygcifAsm” [k ajym&ygonf? AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;vnf;
{nfhcef;qif;oGm;+yD; ‚t&m&Sdwdk@ESifh &,f&,farmarm pum;ajymaeonfrsm;udk =um;&ygonf?
aemuf&uftcsKd@=umaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;u usaemfwdk@tdrfrSm ae&wmtm;emvmI olwdk@twGuf tdrfwvHk;&Smay;yg&ef
av;av;ewfewf awmif;qdkvmygonf? usaemfu 'DumvrSm AdkvfcsKyfESifh usaemftwlae=uwm ESpfOD;pvHk;twGuf vHk+cHKaumif;rGefonf
ArmwcsKd@u AdkvfcsKyfudkvkyf}uH&ef }uHpnfv#ifusaemf&SdaeI cufrnf wzefu&ifwcsKd@u usaemfhudk vkkyf}uH&ef }uHpnfv#ifvnf; wzufwGif
AdkvfcsKyf&SdaeIcufrnf xdka=umifh usaemfwdk@ ydkvHk+cHKEdkif=uygrnf? xdk@a=umifh rajymif;&efESifh tm;rem&ef ajymygonf?
xdkodk@usaemfwdk@tay: tm;remzdk@ajymaomfvnf; twif;omajymif;zdk@ zdajymvmojzifh ajrmufydkif;ppfXmecsKyf&Sd t&m&Sd&dyfomrSm
vlr&Sdojzifh xdk&dyfomodk@ ajymif;aezdk@ pDpOfay;&ygonf? tdrfaxmify&dabm* tdk;cGufawGvJ toifh&Sdonfhae&m jzpfygonf? usaemfu nae
±H;k qif;wdik ;f olw@kd trd 0f ifI E_wq f ufar;jref; wwfygonf? wnae usaemfa&mufomG ;pOf Adv k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f rSm tawmfrsuEf mS raumif;yg? usaemfu
xHk;pHtwdkif; aexdkifaumif;raumif; vdktyfwm&Sdr&Sd ar;jref;+yD; jyefxGufvmum uif;apmifh&Jabmfudk xdkae@u 'Dtdrfudkb,folvmovJ[k
ar;jref;ppfaq;&m Armppft&m&SdwOD;vma=umif; ajymojzifh ykHyef;o¾mefyg qufar;aomtcg wyfwGif;rS qdk&S,fvpfwyfr–;wOD; jzpfaeygonf?
xdq k &kd ,
S v
f pfwyfr;– u Adv k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f tm; bmrsm;ajymoGm;onfrodyg? Adv k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f rSm tawmfyifrsuEf mS ysuf ae&Smygonf? usaemfu h akd wmh
bmr#ajymrjyyg?
xdkumvwGif 1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvukefcgeD;wGif awmifilòr@udkvnf;aumif;/ 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@wGif awmifydkif;wdkif;
twGif;&Sd tif;pdefòr@udkvnf;aumif; u&iftrsdK;om; autif'Dtdkolykefwyfwdk@u odrf;ydkufvdkufa=umif; owif;rsm;xGufay:vmygonf?
xdktwGif; usaemfhtm; &efukefppf±Hk;csKyfu acwWqif;vmzdk@ ac:ojzifh usaemf&efukefqif;oGm;ygonf? ppfOD;pD;csKyfrSm AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;
r[kwfawmhbJ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;jzpfaeI ppf±Hk;csLyf&Sd AdkvfcsKyfae0if;xHoGm;I owif;ydk@ygonf?
AdkvfcsKyfae0if;tcef;odk@ usaemfa&mufa=umif; owif;ydk@&ef 0ifoGm;aomtcg AdkvfcsKyfae0if;rSm vufwzufu ajryHk}uD;wcsyfudk
udkifxm;+yD; vufwzufu =uufOESifhb&ef'Da&mxm;aom t&ufcGufudkudkifxm;um rsufESmokefokefr_efr_efESifh (usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf)
usaemfhudkajymonfrSm - ,cktif;pdefudku&ifodrf;vdkuf+yD? tif;pdefwdkufyJG}uD; jzpfae+yD? cifAsm; awmifydkif;ppfwdkif;r–; OD;atmifoif;ae&m
tjrefoGm;vJ+yD; tif;pdefwdkufyGJ wdkufayawmhæ qdkum oludkifxm;aom ajryHk}uD;udkxdk;ay;+yD; c%t=um tcef;rSxGufoGm;ygawmhonf?
usaemfhrSm AdkvfcsKyfae0if;u wm0efv$aJ y;oGm;ojzifh awmifydkif;wdkif;r–; Adkvfr–;csKyfOD;atmifoif;xHrS wm0efvaJ$ jymif;,l&rnfhta=umif;
qufIa&;om;&rnfjzpf&m xdktwGif; Adkvfr–;csKyfatmifoif;ta=umif; [laom acgif;pOfjzifh usaemfa&;om;xm;aom pmwrf;wapmifudk
usaemhfzdkifwGJa[mif;wckrS usaemhforD;}uD; vSvSuawG@&Sd+yD; usaemfhudkay;&m usaemfzwf=unfhaomtcg xdkpmwrf;wGif usaemfa&;vdkaom
ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ydrk jkd ynfph pkH mG ESihf cdik v f w kH u
d spmG a&;xm;wmawG@&ygonf? xdpk mwrf;udk 1991 ckEpS u f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD armfueG ;f wdu
k f
twGuf a&;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh xdkudpPudk topfra&;awmhbJ ydkrdkjynfhpHkaeonfh xdkpmwrf;udk ul;,lazmfjyvdkufygonf?
17
 Adkvfr–;csKyfatmifoif;ta=umif;
OD;atmifoif;.ZmwdrSm usaemhfZeD;tqdkt& usaemfwdk@Zmwd oHk;q,fòr@a'ouyJjzpf+yD; rdbawGrSm ajr&Sif}uD;rsdK;±dk;awGjzpfygonf?
‚wd@k nt D pfuw kd pkrmS ynmwwfrsm;jzpf+yD; +Adwo d #atmuf tpd;k &tr_xrf;}uD;rsm; jzpfcyhJ gonf? ol.nDO;D wifxÉG q f o kd rl mS c±dik pf uf&iS w
f &m;ol}uD;
wOD;[k =um;zl;ygonf? ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&+yD;p yxrqHk; tar&duef oHtrwf}uD;jzpfol OD;pdk;!Gef@rSm ol.tpfudkjzpfygonf? OD;atmifoif;
udk,fwdkifvnf; t*FvefrSm Oya'ynm oGm;oifchJol jzpfonf[k =um;zl;ygonf?
usaemf 1946 - 47 ckEpS u f wnf;u +Adwo d #atmuf Armhppfwyfxw J iG f ar*sm (Advk rf ;– ) OD;atmifoif; qdo k w l OD;&Sad =umif; odxm;ygonf?
1947 ckESpf ywf0ef;usif usaemf'k&if;r–;jzpfpOf olonf ppfw&m;±Hk;wckwGif OuUXtjzpf usaemfhwyfteD; wae&mwGif vm±Hk;zGifhppfaq;oGm;wm
odcJh&ygonf? vlcsif;awmh rawG@vdkuf&yg?
1948 ZEM0g&D Armhvw G v
f yfa&;&aomtcg Armhppfwyfukd Armtpd;k &od@k t*Fvyd u f v$pJ Of Armjynfawmifyikd ;f ppfXmecsKyfwikd ;f r–;wm0efukd
Adkvfr–;csKyf&mxl;jzifh wm0efay;jcif;cH&ygonf? xdkpOfu ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r–;rSm AdkvfcsKyfae0if; jzpfonf? (xdkpOfu ArmjynfwGif ppfwkdif; 2 wdkif;
awmifESifhajrmufom&Sd)
usaemfrdwˆDvmrS cGifhjyefvm+yD;aemuf 1948 aemufqHk;ydkif;rsm;wGif Adkvfr–;}uD;&mxl;jzifh ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r–; jzpfvmygonf?
1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvqef; (1) &ufae@wGif tif;pdefòr@udk u&ifrsm;odrf;+yD;aemuf wdkufyGJrsm;pwifygawmhonf? xdkpOf tpdk;&u
usaemfhudk ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r–; jzpfae&mu &efukefodk@qif;vmzdk@ ac:ygonf? &efukefY OD;pD;csKyfAdkvfae0if;ESifh awG@awG@csif; usaemfhudk awmifydkif;wdkif;
ppfwdkif;r–;cef@vdkuf+yD; ,ckcsufcsif; OD;atmifoif;ae&m oGm;vJ,l&efESifh tif;pdefwdkufyGJ wdkuf&ef !¸ef=um;ygonf?
usaemf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekudk oGm;awG@owif;ydk@+yD; r*Fvm'Hk&Sd awmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyf&Sd OD;atmifoif;. ±Hk;cef;odk@ oGm;ygonf? Adkvfr–;csKyf
OD;atmifoif;rSm ol@pm;yJGrSm rsufESmraumif;pGmESifh xdkifae+yD; usaemfol@tcef;xJ 0ifoGm;wmeJ@ ‘vmAsdK@æ cifAsm;udk csufcsif;wm0efv$Jzdk@
trdef@&+yD;vdk@ apmifhaew,f ’- [kajymygonf? usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfa&m b,foGm;&rvJ [k ar;awmh olcGifhESifh tem;,lawmhr,f[k ajymonf?
TwGif usaemfpw d rf aumif;yg? rsm;pGmvJtm;emoGm;ygonf? toufvnf; usaemfx h uf 10 ESprf #}uD;+yD; usaemfx h uf &mxl;}uD;olvnf;
jzpf/ vl}uD;vlaumif;wOD;vnf;jzpfvdk@ csufcsif;yif - 'Dvdkawmhraumif;ygbl;? AdkvfcsKyfu wdkif;r–;tjzpf qufvkyfyg? usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfatmufrSm
wyfr–;}uD;wOD;taeeJ@ tif;pdefppfrsufESm wm0ef,lyghr,f[k ajymum 'DudpPusaemf tckbpJ pf±Hk;jyefoGm;+yD; trdef@jyifay;zdk@ajymr,fqdk+yD; &efukef
ppf±Hk;odk@ csufcsif;jyefxGufvmygonf?
ppf±Hk;a&mufaomtcg Adkvfae0if;udk rawG@&awmhIol@ppfOD;pD; (y) ESifhom awG@&awmhonf? (xdkpOfu ppfOD;pD; (y) rSm Adkvfae0if;.
vufaxmufvdkyif jzpfonf?) usaemfu OD;atmifoif;udk ajymcJhovdkyif trdef@udkjyifay;&ef ajymaomtcg 'g[m rjzpfEdkifawmha=umif; usaemfhudk
ajrmufydkif;u ac:pOfuwnf;u Twm0efudkva$J y;zdk@ tcdkiftrmqHk;jzwf+yD;rS ac:wmjzpfa=umif; 'Dae@±Hk;rqif;rD wm0efv$J,ljzpfatmif,lyg[k
twif;tusyf ajymygawmhonf? b,fvdkrS jyefjyif&efajymr&awmhyg? usaemf r*Fvm'Hkom jyefvmcJh&ygonf?
usaemfpw d rf aumif;pGmESihf jyefvm+yD; OD;atmif;oif;tcef; a&mufaomtcg ol@urkd awG@&awmhbJ pm;yGaJ y:wGif usaemft h wGuf pmwapmif
a&;xm;cJhygonf? olxGufoGm;+yD;jzpfa=umif; wm0efv$pJ mudk olvufrSwfxdk;+yD; pm;yGaJ y:rSm wifxm;a=umif; pwmawGa&;xm;ygonf?
usaemft h xif usaemfppf±;kH u r*Fvm'Hjk yefvmpOf ppf±;kH uolukd zke;f jzift h jrefxuG o f mG ;&ef trde@f ay;vdu k [ f ef wlygonf? usaemfo@l trd f
zkef;qufaomfvnf;r&yg? Todk@jzifh usaemfvnf; awmifydkif;ppfwdkif;r–;wm0ef,l+yD; tif;pdefwkdufyGJ 0if&ygawmhonf?
usaemf 1953 ck ZlvdkifvwGif w±kwfjzLwdkufzdk@twGuf ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r–;tjzpf aròr@udkajymif;&+yD;aemuf w±kwfjzLwdkufa&; pDpOf
&ygonf? odk@twGif; oHvGifta&S@ awmifwef;rsm;tay: ppfcsDaomtcg usnfqHydko,f,lEdkifzdk@ ppfypPnf;rsm; tenf;qHk; tayghqHk;om o,fzkd@udpP
usaemfpOf;pm; wGucf suaf erdygonf? t"duta=umif;wckrmS vuf&w dS yfom;rsm;tm; xkwaf y;xm;aom ppfo;kH ouUvyfapmifonf xl+yD;av;vH
aeojzifh aEG;vJaEG;ydkayghonfhapmifqdkvsif usnfqHydko,fEdkifrnfjzpfI rnfol@udkar;jref;oifhoenf; qdkonfudkpOf;pm;aomtcg 'kwd,urBmppfyJG
twGif;u 0if;*dwf. xdk;azmufyGu J dk owd&rdonf? xdk@tjyif 0if;*dwfESifh xdkpOfu 0if;*dwftem;wGif&Sdol OD;atmifoif;wkd@ ta=umif;udkvnf;
zwfz;l xm;wm owd&rdonf? usaemfw@kd ppfwyf. yxrqH;k ppfwikd ;f zG@H òz;a&;odya`H usmif;tky}f uD; vkycf o hJ l Adv
k rf ;– xGe;f jrwf a&;aom pmtkyjf zpfonf?
xdkpmtkyfi,fudk usaemfzwfzl;wm owd&rdonf? (Adkvfr–;xGef;jrwf. ZeD;rSmvnf; oHk;q,fòr@oljzpfI olwdk@ESifh OD;atmifoif; aqGeD;rsKd;pyf
awmf[ef&I dS *k%, f +l yD; xdpk mtkyaf &;yH&k onf?) xd@k a=umifh &efuek q
f if;onft h cg OD;atmifoif;ESiahf wG@+yD; 0if;*dwEf iS v hf u kd &f pOf tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk
ar;=unfhzdk@ pdwful;rdygonf?
aemufw±kwfjzLudpPtwGuf &efukefqif;vmaomtcg usaemfAdkvfr–;xGef;jrwfudk &Smac:um OD;atmifoif;xH oGm;=uygonf?
(pum;ajymqdk aqG;aEG;&if; Adkvfr–;xGef;jrwfonf rsKd;cspfpdwfESifh 'Drdkua&pDpdwf&Sdoljzpf+yD; oHk;q,f&Sd usaemfh aqGrsKd;rsm;ESifh odu|rf;aewmudkvnf;
odvm&ygonf? OD;atmifoif;ta=umif; a&;&mrSmvnf; ArmwOD;ta=umif; rsKd;cspfpdwfESifh a&;onf[k ,lq&ygonf?)
OD;atmifoif;tm; tif;pdefóu@ukef;&Sd bkef;}uDausmif; wausmif;teD;&Sd ajrpdkuftdrfi,fav;wvHk;twGif; awG@&ygonf? t&uf tvGef
tu|H aomufr_a=umifh t&G,fa&m ±kyf&nfyg &ifha&mfaewm awG@&ygonf? olonf aemufa=umif;jzpf&yfrsm;udk aumif;pGmrajymjyEdkifawmhyg?
0if;*dwfu Armjynfta=umif; aumif;aumif;t}uHay;Edkifrnfh olwa,muf ol@tem;odk@ay;&efawmif;ojzifh ol@taejzifh 0if;*dwf
twGif;a&;r–;vdk tem;uyfvdkuf&a=umif; 0if;*dwf[m csif;wGif;jrpfudk vufypfjzwful;a=umif; pwmawGom ajymjy+yD; wjcm;udpPrsm; ar;jref;
r&awmhyg? apmifudpPrSmawmh olowd&oavmuf =opaws;vs ouUvyfapmiftyg;awGjzpfa=umif; odchJ&ygonf? t&m&Sdrsm;twGuf xkwfay;
18
aom apmiftpdrf; tyg;uav;rsm;jzpf+yD; ayghyg;+yD; aEG;a=umif;vJ ajymygonf? oluusaemfwdk@udk vd_ufvd_ufvv JS SJ {nfhcHpum; ajym&Smygonf?
wjcm;vnf; odyfar;r&awmhI usaemfwdk@ jyefchJ&ygonf? ol@b0twGufvJ pdwfraumif;vSyg? (rSwfcsuf - 0if;*dwfrSm 1943 - 44 ckESpftwGif;
jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;odk@ 0ifa&mufvmonfh +Adwdo#wyfrS +Adwdo#wyfr–;}uD; jzpfonf?)
usaemf ppfwyftjyifa&muf+yD; 1960 ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudk 0ifa&muf,SOfòyifpOfu twGif;a&;r–;tjzpf vmulnDaewJh
oH;k q,fa'oom; aqGe;D rsK;d pyfawmfow l OD; &Syd gonf? olvnf;oH;k q,fZmwdom;csi;f jzpfojzifh OD;atmifoif;ESiv hf nf; eD;pyfou d |r;f [ef &Syd gonf?
olu jyefajymjyonfrSm - OD;atmifoif;u usaemfhta=umif; r=umc%ajyma=umif; ajym&mwGifvnf; AdkvfausmfaZm t*FvdyfwdkufcJhwm
odyaf umif;a=umif; odyrf eS af =umif;ESihf Adv
k af usmaf Zm[m wu,fypJ w d x
f m; aumif;rGeof jl zpfa=umif; ajymjywwf+yD; txufwiG f usaemfa&;cJo h nfh
twdkif; olESifh wm0efoGm;vJpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk ajymjywwfonf[k qdkygonf? OD;atmifoif;rSm rlvu t*Fvdyfrsm;tay: vdkvm;ol
jzpfchaJ omfvnf; t*Fvdyfudk wdkufwmrSefuefa=umif; odvmIwa=umif; pdwfemp&mawG &Sd[ef&Sdvdk@vnf;wa=umif; TuJhodk@ ajym[efwlygonf?
1970 w0dkufu usaemfhtdrf0ifxGufaewJh yifpifpm;Adkvf}uD;bóuif qdkol&Sdygonf? olonf usaemfw±kwfjzLwdkufpOf usaemf.
tif*sifeD,m t}uHay;vJjzpf twGif;a&;r–;vnf;jzpfcJh+yD; t*Fvdyfwyfa[mif;rSvnf; jzpfygonf? wae@wGif olu OD;atmifoif;udk usaemfh
prf;acsmif;tdrfodk@ ac:vmcJhygonf? xdkae@u usaemfwdk@tdrfwGif tkef;Edk@acgufqGJ csufpm;onfESifh wdk;aeojzifh olwdk@udkvnf; au|;arG;{nfhcH
vdkufygonf? OD;atmifoif;rSm tqpftjrpfudkuf a&m*g&ae+yDjzpfI txdkiftx wGx J lwGx J ay;&ygonf? usaemfwdk@vnf; a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf
rsm;udk ajymqdk=u+yD;aemuf olwdk@jyefoGm;=uygonf? pum;ajym&if; rSwfrdvkdufonfrSm ol@rSmorD;wa,muf&Sd+yD; jrefrmava=umif;ukr`%DwGif
tvkyfvkyfaea=umif; ajymoGm;ygonf?
OD;atmifoif;udk Adkvfae0ifwdk@u tjrefðzwfypfvdkufonfh ta=umif;udk usaemfrSef;q=unfh&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ xdkwdkif;ppfXme
axmufvSrf;a&;r–; Adkvf}uD;pdk;rif; (usqHk; uG,fvGef) udk xdkudpPudk wD;acguf=unfh&mwGif odvm&onfrsm; t&vnf;aumif; usaemfem;vnf
oabmaygufonfrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?
OD;atmifoif;ESifh apmbOD;}uD; (autif'Dtdk OuUÏ) wdk@rSm vef'efY Oya'ynmoif ausmif;wufbufrsm; jzpfchJ+yD; apmbOD;}uD;rSm
wcgw&H OD;atmifoif;. r*Fvm'Hk&Sd wdkif;r–;aetdrfodk@ vmvnfpm;aomufwwf+yD; nOfheufrSjyefwwfa=umif; od&ygonf? usaemfESifhwm0ef
frvJrDuav;rSmyif (1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dvukefydkif; avmufwGif) r*Fvm'Hk&Sd u&ifwyfrsm; tpdk;&udk ykefuef+yD; awmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyfudkyif acwW
0ifpD;cJh+yD; tif;pdefxJ0ifoGm;=uygonf? xdk@a=umifh ol@tay:r,Hk=unfjcif;/ ol.vkyf&nfudkif&nftay: rauseyfjcif; wjcm;usaemfrodonfh
yk*~dKvfa&; ta=umif;rsm;a=umifh ðzwfypfvdkuf[ef wlygonf?
OD;atmifoif;onf usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf usaemfvGwfajrmufe,fajrrxGufrD 1970 ESifh 75 ckESpft=um; uG,fvGefoGm;+yD;+yD
xifygonf?
TonfrSm 1991 ckESpfu usaemfa&;cJhonfh OD;atmifoif;ta=umif; - pmwrf; jzpfygonf?
OD;atmifoif;ESifh vJvS,fzdk@usaemhfudk tpdk;&u ajrmufydkif;wdkif;rS tjrefac:,l&aom ta=umif;&if;udk usaemfxifjrif ,lq&onfrSm
txufygpmwrf;wGif tenf;i,fa&;om; az:jycJhovdk Adkvfr–;csKyfOD;atmifoif;. awmif;ydkif;ppfXmecsKyfatmuf ArmhwyfrawmfrS u&ifwyfom;
100 avmufpk±Hk;+yD; 1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dvukefydkif;rSm OD;atmifoif;. awmifydkif;ppfXmemcsKyf ae&mtygt0if wcsKd@ae&mawGudk ±kwfw&ufx+yD;
wdkufcdkufonf? awmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyfudkvnf; cwW0ifpD;eif;vdkufao;onf? vufeufcJ,rf;awGo,f,l+yD; tif;pdefxJ0ifoGm;=uonfh udpP
ay:cJhonf? xdkudpPa=umifh tpdk;& pdk;&drfxdwfvef@oGm;yHk&onf? tpdk;&udk teD;uyfumuG,fa&;rSm t"duawmifydkif;ppfXmecsKyf wm0efjzpf&m
‚XmecsKyfyifv#if tpD;eif;cH&ojzifh tpdk;& pdk;&drfoGm;yHk&onf? xdk@a=umifh OD;atmifoif;ae&m awmifydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfodk@ usaemfhudk
ajymif;vJ,l&ef usaemfhudkac:,ljcif; jzpfyHk&onf?
xdk@a=umifh Adkvfae0if;u usaemfhudkawG@v#ifawG@csif;yif ol=unfhaeaom tif;pdefajryHk}uD;udk xdk;ay;+yD; OD;atmifoif;xHrS wm0ef
tjrefoGm;v$aJ jymif;,lzdk@ESifh tif;pdefwdkufyGw J dkuf&ef !¸ef=um;jcif; jzpfayonf? xdkpOf ajrmufydkif;wdkif;udk aròr@Adkvfoifwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyf}uD;
Adkvfr–;}uD; armifarmifudk wm0ef,lapcJhonf?

tif;pdefwdkufyGJ}uD;
usaemfonf awmifydkif;wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;r–;tjzpfESihf tif;pdefòr@wdkufy}JG uD;udk 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dvqef;up+yD; OD;pD;wdkufcdku
fchJ&ygonf? tif;pdefòr@udk autif'Dtdkrsm;u 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@up+yD; odrf;cJhonf? xdkwdkufyGJta=umif;udk a&;&ygawmhrnf?
tif;pdefwdkufyJGESifh ywfoufI usemf.rSwfpk rSwfwrf;rsm;rSm usaemf.&efukeftdrfwGif omusef&pfcJh&m xdkrSwfpkpmwrf;rsm;udk usaemfwdk@
awmcdkvm+yD;aemuf tpdk;&u usaemfhtdrfrS um;wpD;wdkuf vmodrf;,l oGm;a=umif; tdrfwGifusef&pfaom orD;ti,f pef;pef;u ajymjyygonf?
tif;pdewf u
kd yf t
GJ a=umif; tcsut
f vuf&mS azG&ef usaemho f m; udjk rarmif&mS ay;xm;aom pmtkypf mwrf;tcsKd @ usaemfx h w
H iG f &Sad eygonf?
Adkvfr–;}uD; (a[mif;) wifarmif a&;om;aom “wdkif;jynfuEkEk rkefwdkif;uxefxef”/ rdk;rdk;wma&mpef (Adkvfr–;}uD; cifarmifaomif;) a&;om;aom
“rkefwdkif;udkrr_ tefwkavaomf ” ESifh ppfordkif;jywdkufrS xkwfa0aom “wyfrawmf orddkif;” pmtkyfrsm; jzpfygonf? usaemfxdkpmtkyfrsm;udk
tcsdef,lzwf=unfhygonf? pmta&;tom;aumif;=uygonf? vGefchJaom ESpfaygif; 50 ausmf 60 eD;yg;u tjzpftysufrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf?
usaemfhtwGuf wdkuf±dkufoufqdkifaom tcsufrsm; odyfrawG@&aomfvnf; oG,f0dkufoufqdkifaom tcsuftcsKd@udk awG@&ygonf? xdk@a=umifh
19
tif;pdefwdkufyGJ ta=umif;udk usaemfrSm usaemfhpdwfwGif rSwfom;pG+J rJrdor#udkom t"dutajccH+yD; a&;om;&ygawmhrnf?
txufygpmtkyfrsm;udk jyefvnfzwf±_+yD;aemuf usaemfwdk@ jzwfoef;wdkufcdkufvm&aom usaemfwdk@wdkif;jynf. jynfwGif;ppf}uD;tay:
jyefqifjcifawG;awmrd+yD; rsm;pGm&ifempdwfraumif; jzpfrdygonf? usaemfonf aemufa=umif; jzpf&yfawGudk jyefpOf;pm;+yD; rsm;pGmvnf;
pdwfxdcdkufrdonf?
jynfwiG ;f ppf}uD;twGi;f rSm wcsed u
f ArmhvwG v f yfa&;twGuf twlwu kd yf 0JG ifvmcJ=h uolrsm; tcsi;f csi;f t=um; jyefvnfwu kd cf u
kd =f u&+yD;
Armhom;aumif; orD;aumif;ajrmufjrm;pGm aoauschJ=u&ayonf? wdkif;jynftwGuf ESar#mwop&m qHk;±H_;r_}uD;yifjzpfonf? tcsif;csif;=um;
rwduk =f u&bJ raoqH;k uke=f ubJ tm;vH;k wdik ;f jynf jyefvnfxal xmifa&; wnfaqmufa&;rsm;rSmom 0dik ;f tvkyk v f yk =f urnfqv
kd #if wdik ;f jynftwGuf
b,favmufaumif;vdkufrvJ[kvnf; ,lqpOf;pm; aerdygonf? jynfwGif;ppfonf usaemfwdk@ wdkif;jynfwdk;wufa&;twGuf taESmifht,Suf
jzpfapcJhaom ta=umif;qdk;}uD; jzpfcho J nf[k usaemfhpdwfwGif xifjrifrdonf?
Todk@ usaemfa&;ojzifh usaemfhudkawmfvSefa&;orm;xuf a&$jynfat;orm;[k xifjrifaumif; xifjrifEdkifrnf jzpfaomfvnf;
jynfwGif;ppftay: usaemf. w'*FxdawG@cHpm;&r_udk 0rf;enf; emusnf;pGm azmfjyrdjcif;om jzpfygonf?
trSefawmhvnf; tif;pdefwdkufyGJ jynfwGif;ppf ponfwdk@rSm e,fcs@J ya,m*ESifh ruif;ay?
usaemfonf “ppf” .oabmudk qufIpOf;pm;aerdygonf?
“ppf” qdkonfrSm vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ. tqifhtjrifhqHk; wdkufyGyJ ifjzpfonf?
urBmhordkif;qdkonfrSmvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh vlwef;pm;wdkufyJG. ordkif;omjzpfayonf?
xdk@a=umihf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ. tjrifhqHk;o¾mefjzpfaom “ppf” qdkonfrSmvnf; urBmhordkif;wGif yg0ifwGef;aqmfaeayonf?
ppfqdkonfrSm tedXmef±HkjzpfI usaemfwdk@u ppftm;vHk;udk rkef;wD;qef@usif&ef roifhay? ppfqdkonfrSm vlwef;pm; wdkufyJGyifjzpfI
tqdk;taumif;/ w&m;wJhppf/ rw&m;wJhppf [lI ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; t+rJ&Sdaeayonf? usaemfwdk@onf rw&m;aomppfudk rkef;wD;qef@usif&rnf
jzpfaomfvnf; w&m;aomppfudkrl axmufcHtm;ay;&rnf jzpfayonf? odk@rSmom urBm}uD; wdk;wufvmrnf jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh ppfqdkonfrSm vl@ordkif; jzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh ruif;Edkif/ xdk@a=umifhyif usaemfwdk@onf w&m;aomppfudk axmufcHtm;ay;+yD;
rw&m;aomppfudk qef@usif±_wfcs ypfy,f&ayrnf?
usaemfwdk@onf “tif;pdefwdkufyG}J uD;” udk rv$o J mI wdkuf&ayawmhonf? ESpfbufpvHk; ukd,fhbufutrSef[k ,lqae=uayrnf?
tif;pdefppfyJGonf usaemf. yxrqHk;ppfwuUodkvf jzpfcJhygonf? usaemfonf TppfyJGrS ppftwwfynm. tESpfom&udk
tajccHoabmayguf em;vnfvmjcif;jzpfygonf?
xdk@jyif tif;pdefwdkufyG}J uD;onf usaemf. ppfom;b0wGif tcufcq J Hk;/ tyifyef;qHk;/ tusyftwnf;t&SdqHk;/ ab;tEW&m,ftrsm;qHk;ESifh
xdcdkufusqHk;r_trsm;qHk;/ tcsdeft=umqHk; qifE$cJ hJ&aom woufrarhEdkifonfh wdkufyG}J uD;yif jzpfayonf?
tif;pdefwdkufyJGonf usaemf. yxrqHk;ppfwuUodkvf[k ajym&jcif;rSm 'Dt&ifu usaemfwdk@wdkufcJh&aom ppftawG@tñuHrsm;rSm
t"dutm;jzifh ajymufusm;ppfyGJrsm;om rsm;cJhygonf? usaemfwdk@. t"du ppftawG@tñuHrSm 1945 ckESpf zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&; ppfyGJyif
jzpfonf? *syefwdkufcdkufa&;wGif t"duwyfrsm;rSm r[mrdwfppfwyfrsm;jzpf+yD; usaemfwdk@u wyfqG,frsm;omjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifhusaemfwdk@.
wdkufyGyJ HkpHrSmvnf; ajymufusm;ppfom t"dujzpf+yD; ae&m,lppfrsm;rSm &uftenf;oi,fESifh acwWc% wpdwfwydkif;rsm;om jzpfchJonf?
ppfwiG f ae&m,lppfrsm;om wu,fph pfyjJG zpfI ajymufusm;ppfrmS a,bk,s trsm;tmjzifh ae&m,lppfy. GJ taxmuftulo l m jzpfonf?
ajymufusm;ppfom t"duwdkufcJh&aom usaemfwdk@rSm tif;pdefwdkufyJGwGif wav#mufvHk; “v” tcsKd@=umatmif acgif;rmaom&efolrsm;ESifh
ae&m,lppfyJG}uD;udk pwifawG@ñuHqifE$J&ojzifh ‚onfusaemfwdk@. yxr ppfwuUodkvf jzpf&ayawmhonf?
ae&m,lppfyGJqdkonfrSm wzufESifhwzuf ususeetwdtus ae&mcHuwkwfrsm;pG+J yD; tcsdef&Snfvsm;pGm wdkuf&+yD; ajymufusm;ppfrSm
awmh cHuwkwfrsm; pGrJ xm;bJ rdrdtwGuftcGifhomrnfh ae&mESifh tcGifhomrnfhtcsdefwGif ±kwfw&uf tvpf0ifa&muf+yD; xdk;okwfwdkufcdkuf&jcif;
jzpfonf? xdkodk@wdkufcdkuf+yD; &efol@bufujyefvSefI wHk@jyefwdkufcdkufEdkifjcif; r&SdrD &or# vufeufypPnf;rsm;,l+yD; csufcsif;qkwfcGm uG,faysmuf
oGm;&jcif;rsdK;jzpfonf?
ajymufusm;ppfrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh csDwufv_yf&Sm;aeaom ay:vGifaeaom&efoludk ykef;v#dK;vm+yD; oifhawmfaomae&mwGif tvpf
tidkufwGif ±kwfw&uf 0kef;ueJ0ifa&mufxdk;okwf wdkufckdufjcif;jzpfI rdrdbufu txdtcdkuftustqHk; rrsm;ay? “r˜ p” aom vufeuf}uD;/
oHcsyfumum; ponfh tultnDrsm; odyfrvdktyfay? (odk@aomf vufeuf}uD;rsm;/ oHcsyfumum;tultnDESifh ±kwfw&uf0ifwdkufaom
ajymufusm;ppfrsm;vnf; &Sd=uygonf? tvGefenf;ygonf?)
ae&m,lppfrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh cHuwkwfjzifh ususee taowyfpJGxm;aom &efoludk rdrdvufeuf}uD;zdtm;/ oHcsyfumum;
tulwdk@jzifh ususeepDpOf+yD; wdkuf&ayonf?
a,bk,stm;jzifh ajymufusm;ppfrSm v_yf&Sm;aeaom/ ay:vGifaeaom&efoludk v#dK@0Sufykef;atmif;+yD; ±kwfw&uf 0ifwdkufjcif;jzpfonf?
ae&m,lppfwGif cHppfpJGxm;aom &efoludk “r˜ p” aom rD;tm;/ oHcsyfumum;tulrygbJ wcgw&H tvpfxdk;azmuf+yD;
xdk;okwfwdkufcdkufjcif;rsdK;vnf; tcgaumif;tcGifhaumif;wGif wdkufcdkufEdkifjcif;vnf; &Sdayonf?
tif;pdefwdkufyJGonf usaemf. ppfom;b0wGif tcuftcJqHk;;/ tusyfwnf;qHk; jzpfcJh&onfrSm ta=umif;&if;rsm;pGm &Sdygonf?
20
yxrqHk;ta=umif;rSm xdkpOfu usaemfhrSm ppftawG@tñuH ynmA[kokw tm;enf;aeao;jcif;onf t"duta=umif;&if; jzpfaeygonf?
usaemfom tawG@tñuHtm;enf;aeonfomru xdpk Ofu tif;pdew f u kd yf w GJ iG f usaemfEiS t hf wl yg0ifwu kd cf u
kd af e=uaom wyfr;– }uD;rsm;jzpf=uaom
Adkvfr–;}uD;bvdyf/ 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;cspfòrif/ 'kAdkvfr–;}uD; =unfarmif/ 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;apmjrifh polwdk@rSmvnf; usaemhfvdkyif tawG@tñuHtm;enf;aeaom
umvjzpfaeayonf? odk@aomf usaemfwdk@tm;vHk; wwfEdkifor# pnf;vHk;nD!GwfpGmjzifh wdkifwdkifyifyif aqG;aEG;vkyfudkif aqmif&Gufch=J uygonf?
'kwd,ta=umif;rSm xdkpOfu &efolrsm;jzpfae=uaom autif'Dtdkwyfr–;tcsKd@rSm +Adwdo#wyfrS ygvmolrsm;jzpfI ppfa&;t&awmf
twef u|rf;usif=u+yD; ae&m,lppfyGJ tawG@tñuHrsm; &Sdxm;=uonf? xdk@tjyif autif'Dtdkwyfom; rsm;rSmvnf; wdkufcdkufa&;pdwf"mwf
jrifhrm;+yD; tvGefacgif;rm }uH@cdkif=uaomolrsm; jzpfaoma=umifhvnf; jzpfonf? Todk@jzpf&onfrSm usaemfhtxif tcsuftcsdK@&Sdygonf?
yxrtcsufrSm xdktcsdefumvu autif'Dtdkwdk@rSm trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwf tjyifxefqHk;umv jzpfaeayonf? 'kwd,tcsufvjJ zpf
t"dutcsufvnf;jzpfonfrSm xdktif;pdef0ef;usifa'orSm u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;pGm. ZmwdÏmaea'o jzpfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh olwdk@ppf±_H;
aeaomfvnf; olwdk@.ZmwdrS rdrdtdrfom;rsm;ESifh cGcJ Gm+yD;rqkwfcGmvdk rcJGcGmvdk=uay? xdk@a=umifh ayaw+yD; pG+J rJpGm ZGaJ umif;aumif;ESifh ckcH=uonf?
xd@k jyif tif;pdetf 0if0 E_wcf rf;rsm;wGi&f adS om “rif;"rRuek ;f ”/ “awmifou l ek ;f ” paom vufeufi,fcpH pftwGuf rsm;pGmtoH;k 0ifEikd af om
tcsut f csmusonfh awmifuek ;f uav; oH;k av; vH;k &Sad e&m xdu k ek ;f awGay:rS wyfpx GJ m;olw@kd ukd usaemfw@kd cufcpJ mG wdu k cf u
kd w
f eG ;f vSecf &hJ ayonf?
aemufta=umif;wckrSm ae&m,lcHppf wyfpGx J m;aom&efoludk wdkufcdkuf&mwGif wdkufolbufuvHkavmufaom tajrmufqHrD;tm;/
oHcsyfumtm;wdk@ &Sd&rnfjzpf&m usaemfwdk@wGif tajrmufqH/ AHk;/ oHcsyfumtm;wdk@ rvHkavmufay? t"du ajcvsifwyfvufeufESifhyif wdkufae
&onf? 27 wef pwl;0yfwifhum;av; ESpfpD; oHk;pD;&Sdaomfvnf; ‚.tajrmufqHr&SdI ppfyGJwGif rxda&mufvSay? xdk@a=umifh “r˜ p” aom
vufeuf}uD;tm; rvHkavmufIvnf; tif;pdefwdkufyGJonf cufc=J uef@=um &ayonf?
tvGefcufcJ usyfwnf;oGm;&aom ta=umif;uawmh ArmhwyfrawmfwGif;&Sd u&iftrsdK;om;aoewfudkif wyf&if;ESpf&if; tpdk;&udk
ykefuefoGm;jcif;yif jzpfygawmhonf? awmifil&Sd u&ifwyf&if; (1) rSm tif;pdefudk autif'Dtdkrsm; rodrf;ydkufrDuav;wGif 1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dvukef
(27) &ufae@avmufwGif tpdk;&udk ykefuef+yD; awmifilòr@udk odrf;ydkufvdkufonf? tvm;wl azazmf0g&D (4) wGif jynf®r@wGif wyfpJGxm;aom
u&iftrsdK;om;aoewfudkif wyf&if; (2) u jynfòr@udk odrf;ydkufvdkufonf?
xdktcsdef u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;. pDrHudef;rSm tif;pdefudkom odrf;,l&efru Armtpdk;&òr@awmf &efukefòr@udkyg odrf;+yD;/ Armjynfudkyg
v$rf;rdk;tkyfpdk;Edkif&ef jzpfygonf? (odk@r[kwf) u&ifjynfe,fudk olwdk@pdwfóuuf awmif;qdk&,l&ef jzpfEdkifayonf?
autif'Dtdkwdk@. xdkpOfupDrHudef;rSm txufwGifazmfjycJhaom awmifilESifh jynfòr@rSm&Sdaom u&ifaoewfudkif wyf&if; (2) &if;u
&efukefòr@awmfbuf qif;vm=u+yD; tif;pdefwGif tif;pdefòr@&Sd autif'Dtdkwdk@ESifh ylk;aygif;+yD; &efukefòr@awmfudk wdkufcdkufodrf;,l&ef jzpfayonf?
xdktcsdefwGif usaemfwdk@ &efukefumuG,fa&;twGuf e,frSwyfrsm;udk o,f,lEdkifaomvrf;rSmvnf;aumif;/ &efukefESifh e,fa'o
qufoG,fa&;rSmvnf;aumif;/ r*Fvm'Hkav,mOfysHqdyfom &Sdayonf? tjcm;aom&efukef0ifvrf;rsm; ydwfqdk@aeygonf?
xdkpOfutif;pdef&Sd autif'Dtdkwdk@u apmfbGm;}uD;ukef;ppfrsufESmwGif ‚wdk@vuf&Sdpcef;rS a&S@odk@udkuf(200) r#wdk;+yD; wyfpGv J dkufEdkifv#if
av,mOftqif;twufudk vufeufi,frsm;jzifh vufvSrf;rDpGm ypfcwfEdkifrnfjzpfI r*Fvm'Hk av,mOfuGif;oHk;r& jzpf&ayawmhrnf? tif;pdefrS
3 vuR armfwmwd@k jzifh tvSr;f rDEikd af omfvnf; tif;pdeòf r@ord ;f autif't D wkd @kd wiG f 3 vuR armfwmrsm;r&Sad y? xd@k a=umifh usaemfw@kd . wckwnf;aom
&efukefòr@odk@ qufoG,fa&; vrf;a=umif;jzpfonfh r*Fvm'Hkav,mOfuGif;udk vHkðcHpGmtoHk;ðyEdkif cJh=uayonf?
xdktcsdefonf ArmjynftwGuf ab;tEW&m,ft}uD;qHk; tpdk;&drf&qHk;tcsdef jzpfayonf?
autif'Dtdkwdk@. pDrHudef;twdkif; ‚wdk@. tif;pdef/ awmifil/ jynf wyfoHk;wyf tif;pdefrSmqHk=u+yD; &efukefòr@}uD;udk vkyf}uH=uv#if
usaemfwdk@ ckcHEdkifzdk@cJ,Of;onf? tajctae}uD;pGm ±_yfaxG;oGm;awmhrnfjzpfonf?
usaemfonf jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'o E_wfcrf;wGif toifh&Sdaeaom 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;cspfòrifacgif;aqmifaom Armhaoewfudkfif wif&if; (3) rSm
usaemfuikd cf ahJ om rlvwyf&if;jzpfI xdw k yf&if;udk t&ifq;kH ESihf tapmqH;k &efuek o f @kd ac:,lvu kd yf gonf? xdt k csed u f wHaG w;wl;ajrmif;udk autif't D kd
wdk@ odrf;ydkufwyfpx GJ m;ojzifh xdkwyf&if;rSm yifv,fbufrS avSrsm;jzifh cJ,Of;pGm csDwufvm&+yD; usaemfwdk@&Sd&m &efukefodk@ acsmarmpGm a&muf&SdchJ
ygonf? xdkwyf&if;udkyifjynfòr@u &efukefodrf;&efqif;vmaom 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;apmjrarmifOD;pD;onfh u&ifaoewfudkif wyf&if;(2) udk vrf;rSóu
wdkuf&ef wm0efay;&ygonf?
'kAdkvfr–;}uD;cspfòrifwdk@ tjrefcsDwufoGm;&m vrf;&Sd om,m0wDc±dkif/ ewWvif;òr@e,f “0ufaumf”&GmwGif jynfòr@u qif;vmaom
u&ifaoewfudkif wyf&if; (2) ESifh awGqHkwdkufyGJ jzpf=uygonf?
u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if; (2) wyf&if;r–;rSm ppftawG@tñuHtm;enf;ojzifh xdk0ufaumfwdkufyGJwGif 'kAdkvfr–;}uD; cspfòrifOD;pD;aom
Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if; (3) u vHk;0atmifEdkifch+J yD; u&ifaoewfudkif wyf&if; (2) rSm vHk;0z±dkz&J òyuGo J Gm;ygonf? usaemfwdk@onf jynfòr@bufu
qif;vmaom &efoltay: vHk;0atmifEdkifvdkufygonf?
xdktcsdefavmufwGifyif tif;pdef&Sd u&ifolykefrsm;u tpdk;&ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;+yD; +idrf;csrf;vdkonf? typftcwf&yfpJ ay;yg[k awmif;qdk
vmygonf? usaemfwdk@0rf;ajrmufpGm typftcwf&yfpJ+yD; ‚wdk@.acgif;aqmifrsm; &efukefòr@wGif;&Sd tpdk;&ESifhawG@&ef pDpOfay;ygonf?
u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;udk,fwdkfif acgif;aqmifaom u&iftzJG@&efukefxJ0if+yD; tpdk;&tzJG@ESifh aqG;aEG;=uygonf?
usaemfwdk@0rf;omae=uaomfvnf; aqG;aEG;yJG ESpf&ufavmuf=um+yD;aemuf u&ifwdk@bufu aqG;aEG;yJG jzufvdkuf+yD[k a=unmonf? usaemfhpdwf
21
txif awmifilu&ifaoewfudkif wyf&if; (1) u wm;jrpfvdk@[k oHo,&Sdaeygonf?
usaemfwdk@quf+yD;wdkuf=u&ygawmhonf?
awmifilòr@rS qif;vmaom 'kAdkvfr–;}uD; apmrif;armifOD;pD;aom u&ifwyfzGJ@?
‚wyfzGJ@rSmtrSwf (1) u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if; jzpfygonf? ‚wyfonf xdka'o&Sd autif'Dtdkwdk@ESifh yl;aygif;um tiftm; (1000)
avmufESifh tif;pdef&Sd autif'Dtdkwyfwdk@ESifhaygif;I &efukefòr@udk odrf;ydkuf&ef armfawmf,mOfrsm;ESifh rEWav; - &efukef um;vrf;twdkif; tif;pdef
&efukefbufodk@qif;vmonf?
xdktcsdeftcgwGif u&ifolykefwyfzJG@rsm;teuf TwyfzJG@onf tiftm;t}uD;qHk;jzpfonf? olwdk@u yJcl;odrf;r,f? &efukefodrf;r,f
ponfhaºu;a=umfoHrsm;jzifh qif;vm=u+yD jzpfonf?
r*Fvm'HkwGif&Sdaeaom u&iftajrmufwyfcJGonfvnf; tif;pdef&Sdu&if aomif;usef;olwdk@ESifh ylaygif;oGm;cJhonf? tajrmufrsm;udk
,lroGm;bJ usn±f u kd wf H (Firing Pin) rsm;udk ±dkufcsdK;oGm;cJhonf? r*Fvm'Hk&Sd u&ifwyfzG@J rsm;rS u&ifppfonf trsm;vnf; tif;pdef&Sd u&ifaomif;
usef;olrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;oGm;=uonf?
xdktcsdefwGif wEdkifiHvHk;&Sd wyfrawmftiftm;rSm tvGefenf;yg;v#uf&Sdonf? u&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;onf txufArmjynfwGif aròr@/
rEWav;/ rdwˆDvm òr@}uD;rsm;/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:&Sdòr@}uD;wcsdK@ oxHkc±dkiftwGif;ESifh armfvòrifòr@}uD;rsm;udk azazmf0g&Dvwav#mufvHk; wòr@+yD;wòr@
odrf;ydkufoGm;cJhonf? &efukefòr@awmfudkyif wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&ef +cdrf;ajcmufv#uf &Sdaeay+yD?
xdktcsdefwGif EdkifiHawmfrSm }uD;pGmaomtEW&m,fESifh &ifqdkifae&ayonf? acsmufxu J s&ef wJwu J av;om usefawmhonf? vufwvHk;
omvdak wmhonf[k tcsKd @ow l @kd u ajymqdak e=uygonf? taemufEikd if H pme,fZif;rsm;uvnf; Armtpd;k &udk “&efuek t f pd;k &”[k avSmifajymifac:a0:
vm=uygonf?
xdktcsdefwGif usaemfwdk@u tif;pdefòr@udkzd+yD; wdkufae&ygonf? tif;pdefòr@udk a&S@wnfhwnfh &efukefppfrsufESmu wdkufae±Hkomru
tif;pdefausmaemufbuf r*Fvm'Hkbufuyg ppfrsufESmzGifh+yD; ESpfbuf!Syfwdkufae&ygonf? tif;pdefwGif tiftm;odyfrusefawmhyg? odk@aomf
autif'Dtdkrsm;onf acgif;rmpGmjzifh ckcHae=uygonf? olwdk@onfawmifilòr@bufrS xdk;qif;vmrnfh trSwf (1) u&ifaoewfudkifwyf&if;.
ppfa=umif;udk rsm;pGmar#mfvifhaeyHk&ygonf?
awmifilrSxdk;qif;vmonfh u&ifaoewfudkwyf&if; (1) ppfa=umif;}uD;udk wdkufzsuf&efrSm rdrdwdk@bufu Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;
(6) ESifh wyf&if;r–;'kAdkvfr–;}uD;wifOD; (bk- wifOD;[kvnf;ac:onf) OD;pD;aom usaemfwdk@. yJcl;òr@0ef;usifa'orS wyfzGJ@rsm;tay: wm0efusae
ayawmhonf?
xdkumvtwGif; usaemhfwoufrarhEdkifaom wdkufyJG}uD;wyJG tif;pdefwdkufyJGwGif; jzpfyGm;cJhygonf? usaemfwdk@. tif;pdefppfrsufESm
wdkufyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifonfh t"duwyfwwyfrSm Armhaoewfudkif wyf&if; (5) jzpfonf? wyf&if;r–;rSm 'kAdkvfr–;}uD; apmjrifh jzpfonf? xdkwyf&if;
(5) rSm xdktcsdefu &cdkifwGif ajymufusm;olykefrsm;udk wdkufcdkufae&mrS tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif wm0efay;&ef jyefvnfac:,lvmjcif;jzpfonf?
olw@kd u jynfrudk jyefvnfa&muf&v dS mojzifh rsm;pGm0rf;ajrmuf wufºuvsu&f o dS nf? ‚jyif olw@kd rmS autif't D rkd sm;ESihf wcgrS r&ifqikd zf ;l ao;I
cyfayghaygh yif oabmxm;aeonf?
azazmf0g&Dv (28) &ufae@wGif wyf&if; (5) rS wyfcGJr–; Adkvfr–;vSaomif; OD;pD;aomwyfudk yGdKifh 0rf;0rf;wl; awmifukef;a&S@&Sd awmifukef;
i,fwckukd wufa&muford ;f ydu k af p&mwGif rar#mv f ifb h J tvGecf ufcjJ yif;xefpmG wdu k cf u
kd +f yD;rS xdyk pfrw S u
f kd &&Scd yhJ gonf? od@k aomfusaemfw@kd bufrS
Adkvfr–;vSaomif;tygt0if t&m&Sdt&mcH t=uyfwyfom; (80) cef@usqHk;I (120) r# xdcdkuf'%f&m&&SdchJygonf?
usaemfaumif;pGm rSwrf ad eygonf? wdu k yf w
GJ u kd af epOftwGi;f a&S@wef;ppfajrjyifrS tvGecf ufcaJ ea=umif; Adv k rf ;– vSaomif;u tpD&ifco H jzifh
usaemfol&Sd&m a&S@wef;wae&mudk oGm;a&mufawG@qHkcJhygonf? olESifhusaemf opfyif}uD;wyifatmufwGif 0rf;vsm;arSmufI a&S@wef;ppfyJG
tajctaeudk aqG;aEG;oHk;oyf+yD; a&S@b,fvdkqufvkyf&ef wdkifyifcJh=uygonf? aqG;aEG;wdkifyif+yD;aemuf xdkopfyif}uD;atmufrS usaemft&if
xGufvm+yD; vlcsif;cJGchJ=uygonf? (ppfxHk;pHt& &mxl;ydkrdk}uD;olu t&ifxGuf&ygonf?) usaemfa&S@wef;ppfajrjyif XmecsKyfodk@ jyefa&muf&mufjcif;
rSmyif Adkvfr–;vSaomif; usqHk;oGm;+yDqdkaom owif;udk 0rf;enf;zG,f =um;odvdkuf&ygonf? usaemfESifhwdkifyifaqG;aEG;cJhaom opfyif}uD;atmufrS
txGuf &efolvufajzmifh wyfom;vufcsufESifh usqHk;oGm;&jcif;yif jzpfygonf?
xdkwdkufyJGt+yD; usaemfaoaus'%f&m&olrsm;pm&if; &&Sdaomtcg aqmufwnf&mr& rsm;pGmwkefv_yf ajcmufjcm;oGm;rdygonf?
usaemf. ppfom;b0oufwrf;wGif wcgr# Tr#rxdcu kd zf ;l ay? &Jabmftrsm;tjym;vnf; pdwx f cd u
kd =f u+yD; id,
k =kd uonf? usaemfvnf; 'gigah =umifh
jzpf&wm[k aomua&muf+yD; usqHk;olrsm;ESifhtwl a&maESmyg0ifaoqHk; oGm;vdkpdwfyif 0ifvmygonf? usaemhftaeESifh axmufvSrf;a&; aumif;
aumif;rvkyfEdkifchJr_/ trdef@ay;&mwGif raphpyfraocsmr_a=umifh jzpf&wm[k oHk;oyfrdygonf? 'Doifcef;pmudk woufvHk;rSwfua&m [k udk,fhudk,f
udk,fvnf; ajymrdygonf?
usaemftrdef@w&yf csufcsif;xkwfjyefvdkufygonf? wdkufyJGrsm;udkpDpOf&mwGif tao;t}uD; tm;vHk;*±kpdkuf+yD; vkyfaqmif=u&ef
jzpfygonf?
xdkaemufydkif; wdkufyJGrsm;wGifawmh usaemfonf udk,fwdkifwwfEdkifoavmuf uif;axmufcJhonf? &efol@wyfom;. tusôtdyfwGif
azmifwed cf sw
d xf m;onfukd rSeaf jymif;ESifh jrif&onftxd csO;f uyf+yD; uif;axmufco hJ nf? av,mOfEiS hf uif;axmuf&mwGiv f nf; ajrjyifukd pepfwus
22
uif;axmufch&J m aemiftcg usaemfhtaeESifh av,mOfay:u atmufajrjyifudk =unfhvdkufygu Armjynfb,fae&mavmufjzpfrnf qdkonfudk
t=urf;zsif; cef@rSef;wwfvmonf txdyif *±kwpdkuf avhvmcJhygonf?
Tonfwdk@rSm usaemfwouf rarhEdkifavmufatmif jzpfch&J onfh tif;pdefwdkufypGJ OftwGif;u wdkufyGw
J yJGESifh xdkwdkufyGu
J usaemfhudk
ay;cJhonfh oifcef;pmrsm;yif jzpfawmhonf?

yJcl;e,f&Sd usaemfwdk@. vufeufudkif wyftiftm;rSm æ

u? wyf&if;r–; 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;wifOD; OD;pD;onfh Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if; (6)?
c? ,ltrfyD ac: Adkvfr–;at;aiGOD;pD;onfh jynfaxmifpkppf&w J yf&if; (4)?
*? Adkvfr–;a0vif;ESifh Adkvf=um!Gef@wdk@OD;pD;onfh bDwDtufzf ac: jrefrme,fapmifhwyf&if;?
C? wyf&if;r–; Adkvf}uD;baomif;OD;pD;onfh jynfawmifpkppf&w J yf&if; (3)?
i? aemufycJ l;a'owGif &JabmfjzLtiftm; (5000) cef@&Sd&mtpydkif;Y rdrdwdk@udk+cdrf;ajcmufaeaom tiftm; jzpfaomfvnf; 'kAdkvfr–;
}uD;wifOD;. pnf;±Hk;r_jzifh autif'Dtdkrsm;udk ckcHwdkufcdkuf&mwGif rdrdwdk@ESifh vufw&JG ef em;vnfr_ &&Sdxm;onf?
p? rdrdwdk@. t"duwdkufcdkufa&;tm;jzpfaom Armhaoewfudkif wyf&if; (6) rS wdkufcdkufa&;tiftm; xuf0ufcef@ wyfcJG 2 cGJudk
'kwyf&if;r–; Adkvfr–;wifarmif (pma&;q&m jrwfxef) OD;aqmifI txufArmjynf rwˆDvma'oodk@ ay;ydk@vdkuf&onf? aemuf xyfrHI tiftm;
(100) cef@udk tajrmufwyfzJG@pnf;&ef ay;tyfcJh&jyefao;onf?
q? odk@jzpfI Armhaoewfudkif wyf&if; (6) wGif tiftm; (300) cef@omusef&Sd+yD; wdkufcdkufa&;tiftm; (200) cef@om&Sdawmhonf?
xdku&ifaomif;usef;olrsm;. tpDtpOfrSm yJcl;òr@udkodrf;ydkufzsufqD;rnf? aemuf yJcl;òr@awmifbuf 10 rdkifcef@&Sd xHk;}uD;&Gma'orS
autif'Dtdkrsm;ESifh aygif;rnf? aemufvSnf;ul;òr@ taemufbuf pmbl;awmif; autif'Dtdkpcef; &Gm}uD;rS autif'DtdktkyfpkESifh aygif;rnf? xdkrS
tif;pdef - &efukefbufodk@ csDwufwdkufcdkufrnf jzpfonf?
xdktwGif; yJcl;òr@wGifvnf; &efolowif;ayguf=um;I òr@olòr@om;rsm;onf yJcl;acsmif;zsm;odk@vnf;aumif;/ oey`ifòr@bufodk@
vnf;aumif; wòr@vHk; um;rsm;/ &&m,mOfrsm;ESifh ajy;v$m;ae=uonf?
yJc;l òr@ay:wGiv f nf; u&ifoyl ek .
f bufawmfom; (100) cef@ vufeuftjynft h pHEk iS hf ajrmufbufuqif;vmrnfh u&ifoyl ek w f yf}uD;udk
óuqdk&ef ykefatmif;zHk;uG,f+yD; apmihfqdkif;ae=uonf?
'kAv kd rf ;– }uD;wifO;D onf qif;vmaom &efou l &ifwyfz@GJ }uD;udk yJc;l òr@ajrmufbuf (10) rdik u f mG um;vrf;ray:&Sd bk&m;}uD;&GmwGif cHppfpcef;
wnfaqmuf+yD; cHppfqif&efpwifawmhonf?
tiftm; (2000) ausmf&Sd &JabmfjzLwyfr}uD; yJcl;odk@ppfulcsDwufvm&m a&mufrvmEdkifao;ojzifh yJcl;w0dkufu vufeufrhJ &JabmfjzL
(200) ESihf yJc;l axmifziG +hf yD; u&ifoyl ek wf ukd v f o
kd l (300) xGuv f m&m xdv k al ygi;f (500)cef@ukd 'kAv kd rf ;– }uD; wifO;D u vufeufcsucf si;f wyfqifay;+yD;
bk&m;}uD;&Gmtaemufbuf &GmwcsdK@odk@ csDwufwyfpGaJ p&onf? u&ifolykefrsm;u bk&m;}uD;&GmrS um;vrf;taemufbufu csDwuf+yD; yJcl;òr@udk
wdkufcdkufvmrSmudk umuG,fwmqD;&efESifh owif;ay;&efwdk@twGuf jzpfayonf?
1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufae@ nae (4) em&Dcef@rSpI awmifilppfa=umif; u&ifolykefaoewfudkif wyf&if; (1) ppfa=umif;ESifh
rdrdwdk@wyfrsm; yJcl;òr@ajrmufbuf (10) rdkifuGm um;vrf;ay:&Sd bk&m;}uD;&GmwGif pwifI wdkufyGJjzpf=u+yD jzpfonf?
'kAv fkd rf ;– }uD; wifO;D onf oey`iaf 'orS ausmif;om;&Jabmf (100) cef@tm; vufeufwyfqif+yD; òr@vðkH cHa&;ESihf qufom;&Jabmfrsm;tjzpf
toHk;ðycJh&.? yJcl;òr@ay:wGifvnf; ppfwyftwGuf xrif;xkyf (2000) awmif;cHvdkufonf? TonfrSmvnf; òr@vlxku yJcl;òr@wGif ppfwyftiftm;
ppful (2000) a&muf&Sdvmum tiftm;}uD;vmrnf[k xifjrif,lqvm&ef y&d,m,fqifI vkyfaqmif&jcif;jzpfonf? òr@vlxk pdwftm;wufºu
vmap&ef jzpfayonf?
wdkufyjJG zpfonfh azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufae@n (10) em&DausmfwGif bk&m;}uD;wGif u&ifolykefwdk@ESifh &ifqdkifwdkufyGjJ zpf&m rdrdwdk@wyfrsm;
rcHEdkifI wyfqkwfcGmvm+yD; yJcl;òr@t0if uvd*dwfwGifae&m,lxm;&aom tajcodk@ a&mufcho J nf? rdrdwdk@wyfrsm; yJcl;òr@uyJ taocH ckcHwdkufcdkuf
&rnfh b0odk@ a&mufchJonf?
odk@aomf n oef;acgif 12 em&DavmufwGif yJcl;òr@odk@ ppfulvmaeaom ,ltrfyD ppf&w J yf&if; a0godk@ a&mufae&mrS ‚.wyf&if;r–;
Adv
k rf ;– at;aiGu qufom;eJ@ pmwapmif yJc;l &S'd Ak v kd rf ;– }uD; wifO;D xHa&muf&v dS monf? xl;qef;aeonfrmS xdq k ufom; &Jabmfonf pufb;D jzifah 0grS
bk&m;}uD;&GmudkjzwfI yJcl;udka&mufvmjcif;yif jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh bk&m;}uD;&Gmodk@ u&ifolykefawG r0ifa&mufao;a=umif; odvdkuf&onf?
ppfordkif;rsm;wGif ESpfbuf&ef §ig wdkufcdkuf=upOf ESpfbufpvHk;rS olrsm;u wzuf&efol qkwfcGmrSef;rodbJ ESpfbufpvHk; qkwfcGm=u&m
wzufolqkwfrSef; t&ifodolu ae&mjyef0if,l+yD; tEdkif&&Sd=uyHkawG &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; &Sdaumif;&Sdrnf jzpfonf?
,ckvnf; bk&m;}uD;&Gm wdkufyGw J Gif Ttwdkif;jzpfvm&m usaemfwdk@bufu u&ifolykefrsm; qkwfrSef;t&ifodvdkuf+yD; rdrdwyfrsm;udk
tjrefjyefI bk&m;}uD;&Gmodk@ jyef0if,lvdkuf ygawmhonf?
xdkqufom; &Jabmfudkvnf; a0gòr@odk@ jyefv$wf+yD; Adkvfr–;at;aiGtm; pm&v#if&csif; ol@wyfESifh bk&m;}uD;odk@ tjref0ifyl;aygif;&ef
'kAdkvfr–;}uD;wifOD;u !¸ef=um;vdkufonf?
23
 aemufae@ azazmf0g&Dv (5) &uf eHeuf 4 em&Dcef@wGif bk&m;}uD;&GmwGif usaemfwdk@wyfrsm; cHuwkwfrsm; tcdkiftrmcsxm;+yD;a=umif;
w,fvDzkef;jzifh owif;ydk@csufudk yJcl;u&+yDjzpfI usaemfwdk@ tif;pdefppfrsufemu vlrsm;tawmf pdwfat;oGm;&ygonf?
azazmf0g&D (5) &uf eHeufapmapmrSmyif yJc;l / oey`io f @kd ppfu&l aJ bmfjzLtiftm; (2000) ausmf vufeufpjkH zifh a&muf&v dS mygawmhonf?
csufcsif;yif oey`ifrS bk&m;}uD;ppfrsufESmodk@ armfawmf,mOfrsm;jzifh ay;ydk@tm;jznfh Edkifygawmhonf?
od@k jzifh awmifipl pfa=umif; u&ifoyl ek &f efukd aumif;pGmckcu H muG,f wGe;f vSeEf ikd af om tajctaeod@k a&mufvm+yDjzpfI usaemfw@kd bufrS
tawmfpdwfat; oufomvmygawmhonf?
txufygwdk@rSm 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufae@ yJcl;ppfrsufESm bk&m;}uD;wdkufyGJESifh ywfoufI ,ckusaemhfxHwGif &Sdaeaom
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;t& a&;om;wifjyjcif; jzpfygonf?
odk@aomf xdkumvtwGif; usaemfñuHawGG@ jzpfysufcJh&aom tjzpftysuf usaemfrSwfrdoavmufESifh uGJvGJaeonfrsm; &Sdaeygonf?
xdkpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;t& 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;wifOD;wdk@tzG@J yJcl;wGif taocHckcHrnf[k qdkxm;ygonf?
usaemfowd& rSwfrdwJhtcsuf tcsKd@uTodk@ jzpfygonf?
usaemfonf Armjynfawmfydkif; ppfXmecsKyfr–;tjzpf r*Fvm'HkwGif aqmif&GufaepOf tif;pdefwdkufyGu J dkvnf; udk,fwdkifOD;pD;+yD; wdkufcdkuf
ae&ygonf?
xdkpOf 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&D (4) &ufavmufu usaemfhudk yJcl;rS 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;wifOD;u 0dkif,mvufpufESifh pum;ajymvdkonfqdkI
0dik ,
f mvuftcef;udk oGm;&ygonf? Adv k rf ;– wifO;D u ol@wyfrsm;bk&m;}uD;wdu k yf u
JG qkwv
f m+yD; yJc;l jyefa&mufvm=u+yD; olw@kd .rlvtpDtpOftwdik ;f
bk&m;}uD;usoGm;+yD;&if yJcl;òr@us,f}uD;u rckcHawmhbJ yJcl;u oey`ifodk@ qkwfcGm z,faay;awmhrnf jzpfonfhtwdkif; ,ckolwdk@ yJcl;rS oey`ifodk@
qkwfawmhrnf[k qdkygonf? usaemfrsm;pGm pdwfxdcdkufwkefv_yf oGm;ygonf? xdk&efoludk &efukefòr@}uD;u ckcHwdkufcdkuf&ef tvGefcufcaJ wmhrnfudk
odjrifI jzpfygonf? od@k aomf usaemfbmrS rwwfEikd yf g? - cifAsm;wk@d yJc;l uqkwcf mG &if yJc;l òr@tpyf&dS yJc;l jrpfay:u yJc;l - &efuek u f m;vrf;wHwm;eJ@
&xm;vrf;wHwm; wdk@udkawmh rkcscsKd;+yD; zsufqD;yg [k rSm=um;&ygawmhonf?
usaemfpum;ajym+yD;aemuf usaemf±Hk;cef;odk@jyefvmum ±Hk;wGif&Sdaeaom tif*sifeD,mt&m&Sdudk csufcsif;ac:+yD; ,ckcsufcsif; yJcl; -
&efukefum;vrf;ay:&Sd vSnf;ul;òr@teD;u “0ef;abmf'wf” wHwm;}uD;udkoGm;I azmufcGJcsKd;zsuf&ef !¸ef=um;ygonf? ppftajctaeudkvnf;
twdkcsKyfI ajymjyvdkufygonf?
xdk@aemuf usaemfpdwfaomu}uD;pGmESifh &efukefòr@rS ckcHumuG,fa&;udk pOf;pm;aerdygonf? usaemfrSwfrd aeygao;onf? usaemfh±Hk;cef;rS
rwfwwf&yf+yD; =unfhvdkufv#if jywif;aygufrS udkuf 150 avmufa0;aom jynf - &efukef um;vrf;r}uD;udk jrifae&&m yJcl;bufrS xif&aom
t&yfolt&yfom;tcsKd@ armfawmfum;rsm;ay: ypPnf;rsm;tjynfh tESufwifum &efukefòr@wGif;odk@ cdkatmif;&ef tajy;tv$m; 0ifa&muf
ae=uonfukd awG@G jrifae&ygonf? [m æ vlawGu &efuek òf r@vðkH cHr,fxif+yD; ajy;0ifae=u+yD igb,fvv kd yk f umuG,Ef ikd yf grh vJ [k rdrw d m0eftwGuf
pdwfaomu}uD;pGm a&mufaepOf c%t=umY aemufxyf yJcl;rS 0dkif,mvuf pum;ajymvdka=umif; vmajymjyefojzifh usaemfxvdkufoGm;+yD;
0dkif,mvufajymaomtcg tajctaerSm rsm;pGm0rf;omzG,f ajymif;vJoGm;onfudk awG@&ygawmhonf?
ta=umif;rSm 'kAv kd rf ;– }uD;wifO;D u ,cktajctaeawG ajymif;oGm;+yDb&k m;}uD;rS &efoal utif't D w kd yfawG qkwcf mG oGm;=u+yD usaemfw@kd
uolwdk@qkwfcGma=umif; t&ifapmod&vdk@ usaemfhwdk@wyfawG bk&m;}uD;&Gmodk@ tjrefjyef+yD; cHppfae&m,l&ef jyef0ifae=u+yD [k tpD&ifcyH gonf?
usaemftwdkif;rod 0rf;ajrmufoGm;ygawmhonf?
od@k &mwGif usaemfu “0ef;abmf'wf” wHwm;}uD;udk csK;d zsucf ikd ;f xm;wmudk csucf si;f owd&+yD; wm0efay; apv$wx f m;aom tif*sief , D m
t&m&Sd oGm;+yD;vm;[k csufcsif;ar;&m xGufoGm;+yD [k od&ygonf? xdkpOf usaemf pOf;pm;rdonfrSm wHwm;rcsKd;cif rDatmifav,mOfysHESifh vdkuf+yD;
pmcsay;&if rDEdkifonf[k wGufcsufvdkufygonf?
usaemfu ArmhavwyfrawmfrS av,mOfwpfpD; ta&;ay:udpPñuHv#ifoHk;&ef toifht+rJ&Sdaezdk@ wm0efay;xm;&m xdkav,mOfvnf;
tqifoifh &Sdaeygonf?
usaemfu xdktif*sifeD,m t&m&Sdodk@ trdef@pmwdkav; wapmifa&;ygonf?
“bk&m;}uD;&GmrS &eforl sm;qkwo f mG ;+yD rdrw
d @kd wyfrsm; bk&m;}uD;&Gmudk 0iford ;f +yD; ae&m,l+yD;+yD? 0ef;abmf'wf wHwm;udk csK;d zsupf &mrvdk
awmh jyefvmyg” [laom oabmygonfhtrdef@pmudk usaemfvufrSwfxdk;+yD; aemufxyf t&m&SdwOD;udk av,mOfESifh vdkuf+yD;xdkpmudk ‘cs’ay;&ef
pmudk oHbl;i,fwckwGif xnfhay;+yD; av,mOfESifh tjrefapv$wfvdkufygonf?
xdkav,mOfu 0ef;abmf'wf wHwm;ay:a&mufaomtcg wHwm;teD;wGif um;wpD;&yfxm;wm jrif&ojzifh av,mOfudk edrfhedrfhqif;+yD;
0Jaeygonf? wHwm;udk zsufcdkif;xm;aom tif*sifeD,m t&m&Sdvnf; wHwm;wGif 'dkif;erdkif;rsm; csnfaESif&efvkyfaeygonf? xdkpOfacgif;ay:wGif
av,mOf0v J mojzifh xl;jcm;onf[k ,lq+yD; wHwm;rScmG +yD; av,mOfukd armh=unfph Of av,mOfay:rS oHb;l uav;usvm+yD; usaemfph mudk zwf&um
razmufcGJawmhbJ jyefvmEdkifygawmhonf?
TwGif usaemfwdk@tajctae acsarmoGm;ygawmhonf?
Tonfwdk@rSm yJcl;ppfrsufESm bk&m;}uD;&GmudpP usaemfrSwfrdaeaom ta=umif;t&m jzpfygonff?
uGv
J cJG surf mS pmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;a&;om;csut f & rdrwd @kd wyfrsm; bk&m;}uD;rS qkwv f m&pOf 'kAv kd rf ;– }uD;wifO;D wd@k u bmyJjzpfjzpf yJc;l òr@uyJ
24
taocH+yD; ckcHwdkufcdkuf&ef qHk;jzwf+yD; vkyfp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifa=umif; qdkxm;ygonf?
usaemf rSwfrdoavmufrSm bk&m;}uD;&GmrS qkwfcGmvm+yD;aemuf rlvtpDtpOftwdkif; yJcl;rSrckcHbJ oey`ifòr@uav;odk@ qkwfcGmrnf[k
'kAdkvfr–;}uD;wifOD;u tpD&ifcHr_yif jzpfonf?
wlnDr_uawmh 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;wifOD;wdk@ qufvkyfaqmifp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmifaepOfrSmyif ESpf em&D avmuftwGif;
autif'Dtdk&efolrsm;vnf; bk&m;}uD;&Gmu qkwfcGmoGm;a=umif; rdrdwdk@bufu óuwifod&+yD; bk&m;}uD;&Gmodk@ rdrdwdk@wyfrsm; tjrefjyef0ifum
ae&m,lwyfpGJvdkufonfh ta=umif;yif jzpfonf?
TuGv J GcJ suftay: usaemf. awG;ac:,lqcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf?
yxr rdrdwyfrsm; bk&m;}uD;&Gmwdkufyu JG qkwfvmpOf 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;wifOD;onf rlvtpDtpOftwdkif; yJcl;u rckcHbJ oey`ifòr@uav;
(yJcl;òr@ ta&S@ajrmufum;vrf;r (7) rdkifuGm avmufwGif&Sdonfhae&m) odk@ qkwfcGm&ef qHk;jzwfcJhyHk&ygonf? odk@&mwGif vkyf&if;udkif&if;rSmyif
oey`iq f wk af &;rSm roifah wmf yJc;l òr@uyJ taocHwu kd af wmhrnf[k aemufxyfq;kH jzwfcsuf jyif+yD;vkyu
f ikd af eyH&k onf xifygonf? TtwGi;f rSmyif
bk&m;}uD;&Gm ppfrsufESmodk@ jyef0ifae&m,lEdkifonfh udpPay:vmjcif; jzpf[ef&Sdygonf?

olykefwdk@. 'kwd,t}udrf xdk;ppf

1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (4) &uf autif'Dtdkwdk@. yxrxdk;ppfrSm txufwGifazmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; ta&;edrfh wyfvefoGm;+yD;aemuf
rdrw
d @kd bufu ar#mvf ifx
h m;onft h wdik ;f aemuf (3) &uf=umaomtcg autif't D rkd sm;onf tiftm;jyefvnfp±k ;kH +yD; azazmf0g&v
D (7) &ufae@wiG f
'kwd,t}udrf xdk;ppf}uD;udk pwifygawmhonf?
odk@&mwGif rdrdwdk@tpdk;&wyfz@JG rsm;u “bk&m;}uD;”cHppfpcef;wGif tiftm;tvHktavmuf oGif;xm;+yD;jzpfI rdrdwdk@udk rv_yfEdkifawmay?
wzefrdrdwdk@u wefjyefxdk;ppfqif&m ‚wdk@rwwfEdkifawmhbJ qkwfcGm&ygawmhonf?
xdktcg rdrdwdk@wyfaygif;pk wyfrsm;u csufcsif;awmufav#muf qkwfcGmajy;aom &efoludkzdIvdkuf&m xdkae@nae ae0ifcsdefwGif rdrdwdk@
wyfrsm; yJcl;òr@ajrmufbuf rdkif (30) tuGm&Sd 'dkufOD;òr@txd csDwufodrf;ydkuf vdkufEdkifayonf?
TwGif &efukefòr@awmf}uD;udk +cdrf;ajcmufaeaom autif'Dtdkwdk@. ppfa=umif;tEW&m,fudk z,f&Sm;vdkufEdkif+yD;jzpfI usaemfwdk@
tm;vHk;rsm;pGm 0rf;om&$ifvef;oGm;=uygonf?

tif;pdefwdkufyGJ tqHk;owf

1949 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D (1) &ufae@u pwifcahJ om tif;pdew f u

kd yf }JG uD;rSmvnf; yJc;l ppfrsuEf mS rS autif't
D w kd @kd qkwcf mG oGm;+yD;onfw
h idk f
tcsdeftawmf=um qufwdkuf&wkef; jzpfygonf?
odk@aomf autif'Dtdkwdk@onf wwdwwdjzifh tif;pdefwGiftawmfae&m usnf;ajrmif;vmonfhtjyif t"dutm;jzifh olwdk@udkvm+yD;
aygi;f pD;tultnDay;&ef tvm;tvmrsm; r&Sad wmh+yDjzpfI tif;pderf S 1949 - arv (21) &ufae@nwGif tif;pdeòf r@ausmbuf&dS vdi_ jf rpfujkd zwfum
jrpf0u|ef;ay:odk@ qkwfcGmxGufajy;=uavawmhonf?
odk@jzifh 1949 azazmf0g&D (1) &ufrS arv (22) &uftxd 3 vESifh 22 &uf=um+yD; rsm;pGmtaotaysmuf xdcdkufusqHk;r_rsm;cJhaom
ordkif;0iftif;pdefwdkufy}JG uD;rSm +yD;qHk;jcif;odk@ a&muf&SdoGm;ayawmhonf?
tif;pdefwdkufyGwJ Gif; udpPtcsKd@usef&pfaeI xyfa&;&ygOD;rnf - tif;pdefwdkufyGt J wGif; wae@ reuftapm}uD; usaemfwdk@tdyf&m xcgp
tcsdef AdkvfcsKyfae0if;onf ol@um;av;ESifh usaemfwdk@. tif;pdefwdkufyJG a&S@wef;XmecsKyf±Hk;odk@ a&mufvm+yD; usaemfhudkawG@qHk+yD; ajymjyonfrSm
wae@u Adkvfr–;}uD;bvdwf ol@xHvm+yD;wdkif=um;wmuawmh AdkvfausmfaZmu oludk}udrf;armif;jypfwifw,f vdk@ajymygonf? ‚jyif Adkvfr–;
}uD;bvdwftm; av;av;pm;pm; aumif;aumif; rGefrGefqufqH&efvnf; usaemfhudkowday;+yD;aemuf oljyefxGufoGm;ygonf?
Adkvfr–;}uD; =unfarmifvnf; usaemfhteD;a&mufvmojzifh usaemfu AdkvfcsKyfae0if;vmajymjyoGm;aomudpP ol@udkajymjyvdkuf+yD;
wqufwnf;rSmyif aeygtHk;As 'DvdkqdkawmhvJ Adkvfae0if;u vHk@v0d&d,t&Sdom;yJ usaemfhqD reuftapm}uD;ukd a&mufcsvmwm [k usaemfu
ajymrdawmh Adkvfr–;}uD;=unfarmifu bmqef;ovJAsm ol@tvkyfbmrS r&Sdwm 'Davmufawmh vkyfjy&rSmaygh [k qdkygonf?
usaemfvnf; Adv k rf ;– }uD;bvdwf usaemft h ay: pdwqf ;kd aewm b,fvakd wmif;yef&ygrh vJAsm usaemfvt J vkyrf sm;+yD; pdw±f y_ af wmh wcgw&H
ajymrdqdkrdovm;vJ rodbl;Asm [k nnf;wGm;rd&m Adkvfr–;}uD;=unfarmifu (oludk,fwdkifvJ Adkvfr–;}uD; bvdwfESifh tawmf&if;ESD;oljzpf&m) 'DudpP
odyfpdwfrylygeJ@ Adkvfr–;}uD;bvdwf[m pdwf&if;aumif;ol jzpfygw,f? ol[mwcgw&H pdwfwdk+yD; 'grsKd;jzpfwwfygw,f aemufc%rSmyJ arharh
aysmufaysmuf jzpfoGm;wwfygw,f? usaemf=unfhajymvdkufyghr,f? aemifomaumif;aumif;rGefrGef owdxm;qufqHaygh [k ajymygonf?
Adkvfr–;}uD;bvdwfvJ 'DudpPowd&rSm r[kwfawmhygbl;? arhavmuf+yDxifygw,f [k vnf;qufajymygonf? usaemfvnf; tawmf pdwfouf
omoGm;ygonf? aemufydkif;usaemfonf Adkvfr–;}uD;bvdwfESifh ajyvnf&if;ESD;+yD; tawmfcifrifaom rdwfaqG}uD;rsm; jzpfoGm;=uygawmhonf?
Adkvfr–;}uD;=unfarmifrSmvnf; usaemfESifh ESpftawmf=um &if;&if;ESD;ESD; tvkyftwlwG+J yD; vkyfchJojzifh usaemfhpdwfae oabmxm;udk
25
vnf;aumif;/ tusifhpm&dwWudkvnf;aumif; od&Sd+yD; tjyeftvSefav;pm; cspfcif=uaom rdwfaqG}uD;rsm; jzpfvm=uygonf?
usaemf uGefjrLepfESifh qufoG,fonf[laom pGyfpJGcsufESifh wyfrawmfu 1957 ckESpfu xGuf&+yD; aemufydkif;wGif;vnf; Adkvfr–;}uD;
=unfarmifonf rdwaf qGrysuf usaemft h rd u f 0kd ifxuG f oGm;vmqufqaH eygonf? olwiG rf u ol.ZeD;ESihf rdom;pk0ifrsm;yg usaemft h rd of m;rsm;ESihf
&if;ESD;cifrifvm=uygonf?
uGefjrLepf[k ,lq&olusaemfhtay: Adkvfr–;}uD;=unfarmifu cifcifrifrifav;av;pm;pm; qufqHaejcif;ESifh uGefjrLepfrsm;udk rkef;wD;
qef@usifol Adkvfr–;}uD;=unfarmiftay:vnf; usaemfu av;av;pm;pm; qufqHaejcif;rsm;udk vltcsKd@u tHh=oae=uayonf?
qef@usib f ufjzpf=uaom usaemfw@kd EpS Of ;D rdwaf qG}uD;rsm; jzpfae&jcif;rSm usaemfw@kd 2 OD;twGi;f wOD;tm;aumif;csuu f kd wOD;uav;pm;
cspfcifum wOD;tm;enf;csufudk wOD;ucGifhv$wfEdkif=ujcif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfrnfxifygonf?
Advk rf ;– }uD;=unfarmifonf wyfrawmfrS tem;,l+k yD;aemuf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfwiG f acgi;f aqmifwOD; tjzpf0ifa&muf vkyaf qmif
cJh&mrS ,cktcg touft&G,f}uD;&ifhvm+yD;jzpfI (usaemfhxuf 2 ESpfcef@}uD;ygonf?) &efukefwGif tem;,lkaexdkifvsuf&Sda=umif; od&ygonf?
Tpma&;&if; TuJhodk@ tvm;wl uGefjrLepfudk qef@usifaomfvnf; usaemfESifh rdwfaqG}uD;jzpfaecJhaom yk*~dKvfwOD;udk owd&rdygonf?
xdkyk*~dKvfrSm Adkvfr–;}uD;cspfòrifjzpf+yD; ,cktcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexdkifvsuf&Sdygonf?
xdktif;pdefwdkufyGJudk tjyif;txefwdkufcdkuf aepOftwGif; rwfvqef;avmufwGif xifygonf? usaemfaròr@wGif csefxm;&pfcJhaom
ZeD;onfESifh orD;i,fwdk@ &efukefodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmygonf?
usaemfaròr@Y ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f r–; wm0efxrf;aqmifae&mrS Adv k cf sKyfae0if;u &efuek o f @kd qif;vm&ef ac:+yD; awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f r–; wm0efay;um
tif;pdefppfrsufESmudk }uD;=uyf&ef apv$wfvdkufojzifh olwdk@om;trd aròr@wGifaomifwif usef&pfygonf?
olwdk@udkac:ay;&efoGm;aom ,lbDat av,mOfrSm rdwDˆvmodk@ qif;rd&m xdkae@eHeufapmapmu rdwDˆvmudk odrf;ydkufvdkufaom
Advk af emfqikd ;f OD;pD;onfh u&ifaomif;use;f olrsm;u xdak v,mOfysu H kd pD;eif;odr;f ydu
k f vduk yf gonf? xdu k &ifwyfrsm;rSm yJc;l ppfajrjyifrS qkwv f maom
wyfrsm; jzpfayonf? xdkae@rSm 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (20) &ufae@ jzpfonf?
Adkvfaemfqdkif;onf xdkav,mOfjzifh aròr@odk@oGm;um aròr@tcsufjyqufoG,fa&;wyf0if;twGif; usaemf vufeufðzwfxm;aom u&if
wyfom;rsm;udk vufeufwyfqifay;+yD; xdkae@rSmyif aròr@udk odrf;vdkufygonf?
usaemfZh eD;rSm xdak e@u &efuek u f av,mOf vmac:rnf[k ta=umif;=um;xm;I txkyt f yd;k jyifapmifq
h ikd ;f ae&m naeapmif;onftxd
vmac:jcif;r&SdbJ aròr@u&ifolykefrsm;vuf usa&mufoGm;+yD[laom owif;om&&Sdvdkufygawmhonf? xdknwGif;csif;rSmyif ajrmufydkif;wdkif;
ppfXmecsKyf t&m&Sd&dyfomwGif usaemfae&mcsxm;ay;aom AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;u vlv$wfI ole@J vmae&ef olwdk@om;trdudk vmac:ojzifh olwdk@
vdkufoGm;=u+yD; AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;wdk@ rdom;pkESifh aygif;aecJh=uygonf? AdkvfcsKyfprpf'Gef;u AdkvfausmfaZmu usKyfudku,fwifapmifha&SmufchJw,f?
'ga=umifu h sKyfuvJ cifAsm;udak pmifah &Smufr,f? usKyftouf&iS af eoa&G@ cifAsm;bmrSrjzpfap&bl; pdwcf syg [k ol@ut kd m;ay;a=umif; usaemfZh eD;u
usaemfhudk jyefajymjyygonf?
aemuf&uftcsKd @=um+yD;aemuf Adv k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f wd@k rdom;pku jrpf}uD;em;od@k ajymif;csiaf =umif; ta=umif;=um;vmojzifh Adv k cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f
rdom;pkudk jrpf}uD;em;odk@ydk@ay;rnf tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh AdkvfausmfaZmrdom;pkudk &efukefac:rnf[k tpdk;&ESifh autif'Dtdkwdk@ tay;t,lvkyfum
,lbaD t av,mOfysEH pS pf jD zifh pDpOfvu kd rf a_ =umifh olw@kd om;trd &efuek af &mufvmjcif; jzpfygonf? usaemfw@kd vnf;xdt k csed u
f pI Advk cf sKyfprpf'eG ;f eJ@
uGo J Gm;&m jyefvnfqHkawG@Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmhay?
usaemfr*Fvm'Hkavqdyfodk@ tóuv$wfvdkufaom t&m&SdESpfa,mufESifhtwl olwdk@om;trd a&mufvm&m usaemfu xdkt&m&Sdrsm;udk
olwdk@tm;wcgwnf; oHk;q,fòr@ ol@rdbrsm;xHjyefydk@&ef apcdkif;vdkufygonf?
usaemfvnf; wzufwvrf;u pdwfat;oGm;&ygonf? aròr@usoGm;a=umif; usaemf=um;&uwnf;u usaemf@ZeD; wckckjzpfoGm;u
ol@rdbrsm;udk b,fvdkajym&rvJ[k ylyefaerd&m ,ckawmh wylat;oGm;ygawmhonf?
usaemftif;pdefwdkufyGJta=umif; a&;aepOf tcsuftvuf tawmfrsm;rsm;udk arhavsmhae+yDjzpfI usaemfvuf0,f &Sdaeaom pmtkyf
pmwrf;rsm;udkvnf; r=umc% jyefvnfzwf±_&ygonf? xdktxJu “wyfrawmfordkif;” pwkwˆwGJ (1948 - 1962) pmtkyfwGif tao;pdwftcsuf
tawmfrsm;rsm; xyfrHawG@&Sd&ojzifh usaemfha&;om;csufrsm; jynfh0jynfhpHk oGm;ap&eftvdk@iSm xyfrHjznfhpGuf+yD; ul;,lazmfjyvdkuf&ygonf?

tif;pdefppfrsufESm
wyfrawmfrS u&ifaoewfudkif wyf&if;rsm;onf autif'Dtdkrsm;ESifh ylaygif;I twdtvif; ykefuefojzifh tpdk;&u u&ifwyfrsm;rS
vufeufodrf;,l&ef 1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv (31) ae@wGif trdef@xkwfjyefI azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;udk ppfOD;pD;csKyfcef@onf?
ZEM0g&Dv (31) &ufae@wGifyif r*Fvm'Hk&Sd qufoG,fa&;wyf&if;Y u&if&aJ bmfrsm;onf t&m&SdwOD;udk ypfowfum vufeufrsm;,laqmifI
tif;pdeòf r@wiG ;f od@k 0ifomG ;=uonf? aemufwae@azazmf0g&D (1) &ufae@wiG f tif;pdeòf r@wiG ;f rS autif't D rkd sm; xGuv
f monf? awmifyikd ;f ppfXmecsKyfEiS hf
avwyfwdk@rS vufeufrsm; odrf;qnf;um tif;pdefodk@jyefoGm;=uonf? Tokd@jzifh tif;pdefrS autif'Dtdkrsm;onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh wyfrawmf
wdk@udk twdtvif;pdefac:aom tðytrlrsm; vkyfaqmiffvmojzifh azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufae@wGif ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r–;Adkvfr–;}uD;ausmfaZmonf
awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f r–; wm0efukd Adv
k rf ;– csKyfatmifoif;xHrS v$aJ jymif;vufc&H ,lvsuf r*Fvm'Hw
k 0du
k &f dS wyfrsm;/ wyfr;– rsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;onf? xd@k aemuf
26
azazmf0g&Dv (10) &ufae@wGifordkif;&Sd tif;pdefppfrsufESm enf;AsL[mXmecsKyfodk@ udkifwdkifvma&muf uGyfuo J nf? xdktcsdefrwdkifrDu 'kAdkvfr–;
}uD; =unfarmifonf &efukefjynfaxmifpkt&Hwyf&if; (,lattufzfwyf&if;) udk uGyfuJvsuf ordkif;ppfrsufESmwGif ,m,DOD;pD;vsuf&Sdonf?
xdkpOfu ,if;ppfrsufESmwGif&Sdaom jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&wyfzJG@rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
1? &efukefjynfaxmifpk t&Hwyf&if; (,lattufzf)
2? trSwf (18) jynfaxmifpkppf&J
3? trSwf (21) jynfaxmifpkppf&J
4? trSwf (15) jynfaxmifpkppf&J
5? azazmf0g&Dv (7) &ufae@wGif &efukefppfa=uma&;ESifh wnf;cdka&;pcef;&Sd wyf&if; (1) rS wyfpkESpfpkudk trSwf (1) ajcvsifwyf&if;rS
vufeufwyfqifay;+yD; rdrdwyfpkwpkESifhaygif;I armfwmwyfzGJ@yg wyfcGJtjzpf ordkif;ppfrsufESmwGif wm0efay;onf? tqdkygwyf&if; (1) &Jabmf
rsm;onf o&ufrSawmcdkoGkm;cJhaom wyf&if;rSjzpfI ppfa=uma&;pcef;wGif xdrf;odrf;xm;jcif; jzpfayonf?
6? t&Hppf&Jwyfrsm;/ ppf0efxrf;rsm;/ ausmif;om;&JacgifESifh oHr%dwyfrsm;
7? csif;aoewfudkif wyf&if; (1)
8? azazmf0g&Dv 6 &ufrS 8 - &uftwGif; armfvòrif&Sd trSwf (2) ucsifaoewfudkifwyf&if;udk av,mOfjzifh tif;pdefppfrsufESmodk@
ydk@ay;onf?
9? trSwf (1) ajcvsifwyf&if;? azazmf0g&Dv 5 - &ufESifh 6- &ufae@rsm;wGif trSwf (4) ajcvsifwyf&if;rS wyfpk (2) pk tm;jznfh
ay;xm;onf?
10? trSwf (5) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;? tpydkif;u Adkvfr–;vSaomif; wyfz@JG om&SdchJ+yD; azazmf0g&Dv 8/ 9/ &uf ae@rsm;wGif ppfawG&Sd
wyf&if;r–;ESifh wyfz@GJ rsm;udk av,mOfjzifha&$@ajymif; ay;ydk@onf?
11? trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if; zsmyHkrS azazmf0g&D 7 - &ufae@wGif &efukefodk@ a&muf&Sdvmaomfvnf; aemufwae@wGif
jynfrSqif;vmaom trSwf (2) u&ifwyf&if;udk [ef@wm;wdkufcdkuf&ef om,m0wDodk@ csDwuf&onf? azazmf0g&Dv 19 &ufae@rS tif;pdef
ppfrsufESmwGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufEdkifonf?
12? a&wyfrS atmfvDuGefpuftajrmufESifh 25 aygif'g tajrmufwyfz@JG ?
tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif wdkufyrJG sm;pwif jzpfyGm;onfrSm xdktcsdefxkwf owif;pmrsm;tvdkt& 1949 ckESpf ZEM0g&Dv 31 &ufae@rSyif
pwifchJjcif; jzpfayonf? xdkae@wGif Adkvfr–;pdk;&/ AdkvfnGef@0if;/ AdkvfpHvSabmfESifh Adkvfausmf'if wdk@OD;pD;aom jynfaxmifpk ppf&w J yf&if;onf ordkif;&Sd
c0J+cHudk 0dkif;xm;+yD; vufeufcscdkif;um usKduUvm;ESifh tif;pdefvrf;axmifh &xm;wGJysufrsm; &Sd&mae&mtxd wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;+yD; ppf&JwyfrS
e*g;/ ol&d,/ a&$jynfat; paom oHcsyfumum; 8 pDd;jzifh wdkufcdkufonf? azazmf0g&Dv 1 &ufae@ eHeuf 5 em&DwGif u&ifukef;Y wdkufyGjJ zpfyGm;+yD;
u&ifwyfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&t&HwyfzGJ@rsm; tjyif;txef wdkufcdkuf=uonf? 2 &ufae@wGif eHeuf 7 em&DY óu@ukef;wdkufykGJ jzpfyGm;+yD; tif;pdef&Sd
u&ifwyfrsm;udk wuUov kd f bG@J EiS ;f obifteD; tif;vsm;uefapmif;rS 25 aygi'f g tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfwu kd cf u
kd o f nf? azazmf0g&v D 6 &ufae@wiG f
Adkvfr–; vSaomif; OD;pD;aom wyf&if; (5) onf apmfbGm;}uD;ukef;ESifh jynfvrf;qHk&Sd awmifukef;udk &,lwdkufcdkuf atmifjrifonf? 11 &ufae@wGifrl
c0J+cHukd odrf;,l &&Sdonf? 13 &ufae@ eHeuf 5 em&DcGw J Gif tpdk;&wfrsm;onf ordkif;w0dkuf xdk;ppfqif&m &efukef jynfaxmifpkt&Hwyf&if;u
OD;aomf yef;uefpufudk odrf;ydkuf+yD; csif;wyf&if; (1) u jynfaxmifpkt&Hwyf&if;. nmawmifyHjzpfaom ae&mudkodrf;,lvsuf csif;wyf&if; (1)
. nmawmifyH&Sd tdrf0g}uD;udk ucsifwyf&if; (2) u odrf;ydkufonf? ajcvsifwyf&if; (4) u ucsifwyf&if; (2) . ta&S@buf rsufESmpma'oudk
odrf;,lonf? óu@ukef;ppfrsufESmwGifvnf; wyf&if; (5) ESifh u&ifwyfrsm; ypfcwfwdkufcdkuf=u+yD; autif'Dtdk 30 cef@onf 0g;uif;ukef;odk@
qkwfcGmonf? tif;pdefwdkufyGJwGif tpydkif;Y t&Hwyf&if;/ ppf&J ponfwdk@jzifh wdkufcdkufae&mrS wyfrawmfyHkrSefwyf&if;rsm; yg0ifvma=umif;
awG@&avonf?
azazmf0g&Dv 14 &ufae@wGif a&mfbm+cHwdkufyGJ/ 15 &ufae@wGif apmbifqif+cHwdkufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;+yD; u&ifwyfrsm;onf OD;puUdef
bkef;}uD;ausmif;udk yifrtajccHðy tvHk;t&if;ESifh cHaeonf? OD;puUdefausmif; wnfaeyHkrSm pepfwus aqmufvkyfxm;aom cHwyfESifhwlonf?
ausmif;onf awmifukef;tjrifhay:wGif wnf&SdI ywfywfvnfwGif wdkufausmif;rsm; &Sd+yD; ,if;wdkufausmif;rsm;udkvnf; opfyifrsm;u tkyfrdk;
xm;onf? csOf;uyfvmor# &efoludk ukef;jrifhay:rS tay:pD;ypfcwf wdkufcdkufEdkifrnf jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI tiftm; 100 ausmf&Sd wyf&if; 5
wyfzGJ@onf tusyftwnf; awG@ae&onf? TwGif csif;wyf&if;u Adkvfwdkufc|ef;ESifh &Jabmf 4 OD;wdk@onf ,ckpufr_wuUodkvf0if; wnf&m
0g;awmrScsO;f uyfI ausmif;wGi;f od@k 0ifa&mufum pwif;/ b&if;rsm;ESihf v#yw f jywfwu kd cf ukd f odr;f ydu
k &f onf? OD;puUed af usmif;rS qkwcf mG oGm;aom
autif't D w kd @kd onf oHq;l óu;0if;cwfxm;I ajruwkwu f si;f rsm; opfyiftyk rf sm;&Sd vifph ifrsm;ESihf tcdik t
f rm&Sad eaom jynfo@l vyk if ef; bef*vdw k iG f
wyfpcef;csonf? odk@jzpfI 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufaom wyfrawmfbufrS txdtcdkufrsm;jym;aeonf? TwGif Adkvfwdkufc|ef;ESifh&Jabmf 5 OD;u
nwpfem&DwGif oHql;óu;udk wdwfwqdwfjzwfI 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufonf? ypfcwfoHrsm; =um;&csdefwGif aemufrSwyfz@GJ rsm;0ifa&mufvdkufyg+yD;
wdkufcdkuf&m &efolrsm;xGufajy;=uonf?
azazmf0g&v D 16 &ufae@wiG f wyf&if; (5) onf txdtcdu k f tustqHrk sm;pGmjzifh rif;"rRuek ;f udk wdu k cf u
kd o
f rd ;f ydu
k cf o
hJ nf? om,m0wD
0ufaumfwdkufyw GJ Gif u&ifwyf&if; (2) . xdk;ppfudk atmifjrifpGm ±dkufcsKfd;cJaom trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;onf &efukefodk@ jyefvnf
27
a&muf&v dS m+yD; azazmf0g&v D 18 &ufae@wiG f tif;pdepf pfrsuEf mS Y yg0ifvmum 19 &ufae@ ae@wpfem&DwiG f tidu k zf rf;I óu@uek ;f wdu k yf qGJ ifEo J$ nf?
xdkpOfu tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif tm±k%fOD;wdkufyGJrsm;om qifE$Javh&Sd=u+yD; ae@vnfae@cif;wGif em;aevsuf vufajzmifhwyfom;rsm;.
ypfcwfr_rsm;om &Sdwwfonf? Todk@aom tajctaeudk wyf&if; (3) wyf&if;r–; 'kAdkvfr–;}uD;cspfòrifu oHk;oyfI wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfayonf?
wdkufcdkuf&mwGifvnf; wyf&if; (3) utif;pdefvrf;r}uD;. taemufbufjcrf;udkvnf;aumif;/ wyf&if; (1) wyfcGEJ Sifh trSwf (1) ajcvsifwyf&if;
wyfcJGwdk@u wyf&if; (3) . nmawmifyH vrf;rta&S@bufjcrf; udkvnf;aumif;/ wdkufcdkufcJh&m &efolwdk@rar#mifvifhxm;aom tcsdefjzpfI
wem&DtwGif; &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf? azazmf0g&Dv (28) &ufae@wGif wyf&if; (5) onf ydGKifh 0rf;0rf;wl; awmifukef;a&S@&Sd
awmifukef;i,fudk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&m Adkvfr–;vSaomif; tygt0if t&m&Sdt&mcH t=uyfwyfom; 80 cef@ usq;Hk I 120 r# '%f&m&cJhjcif;a=umifh
wyfcEGJ pS cf pGJ mtiftm; avsmeh nf;oGm;cJo h nf? (rSwcf su?f xdw k u kd yf t GJ ao;pdwu f kd usaemfa&S@yikd ;f wGif a&;om;cJ+h yD;jzpfygonf?) od@k jzpfI yGKd ifh 0rf;0rf;wl;
&efolpcef;udk odrf;ydkuf&efwm0efudk wyf&if; (3) u v$aJ jymif;,lchJ&onf?
xdktcsdefu OD;puUdefausmif;wGif Armhwyftawmf csif;wyf&if; (1) uvnf;aumif;/ exdk;ukef;ESifh rif;"rRawmifukef;wdk@wGif wyf&if;
(5) uvnf;aumif; wyfpx GJ m;+yD;jzpfonf? wyf&if; (5) wGif trSwf 16 jynfaxmifpk ppf&w J yfrS wyftcsKd @vnf;yg&o dS nf? rif;"rRuek ;f rS ajrjyifonf
rwfapmufqif;oGm;+yD; v#dKwckjzpfay:apum xdkrSwzef 0rf;0rf;wl; awmifay:odk@ rwfapmufpGm wufoGm;jyefonf? odk@jzpfav&m ydGKifh
0rf;0rf;wl;&efo@l pcef;udw k u kd cf u
kd &f efrmS tjrif&h &dS efou l kd atmufrq S efIwdu k &f rnfjzpfonf? TwGif wyf&if; (3) wyf&if;r–; 'kAv kd rf ;– }uD;cspòf rifonf
AdkvfvSarmifOD;pD;aom uGefref'dkwyfpk/ Adkvf}uD;pdefjrOD;pD;aom uGefref'dkwyfcG/J Adkvf}uD;armifausmfOD;pD;aom aemuf&HwyfcG/J AdkvfxGef;vSOD;pD;aom
pdefajymif;wyfcGJrsm; zJG@pnf;avhusifhay;onf? 1949 ckESpf rwfv 9 &ufae@ eHeuf 2 em&DcGJwGif &nfrSef;csuf (1) tjzpf owfrSwfxm;aom ydGKifh
0rf;0rf;wl; b,fawmifyu H kd uGerf ef'w kd yfpuk 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u kd &f m rdepfyikd ;f twGi;f rSmyif odr;f ydu k &f rdonf? &nfreS ;f csuf (1) udo k rd ;f ydu
k +f yD;a=umif;
owif;yd@k csed w f iG f pdeaf jymif;wyfcu GJ &nfreS ;f csuf (2) tjzpf owfrw S xf m;&mod@k armfwm 10 vufjzifh qufwu kd yf pfcwfonf? odr;f ydu k +f yD;jzpfaom
&nfrSef;csuf (1) ESifh &nfrSef;csuf (2) wdk@rSm udkuf 50 cef@om uGma0;I rdrdwyfrsm;wGifvnf; txdtcdkuf&SdcJhonf? armfwmtypf&yfv#if
uGefref'dkwyfcGJrS wyfpkwpku &nfrSef;csuf (2) tm; wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufonf? xdk@aemuf pdefajymif;wyfcGJu &nfrSef;csuf (3) ae&modk@ ypfcwf+yD;
wufa&mufodrf;ydkufonf? xdkwdkufyGJwGif wyfrawmfrS pwD;0yfwifhum; wpD;yg0ifchJonf? ppfqifa&;tpDtpOfwGif wyf&if; (3) u ydGKifh0rf;0rf;wl;
tm; wdu k cf u kd If &efot l ajcysucf sed w f iG f ydKG if0h rf;0rf;wl;.ta&S@ajrmufbuf tke;f yifpu k kd trSwf (16) jynfaxmifppk pf&u J vnf;aumif;/ apmfbmG ;}uD;
ukef;&Sd t*Fvdyfocsõif;udk ucsifwyf&if; (2) uvnf;aumif; wdkufcdkuf&ef jzpfaomfvnf; xdkwyfrsm;wdkufcdkufr_ aemufusI xdkae&mrsm;rS
&efolrsm;ypfcwfjcif; cH&aom wyf&if; (3) wGif txdtcdkufrsm;cJhonf?
odk@jzifh rwfvwvvHk; wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;+yD; {+yDv 4 &ufae@wGif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtzJG@u tpdk;&ESifhaqG;aEG;&ef tif;pdefrSxGufvm+yD;
{+yDv 5 &ufrS 8 &ufae@txd typftcwf&yfpJum aqG;aEG;=uonf? odk@&mwGif ratmifjrifI {+yDv 8 &ufae@ naeydkif;wGif wdkufyJGrsm;
jyefvnfpwif jzpfyGm;onf? {+yDv 29 &ufae@wGif wyfrawmfavu tif;pdeftpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;e,fajr/ tif;pdefaxmif. awmifbuf
e,fajrrsm;udk AHk;}uJwdkufcdkuf+yD; ar,kppfoabFmrSvnf; pufr_ausmif;e,fajr/ urf;em;qefpufrsm; e,fajrwdk@udk tajrmufjzifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkuf
onf? 14 &ufrS 16 &ufae@twGif; wyfrawmfu wd&dp>mefaq;ukoa&; ody`Hausmif;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&&Sdonf? arvwGif csif;wyf&if; (1)
ESifh (2) wdk@onf r*Fvm'HkbufrS pOfhul;/ azmhuef/ atmifqef;wdk@udk odrf;ydkufvmcJh&m arv 21 &ufae@wGif atmifqef;òr@tvGef pGyfus,fpuf&Sdf
autif'Dtdkrsm;udk wdkufcdkufI pGyfus,fpufudk &&Sdonf? odk@jzifh 1949 ckESpf arv 22 &ufae@wGif tif;pdefòr@udk wyfrawmfu t+yD;tydkifodrf;ydkuf
EdkifcJhayonf?
Tonfwdk@rSm wyfrawmfordkif; pwkwˆwJG pmtkyfrS ul,lazmfjycsuf t"dujzpfygonf?
usaemfu, kd wf ikd f rSwrf ad ewmuvnf; 1949 ckEpS f arv21 &ufnY tif;pdeaf utif't D w kd yfrsm; tif;pdeaf usm buf&fdS v_id jf rpfujkd zwf+yD;
jrpf0u|ef;ay:a'oodk@ qkwfcGmoGm;a=umif; jzpfygonf? rdrdwdk@ tpdk;&wyfu 1949 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@upwifchaJ om tif;pdefwdkufyGu J dk
arv (22) &ufae@ tif;pdefudk0if+yD; odrf;ydkufvdkufjcif;jzifh +yD;qHk;apcJhygonf?
usaemfonf Tta=umif;rsm;udk jyefvnfa&;om;&if; xdpk Ofumvu usaemfEiS t hf wl Armhvw G v
f yfa&;ESihf Edik if aH &;twGuf wdu k yf aGJ wG
twl0ifcJh=uonfh olrsm;twGif;rS uG,fvGefukefolrsm;/ usqHk;cJh&olrsm;udk jyefvnfowd& vGrf;qGwfrdygonf?
xdkolrsm;xJwGif Adkvfr–;}uD;wm0efjzifh wyfrawmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD; t+idrf;pm;,l+yD;rS uG,fvGefoGm;aom Adkvfr–;}uD;wifarmif
(pma&;q&m jrwfxef) udv k nf;aumif;/ tif;pdew f ukd yf t
JG wGi;f rSm usq;kH oGm;&aom csi;f aoewfuikd w f yf&if; (1) rS wyf&if;r–; 'kAv kd rf ;– }uD; [&efo, D kd
wdk@udkvnf;aumif; owd&vGrf;qGwf aerdygonf?
Adkvfr–;}uD;wifarmifrSm vlyHk[efu aysmhaysmif;aomfvnf; wdkufyJGwGif;wGif tvGefwnf+idrfoljzpfonf? wm0efay;vdkufv#ifvnf;
csucf si;f vdyk if oabmayguef m;vnf+yD; ol@[molvnf; xd;k xGi;f vkyaf qmifwwfol jzpfonf? usaemfEiS t hf wlwGJ wdu k cf u
kd cf &hJ olrsm;xJwiG f usaemf
oabmus ESpfoufrdaom wyfr–;aumif;wa,mufjzpfonf?
'kAdkvfr–;}uD; [&efoD,dkrSm usaemfESifh tif;pdefwdkufyGJtjyif wjcm;wdkufyGJrsm;wGifyg twlwuG eD;eD;uyfuyf yl;wJGaqmif&GufchJzl;oljzpf+yD;
tvGef&pJ Grf;owWdESifh jynfh0um abmvHk;uefvnf;aumif;aom usaemf.rdwfaqG &Jabmf}uD;jzpfygonf?
aemufowd&rdolwOD;rSm tif;pdefppfrsufESmwGif a&S@wef;ppfajrjyif wae&mY &efolypfcwfaeaom usnfqHrsm;atmuf rdrdESifhtwl
tm;vsm;arSmuf+yD; ppfa&;udpPaqG;aEG;t+yD; udk,fhae&mtoD;oD;odk@ xjyef&mwGif &efol@usnfqHxdrSef usqHk;oGm;&&Smaom wyf&if; (5) rS
28
Adkvfr–;vSaomif; yifjzpfygonf?
usaemfESifhwdkufazmfwdkufzuf &Jabmftawmfrsm;rsm; uG,fvGefusqHk;ukef=uaomfvnf; usaemfrSm xdkaoab; trsdK;rsdK;=um;rS
vGwfajrmufchJ+yD; ,cktouf 85 ESpftxd usef;rmpGm&Sdaejcif;rSm usaemfhuH=urRm[kyif ajym&rnfxifygonf?
tif;pdew f u kd yf w GJ u
kd af e&pOftwGi;f tjcm;tjzpftysurf sm;vnf; wcsed w f nf;vdv k kd ay:ayguaf eygonf? {+yDv (4) &ufrS (8) &ufae@txd
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifh apmbOD;}uD;awG@qHk aqG;aEG;aeI usaemfwdk@tif;pdef ppfrsufESmwGif twdkuftcdkuf &yfpx J m;&ygonf? xdktcsdefwGif om,m0wD
bufwGufvnf; jynfòr@rSuGefjrLepfolykef (&JabmfjzL) wyfzG@J u OuUHESifh om,m0wDudk odrf;onf? aemuf om,m0wDe,fudk umuG,faeaom
ppf&w J yf&if; (21) vnf; olykefwdk@ESifh ylaygif;oGm;onf?
TwGif usaemfhZeD;vnf; om,m0wD oHk;q,fòr@ olr.rdbrsm;ESifh aexdkifae&mrS rdbrsm;udkygac:um orD;ESpfa,mufESifh twl
usaemf&Sd&m r*Fvm'Hkodk@ a&muf&Sdvm=uygonf?
olykefrsm;odrf;xm;aom om,m0wDodk@ wyfrawmf (av) rS Adkvfr–;cif OD;aqmifaom av,mOf (3) pD;onf {+yDv (7) &ufae@wGif
oGm;a&mufA;kH }uJwu kd cf u dk &f m atmufrjS yefvnfypfcwfojzifh av,mOfwiG v f ukd yf gvmaom Adv k rf ;– pderf eS f usnof ifI
h aemufyikd ;f wGif xd'k %f&mjzifyh if
uG,fvGefoGm;ygonf?
1949 ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif om,m0wD ppfrsufESm/ yJcl;ppfrsufESmwdk@wGif autif'Dtdkwdk@. xdk;ppfrsm; aemufjyefvefoGm;aomfvnf;
xdkvefoGm;aomwyfzGJ@ tcsdK@wdk@onf 1949 ck {+yDvwGif wjcm;olykefwyfzG@J rsm;jzpfaom ucsifwyf&if; (1) rS awmcdkoGm;aom Adkvfaemfqdkif;tzJG@/
rEWav;aròr@rS u&ifwyf&if;rsm;/ aròr@tcsufjyqufoG,fa&; A[dkwyf&if;/ ppf&w J yf&if; ponfwdk@rS u&ifwyfom;rsm;ESifh aygif;pyfpkpD;+yD; usaemf
wdk@. a&Swef;pcef;jzpfaom 'dkufOD;òr@udk wdkufcdkuf&m {+yDv (24) &ufae@wGif 'dkufOD;òr@ u&ifwdk@vufodk@ usa&mufoGm;onf?
'dkufOD;òr@awmifbufwGif trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;rS wyfcGJESpfcGJ/ trSwfav; ajcvsifwyf&if;rS a*:&cg;wyfcGw J cJG/ trSwf (6)
aoewfudkifwyf&if;rS wyfcGJwcJG ponfwdk@&Sd&m xdkwyfrsm;yg qkwfcGmI 'dkufOD;ESifh azmifawmfoD vrf;qHkt=um; &Srf;pk&GmwGif wyfpGo J nf?
&Srf;pk&Gmonf &efukefrEWav;um;vrf; rdkifwdkif (81) &Sd vrf;.ta&S@bufwGuf&SdI taemufbufwGif anmifyifom&Gm&Sdonf? xdkrS
rdik w
f ikd f (79) wGif ayguw f yifwmqHak c: azmifawmfov D rf;cJ&G &dS m vrf;.awmifbufwiG f Adv k }f uD;&JxeG ;f OD;pD;aom 25 aygi'f g tajrmufEpS v f ufygonfh
tajrmufwyfzJG@&Sdonf?
usaemfwdk@wyf. &Srf;pk&GmcHppfpcef;udk {+yDv (27) &ufae@wGif usaemfudk,fwdkif oGm;a&mufppfaq;=unfh±_@onf? tif;pdefppfrsufESmrS
xkwfE_wfEdkifor# tiftm;udkvnf; ydk@ay;cJhonf?
1949 ckESpf {+yDv 28 &ufae@n oef;acgifausmfwGif autif'Dtdkwyfrsm;u &Srf;pk&GmcHppfae&mudk aemufbufrS 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf
pD;eif;vdkufonf? xdkwdkufyGJwGif ajcvsifwyf&if; (3) rS t&m&Sdt=uyfwyfom; (100)cef@usqHk;+yD; uwkwf bk&m;}uD;&Gmodk@ qkwfcGmcJh=u&onf?
xdkwdkufyw GJ Gif rdrdwdk@wyfzGJ@0ifrsm; qkwfcGmEdkifa&;twGuf taocHI umypfay;cJhaom wyfom;vSaomif;onf “atmifqef;ol&d,”
bG@J udk &&Sdonf?
xd&k rS ;f pk&mG teD;wGif ajcvsiw f yf&if; (3) u usq;kH oGm;&aom ppfonftaygi;f tm; &nfp;l I vGr;f apwDav;wql wnfxm;cJ=h uygonf?
uwkwb f &k m;}uD;wGif cHppfpcef;jyifqif&mwGif usaemfu, kd wf ikd wf ufomG ;+yD; cHppfuwkwpf cef;rsm; ae&mcsxm;r_ukd pDpOf!e¸ =f um;onf?
uwkwfbk&m;}uD;. cHppfudk aemufqHk; *syefppfwyf. cHppfjyifyHk pepfyHkpHtwdkif; vkyfaqmifchJonf? aemufqHk;tokwf tjzpf *syefrS
jyefvmaom Adkvfr–;wifarmif (jrwfxef) u OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;wifjyonfh yHkpHyifjzpfonf?
‚rSm rdrdcHppfa'o. E_wfcrf;ywfvnfwGif cHppfuwkwfrsm; wnfaqmuf±Hkr#ru cHppftwGif;ydkif;wGif wyfpkvdkuf/ wyfzJG@vdkuf
cHppf0dkif;uav;rsm;vnf; wnfaqmufxm;onf? twGif;oabmrSm cHppff “awmif;” wvHk;wGif awmif;. E_wfcrf;rsm;wGifom cHppfuwkwfrsm;
vkyx f m;onfomru “awmif;” xJwiG v f nf; ausmufcw J ;kH rsm; xnfx h m;ouJo h @kd cHppf0ikd ;f uav;rsm; zJ@G wnfxm;&m E_wcf rf;udk azmuf0ifvmEdik f
onfw h ikd f “awmif;” xJwiG &f adS om ausmufcw J ;kH rsm;ESihf wlaom cHppf0ikd ;f uav;rsm;udv k nf; tqifq h ifh ausmjf zwf&OD;rnfjzpfI rsm;pGmtustqH;k
rsm;Edkifonf? TywfvnfcHppfwGif ,cifusaemfwdk@ toHk;ðycJhaom wef;pDIcHaom “rsOf;cHppf” ESifh rwlaomtcsufrsm; ydkrdktm;aumif;aom
tcsufrsm;&Sdonf?
“rsO;f cHppf”wGif wef;pDI wyfjzef@aoma=umifh &efoo l nf c%uav;jzifh xd;k azmufEikd o f nf? wzef&efoo l nf tvH;k t&if;jzifh ausmbuf
rSvnf; wdkufvdk@&onf?
ywfvnfcHppf. yHko¾mefrSm t&yf&SpfrsufESmodk@vSnfhIjyifqifxm;aom “cHppf0dkif;” yifjzpfonf? wyfcGv J dkuf xdkodk@jyifqifxm;aom
cHppf0dkif;wdk@onf wOD;ESifhwOD; ypfcwfr_tultnDay;Edkifonfhtjyif tu,fI xdkcHppf0dkif;wck &efol@vufwGif;odk@ usoGm;apumrl tjcm;cHppf0dkif;
wdk@u qufvufckcHEdkifonf? wefjyefxdk;ppfqifEdkifonf? Tenf;jzifh ppfrsufESm. a&S@aemuf0J,m r&Sdawmh/ wae&mwGiftazmufcH&ojzifh
usefwyfrsm;qkwf&jcif;/ aemufydkif;rS twdkufcH&ojzifh a&S@ydkif;òy&jcif;[laom rsOf;cHppf. aysmhuGuf/ [muGufwdk@udk z,f&Sm;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf?
TonfrSm “ywfvnfcHppf” . tm;omcsufjzpfonf?
uwkwfbk&m;}uD;&Gm w0dkufwGif wyftiftm;xuf0ufausmfudk cHppf0dkif; (3) 0dkif;jzef@xm;+yD; bk&m;}uD;&Gm.awmifbuf udkuf (1000)
cef@&Sd vufckyfuGif;&GmwGif usefwyfrsm;udk um;vrf;r. wzufwcsufY cHppf0dkif;w0dkif;pD csxm;onf? tajrmufudk ta&S@bufcHppf0dkif;Y
ae&mcsxm;onf? u&ifolykefrsm;onf &Srf;pk&GmwdkufyJGrSm uJhodk@yif cHppf.aemufwef;jzpfaom vufckyfuGif; ta&S@zufjcrf;udk twif;zdwdkuf
29
awmhonf? &efolrsm;twif;xdk; twif;zd0ifvmcsdefwGif rdrdwyfrsm;udk tajrmufrsm;ESifhtwl 0rf;bJtif;ESifh &Gmtaemufjcrf;odk@ qkwfcGmcdkif;+yD;rS
xdkqkwfvmaom tajrmufrsm;/ pdefajymif;rsm;tm;vHk;tm;pkI ta&S@jcrf;udk jyefwdkuf&onf? naeapmif; ppfultcsdK@ a&mufvm=uawmh ta&S@
jcrf;udk vSHpGyfwufxdk;+yD; vufckyfuGif;&Gmudk jyefodrf;ydkufvdkufygawmhonf? autif'Dtdkrsm; tustqHk;rsm;pGmjzifh qkwfcGmoGm;&ojzifh ‚wdk@.
wdkufppft&Sdeft[kefrSm ±dkufcsdK;jcif;cH&ouJhodk@ jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf? xdkae@rSm 1949 ckESpf arv (3) &ufae@jzpfygonf?
autif'Dtdkwdk@. xdk;ppft&Sdefrsm; usoGm;+yDjzpfaomfvnf; olwdk@odrf;xm;aom e,fajrrsm; trsm;tjym; usefaeygao;onf? wjynf
vHk;vJ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;utp jywfawmufaeygonf? xdk@a=umifh usaemfonf tif;pdefudk arv 21 - 22 &ufrSm odrf;ydkuf+yD;aemuf yJcl;
ppfrsuEf mS od@k a&muf&o dS mG ;ygonf? yJc;l ESihf &efuek t
f =um; rD;&xm;vrf;onf jywfaeonf? autif't D o kd yl ek w
f @kd onf xH;k }uD;&Gm}uD;ESihf xdw k 0du k u f kd
tcdkiftrmwyfpx JG m;ao;onf? xdka=umifh um;vrf;rSmvnf; tEW&m,fruif;yg? xdk@a=umifh xHk;}uD;udkjyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef jyifqif&ygawmhonf?
xkx d ;kH }uD;wdu k yf w
GJ iG f yg0ifaomwyfrsm;rSm Armhaoewfuikd w f yf&if; (6)/ 25 aygi'f gtajrmufwyfpEk iS hf ajcvsiw f yfcw
GJ cJG o,f,El ikd o f nfh
b&if;u,f&D,m oHcsyfumum;rsm; yg0ifonf?
TxHk;}uD;wdkufyJG. xl;jcm;csufrSm u,f&D,m,mOfac:onfh trdk;ryg&Sdaom oHcsyf,mOfrsm;udk pwifoHk;pJGjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh
tustqHk;txdtcdkuf enf;yg;+yD; wdkufyJGrSmvnf; jrefqefcJhonf?
xdkwdkufyJGudk usaemfudk,fwdkif OD;aqmifcJhonf? tajrmufESifh armfwmusnfqHrsm; azmazmoDoDoHk;I &efoluwkwfusif;rsm;udk
zsufqD;Edkif=uonf? u,f&D,may:rS pufaoewfypfcwfr_ aemufuG,frS usaemfwdk@wyfom;rsm; vHSpGyfrsm;wyfI r&yfrem;awmufav#muf
tajy;csDwuf+yD; xdkae&mw0dkufudk odrf;ydkuf&ygonf? &efolu v_yf&Sm;cHppf toGifjzifh cHonf? odk@aomf aemufwae@eHeufapmapmwGif xHk;}uD;rS
qkwfcGmoGm;+yD; pmbl;awmif;odk@ qkwfoGm;=u ygawmhonf?
pmbl;awmif;&Gm}uD;rSm &efukef - yJcl;t=um;&Sd vSnf;ul;òr@teD;wGif wnf&Sd+yD; xdktcsdefu awmifil/ tif;pdef/ jynf/ jrpf0u|ef;ay:
tp&Sdaoma'orsm;&Sd autif'Dtdkwdk@. qufoG,fa&;vrf;qHk/ ta&;ygt&ma&mufvSaom tajccHpcef;}uD;wckjzpf+yD; wjcm;ae&mrsm;rS
qkwfcGmcJh=u&+yD jzpfaomfvnf; xdkpcef;}uD;rS u&ifolykefrsm;onf tnHhrcHbJ }uH@}uH@cdkif cHaeqJjzpfonf?
1949 ckESpf 'DZifbm 18 &ufae@wGif usaemfudk,fwdkif OD;pD;+yD; pmbl;awmif;ppfqifa&;udk pwifqifEcJ$ hJonf? yg0if=urnfh wyfrsm;rSm
Adkvfr–;pdef0if; (aemif rqvacwf 0ef}uD;csKyf) . ajcvsifwyf&if (1)/ Adkvfcspfòrif. aoewfudkifwyf&if; (3)/ Adkvfr–;wifarmif. aoewfudkifwyf&if;
(6)/ Adkvfr–;a&mh'&pf. 25 aygif'gtajrmuf (8) vuf/ Adkvf}uD;oDvS. oHcsyfumum;wyf (u,f&D,moHcsyfumum;rsm;ESifh ppf&w J yfu ðyjyif
xm;aom &Sm;rif;trsdK;tpm; oHcsyfumum;}uD; wpD;ESifh pwl;0yftrsdK;tpm; oHcsyfum;i,f 2 pD;wdk@yg0ifonf?) xdkjyif Adkvf}uD;wifatmif.
tif*sifeD,mwyfESifh Adkvf}uD;xGef;jrifh. qufoG,fa&;wyfrsm; yg0if=uonf? ppfqifa&;rprD 'DZifbm (17) ae@wGif yg0ifonfhwyfrsm;tm;vHk;
vSnf;ul;rSm pk±Hk;xm;&Sdonf?
pmbl;awmif;&GmrSm vSnf;ul;ESifh azmif}uD;oGm;&mvrf;. nmbufwGif&Sd+yD; vSnf;ul;rS 7 rdkiftuGmwGif&Sdonf? u&ifolykefrsm;onf
xdkvrf;wav#mufESifh xdkw0dkuf&Sd&Gm;tm;vHk; ywfywfvnfwGif 0g;c|ef/ ajimifh rsm;udk ajccsIr&atmif pdkufjr‡Kyfxm;=uonf? usaemfwdk@u
u,f&, D m,mOfuav;rsm; tawmfo;kH Edik I f om oufom&m&awmhonf? xd@k jyifvrf;wav#muf&dS wHwm;rsm;udv k nf; u&ifoyl ek rf sm;u zsuq f ;D
xm;ygonf?
usaemfuppfqifa&; rpwifcif (2) &ufcef@óuI Adv k rf ;– wifarmifukd c&D;wdx k ;kd azmufwukd cf ukd jf cif; S. R . P (Short Range Penetrahon
) wck ðyvkyf&ef apv$wfvdkufygonf?
S. R . P ac:c&D;wdkxdk;azmuf wdkufcdkufjcif;qdkonfrSm t=urf;tm;jzifh &efol.a&S@wef; cHppfrsOf;rSjzpfap/ ab;yef;rSjzpfap/ &efol.
aemufyikd ;f od@k wdww f qdwcf sw D ufjcif;jzpfonf? &efo. l aemufyikd ;f od@k a&mufv#if ta&;}uD;aomae&m Xmewckcu k 0kd ifa&mufp;D eif; wdu k cf u
kd &f ef
jzpfonf? xdkenf;jzifh &efoltm;acsmufcsm;oGm;ap&efESifh tajctae,drf;,dkifoGm;ap&ef &nf&G,fonf? atmifjrifaomtcgwdk@wGif vGefpGmyif
xda&mufaom wdkufcdkufenf; jzpfonf?
xdkwyfcGo J nf ppfqifa&;rprD (2) &ufcef@ tvdfkrSpI awmvrf;c&D;rS wdwfwqdwfcsDwuf+yD; &efol.a&S@wef;tm; yifrtvHk;t&if;
tiftm;jzifhwdkufcdkufonfhtcdsefESifh wcsdefwnf; &efol.aemufydkif;&Sd pmbl;awmif;&Gm}uD;udk armfwmjzifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkuf&ef jzpfonf?
1949 ckEpS f 'DZifbm (18) &uf eHeufapmapmwGif usaemfw@kd onf vSn;f ul;rS azmif}uD;oGm;um;vrf;twdik ;f csw D ufc=hJ uonf? &efou l
umuif;rsm;ESifh vufajzmifhwyfom;rsm; (Suiper) rsm;udk txyfvdkuf tqifhvdkufcsxm;+yD; ‘'k’ ESifh cHppfcsxm;onf? usaemfwdk@wyfom;rsm;
u&ifvufajzmifhwyfom;rsm; vufcsufa=umifhvnf;aumif;/ ajimifhrsm;pl;ukef aoma=umifhvnfaumif; txdtcdkuftustqHk;rsm;onf?
ysufpD;aeaomwHwm;rsm;udk tif*sifeD,mwyfu tylwjyif;jyifqifay;ojzifh ajcvsifwyfrsm; jzwful;vmEdkifonf? u,f&D,mtcsdK@
acsmif;twGif;epfukef=u+yD; u,f&D,may:rS &Jabmfrsm;xdkcdkuf usqHk;ukefonf?
usaemfwdk@wyfrsm;onf (6) rdkifcef@txd um;vrf;twdkif; csDwuf&+yD; 6 rdkifta&mufwGif &Gm.ta&S@bufodk@ ppfa=umif;wa=umif;
cGv
J $wfum ppfa=umif;ESpfa=umif;jzifh ydwfqdk@wdkufcdkuf=uygonf? S. R . P oGm;onfh wyfcu GJ vnf; pdefajymif;rsm;ESifh pwifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf?
wifhum;rsm;rS pufaoewfrsm;uvnf; ypfulay;ygonf? pdefajymif;ypfcwfr_jzifh ajcvsifwyfrsm; &GmqDudkwjznf;jznf;wdk;wuf=u&m nae (5)
em&Dcef@wGif usaemfwdk@wyfrsm; autif'Dtdkwdk@. cHwyf[ktrnf&cJhaom pmbl;awmif;&Gm}uD;wGif;odk@ 0ifEdkifch=J uonf? xdkwdkufyGw J Gif wyfrawmf
(av) rS ypfulay;cJhaom av,mOf (1) pD; ysufusqHk;±_H;cJhygonf?
30
 &efukefESifh yJcl;t=um; &efol&Sif;oGm;yg+yD?

rdk;óu;ppfqifa&;

1950 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvxJwGif autif'Dtdkwdk@. òr@awmfawmifiludk csDwufodrf;ydkuf&ef jyifqif&ygonf? yg0ifonfhwyfrsm;rSm

pmbl;awmif; wdu k yf wJG iG yf g0ifco
hJ nfh wyfrsm;tjyif Adv k rf ;– Aefu;l vf. csi;f aoewfuikd w f yf&if; (1)/ 'kAv
kd rf ;– }uD;vsicf siZf ef. csi;f aoewfuikd w f yf&if;
(3) wdk@yg yg0ifvmygonf?
xdkppfqifa&;}uD;onf xdktcsdefxd wyfrawmf.ordkif;wav#mufwGif ppfqifa&;pDrHcsuf a&;qGu J m pepfwust&SdqHk; ðyvkyfrnfh or±dk;
usppfqifa&;}uD; jzpfonf? usaemfudk,fwdkif OD;pD;+yD; ppfqifa&;pDrHcsufrsm; a&;qJG&mwGif ajcvsifwyfESifh wifhum;/ oHcsyfumum; u,f&Dwyf
rsm;t=um; [efcsufnDnD yl;aygif;v_yf&Sm;r_/ ajcvsifwyfrsm; c&D;wdkcsDwuf xdk;azmufr_ (SRP) wdk@ yg0ifonf? tajrmufwyfudkvnf; usaemf
udk,fwdkif ypfcwfr_pDrHcsuf (Fire Plan) a&;qJG+yD; udk,fwdkifudkifwG,f !¸ef=um;onf? tajrmufwyft&m&Sd wOD;udkvnf; usaemfhteD;rSmyif
ac:xm;+yD; wdkuf±dkuftrdef@ay; !¸ef=um;ygonf? xdkta=umif;rsm;udk xdkpOfu tajrmufwyft&m&Sd wOD;jzpfonfh Adkvfcifarmifaomif; (rdk;rdk;wm
a&mpef) u “rkefwdkif;udkrr_ tHwkavaomf” pmtkyfwGif awmfawmfjynfhjynfhpHkpHk a&;xm;wm awG@&ygonf? olu xdkaqmif;yg;rsm;udk 1990
ckESpfrsm;wGif a&;om;aoma=umifh (usaemfuuGefjrLepfygwDodk@ a&muf&Sdae+yD jzpfaoma=umifh) usaemfhudk emrnfrazmfjyEdkifbJ wdkif;r–;[kom
a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf? oluusaemfhudk wdkif;r–;onf “rjzpfEdkifwmr&Sdap&/ vlvkyfv#if bmrqdkjzpf&rnf” [laom pdwf"mwfjzifh ZGwfvkyfwwf
ol[k a&;om;xm;ygonf?
rd;k óu;ppfqifa&;udk 1950 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D 24 &ufae@wiG f rd;k óu;ppfqifa&;}uD; pygonf? u&ifoyl ek rf sm;onf xdt k csed u
f ¹yefwefqm
òr@wiG f vufeuf}uD;tawmfrsm;rsm;jzifh tcdik t f rmwyfpx GJ m;=uonf? usaemfw@kd u xdv k ufeuf}uD;rsm;udk trdt&odr;f qnf;Edik zf @kd ta&;}uD;onf?
xd@k a=umifh ¹yefwefqmudk ESpb f ufny‡ I f wdu
k &f ef pDpOf&onf? usaemfu xd;k rnfw h yftvH;k t&if;udk um;vrf;/ rD;&xm;vrf;twdik ;f òr@awmifbufrS
zdIwdkufcdkif;onf? Adkvfr–;wifarmif. wyf&if; (6) udk &efol.ausmaemufydkif; ¹yefwefqmESifh anmifav;yift=um; um;vrf;/ rD&xm;vrf;wdk@udk
ydwfqdk@Iwdkuf&ef pDpOfonf?
xdkuhJodk@ ESpfbufn‡yfwdkuf&mwGif usefwyfzG@J toD;oD;uvnf; [efcsufnDnD yl;aygif;Edkifr_a=umifh azazmf0g&D (25) &uf rGef;vGyJ dkif;wGif
¹yefwefqmudk usaemfwdk@wyfrsm; odrf;ydkufvdkufEdkifygonf?
&efolonf tawmfuav; txdemoGm;onf? tustqHk;txdtcdkufrsm;onf? xdk@xufta&; ydk}uD;onfrSm olwdk@. oHcsyfumrD;&
xm;/ oHcsyfumum;rsm;/ 6 aygif'gtajrmuf/ 3vuR armfwmtcsdK@ESifh cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm;udk zrf;qD;&vdkufrdjcif;yif jzpfawmhonf?
T¹yefwefqmwdkufyJGESifhywfoufaom ppfoabmw&m;tcsdK@udk a&;&ygOD;rnf?
usaemfwdk@rSm ¹yefwefqmòr@wGif;&Sd autif'Dtdkwdk@. vufeuf}uD;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;&Edkifzdk@vdkonf? Tvdkppfqifa&;rsdK;. oabmrSm
ppfqifolbufwGif wyfrsm;taeESifh wdkufckdufodrf;ydkuf+yD; wyfrsm;pGrJ xm;&ao;aom yxrqHk;wdkufyGjJ zpf&m wyftiftm;tvHk;t&if; }uD;rm;pGm
&Sdaeonf? &efolwdk@bufurl wav#mufvHk; tqifhqifh ae&mtESH@tjym; cHppfwyfpGJxm;&ojzifh ol@wyftiftm; ukefcrf;+yD; t&Hwyfrsm;
tvGeftm;enf;aeaom umvrsdK;jzpf&m xdk;ppfqifolbufu rdrdvufx&J Sdaeaom ppftiftm;}uD;jzifh yxrqHk; &efol@a&S@wef;wyfpcef;rsm;udk
tvHk;t&if;jzifh 0dkif;&Hydwfqdk@+yD; &efol@bufudk tawmf}uD;xdcdkuf emusifoGm;atmif acsr_ef;wdkufcdkufEdkifayonf?
,ckawmifil “rd;k óu;ppfqifa&;”wGif autif't D wkd @kd . a&S@q;kH cHppfpcef;jzpfaom ¹yefwefqmòr@ wdu k yf w
GJ iG f usaemfonf txufazmfjyyg
ppfoabmw&m;twdkif; vkyfudkifchJjcif;jzpfonf?
autif'Dtdkwdk@. ¹yefwefqmòr@udk usaemf. tiftm;}uD;rmvSaomwyfjzifh a&S@wnfhwnfhrS wdkufcdkuf±Hkr#ru ¹yefwefqmòr@.
aemufausmudkyg rdrd.wyfrsm;u xdk;azmuf+yD; aemufydkif;ESifh ab;bufrsm;uyg av;buf0dkif;&H+yD; wdkufcdkufygawmhonf?
autif't D w kd yf tpdwpf w d òf yuGmoGm;+yD;aemuf ‚wd@k . ajcvsiw f yfrsm; wa,mufp/D ESpaf ,mufpD tpkpu k +JG yD; 0dik ;f xm;aomppfajrjyifrS
tawmfrsm;rsm; vGwfajrmufoGm;=uonf? udk,fhwdkif;jynfol tcsif;csif;=um;jzpfonfh jynfwGif;ppfyJGjzpfojzifh ta&ma&mtaESmaESmjzpfum
t&yfom;rsm;ESifh a&maxG;vGwfajrmuf xGufajy;oGm;Edkifjcif jzpfayonf? odk@aomfvnf; o,f,l&efcufcaJ om pdefajymif;/ armfwmESifh 6aygif'g
umypftajrmuf ponfrsm; rD;&xm;/ oHcsyfumum;rsm;/ cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf ponfh ‚wdk@xHwGif &Sdaeaom vufeuf}uD;tm;vHk; usaemfwdk@
odrf;qnf; &rdvdkufonf?
¹yefwefqmòr@0ef;usifrSm E_wfcrf;ar$;rsm; xGufaeouJhodk@ um;xGuf+yD; us,fjyef@aeojzifh usaemfwdk@wyfrsm;u òr@udkaphaphpyfpyf
r0dkif;Edkifojzifh olwdk@ajcvsifwyfom;rsm; tawmfvGwfajrmufoGm;&jcif; jzpfayonf?
xdk@a=umifh awmifilodk@ csDwuf&mvrf;r}uD; yGifhoGm;ygawmhonf?
xdyk w GJ iG f usaemf.axmufvrS ;f a&;wm0efcH Adv k }f uD;pd;k rif; usq;kH oGm;ygonf? usaemfuol@ukd a&S@wef;ppfajrjyifo@kd vw $ I f pHpk rf;axmuf
vSrf;a&;vkyf&ef apcdkif;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf? oluvnf;aemufwef;±Hk;wGif rxdkifcsif a&S@wef;oGm;&efom awmif;qdkaeojzifh v$wfvdkuf&jcif;jzpfonf?
*syefjyefav;jzpfI vlawmfav;jzpfygonf? usaemfvnf; tawmfESajrm pdwfraumif;jzpfrdonf?
&efolonf ¹yefwefqmrS qkwfcGm+yD;aemuf ckcHr_r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfcho J nf? vrf;wav#muf&Sd òr@rsm;udk wòr@+yD;wòr@ 0ifodrf;=uonf?
31
òr@olòr@om;rsm;vnf; 0rf;omtm;& xGufóu=u/ pm;bG,faomufbG,frsm; a0iSay;urf;=uygonf?
1950 ckESpf rwfv (5) &ufae@rSm autif'Dtdkrsm; tvHk;t&if;ESifh &Sdaeao;onfqdkaom “jzL;” òr@odk@ u,f&D,mrsm;jzifh usaemfonf
Adv
k rf ;– cspòf rif/ Adv k rf ;– wifarmifw@kd EiS hf twl 0ifa&mufomG ;cJyh gonf? òr@onf wpjyifuo hJ @kd wdwqf wd af e+yD; tdrw f ikd ;f vnf; wcg;rsm;ydwx f m;ygonf?
vl&dyfvla,mifvnf; rawG@&yg? r=umrDrSmyif "m;'%f&mrsm;jzifh aoqHk;ae=uaom tavmif;rsm;udk tpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf awG@&ygawmhonf?
usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k t}uD;tus,f xdcu kd w f ek vf y_ f oGm;ygonf? u&ifoyl ek rf sm;onf jzL;rStqkwf òr@oòl r@om;rsm;udk owfjzwfomG ;jcif; jzpfygonf?
usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf tavmif;aygif; 200 ausmfcef@&Sdygonf? TudpPudk “jrefrmhtoH” rS AdkvfAudku toHv$ifh ajym=um;&mwGif “Tjzpf&yf
a=umifh oifwdk@ Armjynfolrsm;t=um;wGif &yfwnf&ef cufcaJ cs+yD” [k ajymqdkoGm;cJhonf?
xdk@a=umifh usaemfwdk@r&yfrem; qufvufcsDwuf=u&m rwfv 19 &uf nae 5 em&Dcef@wGif &efol. tenf;i,fr#aom ckcHr_udk
wGef;z,fI awmifilòr@udk odrf;ydkufvdkufygonf? u&ifolykefrsm; oHawmifa'oodk@ qkwfcGmoGm;&m rdwˆDvmY zrf;rdcJhaom ajrmufydkif;wdkif;r–;
Adkvfr–;}uD;armifarmifESifh tzJG@udkvnf; ‚wdk@ESifhtwl ac:aqmifoGm;ygonf? usaemfwdk@awmifilodrf;+yD; wywfcef@em;=uygonf? TtwGif;
AdkvfcsKyfae0if; a&S@wef;odk@ a&muf&Sdvmygonf? olu TuJhodk@ rsufESmxGufjyonfh tvkyfrsdK;udk aumif;aumif;vkyfwwfygonf?
awmifilòr@udk&&Sd+yD;aomfvnf; òr@.vHkðcHr_twGuf teD;ywf0ef;usifudk qufvuf&Sifvif;&tHk;rnf? xdk@a=umifh awmifilwGif wywfcef@
em;+yD; usaemfonf Adkvfr–;wifarmifESifh ol.wyf&if; (6) ESifhtwl oHawmifum;vrf;twdkif; csDwuf=u&jyefonf? tif;wdkifukef;wGif usaemfwdk@.
oHcsyfumum;wpD; tajrmufxd+yD; &yfoGm;&m oHcsyfumum;udka&m txJ&Sd&Jabmfrsm;udka&m u,fq,f&ef óu;pm;&m aemufxyf&Jabmfrsm;
tustqH;k rsm;vmojzifh vufav#mv h u kd +f yD; naeapmif;vmrS tajrmufrsm;pkypfay;&m xdo k cH syu f mum;xJrS wOD;wnf;touf&iS u f se&f pfaom
&Jabmfwa,muf oHcsyfumum;trdk;zGifhI xGufajy;vGwfajrmufvmygonf? usaemfwdk@tajrmuf ypfay;onfh&nf&G,fcsufuvnf; oHcsyfum
um;xJu touf&Sifaeol&Sdu xGufvmEdkifatmifyif jzpfonf? xdknu usaemfwdk@awmifilodk@ ajcukefvufyef;us+yD; jyefvm&ygonf?
awmifiyl wf0ef;usiu f kd qufvuf&iS ;f vif;&mrSm xef;wyifa'o ppfqifa&;vky&f ef vdt k yfvmygonf? usaemfu, kd wf ikd f OD;pD;&efjyifqif
&mwGif awmifilwGifzG@J pnf;rnfhwyfr[mXmecsKyf. wyfr[mr–;tjzpfa&mufvmaom Adkvfr–;}uD;wifaz (aemifawmfvSefa&;aumifpD0ifAdkvfr–;csKyf)
uvnf; vdkufygvmygonf? usaemfwdk@onf eHeuft±k%fOD;wGif awmifilrS pwifxGufch&J m reufrdk;vif;wmESifh acsmif;uav;wckudk a&mufvm
onf? xdkacsmif;udk tif*sifeD,mwyfu wHwm;uav;wck tjrefcif;ay;ygonf? usaemfwdk@xdkacsmif;udk ul;t+yD; rvSrf;rurf;&Sd 'dk;aomif&Gmudk
odrf;ydkufzdk@ csDwuf&efpD;pOf =uygonf? xdktwGif;acsmif;ab;&Sd awmifukef;uav;wckay:rS &efolonf armfwmjzifhpxkygawmhonf? tif*sifeD,m
wyfrS Adv k }f uD;wifatmifrmS wHwm;jyifae&if; armfwmrsm;usvm&m rsuv f ;kH rSm'%f&m&oGm;ygawmhonf? aemufwcsD armfwmrsm;usvmaomtcg
oHcsyfumum;ab;rS a&S@csDwufaeaom &Jabmfrsm;udk rSefajymif;ESifh=unfhaerdaom usaemhfudk xdygawmhonf? usaemfhnmzufaygifudk armfwm
usnfqH rSefjcif;jzpfonf?
usaemfESifhAdkvf}uD;wifatmifwdk@tm; u,f&D,mwpD;ay: wifay;=u+yD; awmifilodk@ jyefydk@ay;=uygonf? usefolrsm;u xef;wyifòr@udk
qufvufcsDwuf=u+yD; xkdae@naeapmif;rSmyif xef;wyifòr@udk odrf;ydkufvdkuf=u ygawmhonf?
rd;k óu;ppfqifa&;}uD;vnf; +yD;qH;k oGm;cJah y+yD? Tppfqifa&;}uD; wav#mufwiG f jyef=um;a&;tzJ@G rS "mwfyq kH &m udrk sKd ;jrifo h nf usaemfw@kd
wyfzJG@rsm;ESifhtwl vdkufygvm+yD; ±kyf&Sif±dkuful;ygonf? xdk±kyf&Sifowif;um;rsm; wyfrawmfarmfuGef;wdkufwGif &SdEdkifygonf?
usaemhf'%f&mrSm rjyif;xefvSyg? tom;yJ&SyfxdwmjzpfI aygifwGifwxGmcef@ +yJoGm;±Hkom &Sdygonf? awmifiljyefa&muf+yD; temudk
aq;xnfh csKyfvkyf+yD;wmESifh usaemfppfqifa&;vufpodrf; vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufvkyfaqmif &ygonf? wywfcef@vkyfaqmif+yD;rS r*Fvm'Hkodk@
av,mOfjzifh jyefvmcJhygonf?
r*Fvm'Hkav,mOfuGif;wGif rdwfaqGtaygif;toif; tawmfrsm;rsm; vma&mufóuqdkae=uygonf? xdktxJwGif ppf±Hk;csKyfrS Adkvfr–;}uD;
atmif}uD; (aemif Adkvfr–;csKyf) ESifh &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;rS a'gufwmboef; (aemif aq;wuUodkvf 1 ygaruQcsKyf) wdk@yg0if=uygonf? usaemfh'%f&mrSm
tawmfusupf ðyae+yDjzpfI aq;±Ho k @kd rac:oGm;awmhbJ usaemfrh *Fvm'Ht k rd o f @kd yJ jyefvmcJyh gonf? a'guw f mboef;rSm usaemft h rd t
f xd vdu k vf m+yD;
tdrfwGif'%f&mudk zGifh=unfhygonf? '%f&mcsKyfxm;wmudk=unfh+yD; “'garmifarmifoef;vuf&myJ” [k qdkygonf? wu,fvnf; usaemfh'%f&mudk
csKyfay;vdu k o f rl mS awmifiòl r@wiG f pcef;csxmaom aq;wyfrS wyfr;– Adv k rf ;– armifarmifoef; (aemif r*Fvm'Hpk pfaq;±Hk aq;±Ht k yk }f uD;) yifjzpfygonf?
‚rSm a'gufwmboef;. wynfh&if;vnf;jzpfI q&mjzpfolu wynfh.vuf&mudk rSwfrdaejcif; jzpf[efwlygonf? Adkvfr–;armifarmifoef;rSm
E_wfenf;vSaom vlat;wOD;jzpfaomfvnf; wm0efudkrl tvGefod+yD; aus¹yefatmif xrf;aqmifwwfol wOD;jzpfygonf? aemifusaemf w±kwfjzL
ppfqifa&;rsm; vkyfaqmifaomtcgYvnf; a&S@wef;aq;r–;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifchJygonf?
usaemf'h %f&mrS csKyf±;kd ðzwf+yD;aemuf usaemfajcaxmhusKd ;jzifh vrf;pav#mufEikd o f nfEiS hf ±H;k jyefwufum wdu k cf u
kd of rd ;f ydu
k +f yD; e,fajrrsm;
wnfwef@wnf+idrfatmif vkyf&ygonf? usaemfhrSm xdkpOfawmifydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyfwdkif;r–;wm0efomru yJcl;wdkif; wdkif;rif;}uD;&mxl;udkvnf;
wGzJ ufudkifwG,f+yD; e,ftkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk yl;wJGvkyfaqmif ae&ygonf?
wdkif;jynftajctae tawmfwnf+idrf aumif;rGefvmonfhtcg 1950 ckESpf ESpfukefydkif;wGif usaemftvGef yifyef;EGrf;e,fvmojzifh
aq;cGifh (6) v,l+yD; rdwˆDvmwGif oGm;I tem;,laexdkif cJhygonf?
xdktcsdef usaemfom;orD; oHk;a,muf&Sdaeygonf? tif;pdefwdkufyJGumvrsm;twGif; 1949 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif usaemfhom;}uD;
atmifausmfaZm (udkjrarmif) udk r*Fvm'HkrSm arG;zGm;ygonf?
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 usaemfonf rdom;pkEiS t hf wlrw d v Dˆ mrSm oGm;a&mufaexdik &f m 1951 ck azzmf0g&v D wGif rdwv Dˆ mwGif &Sad epOfrmS yif'w k , d om; ausmaf ZmOD;
(udck ikd af tmif) udak rG;zGm;ygonf? ol@arG;+yD; vom;t&G,rf mS yif usaemfr*Fvm'Ho k @kd cGi&hf ufaphI jyefvmcJyh gonf? usaemfciG o hf mG ;aepOf usaemfah e&mudk
Adkvfr–;}uD;vSatmif (aemif awmifwuftoif; OuUX) u ,m,D0if,lygonf?
usaemfr*Fvm'Hkjyefa&muf+yD; r=umcifrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;uac:I wm0efwckay;ygonf? usaemf 49 ckESpf autif'Dtdkwdkuf&ef
awmifyikd ;f wm0ef v$aJ jymif;,l&pOf ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f r–;jzpfomG ;aom Adv k rf ;– }uD;armifarmif (aemif Adv k rf ;ª csKyf) onf ppfpcef;rsm;udk vSnv hf nf=unf±h _
aepOf rdwv Dˆ mY autif't D wkd @kd . tzrf;cHomG ;&onf? olEiS t hf wl t&m&St d csKd @vnf;ygomG ;ygonf? xdk 1951 ckEpS f uolw@kd tm; autif't D wkd @kd .
u&ifjynfe,f a&odk;}uD;&GmwGif csKyfaESmifxm;&m 1951 ckESpf ZGefvtwGif; uGefrif'dkwyfzJG@av;wzJG@jzifh 0ifa&mufu,fwif&m atmifjrifpGm
u,fwifEdkif+yD;rS tiftm;}uD;rm;pGmESifh vdkufwdkufojzifh jyefvnfzrf;rdoGm;ygonf? oGm;u,fonhftzJG@u vltcsdK@vnf; usqHk;usefcJhygonf?
aemufow l @kd wawG ydrk akd csmifusaom abm*vdo@kd a&$@ajymif;csKyfaESmif xm;vdu k yf gonf? xdt k ajctaersm;udk Adv k cf sKyfae0if;u usaemfu h akd jymjy+yD;
ume,farmifarmifwdk@udkawmh olwdk@owfypf=uawmhrnf? xdk@a=umifh ume,farmifarmifu,fwifa&;udk usaemfudk,fwdkif acgif;aqmifuGyfu+J yD;
vkyfaqmifay;yg&ef ajym=um;vmygonf?
xdk@a=umihf usaemfonf &efukefbaqGtm;ac:,l+yD; tajctaet&yf&yfudk ar;jref;avhvmygonf? ajryHkudkcs+yD;awmhvnf; tao;pdwf
avhvm=unfhygonf? xdk@aemuf usaemfonf Adkvfr–;}uD;armifarmifESifhtzJG@ u,fwifa&; ppfaoe*FAsL[mudk csrSwfygonf?
usaemfrSwfrdoavmuf xdkpDrHudef;.twdkcsKyfrSm u,fwifa&;vkyfief;udk wdkuf±dkufrvkyfbJ oG,f0dkufaom aoe*FAsL[menf;jzifhom
u,fwif&efpDpOfygonf?
Adkvfr–;}uD;armifarmifwdk@ u,fwifa&; ppfv_yf&Sm;r_rprD olwdk@udkzrf;csKyfxm;aom ae&m. taemufbuf (ajryHkt& ta&Sbuf) rdkif
4 - 5 q,ftuGmwGif wyfpcef;pJGxm;aom autif'Dtdkwdk@. A[dkXmecsKyfpcef;}uD;udk rdrdwdk@wyfrawmfrS ppfqifa&;t}uD;pm;vkyf+yD; csDwufwdkuf
cdu
k rf nfh “[efjyppfqifa&;” }uD; vkyaf epOfumvwGirf S &efuek b f aqGw@kd OD;pD;aom u,fwifa&; ajymufusm;wyfz@GJ u Adv k rf ;– armifarmifw@kd tzJ@G ukd
zrf;csKyfxm;aom pcef;udk 0if+yD;wdkufckdufxdk;okwf u,fwif&efjzpfonf?
xdkodk@pDpOf+yD;aemuf u,fwifa&; ppfqifa&;}uD;udk pwifygawmhonf? xdkppfqifa&;udk awmifila'o&Sd ArmhwyfrawmftrSwf (2)
ajcjrefwyfr[mrS wyfr[mr–; Adkvfr–;}uD;apmjrifhu aemufwef;rSaeI uGyfut J kyfcsKyfpDrHygonf? yg0ifaomwyfrsm;rSm ajcvsifwyfcGJ 4 cJGyg&Sdaom
trSwf (3) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if; (‚wyf&if;rSm 1945 - 46 u bDtdkifat wyfom;a[mif;rsm;jzifh usaemfpwifzGJ@pnf; udkifwG,fchJaom
wyf&if;) ESifh &efukefbaqGacgif;aqmifaom ajymufusm;wyfzGJ@wzJG@ wdk@yifjzpfonf? tm;vHk;udk usaemfu ðcH+yD;OD;pD;ygonf?
ppfqifa&;wGif Adv k rf ;– }uD;armifarmifw@kd wdu k ±f ukd u
f ,fwifa&;udk Adv k rf ;– }uD;apmjrifEh iS hf a&S@wef;&Sd &efuek b f aqGw@kd ukd wdu k ±f u
kd u f yG u f aJ p+yD;
usaemfu autif'DtdkA[dkXmecsKyf}uD;udk wdkuf±dkufwdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufa&; “[efjywdkufcdkufa&;” udk Armhwyfrawmfav wyfqG,fESifhaygif;I
vkyfaqmifygonf?
usaemfonf oHawmifESifh abm*vd}uD;udkvnf; [efjywdkufcdkufa&; vkyfcJhao;onf xifygonf? (wu,fawmh 1953 ckESpfusrS
ppfqifa&;}uD;w&yf qifE+J$ yD; odr;f ydu k Ef ikd yf gonf?) wcsed w f nf;rSmyif autif't D w kd @kd . A[dpk pfXmecsKyf pcef;}uD;udk OD;wnf+yD; ‚A[dpk cef;}uD;&S&d m
abm*vda'o. autif'Dtdkwdk@. tjyifumuG,fa&;pcef;rsm;udk pwifwdkufcdkuf&ef jyifqif+yD; ‚pcef;}uD;udkvnf; avwyfrS av,mOfjzifh
aumif;uifrS0J+yD; axmifhtrsdK;rsdK;u ava=umif;"mwfyHk ±dkufapygonf? usaemfwdk@bufu yxr OD;wnfwdkufcdkufrnfh &efolA[dkpcef;}uD;udk
umuG,x f maom pcef;i,frsm;udyk g ava=umif;rS "mwfy±kH u kd u f ;l apygonf? ‚vkyef nf;rSm ArmhwyfrawmfrS wdu k yf }JG uD;rsm;wGif ppfqifa&;}uD;rsm;
rprD pDrHudef;qJG&eftwGuf wdkufrnfh&efol@a'o pcef;ae&mrsm;udk aumif;uifrS "mwfyHk±dkuf,l axmufvSrf; =unfh±_&mwGif vkyfavhvkyfx&Sdaom
vkyfenf;jzpfygonf? xdkwdkufrnfh&efol@pcef;ESifh 0ef;usifa'orsm; tay:odk@vnf; avwyfav,mOfjzifh a=umfnmpm&Gufrsm;udk }uJcsygao;onf?
xdka=umfnmrSm - rdrdwdk@wyfrawmfu oifwdk@udk wdkufcdkufawmhrnf? oifwdk@taocH+yD; ckcHwdkufcdkufraebJ rdrdwdk@wyfrawmfodk@ vufeufrsm;
cs=u&efESifh vufeufcsolrsm;udk aumif;pGmapmifha&Smufrnf æ ponfrsm; a&;om;xm;ygonf? xdkpOfu usaemfwdk@vkyfavhvkyfx&Sdonfhtwdkif;
&efo@l pw d "f mwfusatmif +cdr;f ajcmufxm;aom pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;jzpfygonf? aemuf &efo@l A[du k muG,af &; pcef;udv k nf; p+yD;wdu k yf gawmhonf?
xdktcg u&ifolykefrsm;onf wjcm;bmudpPrS rpOf;pm;/ rumuG,fEdkifawmhbJ olwdk@A[dkpcef; umuG,fa&;udkom t"dutm±Hkxm; vHk;yef;vm
=uygonf?
xdkwcsdefwnf;rSmyif Adkvfr–;}uD;apmjrifhESifh &efukefbaqGwdk@ wyfzJG@u Adkvfr–;}uD;armifarmifwdk@tzJG@ u,fwifa&; wdkufyJGudk
pwifwdkufcdkuf&m aumif;pGmatmifjrifxajrmuf+yD; xdktzJG@rSm 1951 ckESpf =o*kwfv 21 &ufaehwGif vGwfajrmuf vmygawmhonf?
xdkaemuf usaemfvnf; &efol@A[dkpcef;udk [efjywdkufcdkufaer_udk &yfpv J dkuf+yD; ppfqifa&;udk acwW&yfqdkif; vdkufygawmhonf?

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