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factor is a number that raises stress locally due to factors such as holes and change in cross section. In the latter case, the sharper the radius at he cross section change, the higher the stress concentration. Typically, these factors range from 1 to 3 and sometimes more. Stress intensity factor is a bit different; it is an inherent property of the material that is tested and defined for cracks or flaws. For cracks and flaws, the radius is very small, approaching zero for sharp corners, and stress concentration factors become very very high, approaching infinity. In this case we use the measured stress intensity factor and equations of fracture mechanics to calculate allowable stresses. It is often used for fatigue calculations for metals and for strength determination for brittle materials like glasses and ceramics.
isotropic linear elastic material can be expressed as a product of with a scaling factor K:
where the superscripts and subscripts I, II, and III denote the three different modes that different loadings may be applied to a crack. The detailed breakdown of stresses and displacements for each mode are summarized in this page. The factor K is called the Stress Intensity Factor.
For example, for a through crack in an infinite plate under uniform tension stress intensity factor is
where a is one half of the width of the through crack. The dimension of K is
In the last few decades, many closed-form solutions of the stress intensity factor K for simple configurations were derived. Some of the common ones are listed in the following three categories: classic, specimen, and structure.
this page.
Relationship between
and K
Some literature may prefer using strain energy release rate over stress intensity factor K. These two factors are however directly related by the following formulas:
The dimension of
is