SCHEME FOR DETECTING ACIDIC RADICAL -: The Physical Properties OF The Acidic Radical " Solubility :- Soluble in H2O

OR HCl " Dil ,Conc " OR H2SO4 " Dil , Conc (1) " OR HNO3 " Dil , Conc " OR Aqua Regia " 3 HCl : 1HNO3 Colour :- White OR Yellow (2) Shape :Powder OR Sheets OR Crystal (3) State :Solid OR Liquid (4)

-: The Test For Dil HCl Group ( --CO3-- , HCO3- , S2O3-- , SO3-- , S-- , NO2 ) -: ( --The Chemical Properties OF The Carbonate (CO3 experiment Solid + Dil HClobservation Effervescence and Evolution OF Gas Turbid (Lime Water (CaCO3 inference CO2

Soln + MgSO4Soln + HgCl2Soln + AgNO3Soln + BaCl2-

White pptMgCO3 Reddish Brown pptMg2(OH)2CO3 White ppt Sol. in Ammonia- Ag2CO3 -------> Ag2O and partly Decomposes By Boiling Giving Black ppt White pptBaCO3

-: (-The Chemical Properties OF The Bi-Carbonate ( HCO3 experiment Solid + Dil HClobservation Effervesence and Evolution OF Gas Turbid Lime Water White ppt After BoilingReddish Brown ppt AfterBoiling White ppt After BolingWhite pptinference CO2

Soln + MgSO4Soln + HgCl2Soln + AgNO3-Soln + BaCl2

(Mg(HCO3 MgCO3 Ag2CO3 BaCO3

" "
1

. -: ( The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphides (S --

experiment Solid + Dil HCl-

observation Gas Colourless By its Rotten Odour Blacking OF Filter paper with Lead Acetate Soln Black ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3Black ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3Violet ColourYellow ppt-

inference H2S -----> PbS

Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2Soln + AgNO3Soln + Na2 Fe(CN)5 NOSoln + CdSO4-

PbSAg2S Na4Fe(CN)5NOS CdS

-: (--The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphite (SO3 experiment Solid + Dil HClobservation inference Gas With Suffocating Odour SO2 and Turns Acidic paper Moisted With K2Cr2O7 into Green - Decolourization White pptWhite ppt OF Ag2SO3 Sol. in Dil HNO3 and in Excess OF AgNO3Turns To Black After Boiling Green ColourWhite pptHI BaSO3 AgNO3

Soln + I2Soln + Na2SO3Soln + AgNO3-

Soln + K2Cr2O7Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2-

Cr2(SO4)3 PbSO3

-: (--The Chemical Properties OF The ThioSulphates (S2O3 experiment Solid + Dil HClSoln + AgNO3Soln + I2Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2-Soln + FeCl3 observation Evolution OF SO2 and Yellow ppt is Formed White ppt Change ToYellowTo Brown To Black By Excess AgNO3 DecolourizationWhite ppt Change Into Blank After Boiling Violet Colour Disappear After Time Forming Na2S4O6
2

inference SO2 S Ag2S2O3 NaI PbS2O3 --- -----> PbS NaFe(S2O3)2 Sod. FerryThioSulphate

-: (-The Chemical Properties OF The Nitrites (NO2 experiment Solid + Dil HClobservation inference Nitric Oxide Which Combines- NO , NO2 With Oxygen Giving Brown Vapour NO2 White pptAgNO2 Brown Colour Duo To I2 Seperation OF I2 Which Gives Blue Colour With Starch NH3 FeNOSO4

Soln + AgNO3Soln + HCl + KI-

Soln+Zinc dust+NaOH+- Evoluation OF Ammonia Gas-: Black Ring Test Soln+FeSO4+H2SO4 Conc- Brown Ring-

-: The Test For Conc H2SO4 Group(-Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3)

-: (-The Chemical Properties OF The Chlorides (Cl experiment Solid + Conc H2SO4Solid+MnO2+ ConcH2SO4Soln + AgNO3Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2Soln + Hg2(NO3)2observation inference Colourless Gas Forms Cl White Cloud With Ammonia Yellowish Green GasWhite ppt inSol. in Dil HNO3 But Sol. in Ammonia White ppt Sol. By Heat Return Back By Cooling White pptMnCl2 AgCl PbCl2 Hg2Cl2

-: (-The Chemical Properties OF The Bromides (Br 3

experiment Solid + Conc H2SO4Solid + H2SO4 + MnO2Soln + AgNO3Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2-

observation Orange Vapour OF Br2 And HBrBromine Vapour Which Turn Starch paper To Yellow Pale Yellow ppt Soluble in Ammonia White ppt Sol. By Heating and Return Back After Cooling

inference Br2 SO2 Br2 AgBr ----2NH3----> [Ag(NH3)2]Br PbBr2

-:(- The Chemical Properties OF The Iodides (I experiment Solid + Conc H2SO4Soln + HgCl2Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2Soln + AgNO3Soln + CuSO4observation Violet Vapour Turn Starch paper To Blue inference SO2 & I2

Red ppt Sol. in Excess OF- [HgI2 -------->[K2HgI4 KI Giving Nessler's Soln PbI2 Yellow ppt (PbI2) Sol. By Heating AgI Yellow ppt inSol. in Ammonia Brown Colour OF I2 and White ppt OF CuI I2 And CuI

-:(-The Chemical Properties OF The Nitrates (NO3 experiment Solid + Conc H2SO4Solid +H2SO4 + Cu +Heat-: Ammonia TestSoln + Zn + NaOH-: Black Ring TestSoln+FeSO4+H2SO4 Concobservation Reddish Brown VapourReddish Brown Vapour OFNO2 and The Soln Become Blue NH3 EvolvedForm Brown Ringinference NO2 CuSO4

NH3 FeSO4NO

-:The Test For Miscelleneous Group4

( ---SO4-- , B4O7-- , PO4 )

-:(--The Chemical Properties OF The Sulphates (SO4 experiment Soln + BaCl2Soln + AgNO3Soln + Pb(CH3COO)2observation inference White ppt inSol. in Acids - BaSO4 OR Excess BaCl2 White pptAg2SO4 White ppt inSol. in Acids - PbSO4 and Sol. in NaOH

-:(--The Chemical Properties OF The Borates (B4O7 experiment Soln + BaCl2Soln + AgNO3Soln + HgCl2observation White ppt Sol. in Dil Acids and in Excess BaCl2 inference Ba(BO2)2

White ppt ----> Brown ppt- AgBO2 -------> Ag2O Red ppt Sol. in Dil AcidsHg(BO2)2

-:(---The Chemical Properties OF The OrthoPhosphates (PO4 experiment Soln + BaCl2Soln + AgNO3Soln + FeCl3""Magnesia Mixture Soln + MgCl2 + NH4ClSoln + Ammonium Molybdate + Drop HNO3 Conc + Heat observation inference White ppt Sol. in Ammonia- BaHPO4 Yellow ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3 Yellowish White ppt Sol. in Mineral Acids White pptYellow pptAg3PO4 FeSO4 MgNH4PO4 NH4)3PO4(MoO3)12)

"---------"

The Acidic Radical is

SCHEME FOR DETECTING ACIDIC RADICAL -:The Test For Dil HCl Group( --CO3-- , HCO3- , S2O3-- , SO3-- , S-- , NO2)
5

-:General Reaction Solid +Dil HCL --------> Effervescence On Cold(Carbonate OR Bi-Carbonate) Effervescence On Heat <-------( ThioSulphates, Sulphite, Nitrites, Sulphides ) -:(To Differentiated Between (Carbonate OR Bi-Carbonate (Soln + MgSO4 ------> White ppt On Cold (Carbonate Is present(White ppt On Heat (Bi-Carbonate Is present <-----(Soln + HgCl2 ------> Reddish Brown ppt On Cold (Carbonate Is present(Reddish Brown ppt On Heat (Bi-Carbonate Is present <------:( To Differentiated Between ( ThioSulphates , Sulphite , Nitrites , Sulphides ( Solid +Dil HCl ------> -Yellow ppt (ThioSulphates May Be present(Brown Vapour (Nitrites May Be presentColourless Gas Turns paper Moistend with Lead Acetate (Soln Into Black "Rotten Odour" (Sulphite May Be present No Obs. Change K2Cr2O7 into Green Colour( Sulphides May Be present)

-: The Test For Conc H2SO4 Group(-Cl- , Br- , I- , NO3)

-: General Reaction <-----Solid + Conc H2SO4 ------- Evolution OF Colourless Gas Forming White Cloud With Ammonia(Chlorides May Be present) Evolution OF Orange Vapour,Turns Starch paper into Yellow and The (Soln Become Red (Bromides May Be present Evolution OF Violet Vapour, Turns Starch paper into Blue(Iodides May Be present) Evolution OF Reddish Brown Vapour(Nitrates May Be present)

-:The Test For Miscellaneous Group( ---SO4-- , B4O7-- , PO4 )

-:General Reaction SO4--) White ppt insoluble in Dil Acids) --( Soln + BaCl2 White ppt Soluble in Dil Acids --( White ppt Soluble in Dil Acids (B4O7 (--White ppt not affected By Heat (SO4 -( Soln + AgNO3 White ppt Turns into Black By Heat --( Yellow ppt (PO4 (PO4-

(B4O7-

SCHEME FOR DETECTING BASIC RADICAL

-:(+Test For Ammonia. Salt (NH46

experiment -:Grinding Test "Solid+Na2CO3"DropH2O-:Confirm Test Soln + Nessler's Reagent-

observation Ammonia OdourYellowish Brown ppt-

inference Amm. Salt is present Amm. Salt is present

-:(Test For Group (:(Cd2+ , Hg2+, Cu2+ , Bi3+ )

experiment Test For Ammonia(Test For Group (Soln + Dil HCl + (1)H2S -:Confirm Test Soln + NaOHobservation No Result-

Group (-A )
inference NH4+ is Absent

Yellow ppt Sol. in Min. Acids- It May Be (Cd2+) and The ppt is CdS The ppt is Cd(OH)2 The ppt is Cd(OH)2 [The ppt is Cd[Fe(CN)6

White ppt Sol. in Mineral Acid and Excess OF NH4OH Soln + NH4OH- White ppt Sol. in Excess Reagent [Soln + k4[Fe(CN)6White ppt OF a ComplexSoln + KINo pptSoln + Dil HCl + (2)H2S -:Confirm Test Soln + 2kISoln + 2NaOHSoln + Dil HCl + (3)H2S -:Confirm Test Soln + 4kISoln + NaOHSoln + NH4OH[Soln + k4[Fe(CN)6Soln + Dil HCl + (4)H2S -:Confirm Test

Yellow ppt Change To Brown- (+It May Be (Hg2 Then Black Red Crimson ppt Sol. in Excess Reagent Yellow pptBlack ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3White ppt and I2 Liberate Turns Soln To Brown Blue ppt Turns Black on Boling Bluish Green ppt Sol. in Excess NH4OH Yielding Deep Blue Soln Chocolate pptBlackish Brown ppt Sol. in Hot HNO3 Black ppt Sol. in Excess KI7

The ppt is HgI2 The ppt is HgO It May Be (Cu2+) and The ppt is CuS The ppt is CuI2 The ppt is Cu(OH)2 The ppt is Cu(OH)2 [The ppt is Cu2[Fe(CN)6 It May Be (Bi3+) and The ppt is Bi2S3 The ppt is BiI3

Soln + 3kISoln + NaOH-

White ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3-

The ppt is Bi(OH)3

-:(Test For Group (( +Fe3+ , Cr3+ , Al3 )

experiment (+Test For (NH4(Test For Group ((Test For Group (Soln + NH4OH + (1)NH4Cl -:Confirm Test [Soln + k4[Fe(CN)6[Soln + k3[Fe(CN)6Soln + 2Na2HPO4Soln + 3NH4SCNSoln +NH4OH + (2)NH4Cl -:Confirm Test Soln + 3NaOHSoln + 2Na2HPO4Soln + Na2CO3 + H2OSoln +NH4OH + (3)NH4Cl -:Confirm Test Soln + Na2HPO4Soln + Na2CO3observation No ResultNo ResultBrown Gelatinous ppt Sol. in Mineral Acids and inSol. in Excess OF NH4OH Dark Blue ppt (Prussian Blue) inSol. in Dil HCl Brown pptinference NH4+ is Absent The Group () is Absent It May Be (Fe3+) and [The ppt is [Fe(OH)3 The ppt is Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 The ppt is Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

Yellowish White ppt Sol. in - The ppt is FePO4 Min. Acid inSol. in Acetic Acid Blood Red ColorationThe ppt is Fe(SCN)3 It May Be (Cr3+) and Dirty Green ppt Sol. in The ppt is Cr(OH)3 Excess NH4OH The ppt is Cr(OH)3 Green ppt Sol. in NaOHThe ppt is CrPO4 Yellow ppt Sol.in Min. Acid- The ppt is Cr2(CO3)3 Grey pptIt May Be (Al3+)and The ppt is Al(OH)3 White Gelatinous ppt Sol. in- The ppt is AlPO4 NaOH The ppt is Al(OH)3 Gelatinous ppt Sol. in Min. Acid White Gelatinous ppt-

-:(Test For Group (V( +Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , CO2 )

8

experiment Test For Amm .Salt(Test For Group ((Test For Group ((Test For Group (VSoln + NH4OH + (1)NH4Cl + H2S -:Confirm Test Soln + NaOHSoln + NH4OHSoln + Na2HPO4[Soln + K4[Fe(CN)6Soln + NH4OH + (2)NH4Cl + H2S -:Confirm Test Soln + 2NaOHSoln + 2NH4OHSoln + Na2HPO4Soln + NH4OH + (3)NH4Cl+ H2S -:To Differentiated Soln + DMG + NH4OHSoln + NH4SCN-:Confirm Test IF Ni 2+ Formed (1 ) Soln + NH4OHSoln + NaOHIF CO 2+ Formed (2 ) Soln + NH4OHSoln + NaOH-

observation No ResultNo ResultNo ResultWhite ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3White ppt Sol. in NaOHWhite ppt Sol. in NH4OHWhite ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3White ppt Sol. in NaOH and inSol. in Dil Acetic Acid Buff ppt Sol. in Dil Acid-

inference NH4+ is Absent The Group () is Absent The Group() is Absent It May Be (Zn2+) and The ppt is ZnS The ppt is Zn(OH)2 The ppt is Zn(OH)2 The ppt is ZnHPO4 [The ppt is Zn2[Fe(CN)6 It May Be (Mn2+) and The ppt is MnS

White ppt Turns To Pink in- The ppt is Mn(OH)2 Air White pptThe ppt is Mn(OH)2 Buff ppt By Excess NH4OH The ppt is MnHPO4

Black ppt Sol. in Hot Conc - It May Be (Ni2+) OR HNO3 inSol. in Dil HCl (+(CO2 Red ppt(+It May Be ( Ni2 Violet Blue Colour Change- (+It May Be (CO2 To Rose By H2O Green ppt Sol. in NH4OHGreen ppt inSol. In NaOH Turn To Blue Soln By NH4OH The ppt is Ni(OH)Cl The ppt is Ni(OH)2

Blue ppt Sol. in NH4OH To- The ppt is CO(OH)Cl Give Red Colour Blue ppt Sol. in NaOHThe ppt is CO(OH)2

-:(Test For Group (V-

( +Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2 )

9

experiment Test For Amm .Salt(Test For Group ((Test For Group ((Test For Group (V(Test For Group (VSoln + NH4Cl + (1)NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 -: Confirm Test Soln + Dil H2SO4Soln + CaSO4Soln + K2CrO4-:Flame TestSoln + NH4Cl + (2)NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 -:Confirm Test Soln + Dil H2SO4Soln + CaSO4Soln + K2CrO4-:Flame TestSoln + NH4Cl + (3)NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 -:Confirm Test Soln + Dil H2SO4Soln + CaSO4Soln + K2CrO4-:Flame Test-

observation No ResultNo ResultNo ResultNo ResultWhite ppt Sol. in Dil HCL and Acetic Acid

inference NH4+ is Absent The Group() is Absent The Group()is Absent The Group(V)is Absent It May Be (Ba2+) and The ppt is BaCO3

Heavy White ppt inSol. in Dil- BaSO4 HNO3 White pptYellow ppt Sol. in Dil HNO3 and inSol. in Acetic Acid Apple Green ColourWhite ppt Sol. in Dil HClBaSO4 BaCrO4
+

Ba2

It May Be (Sr2+) and The ppt is SrCO3

White ppt inSol. in Ammonia- SrSO4 .Sulphate Soln White ppt Slowly On Cold and Rapidly On Boiling Yellow pptA Crimson Red ColourSrSO4 SrCrO4 + Sr2

White ppt Sol. in Acetic Acid- It May Be (Ca2+) and and in Min. Acid The ppt is CaCO3 White ppt Sol. in (NH4)2SO4- CaSO4 No pptForm ppt By Conc Soln Only - --------which Sol. in Acetic Acid CaCrO4 A Reddish Brown Colour+ Ca2

-:(Test For Group (V-

( +NH4+ , Na+ , K+ , Mg2 )

10

experiment Test For Amm .Salt(Test For Group ((Test For Group ((Test For Group (V(Test For Group (V(Test For Group (V-:Flame Test (1)-:Confirm Test Soln + Sod. Cobalt nitriteSoln + Pot. Dihydrogen antimonite -:Flame Test (2)-:Confirm Test Soln + Sod. Cobalt nitriteSoln + Tartaric AcidSoln +NH4Cl+NH4OH (3)+ Na2HPO4 -:Confirm Test Soln + NaOHSoln + Na2CO3-

observation No ResultNo ResultNo ResultNo ResultNo ResultA Golden Yellow ColourNo pptWhite pptA Violet ColourYellow ppt inSol. in Acetic Acid

inference NH4+ is Absent The Group () is Absent The Group () is Absent The Group (V) is Absent The Group (V) is Absent (+It May Be ( Na (+It May Be (Na NaH2SbO4 (+It May Be ( K Pot. Cobalt nitrite

White Crystalline ppt Pot. hydrogen Tartarate Easily Formed By Shaking White pptIt May Be (Mg2+) And The ppt is Mg(NH4)PO4 Mg(OH)2 MgCO3

White ppt Sol. in NaOHWhite ppt-

"--------" The Basic Radical is

SCHEME FOR DETECTING BASIC RADICAL

-:The Test For Ammonia .Salt11

(Soln + NaOH

--------------> NH3 Evolved

(NH4+ is present-

-:(The Test For Group ( (+Cu2+, Hg2+ , Bi3+, Cd2 )

(+Yellow ppt Soln + Dil HCl +H2S (+(Hg2 (+Black ppt (Cd2 White ppt Change To Yellow Then Black (Bi3+ OR Cu2

-: (+To Differentiate Between The ( Cu2+ , Bi3+ , Hg2 ( +Black ppt By one Drop OF KI ( Bi3 ( +Soln + KI Brown ppt Disappear on Adding Na2S2O3 + ( Red Crimson ppt Soluble in Excess KI ( Hg2 ( Cu2-

-:(The Test For Group ( ( +Fe3+ , Cr3+ , Al 3 )

( +White Gelatinous ppt ( +Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH ( +Brown ppt ( Al 3 Grayish Green ppt ( Fe3 ( Cr3-

-:(The Test For Group (V ( +Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , CO2 )

( +White Gelatinous ppt ( Zn 2 ( +Soln + NH4OH + NH4Cl + H2S Black ppt ( CO2+ OR (+Ni2 Buff ppt ( Mn2-

-: ( +To Differentiate Between The ( CO2+ , Ni2 ( +Soln + NH4SCN "Solid" ( +Soln + DMG + NH4OH -----> Violet Colour -----> Red ppt ( CO2( Ni2-

-:(The Test For Group (V -

12

(+Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2 )

(+Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 ------->White ppt -: ( +To Differentiate Between The ( Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2 ( +No ppt ( +White ppt ( Ca2 Soln + CaSO4( Sr2+ OR Ba2 (Ca2+ OR Sr2+ OR Ba2-

-: ( +To Differentiate Between The ( Sr2+ , Ba2 ( +Yellow ppt Soln + K2Cr2O7 Dil( +No ppt ( Ba2 ( Sr2

-:(Test For Group (V ( +Mg2+ , Na+ , K+ , NH4 )

( +Soln + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Na2HPO4 -------> White ppt ( +A Golden Yellow Colour ( Na -: Flame Test+ ( A Violet Colour (K (Mg2-

13