MAKERER UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ARTS
HISTORY DEPARTMENT

COURSE: DVS

COURSE UNIT: CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS

AND DEVELOPMENT

DATE: 21TH MARCH 2009

NAMES:
1. NATTIBE PHIONA 06/U/8134/EVE
2. L.MUWONGE STEPHANO 06/U/8064/EVE
3. NAMAZZI MADIINAH 06/U/7596/EVE
4. NKUNZIRE ANNET 05/U/15476/EVE
5. NAGAWA DAPHINE 06/U/8110/EVE
6. MBAWADDE ROSETTE 06/U/7593/PS
7. NANTONGO SALMAH 06/U/8130/EVE
8. NAMUKISA AGNES 06/U/8125/EVE
9. NAZZIWA ESTHER 06/U/8136/EVE
10. BIIRA JULIA 06/U/8087/EVE

QUESTION;
You reading list and the lecture nootes have provided an overview of civil society
theories and percipective of development so using the alternative development
paradigm.

(i) describe briefly what its main ideas are.

(ii) provide examples of how this paradigm has affected development strategies
in uganda
(iii) assess the out come of these ideas and strategies .
(I) describe briefly what its main ideas are.
Introduction
Alternative development has emerged as a broad collection of ideas and ideals linked by
the objective of pursuing participatory, sustainable and just development. Some claim
that alternative development represents a break with ‘mainstream’ development
thinking and practice and is a distinct shift in the way development is theorised and
implemented. Essentially, it is claimed, alternative development is development that is
people-centred, empowering and underlain with principles of partnership. Brohman
(1996:334) states that, above all, the alternative development approach seeks ‘relatively
equitable income distribution, basic-needs provisions, human resource development,
popular participation and democratisation, socially and spatially balanced growth, and
cultural and environmental sustainability’. In many regards these ideas are indeed seen
as alternative, that is, they signify a shift from top-down, bureaucratic mass
development toward ‘creating development appropriate needs and interests of the
popular majority in Third World countries’ (Brohman, 1996:324).

However, alternative development represents a reformist rather than a rejectionist

position vis-?vis mainstream development. Alternative developmentalists still see a role
for the state, institutions and external expertise, but intervention must be made more
‘relevant’ (Edwards, 1989), inclusive and based upon people as subjects rather than
objects. This call for development to be renewed has resulted from a reaction to what
many see is a crisis in development and in global capitalism (Korten, 1990; Mander and
Goldsmith,
1996).
Development can be seen as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people
enjoy” Sen (1999 p. 3) This is the motif for the Human Development reports.
Development requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom: Poverty as well as
tyranny, poor economic opportunities as well as systematic social deprivation, neglect of
public facilities as well as intolerance or over activity of repressive states Sen (1999 p. 3)

Main ideas in alternative development

Alternative development is a people centererd approach to development ,were much
importance is placed upon satisfying the needs of the poor.It is endonegenous which
means development from inside the community instead of outside.emphasis was to
promote self reliance , basic needs, empowerment, participation ,freedom and
capabilities
The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of
absolute poverty. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for
long-term physical well-being, usually in terms of consumption goods. The poverty line
is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy those needs.
A traditional list of immediate "basic needs" is food (including water), shelter, and

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clothing. Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of 'basic
needs' of not just food, water, and shelter, but also sanitation, education, and healthcare.
Different agencies use different lists.
empowerment
is to enhance is active decision-making and influence over strategic life-choices and over
barriers to agency and well-being freedom. Almost all advocates of empowerment
share this conception of it, that priority goes to empowering the poor and other groups
whose agency and well-being freedom have been restricted
capabilities
human capabilities
capabilities, especially those included in the HDI (the capability to survive and be
healthy, to be knowledgeable, and to enjoy a decent standard of living the HDRs had to
focus simply on those capabilities that are universally valued and ‘‘basic’’
capabilities on which many choices in life depended), reflected in the three HDI
(i.e.,capabilities
capabilities: to be knowledge able, to survive, and to enjoy a decent standard of
capabilities
Capabilities to participate in social action have now become more important. In
living.Capabilities
the same way that economic entrepreneurship drives markets, social entrepreneu

participation
participation through democratic institutions within stronger democratic governance.
Indeed, collective action, especially in the form of social movements, has been the
essential motor behind progress in achieving major policy shifts necessary for human
progress
Women have demonstrated their ability to organise communities and build relations and
networks. Women must use these strengths and attributes to create their spaces for
participation and exert power over decision-making
Meaningful participation is dependent on the effective, articulation and communication
of thoughts which, in turn, is dependent on one’s confidence and self-esteem. A point of
departure towards the meaningful participation of women would be to focus on
building their confidence and self-esteem
citizen participation therefore allows:- for citizens to become governors of the
community; for representatives to coordinate the efforts of citizens instead of making
decisions for them; and for appointed officials to focus on assisting citizens in achieving
their goals rather than on controlling government departments

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(ii) provide examples of how this paradigm has affected development
strategies in uganda

Part II
Mainstream development here refers to everyday development talk in developing
countries, international institutions and development co-operation. It now seems a long
time since development was defined as growth and simply measured by means of per
capita GNP. Gradually, starting with basic needs and other heterodox approaches in the
1970s, development has been redefined as enlargement of people's choices and human
capacitation(Sen, 1985) and as if people, basic needs, health, literacy, education, housing
matter. The Human Development Index (HDI) has become an influential standard.
Peoplecentred development is becoming a mainstream position.

This means that there is now considerable overlap between mainstream and alternative
development, which share much the same rhetoric, ideals and definition of development:
participation, work with the poor and vulnerable groups, local action. This overlap is not
always apparent from alternative development discourses. `Alternative' approaches often
stereotype and mainstream approaches.

Participation of the civil society organisations in decision making process

Civil Society Organisations in Uganda under the leadership of Uganda Debt Network
were involved in the formulation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) from
December 1999 to May 2001. In Uganda, the formulation of the Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper (PRSP) coincided with the desire by Government to revise the Poverty
Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), a government framework for poverty eradication that was
first developed in 1997 after two years of extensive consultations in which Civil Society
Organisations (CSOs) participated.

The decision to involve the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in the formulation of the
PRSP came about as a result of continuous pressure and demands by CSOs to participate
in policy design, planning and formulation. In 1995, when the decision to develop a
Poverty Eradication Action Plan(PEAP) for Uganda was mooted, CSOs lobbied and were
included in the drafting committee and the various working groups to collect inputs
from their constituents, analyse them and present them to the technical committee of
the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFEPD) that was
responsible for developing the PEAP.

Fostering a People-Centered Policy Framework

Through the Poverty Eradication Action Plan,uganda has continued to pursue the
poverty agenda by empowering stakeholders to own the priority actions of the plan.
Since 1997, the PEAP has been Uganda’s national development framework and medium-
term plannin g tool. It guides the formulation of Government policy and the
implementation of programs through sector wide approaches and a decentralized

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system of governance. The main strength of the PEAP derives from powerful
im p le m e n t a t i o n me c h a n i s m s ti e d in t o th e nat io n a l bu d g e t pr o c e s s .

The main technical tool is the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF), which
guarantees an increase in pro-poor allocations of public expenditure and creation of a
mechanism to assess whether funds are being used for pro-poor purposes .
As part of the process of creating people-centered public expenditure, the national
budget process has been opened up. The budget documents are made public, such as
“Budget at a Glance” budget summaries in newspapers, publication of financial releases
to Local Governments in newspapers and annual PAF monitoring reports are now

Public participation in the revision of peap

There is also supported sector strategies and spending plans, which indicate how
resources will be used for poverty reduction, and sector working groups, which include
government, civil society, and donors. These contribute to building“consensus ” among
k e y s o c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l a c t o r s .
These consultations for the revision of the PEAP are therefore learning and sharing
processes, which are key ingredients in any countr y’s povert y eradication strategy.
Uganda has therefore endorsed the process of consultation and whatever plans the
Government implements reflect the aspiration of a wide-range of stakeholders.

Good Governance at National and International Levels

Through several stakeholder consultations, most policy actors in Uganda agree that
inconcrete terms, good governance implies democracy: respect for human rights:
Nonsectarian government: a legal system that is accessible, just and not too slow or
costly:transparent, efficient, accessible and affordable Government: a competent and
adequately remunerated public service: a strong sense of partnership between
Government and other agents: and a positive contribution to international peace and
security

Adopting a Multi Party System of Governance

The purpose was to promote pluralism among ugandan society such that peoples choice
for leaders is honoured .to promote participation of individual in allocation of resources
through elected representatives and accountability of leaders to the civil society. Uganda
has also implemented several initiatives aimed at strengthening the governance system
in the country. The democratization process is guided by the National Objectives and
Directive Principles of State Policy outlined in the 1995 Uganda Constitution Important
strides have been taken to enhance the enjoyment of the freedom of association, which
is fundamental to political freedom2. The most significant one was the enactment of the
Political Parties and Organizations Act. This Act opened the way for citizens with varying
political opinions to be able to express themselves in a multi party System.

Promotion of a free media

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Access to information is basic right of civil society, in order for people to participate in
decision making they should have access to information and freedom to communicate
related to various topics vital to commmunity welbeing for example health, agriculture,
participation in decision making process.
The media has continued to be free, strong and independent. Uganda has over 75 radio
stations most of which are FM radio stations. There are also a number of TV stations and
many news papers and magazines. The government continues to do well in this field by
facilitating the growth of a diverse independent media. The passing of the access to
Information Act(2005) by Parliament will help in allowing all citizens access to public
information and encourage public broadcasting.

Human Rights in Uganda

Human rights being an important part of the basic needs was identified and included in
ugandas development framework. People should not be subjected to physical abuse or
toture, becouse tremortised individal become unproductive to the society.
The state of human rights in the country continues to improve as envisaged in the PEAP.
PEAP had identified illegal detentions and use of torture in some detention centres as a
major challenge to the enjoyment of human rights as reported by the Uganda Human
Rights Commission (UHRC). The UHRC has been able to document a number of human
rights violations in its Annual Reports, inspect and document conditions in prisons,
monitor government compliance with international obligations under the ratified human
rights instruments/treaties and coordinate a national human rights education framework
with other human rights organizations.

Human Rights Abuses

The Uganda Human Rights Commission received a total of 1641 complaints in the year
2003. Of the complaints received 1038 of the complainants were advised while 601
complaints were registered. In 2004, the UHRC received a total of 2294 complaints. This
posted an increase in the number of complaints received in both years. The UHRC noted
a remarkable improvement in the treatment of inmates especially regarding the right to
freedom from torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. The reported cases on
torture within detention centres continued to steadily decline. The situation in the local
government prisons is however worse off compared to that in central government
prisons. However, some challenges have become chronic in prisons. They include lack of
uniform for inmates, over 90% of prisoners lack beddings .

Civic Education
The Uganda Human Rights Commission continues to spearhead civic education efforts
aimed at empowering citizens with knowledge and information about their rights.
Through its national framework for civic education, the Uganda Human Rights
Commission has been able to successfully co-ordinate civic education programs with the
donors on one hand and other civic education providers especially Civil Society
Organizations on the other. Imperative to note is the fact that the role to provide civic
education is a preserve of neither the UHRC nor CSOs alone, in fact FM radio stations

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have done tremendous work in providing civic education. Ugandans have greatly
benefited through the diverse media that exists in the country. The majority of Ugandans
can discuss social, political, economic and cultural developments at ease from an
informed point of view.

Ratification of Conventions
The Government of Uganda has been progressive in committing itself to the promotion
and respect of internationally recognized human rights through the ratification of
international human rights instruments. Uganda has up to date ratified the several major
international and regional human rights instruments. The biggest challenge has however
been making reports to the UN as required by the different treaties. There is lack of
enough manpower in key ministries to write reports and lack of coordination between
the key ministries where reports have been written. The challenge is to put in place a
clear framework to follow-up on UN recommendations.

Justice Law and Order

Lack of access to justice is a defining attribute of poverty and an impediment to poverty
eradication. A well functioning justice system therefore is a precondition to spur
economic growth. Consequently, the focus of JLOS is not only to increase the capacity of
the justice agencies to deal with criminal and commercial matters. Rather the sector
perceives access to justice not only as a mechanism to foster economic growth, but as
means to prevent and overcome poverty, bystrengthening disadvantaged people’s
choices to seek and obtain a remedy for grievances. Within this context, and to address
the policy commitment in the PEAP, the sector Strategic Investment Plan focuses on
improving access to justice and effectiveness and quality of justice

The Fight Against Corruption

Corruption obstructs the poor from aceess to basic needs and social services ,therefore it
becomes paramount for society to contain its presence to aviod decay and discourage
ment of productive investment.
Corruption can take many forms,including bribery, fraud, and embezzlement of public
monies or other assets. The economic cost of the various forms of corruption includes,
for the government, stolen or wasted public resources, tax revenue lost through tax
evasion, higher future maintenance
costs for poorly constructed facilities, and a higher burden of public debt when project
costs include bribes and kickbacks. For the economy the cost can include lower
efficiency due to excessive bureaucratic hurdles and delays, the loss of productive
investments not made because of corruption, and the non-availability of public goods
and services to the poor who cannot pay the bribes demanded.

Uganda has heeded to this global and national concern by fully participating in the
negotiations and preparations for the United Nations Convention Against Corruption
and the African Union Convention Against Corruption. In December 2003 Uganda signed
the UN Convention and in September 2004 Uganda ratified it. Similarly Uganda signed

7
the African Union Convention Against Corruption in December 2003. It was ratified by
Uganda in August 2004. To date Uganda is one of only ten African countries that have
fully met their obligations under the convention and as a result AU Convention has not
yet come into force.

Decentralization
The policy is participatory in nature ,such that it give an opportunity to the local
communities to decice upon thedistribution of resources at the their disposal and also
seek for accountability .
Decentralization is one of the key reforms adopted by the Government of Uganda to
promote good governance, improve service delivery and reduce poverty. This policy is
entrenched into the 1995 Constitution, and its basic structure is laid out in and
operationalised by the Local Governments Act. The policy has resulted in the
realignment of the relationship between central and local governments, both in terms of
fiscal and institutional arrangements. As a result, Local Governments play a key role in
implementing the PEAP, including the basic tenets of the Long-Term Perspective –Vision
2025. With the advent and implementation of decentralization, Local Governments
became and still are key service providers. Looking at the period of implementation of
the decentralization reform so far, there is compelling evidence that commendable gains
have been achieved as far as service delivery is concerned.

Education
A healthy and well-educated population is both a necessary condition for development
and one of the central objectives of development.education gives oppotunity to
individuals to become competitive in the job market. In Uganda, households’ economic
status is linked with their health and educational status as well as their social capital.
Uganda is therefore committed to achieving the MDGs on universal completion of
Secondary schooling by 2015 and eliminating gender disparity in both primary and post-
primary by 2005. Support to post primary education to increase access, quality and
relevance is being intensified to sustain the gains from UPE.

Water Provision
There is also a strong positive trend in rural water coverage, from around 20% at the
start of the 1990s to around 60% today. Time saved by the children from fetching water
from long distances permits them to attend to school. Shortage of water also affects the
quality of health care and education. The cost of investment in rural water supply makes
it almost prohibitive as an up-front investment for most rural communities.
There is however, more scope for private sector involvement in rural growth centres,
small towns and urban centres where population densities are higher, alternative options
are lacking and factors of privacy come into play. Government has assumed
responsibility for most of the costs of rural water supply. Access to rural water supplies
increased to an estimated 61.3% in 2004/5. This was achieved through the new water
facilities, which provided improved water supplies to an estimated additional 680,000
people. The new facilities include piped water schemes for 8 Rural Growth Centres(RGCs)

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and for 7 Internally Displaced Peoples (IDP) camps in Northern Uganda.

Sanitation Observance
The observance of a sanitary environment is essential for good health and thus a
fundamental human right. The simple act of washing hands with soap and water can
reduce diarrhoeal disease by more than one-third. By implication, investing in sanitation
brings substantial economic returns, while reducing the cost of curative health, and
magnifying the benefits of education, by increasing attendance to schools with improved
hygiene and sanitation facilities. Over 75% of Uganda’s disease burden is considered to
be preventable as it is primarily caused by poor personal and domestic hygiene and
inadequate sanitation practices (failure to break the feacal-oral disease
transmissionroutes). Between 2002 and 2005, the latrine coverage changed from 55.7%
to 57%. In the last three years cholera outbreaks related to poor sanitation have
increased notably in the urban slums.

To combat the challenges of improving sanitation in Uganda, Government has designed

the Integrated Hygiene Promotion and Sanitation strategy, which will act as a guiding
framework for the implementing agencies, as an instrument of advocacy and as an input
to the more detailed Medium Term Operation Plans (MTOP 3 years). It will also be an
input to the overall Sector Investment Plans.

Road maintence
Improved access of ruraral and poor communities to markets and supply of basic needs
for life ,through road networks is an important factor in fighting against poverty. In
several sectors there have been improvements. There have been major improvements in
road conditions. Government created a National Roads Authority to implement the Road
Sector Development Plan. Uganda has increased funding for maintenance and use of
cheaper technologies. Community roads are also receiving increased attention. On
railways, Government has finalised the joint concessioning of the operations and explore
private sector incentives for rehabilitation of lines and regional links. On air transport,
Uganda is putting more investment in the international airport.

environment
Recent estimates of the cost of natural resource degradation in Uganda suggest that the
cost of natural resource degradation is as high as 17% of gross national income per year,
of which 6% consists of forest degradation and 11% soil degradation. Although the
estimate is highly approximate, it receives dramatic confirmation from households’ own
In light of the above challenges, Uganda is taking several actions to reverse this anomaly.
These include: improved wetlands management, control of illegal timber harvesting and
trade, control on the use of illegal fishing gear and enforcement of environmental impact
assessment regulations. Uganda put in place the National Environment Management
Authority to monitor, supervise and enforce regulations, standards and guidelines and to
coordinate all matters on the environment in Uganda. Capacity-building in local
governments and sectors levels is being provided, because the implementation of

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environmental management rests with them.

Domestic relations bill

These gender disparities in rights to property and livelihood undermines the future of
the country as a whole. In this regard, the fast implementation of the Domestic Relations
Bill (DRB) so that it can respond to the gender realities in the family setting is an
important issue. In conflict areas, ending conflict and insecurity is a key landmark in the
achievement of gender equality. For all this to happen there is a need for extensive legal
literacy that will be necessary in order to change gender discriminatory values and create
an enabling environment for all women and men to know and demand for their rights.

Promote gender equality in education

Since 1997 the UPE policy of introducing free primary school education for four children
in each household – two girls and two boys had two important effects on enrolments.
First, it increased enrolment of children from poor households and significantly reduced
the poverty gap in terms of access to primary education. Secondly, the effect was
particularly beneficial for girls who saw a further increase in enrolment relative to boys
thereby eliminating the gender gap in primary enrolments. This was a continuation of a
positive trend that had taken place since the beginning of the 1990s driven by a general
increase in primary enrolments, To sustain gender parity in primary education, it is
important to maintain enrolment of children through the improvement of school
sanitation facilities, i.e. building of latrines segregated by sex and paying special
attention to location and school specific gender differences, particularly on how girls are
treated.

The National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) is one of the seven priority
areas under the Plan for Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA). It is a body corporate,
enacted by an Act of parliament in June 2001 with Board of Directors to guide policy
matters.
NAADS programme represents a fundamental paradigm shift from the traditional
supply-driven extension system to client oriented, farmer- led, decentralised and
privately delivered agricultural advisory services. Initially, agricultural advisory services
will benefit from public funding but responsibility will gradually shift to farmers
themselves.
agricultural transformation will occur through a gradual shift from subsistence to
commercial farming. It implies that related advice and information have to be
appropriate and focussed on market-led, farm specialisation as well as use of
productivity enhancing technologies and up-to date market information. Specific
activities under this component include: orientation and mobilisation of farmers to form
groups; farmer group and fora development, participatory planning; contracting
technical advisory services and implementing information and communication
strategy.( NAADS QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT APRIL – JUNE 2002 pg 5,6)

Mobilizing Financial Resources

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Through the privatisation and liberalisation of financial markets a large number of
banking and micro finance institutions have been established country wide, providing
credit and saving services. This has increased individual access to credit and the incentive
to save. Also since 1997 when the government first introduced entandikwa credit scheme
,other initiatives have been launched like rural farmers credit scheme, savings societies
and coopertives(SSACO) operating fom subcounty level ,and the most recent is the
bonabagagawale ( prosperity for all), with purpose to promote access to credit for the
poor and the disadvantaged

Efforts to increase financial assets relative to GDP are being promoted. Financial depth
as measured as the percentage of GDP has grown steadily over the past thirteen years,
from 8% in 1990/91 to 20% in 2002/03. It is expected to continue to rise over
themedium term, as the economy becomes increasingly monetised, and domestic
savings rates increase. The Long Term Expenditure Framework projection is for financial
depth to increase to 29% of GDP by 2013/14.( RoU (2005)PEAP
PEAP 2004/5-2008/9
2004/5-2008/9, MFPED, Kampala)

(iii) assess the out come of these ideas and strategies .

Part III

High rate of pupil dropout and poor motivation

motivation.
The biggest challenge for UPE remains to improve educational quality an observation
oftenmentioned by the poor people themselves. The most frequently cited
recommendation on education in (more than half of all sites) was to ensure that teachers
are motivated to work. To improve quality and support the classroom pedagogical
processes, the educational sector has initiated a range of initiatives, such as monitoring
and inspection of learning conditions and introducing a hardship allowance for teachers
working in remote areas.Ensuring high quality teaching has an important impact on
completion rates, otherwise parents may decide to withdraw their children from school.
There are signs that this is a common phenomenon with P7 completion rates currently at
66 percent for males and 60 percent for females, while survival rates (a more accurate
measure) are around 72-73 percent for current P1-P3 cohorts. Student dropouts are
principally associated with cost (direct and opportunity), but also with distance, cultural
barriers and school level factors (MoES, 2002).

Combating malaria.
Government response in recent years has been promising in at least two different
aspects. First, Uganda was one of the first countries to abolish taxes and tariffs on
mosquito bednets in mid-2000, thereby making malaria protection better affordable to
poor people. Secondly, Government introduced home-based management of fever
which provides free, pre-packaged malaria treatment for children through community
distributors only. This supregnancy, promotion of the use of insecticide-treated nets, and
effective management of emergency and epidemic situations.pports existing

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government interventions, such as prevention and control of malaria during

Access to safe water

Over the last decade, Government has made substantial progress in terms of increasing
access to safe drinking water. Rural coverage increased from 24 percent in 1991/92 to 55
percent in 2001/02, while urban coverage increased from 60 to 62 percent between 2000
and 2001. This progress can be independently verified using census and household
survey data., past performance in the rural sub-sector has been in line with the PEAP
target of 65 percent coverage by 2005 and full coverage by 2015 with an effective use
and functionality rate of 80 to 90 percent.

Progress in sanitation
According to UNHS (1999/00), 83 percent of the Ugandan population use a pit latrine
and 2 percent a flush toilet, while 14 percent do not have access to any toilet facility. The
2001 Poverty Status Report, however, observes that many of the pit latrines ‘may be
extremely rudimentary’ and cites that only 51 percent of the rural households can be
said to have access to safe excreta disposal. Performance monitoring of environmental
sanitation is also hampered by the existence of conflicting targets in various sector plans.
The Health Sector Strategic Plan 2000/01-2004/05 has a target of ‘increasing safe waste
disposal including human excreta in 60 percent of households and institutions in Uganda
by end of 2004’. The Water Sector Strategic Plan, on the other hand aims ‘to ensure
sustainable access to safe water and sanitation facilities of 65 percent by 2005 in rural
areas and 80 percent in urban areas’. The upcoming PEAP revision will address these
inconsistencies and set clear targets for rural

Influenced
nfluenced anti corruption legislations
To build the anti-corruption infrastructure in the country, Uganda has started developing
and updating anti –corruption related legislation. In the period under review a number of
important steps have been taken. As part of the Constitutional review process the
position of the Inspectorate of Government was clarified. The revision of the
Constitution made provision for the President or any local authority to report to
Parliament at least once every year on reports submitted to them by the Inspectorate of
Government. In line with the Constitutional Amendment Bill the Leadership Code Act
has been revised.

The Prevention of Corruption Act 1970 has been undergoing revision and this process
involved extensive consultation. The provisions of the revised Bill will bring Ugandan
legislation into line with the provisions of the UN Convention Against Corruption. The
scope of the legislation and definitions of corruption have been widened and penalties
increased. The Prevention of Corruption Act is a key piece of legislation in the fight
against corruption. The preparation of the Bill and Implementation Plan were completed
during 2005 and approved by the Inter Agency Forum (a voluntary co-ordinating forum
for anti-corruption agencies chaired by the Minister of State for Ethics and Integrity).

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Decentralisation

There has been a tremendous increase in the levels of services delivered by local
government entities. Evidence of these service facilities across the country is available
for all to see. In addition, decentralisation of the responsibility for service delivery has
highlighted the need for increased civic responsibility of the recipient communities or
citizenry. The devolution of responsibility for service delivery had led to indirect creation
of employment opportunities through the procurement process (for example the labour
based approach to feeder road maintenance), which directly translated into increases in
household income.

Education

Total enrolment increased from 3 million in 1997 to the current 6.5 million. Enrolment of
children with special needs rose from 20,000 in 1997 to 218,286, of which 54% were
males. Recent survey evidence shows that the proportion of enrolled children from the
lowest income quintile increased from 50% in 1992 to 83.7% currently. The totalnumbers
of children accessing primary education in the country continued to rise although at a
decreasing rate. In addition, other indicators for the sub-sector that include teachers on
payroll, number of classrooms, pupil teacher ratio and pupil classroom ratio also
continued to improve. These have gone a long way in improving the quality of
education in the sub sector.

HIV/AIDS

On HIV/AIDS, Uganda has been one of the countries hardest hit by the AIDS epidemic.
However, significant progress has been made in reducing prevalence, which now stands
at about 6% nationally. While this partly reflects the deaths of many people infected by
HIV/AIDS, it also reflects a marked reduction in new transmissions. The reduction in
transmission has been achieved by a mixture of methods, including Abstinence, Being
faithful to one partner and Condom use (popularly known as the ABC strategy). The
consistent high-level political commitment to combating the AIDS epidemic has been
critical, as has been the support of religious groups and Civil Society Organizations.

Conclusion.
The alternative development paradigm has greatly influenced the main stream
development , which in the past was a trickle down approach to development .most of
the adopted approach by developing countries are people centred for example
participation in decision making ,decentralisation of power and service delivery among
others ,are inclusive in nature, allow the civil society to determine the course of
development and benefits more the society in terms of access to basic needs for life.

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REFERENCES
Zie Gariyo december 2002.Participatory Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)The PRSP
Process in Uganda. Discussion paper page 13,14
Ministry of finance ,planning and economic development Uganda National Report
For the ,Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the
Decade 2001-2010

The political parties orgnisations act, 2002

UNDP ,uganda human devlopment report 2007
UHRC Uganda human rights commision , annual report 2003
Sen Amartya. 1989. ‘‘Development as Capabilities Expansion. ’’ Journal of Development
Sen,
Planning 19: 41 – 58.
Pieterse, J.N. (1998) ‘My Paradigm or Yours? Alternative development, post-development,
reflexive development’, Development and Change 29 (2): 343-373.
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