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EXPERIMENT1
AIM: PROGRAMFORTHEGENERATIONOFUNITIMPULSESIGNAL. PROGRAM: clc;clearall;closeall; t=2:1:2; y=[zeros(1,2),ones(1,1),zeros(1,2)];subplot(2,2,1);stem(t,y); ylabel('Amplitude'); xlabel('(a)n');

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VIVAVOCE
Ques1 Ans Ques2 Ans Whatdoyoumeanbysignal? Asignalisdefinedasainformationcontainingmessage. Explainclassificationofthesignals. 1.Deterministic&nondeterministic, 2.Periodic&aperiodic, 3.Even&oddsignal, 4.Causal&noncausalsignal, 5.Energy&PowerSignal. Ques3 Ans Explainclassificationofthesystems. 1. Static&dynamic, 2. Linear&nonlinear, 3. Timeinvariant&timevariant 4. Causal&noncausal 5. Stable&unstable. Ques4 Ans Discusstheapplicationsofdigitalsignalprocessing. 1.Telecommunication, 2.Military, 3.ConsumerElectronics, 4.Imageprocessing, 5.Speechprocessing,

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6.Medicine. 7.Spectrumanalysis. Ques Ans Whatdoyoumeanbydeterministicsignal? Thenatureandamplitudeofsuchsignalatanytimecanbepredicted.

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EXPERIMENT2
AIM: PROGRAMFORCOMPUTINGCIRCULARCONVOLUTION. PROGRAM: clc; closeall; clearall; g=input('enterthefirstsequence'); h=input('enterthe2ndsequence'); N1=length(g); N2=length(h); N=max(N1,N2); N3=N1N2; %Loopforgettingequallengthsequence if(N3=0) h=[h,zeros(1,N3)]; else g=[g,zeros(1,N3)]; end %Computationofcircularconvolvedsequence forn=1:N, Y(n)=0

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forI=1:N, j=nI+1; if(j==0) j=N+j; end y(n)=y(n)+g(i)*h(j); end end disp('Theresultantsignalis');y EXAMPLE: enterthefirstSequence[124] enterthe2ndsequence[12] Theresultantsignalis y=1488

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Ques1 Ans Ques2 Ans Ques3 Ans Ques4 Ans Ques Ans Whatdoyoumeanbyperiodicsignal? Aperiodicsignalrepeatsafterafixedtimeperiod. Whatdoyoumeanbyevensignal? Aevensignalsatisfiesevensymmetry. Whatdoyoumeanbyoddsignal? Aoddsignalsatisfiesoddsymmetry. Whatdoyoumeanbycausalsignal? Asignalissaidtobecausal,ifitsamplitudeiszerofornegativetime. Whatdoyoumeanbynoncausalsignal? Asignalissaidtobenoncausal,ifitsamplitudeiszeroforpositivetime.

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EXPERIMENT3
AIM: PROGRAMFORCOMPUTINGDISCRETEFOURIERTRANSFORM. ALGORITHM: Getthesignalx(n)oflengthNinmatrixform GettheNvalue Thetransformedsignalisdenotedas PROGRAM: clc;closeall;clearall; x=input('enterthesequence'); n=input('enterthelengthoffft'); X(k)=fft(x,n); stem(y);ylabel('imaginaryaxis>'); xlabel('Realaxis>'); X(k) EXAMPLE: enterthesequence[01234567] enterthelengthoffft8 X(k)= Columns1through4 28.00004.0000+9.6569i4.0000+4.0000i+4.0000+1.6569i Columns5through8
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4.00004.00001.6569i4.00004.0000i4.00009.6569i TheeightpointdecimationintimefastFouriertransformofthesequencex(n)iscomputedusingmatlab programandtheresultantoutputisplottedinfig15.6

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VIVAVOCE
Ques1 Ans Ques2 Ans Ques3 Ans Whatdoyoumeanbyenergysignal? Theenergysignalisone,whichhasfiniteenergyandzeroaveragepower. Whatdoyoumeanbypowersignal? Thepowersignalisone,whichhasfiniteaveragepowerandinfiniteenergy. Whatdoyoumeanbystaticsystem? Theoutputofastaticsystematanyspecifictimedependsonthetheinputatthatparticular time.Itdoesnotdependsonthepastorfuturevalueoftheinput. Ques4 Ans Whatdoyoumeanbydynamicsystem? Theoutputofadynamicsystematanyspecifictimedependsonthetheinputatthatspecific timeandatothertimesalso. Ques Ans Whatdoyoumeanbylinearsystem? Alinearsystemisone,whichfollowsthesuperpositiontheorem.

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EXPERIMENT4
AIM: PROGRAMFORTHEDESIGNOFBUTTERWORTHANALOGLOWPASSFILTER. ALGORITHM: Getthepassbandandstopbandripples, Getthepassbandandstopbandedgefrequencies, Getthesamplingfrequency, CalculatetheorderofthefilterusingEqu8.46, Findthefiltercoefficient, Drawthemagnitudeandphaseresponse, PROGRAM: clc; closeall;clearall; formatlong rp=input('enterthepassbandripple'); rs=input('enterthestopbandripple'); wp=input('enterthepassbandfreq'); ws=input('enterthestopbandfreq'); fs=input('enterthesamplingfreq'); w1=2*wp/fs;w2=2*ws/fs; [n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s'); [z,p,k]=butter(n,wn);
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[b,a]=zp2tf(z,p,k); [b,a]=butter(n,wn,'s'); w=0:0.01:pi; [h,om]=freqs(b,a,w); m=20*log10(abs(h)); an=angle(h); subplot(2,1,1);plot(om/pi,m); ylabel('Gainindb>');xlabel('(a)Normalisedfrequency>'); subplot(2,1,2);plot(om/pi,an); xlabel('(b)Normalisedfrequency>'); ylabel('phaseinradians>'); EXAMPLE: enterthepassbandripple0.15 enterthestopbandripple60 enterthepassbandfreq1500 enterthestopbandfreq3000 enterthesamplingfreq7000 TheamplitudeandphaseresponseoftheButterworthlowpassanalogfilterareshowninfig15.7

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VIVAVOCE
Ques1 Ans Ques2 Ans Whatdoyoumeanbynonlinearsystem? Anonlinearsystemisone,whichdoesnotfollowthesuperpositiontheorem. Whatdoyoumeanbytimeinvariantsystem? Atimeinvariantsystemisone,whoseinputoutputrelationshipdoesnotvarywithtime.Itisa fixedsystem. Ques3 Ans Ques4 Ans Whatdoyoumeanbytimevariantsystem? Atimevariantsystemisone,whoseinputoutputrelationshipvarieswithtime. Whatdoyoumeanbycausalsystem? Theresponseofthecausalsystemtoaninputdoesnotdependonfuturevaluesoftheinput.It dependsonlyonthepresentand/orpastvaluesoftheinput. Ques5 Ans Whatdoyoumeanbynoncausalsystem? Theresponseofthenoncausalsystemtoaninputdependsonfuturevaluesoftheinputaswell asonthepresentand/orpastvaluesoftheinput.

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EXPERIMENT5
AIM: PROGRAMFORTHEDESIGNOFBUTTERWORTHANALOGHIGHPASSFILTER. PROGRAM: clc; closeall;clearall; formatlong rp=input('enterthepassbandripple'); rs=input('enterthestopbandripple'); wp=input('enterthepassbandfreq'); ws=input('enterthestopbandfreq'); fs=input('enterthesamplingfreq'); w1=2*wp/fs;w2=2*ws/fs; [n,wn]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s'); [b,a]=butter(n,wn,'high','s'); w=0:.01:pi; [h,om]=freqs(b,a,w); m=20*log10(abs(h)); an=angle(h) subplot(2,1,1);plot(om/pi,m); ylabel('GainindB>');xlabel('(a)Normalisedfrequency>'); subplot(2,1,2);plot(om/pi,an);

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xlabel('(b)Normalisedfrequency>'); ylabel('phaseinradians>'); EXAMPLE: enterthepassbandripple0.2 enterthestopbandripple40 enterthepassbandfreq2000 enterthestopbandfreq3500 enterthesamplingfreq8000 Theamplitudeandphaseresponseofbutterworthhighpassanalogfilterareshowninfig

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VIVAVOCE
Ques1 Whatdoyoumeanbystablesystem? Ans Asystemissaidtobeboundedinput,boundedoutput(BIBO)stable,ifeveryboundedinput producesaboundedoutput. Ques2 Whatdoyoumeanbyunstablesystem? Ans Asystemissaidtobeunstablesystem,ifitdoesnotfollowstheBIBOcriteria.

Ques3 Explaintheztransform. Ans Theztransformgivesamethodforanalysisofdiscretetimesysteminthefrequencydomain.

Ques4 Explaintheregionofconvergence(ROC). Ans ThesetofzvaluesinthezplaneforwhichthemagnitudeofX(z)isfinite,iscalledasregion ofconvergence(ROC). Ques5 Explainthepropertiesofregionofconvergence(ROC). Ans 1.TheROCdoesnotcontainsanypoles. 2.whenx(n)isoffiniteduration,thentheROCistheentirezplane,exceptz=0.

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EXPERIMENT6
AIM: PROGRAMFORTHEDESIGNOFBUTTERWORTHANALOGBANDPASSFILTER. ALGORITHM: Getthepassbandandstopbandripples, Getthepassbandandstopbandedgefrequencies, Getthesamplingfrequency, Calculatetheorderofthefilterusingequation, Findthefiltercoefficients, Drawthemagnitudeandphaseresponses, PROGRAMME: clc; closeall;clearall; formatlong rp=input('enterthepassbandripple...'); rs=input('enterthestopbandripple...'); wp=input('enterthepassbandfreq...'); ws=input('enterthestopbandfreq...'); fs=input('enterthesamplingfreq...'); w1=2*wp/fs;w2=2*ws/fs; [n]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs); wn=[w1w2];
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[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'bandpass','s'); w=0:.01:pi; [h,om]=freqs(b,a,w); m=20*log10(abs(h)); an=angle(h); subplot(2,1,1);plot(om/pi,m); ylabel('Gainindb>');xlabel('(a)Normalizedfrequency>'); Subplot(2,1,2);plot(om/pi,an); xlabel('(b)Normalizedfrequency>'); ylabel('phaseinradians>'); EXAMPLE: enterthepassbandripple...0.36 enterthestopbandripple...36 enterthepassbandfreq...1500 enterthestopbandfreq...2000 enterthesamplingfreq...6000 TheamplitudeandphaseresponsesofButterworthbandpassanalogfilterareshowninFig

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VIVAVOCE
Ques1 Ans Explainthepropertiesofztransform. 1. Linearity 2. Timereversal 3. Timeshifting 4. Timescaling 5. Differentiation 6. Convolution 7. Correlation 8. Initial&Finalvaluetheorem 9. Timeadvance. Ques2 Ans Writethemethodsforinverseztransform. 1.Longdivision 2.Partialfractionexpansion 3.Residuemethod. Ques3 Ans ExplainthepropertiesofDSP. 1. Linearity 2. Timeinvariance 3. Causality 4. Stability Ques4 Ans Explainthepropertiesofconvolution. 1.Commutativelaw 2.Associativelaw 3.Distributivelaw Ques5 Whatdoyoumeanbyinfiniteimpulseresponse(IIR)system.

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Ans

An LTI system is said to be an IIR system, if its unit sample response h(n) is of infinite duration.

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EXPERIMENT7
AIM: PROGRAMFORTHEDESIGNOFBUTTERWORTHANALOGBANDSTOPFILTER. ALGORITHM: Getthepassbandandstopbandripples, Getthepassbandandstopbandedgefrequencies, Getthesamplingfrequency, CalculatetheorderofthefilterusingEquation, Findthefiltercoefficients, Drawthemagnitudeandphaseresponses, PROGRAM: clc: closeall;clearall; formatlong rp=input('enterthepassbandripple...'); rs=input('enterthestopbandripple...'); wp=input('enterthepassbandfreq...'); ws=input('enterthestopbandfreq...'); fs=input('enterthesamplingfreq...'); w1=2*wp/fs;w2=2*ws/fs; [n]=buttord(w1,w2,rp,rs,'s'); wn=[w1w2];
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[b,a]=butter(n,wn,'stop','s'); w=0:.01:pi; [h,om]=freqs(b,a,w); m=20*log10(abs(h)); an=angle(h); subplot(2,1,1);plot(om/pi,m); ylabel('Gainindb>');xlabel('(a)Normalizedfrequency>'); subplot(2,1,2);plot(om/pi,an); xlabel('(b)Normalizedfrequency>'); ylabel('phaseinradians>'); EXAMPLE: enterthepassbandripple...0.28 enterthestopbandripple...28 enterthepassbandfreq...1000 enterthestopbandfreq...1400 enterthesamplingfreq...5000 TheamplitudeandphaseresponseofButterworthbandstopanalogfilterareshowninFig

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VIVAVOCE
Ques1 Ans Ques2 Ans Whatdoyoumeanbyfiniteimpulseresponse(FIR)system. AnLTIsystemissaidtobeanFIRsystem,ifitsunitsampleresponseh(n)isoffiniteduration. WhatdoyoumeanbyDiscreteFourierTransform(DFT). TheDiscreteFouriertransformcomputesthevaluesoftheztransformforevenlyspaced pointsaroundtheunitcircleforagivensequence. Ques3 Ans ExplainthepropertiesofDFT. 1.Linearity 2. Periodicity 3. Shifting 4. Convolution 5. Timereversal 6. Circulartimeshift 7. Circularfrequencyshift 8. Circularconvolution 9. Circularcorrelation 10. Parseval'stheorem Ques4 Ans Ques5 Ans WhatdoyoumeanbyFastFourierTransform(FFT). TheFFTisanalgorithmthatefficientlycomputestheDFTusinggraphicalmethod. ExplainmethodforcomputingFFT. 1.DecimationinTime(DIT) 2.DecimationinFrequency(DIF)

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EXPERIMENT8
AIM: PROGRAMFORTHEDESIGNOFFIRLOWPASSPASS,HIGHPASS,BANDPASSANDBAND STOPFILTERUSINGHAMMINGWINDOW. ALGORITHM: Getthepassbandandstopbandripples, Getthepassbandandstopbandedgefrequencies, Getthesamplingfrequency, Calculatetheorderofthefilter, Findthewindowcoefficientusingequation, Drawthemagnitudeandphaseresponse, PROGRAMME: clc;clearall;closeall; rp=input('enterthepassbandripple'); rs=input('enterthestopbandripple'); fp=input('enterthepassbandfreq'); fs=input('enterthestopbandfreq'); f=input('enterthesamplingfreq'); wp=2*fp/f;ws=2*fs/f; num=20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))13; dem=14.6*(fsfp)/f; n=ceil(num/dem);

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n1=n+1; if(rem(n,2)=0) n1=n; n=n1; end y=hamming(n1); %lowpassfilter b=fir1(n,wp,y); [h,o]=freqz(b,1,256); m=20*log10(abs(h)); subplot(2,2,1);plot(o/pi,m);ylabel('GainindB>'); Xlabel('(a)Normalisedfrequency>'); %Highpassfilter b=fir1(n,wp,'high',y); [h,0]=freqz(b,1,256); m=20*log10(abs(h)); subplot(2,2,2);plot(o/pi,m);ylabel('Gainindb>'); xlabel('(b)Normalisedfrequency>'); %Bandpassfilter wn=[wpws]; b=fir1(n,wn,y); [h,o]=freqz(b,1,256);

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m=20*log10(abs(h)); subplot(2,2,3);plot(o/pi,m);ylabel('GainindB>'); xlabel('(c)Normalisedfrequency>'); %Bandstopfilter b=fir1(n,wn,'stop',y); [h,o]=freqz(b,1,256); m=20*log10(abs(h)); subplot(2,2,4);plot(o/pi,m);ylabel('GainindB>'); xlabel('(d)Normalizedfrequency>'); EXAMPLE: enterthepassbandripple0.02 enterthestopbandripple0.01 enterthepassbandfreq1200 enterthestopbandfreq1700 enterthesamplingfreq9000 Thegainresponseoflowpass,highpassbandpassbandstopfilterusingHammingwindowareshownin fig

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VIVAVOCE
Ques1 Ans ExplainmethodforIIRfilterdesign. 1. Approximationofderivatives 2. Impulseinvariant 3. Bilineartransformation Ques2 Ans ExplainbasicstructureforIIRsystems. 1.DirectformI 2.DirectformII 3.Cascaderealization 4.Parallelrealization Ques3 Ans Explainwindowstechniques. 1. Rectangular 2. Hamming 3. Hanning 4. Blackman 5. Bartlett 6. Kaiser Ques4 Ans Explainthetypesofanalogfilters. 1.Lowpassfilter(LPF) 2.Highpassfilter(HPF) 3.Bandpassfilter(BPF) 4.Bandstopfilter(BSF) Ques5 WriteadvantagesofFIRfiltersoverIIRfilters.

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Ans

1.Theyarealwaysstable. 2.thedesignmethodsarelinear. 3.Theycanhaveanexactlinearphase. 4.Theycanberealizedefficientlyinhardware.

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