Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
RESUMO:
? QbdYW_ TYcSedU Qc ]edQ|Uc U] Sebc_ ^_ ]e^T_ T_ dbQRQ\X_ S_ ]_ Uh`bUccz_ T_ `b_SUcc_ TU bU_bWQ^YjQ|z_ T_ SQ`YdQ\ U] bUc`_cdQ w SbYcU TUcU^SQTUQTQ Q `QbdYb T_c Q^_c ' QdbQf}c TQ QSe]e\Q|z_ V\UhfU\ aeU dU] ^Q Y]`\U]U^dQ|z_ T_ `QTbz_ d_i_dYcdQ TU _bWQ^YjQ|z_ T_ dbQRQ\X_ Q V_b]Q ]QYc QfQ^|QTQ TU Y^dU^cYVYSQ|z_ T_ dbQRQ\X_ S_]RY^Q^T_ Qc V_b]Qc bU\QdYfQ U QRc_\edQ TQ UhdbQ|z_ TQ ]QYc fQ\YQ 1^Q\YcQ Qc `bY^SY`QYc `bvdYSQc T_ d_i_ dYc]_ ^_c fvbY_c cUd_bUc TU QdYfYTQTU U U] fvbY_c `QcUc TU]_^cdbQ^T_ S_ ]_ UccU `b_SUcc_ TU Y^dU^cYVYSQ|z_ T_ dbQRQ\X_ } bUc`_^cvfU\ `_b ^_fQc V_b ]Qc S_^dU]`_bx^UQc TU UcdbQ^XQ]U^d_
PALAVRAS-CHAVES 7UDEDOKR WR\RWLVPR DOLHQDomR HVWUDQKDPHQWR
$ .ULVH GR SDGUmR GH D.XPXODomR WD\ORULVWDIRUGLVWD TXH DIOR URXHPILQVGRVDQRVHLQt.LRGRVHPYHUGDGHH[SUHVVmRGH XPD.ULVHHVWUXWXUDOGR.DSLWDOTXHVHHVWHQGHDWpRVGLDVDWXDLVIH] .RP TXH HQWUHWDQWDVRXWUDV.RQVHTrQ.LDVR.DSLWDOLPSOHPHQWDVVH XPYDVWtVVLPRSUR.HVVR GH UHHVWUXWXUDomR YLVDQGR jUH.XSHUDomRGR VHX.L.ORUHSURGXWLYRHDRPHVPRWHPSRjUHSRVLomRGHVHXSURMHWR GHGRPLQDomRVR.LHWDODEDODGRVSHOD.RQIURQWDomRH.RQIOLWXDOLGDGHGR WUDEDOKRTXHTXHVWLRQDUDPDOJXQVGRVSLODUHVGDVR.LDELOLGDGHGR.DSL WDOHGHVHXVPH.DQLVPRVGH.RQWUROHVR.LDO 2 .DSLWDO GHIODJURX HQWmR YiULDV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV QR SUySULR SUR.HVVR SURGXWLYR DWUDYpV GD .RQVWLWXLomR GDV IRUPDV GH D.XPXOD omRIOH[tYHOGR GRZQVL]LQJGDVIRUPDVGHJHVWmRRUJDQL]D.LRQDOGRD
&$03 )RL 9LVLWLQJ 5HVHDUFK )HOORZ MXQWR j 8QLYHUVLGDGH GH 6866(; $XWRU GH $GHXV DR WUDEDOKR" HG 6mR 3DXOR &RUWH]8QLFDPS 2V VHQWLGRV GR WUDEDOKR HQVDLR VREUH D DILUPDomR H D QHJDomR GR WUDEDOKR HG 6mR 3DXOR %RLWHPSR GHQWUH RXWURV OLYURV e &RRUGHQDGRU GD &ROHomR 0XQGR GR 7UDEDOKR %RLWHPSR
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
24
YDQoR WH.QROyJL.R GRV PRGHORV DOWHUQDWLYRV DR ELQ{PLR WD\ORULV PRIRUGLVPR.RPGHVWDTXHHVSH.LDOSDUDRWR\RWLVPRRXPRGHOR MDSRQrV (VVDV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV GH.RUUHQWHV GD SUySULD .RQ.RUUrQ.LD LQWHU.DSLWDOLVWDQXPPRPHQWRGH.ULVHVHGLVSXWDVLQWHQVLIL.DGDVHQ WUHRVJUDQGHVJUXSRVWUDQVQD.LRQDLVHPRQRSROLVWDVHSRURXWUROD GR GD SUySULD QH.HVVLGDGH GH .RQWURODU DV OXWDV VR.LDLV RULXQGDV GR WUDEDOKRD.DEDUDPSRUVXV.LWDUDUHVSRVWDGR.DSLWDOjVXD.ULVHHVWUX WXUDO$QWXQHVD 2SRQGRVHDR.RQWUDSRGHUTXHHPHUJLDGDVOXWDVVR.LDLVR.D SLWDOLQL.LRXXPSUR.HVVRGHUHRUJDQL]DomRGDVVXDVIRUPDVGHGRPL QDomR VR.LHWDO QmR Vy SUR.XUDQGR UHRUJDQL]DU R SUR.HVVRSURGXWLYR HPWHUPRV.DSLWDOLVWDVPDVSUR.XUDQGRJHVWDUXPSURMHWRGHUH.XSH UDomR GD KHJHPRQLD QDV PDLV GLYHUVDV HVIHUDV GD VR.LDELOLGDGH 3RU H[HPSOR QR SODQR LGHROyJL.R LVVR IRL IHLWR DWUDYpV GR .XOWR GH XP VXEMHWLYLVPR H GH XP LGHiULR IUDJPHQWDGRUTXHID]DSRORJLDDRLQGLYL GXDOLVPRH[D.HUEDGR.RQWUD DVIRUPDVGHVROLGDULHGDGHHGHDWXDomR .ROHWLYD H VR.LDO 6HJXQGR (OOHQ :RRG WUDWDVH GD IDVH HP TXH DV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV H.RQ{PL.DVDVPXGDQoDVQDSURGXomRHQRVPHU.D GRV DV PXGDQoDV .XOWXUDLV JHUDOPHQWH DVVR.LDGDV DR WHUPR SyV PRGHUQLVPRHVWDULDPHPYHUGDGH.RQIRUPDQGRXPPRPHQWRGH PD WXUDomRH XQLYHUVDOL]DomRGR.DSLWDOLVPRPXLWRPDLVGRTXHXPWUkQVLWR GD PRGHUQLGDGH SDUD D SyVPRGHUQLGDGH :RRG S (VVDVPXWDo}HVLQL.LDGDVQRVDQRVHHPJUDQGHPHGLGDDLQ GDHP.XUVRWrPHQWUHWDQWRJHUDGRPDLV GLVVHQVRTXH .RQVHQVR6HJXQ GR DOJXQV DXWRUHV HODV VHULDP UHVSRQViYHLV SHOD LQVWDXUDomR GH XPD QRYDIRUPDGHRUJDQL]DomRLQGXVWULDO HGHUHOD.LRQDPHQWRHQWUHR.DSLWDOH R WUDEDOKR PDLV IDYRUiYHO TXDQGR .RPSDUDGD DR WD\ORULV PRIRUGLVPR XPD YH] TXH SRVVLELOLWDULD RDGYHQWRGHXPWUDEDOKD GRU PDLV TXDOLIL.DGR SDUWL.LSDWLYR PXOWLIXQ.LRQDO SROLYDOHQWH GRWDGR GH XPD PDLRU UHDOL]DomR QR HVSDoR GR WUDEDOKR (VVD LQWHUSUHWDomR YHPHQ.RQWUDQGRPXLWRVVHJXLGRUHVTXHPDLVRXPHQRVSUy[LPRVj
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
Ricardo Antunes
25
WHVH GD HVSH.LDOL]DomR IOH[tYHO GHIHQGHP DV .KDPDGDV .DUD.WHUtVWL.DV L QRYDGRUDVGDQRYDIDVHPDLVDSURSULDGDDXPDLQWHUDomRHQWUHR .DSLWDOHRWUDEDOKRHQHVVHVHQWLGRVXSHUDGRUDGDV.RQWUDGLo}HVEi VL.DV.RQVWLWXWLYDVGDVR.LHGDGH.DSLWDOLVWD 6HJXQGRRXWURVDVPXGDQoDVHQ.RQWUDGDVQmR.DPLQKDULDPQD GLUHomR GH XPD MDSRQL]DomR RX WR\RWL]DomR GD LQG~VWULD PDV VLP HVWDULDP LQWHQVLIL.DQGR WHQGrQ.LDV H[LVWHQWHV TXH QmR .RQILJXUDULDP SRU WDQWR XPD QRYDIRUPDGHRUJDQL]DomRGRWUDEDOKR $R.RQWUiULRQR.RQ WH[WR GDV H.RQRPLDV .DSLWDOLVWDV DYDQoDGDV VHULD SRVVtYHO SHU.HEHU XPDUH.RQILJXUDomRGRSRGHUQROR.DOGHWUDEDOKRHQRSUySULRPHU.DGRGH WUDEDOKR PXLWR PDLV HP IDYRU GRV HPSUHJDGRUHV GR TXH GRV WUDEDOKDGRUHV 7RPDQH\S $LQGDTXHSUy[LPRVGHVVHHQIRTXH.UtWL.RRXWURVDXWRUHVSUR .XUDPD.HQWXDUWDQWRRVHOHPHQWRVGH .RQWLQXLGDGHGRSDGUmRSURGXWL YRDQWHULRU.RPRWDPEpPRVHOHPHQWRVGH GHV.RQWLQXLGDGH PDV UHWHQGR R.DUiWHUHVVHQ.LDOPHQWH.DSLWDOLVWDGRPRGRGHSURGXomRYLJHQWHHGHVHXVSLODUHV IXQGDPHQWDLV 1HVVH XQLYHUVR WHPDWL]DP D.HU.D GD QH.HVVLGDGH GH VH DSRQWDUSDUDDHVSH.LIL.LGDGHGHVVDVPXWDo}HVHDV.RQVHTrQ.LDVTXH HODVH[HU.HPQRLQWHULRUGRVLVWHPDGHSURGXomR.DSLWDOLVWDRQGHHV WDULD R.RUUHQGR D HPHUJrQ.LDGHXPUHJLPHGHD.XPXODomRIOH[tYHO QDV.LGRGHVGHTXHVH.DUD.WHUL]DSHODQRYDGLYLVmRGHPHU.D GRVGHVHPSUHJRGLYLVmRJOREDOGRWUDEDOKR.DSLWDOYROiWLOIH.KDPHQ WRGHSODQWDVLQGXVWULDLVUHRUJDQL]DomRILQDQ.HLUDHWH.QROyJL.DHQ WUHWDQWDVPXWDo}HVTXHPDU.DPHVVDQRYDIDVHGDSURGXomR.DSLWDOLV WD+DUYH\2TXHVXJHVWLYDPHQWH-XDQ-&DVWLOORGHQRPLQRX .RPR H[SUHVVmR GH XP SUR.HVVR GH OLRILOL]DomR RUJDQL]DWLYDDWUDYpVGD HOLPLQDomR WUDQVIHUrQ.LD WHU.HLUL]DomR H HQ[XJDPHQWR GH XQLGDGHV SURGXWLYDV&DVWLOORSHD e .RP PDLRU DILQLGDGH D HVVD OLQKDJHP TXH QRVVD UHIOH[mR VH LQVHUHDVPXWDo}HVHP.XUVRVmRH[SUHVVmRGDUHRUJDQL]DomRGR.DSL
9HU WDPEpP 3ROOHUW 6WHSKHQVRQ $FNHUV 6PLWK H 6PLWK HQWUH RXWURV
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
26
WDO .RP YLVWDV j UHWRPDGD GR VHX SDWDPDU GH D.XPXODomR H GR VHX SURMHWRJOREDOGHGRPLQDomR(pQHVVHVHQWLGRTXHRSUR.HVVRGHD .XPXODomRIOH[tYHO.RPEDVHQRVH[HPSORVGD&DOLIyUQLDGR1RUWH GD,WiOLDGD6Xp.LDHGD$OHPDQKDHQWUHWDQWRVRXWURVTXHVHVX.HGH UDPEHP.RPRDVGLVWLQWDVPDQLIHVWDo}HVGRWR\RWLVPRRXRPRGHOR MDSRQrVGHYHVHUREMHWRGHUHIOH[mR.UtWL.D&RPH.HPRVSHODTXHV WmRGDTXDOLGDGHWRWDOSDUDSRVWHULRUPHQWHUHWRPDUPRVDUHIOH[mR VREUHDOLRILOL]DomRRUJDQL]DWLYDGDHPSUHVDHQ[XWD
A FALCIA DA QUALIDADE TOTAL SOB A VIGNCIA DA TAXA DE UTILIZAO DECRESCENTE DO VALOR DE USO DAS MERCADORIAS
8PSULPHLURHOHPHQWRGL]UHVSHLWRjWHPiWL.DGD TXDOLGDGH QRV SUR.HVVRVSURGXWLYRV1DIDVHGHLQWHQVLIL.DomRGDWD[DGHXWLOL]DomRGH .UHV.HQWHGRYDORUGHXVRGDVPHU.DGRULDV 0pV]iURV.DS QH .HVViULDSDUDDUHSRVLomRGRSUR.HVVRGHYDORUL]DomRGR.DSLWDODIDOi .LDGDTXDOLGDGHWRWDO WmRGLIXQGLGDQRPXQGRHPSUHVDULDOPRGHUQR QDHPSUHVDHQ[XWDGDHUDGDUHHVWUXWXUDomRSURGXWLYDWRUQDVHHYLGHQ WHTXDQWRPDLVTXDOLGDGHWRWDORVSURGXWRVGHYHPWHUPHQRUGHYHVHU VHX WHPSR GH GXUDomR $ QH.HVVLGDGH LPSHULRVD GH UHGX]LU R WHPSR GH YLGD ~WLO GRV SURGXWRV YLVDQGR D DXPHQWDU D YHOR.LGDGH GR .LU.XLWR SURGXWLYRHGHVVHPRGRDPSOLDUDYHOR.LGDGHGDSURGXomRGHYDOR UHVGHWUR.DID].RPDTXDOLGDGHWRWDOVHMDQDPDLRUSDUWHGDVYH ]HVR LQYyOX.UR D DSDUrQ.LD RXRDSULPRUDPHQWRGR VXSpUIOXRXPDYH] TXHRVSURGXWRVGHYHPGXUDUSRX.RHWHUXPDUHSRVLomRiJLOQRPHU .DGR$TXDOLGDGHWRWDOSRULVVRQmRSRGHVH.RQWUDSRUjWD[DGH XWLOL]DomR GH.UHV.HQWH GRYDORUGHXVRGDVPHU.DGRULDVPDVGHYHD GHTXDUVHDRVLVWHPDGHPHWDEROLVPRVR.LRH.RQ{PL.RGR.DSLWDODIH WDQGRGHVVHPRGRWDQWRDSURGXomRGHEHQVHVHUYLoRV.RPRDVLQV WDODo}HVHPDTXLQDULDVHDSUySULDIRUoDKXPDQDGHWUDEDOKR0pV]i URVS
Ricardo Antunes
27
&RPR R .DSLWDO WHP XPD WHQGrQ.LD H[SDQVLRQLVWD LQWUtQVH.D DR VHXVLVWHPDSURGXWLYRDTXDOLGDGHWRWDOGHYHWRUQDUVHLQWHLUDPHQWH .RPSDWtYHO.RPDOyJL.DGDSURGXomRGHVWUXWLYD3RULVVRHPVHXVHQWLGR HWHQGrQ.LDVPDLVJHUDLVRPRGRGHSURGXomR.DSLWDOLVWD.RQYHUWHVH HPLQLPLJRGD GXUDELOLGDGH GRVSURGXWRVHOHGHYHLQ.OXVLYHGHVHQ.R UDMDUHPHVPRLQYLDELOL]DUDVSUiWL.DVSURGXWLYDVRULHQWDGDVSDUDDGX UDELOLGDGHRTXHROHYDD VXEYHUWHUGHOLEHUDGDPHQWHVXDTXDOLGDGH0pV]i URV S $ TXDOLGDGH WRWDO WRUQDVH HOD WDPEpP D QHJDomRGDGXUDELOLGDGHGDVPHU.DGRULDV4XDQWRPDLVTXDOLGDGHDV PHU.DGRULDV DSDUHQWDP H DTXL D DSDUrQ.LD ID] D GLIHUHQoD PHQRU WHPSRGHGXUDomRHODVGHYHPHIHWLYDPHQWH.RQWHU'HVSHUGt.LRHGHV WUXWLYLGDGHD.DEDPVHQGRRVVHXVWUDoRVGHWHUPLQDQWHV 'HVVH PRGR R DSUHJRDGR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GRV SUR.HVVRV GH TXDOLGDGHWRWDO.RQYHUWHVHQDH[SUHVVmR IHQRPrQL.DLQYROX.UDODSDUHQ WHHVXSpUIOXD GHXPPH.DQLVPRSURGXWLYRTXHWHP.RPRXPGRVVHXV SLODUHVPDLVLPSRUWDQWHVD WD[DGH.UHV.HQWHGRYDORUGHXVR GDVPHU.DGRUL DV.RPR.RQGLomRSDUDDUHSURGXomRDPSOLDGDGR.DSLWDOHVHXVLP SHUDWLYRVH[SDQVLRQLVWDV 1mRIDODPRVDTXLVRPHQWHGRV IDVWIRRGV GRTXDOR0.'RQDOGV pH[HPSODUTXHGHVSHMDPWRQHODGDVGHGHV.DUWiYHLVQROL[RDSyVXP ODQ.KHSURGX]LGRHPULWPR VHULDGR HIRUGL]DGRGHTXDOLGDGHPDLVTXH VRIUtYHO 3RGHUtDPRV OHPEUDU GR WHPSR PpGLR GH YLGD ~WLO HVWLPDGD SDUD RV DXWRPyYHLV PRGHUQRV H PXQGLDLV .XMD GXUDELOLGDGH p .DGD YH]PDLVUHGX]LGD $ LQG~VWULD GH .RPSXWDGRUHV .RQIRUPH PHQ.LRQDPRV DQWHUL RUPHQWH PRVWUDVH SHOD LPSRUWkQ.LD QR PXQGR SURGXWLYR .RQWHP SRUkQHRXP.DVRH[HPSODUGHVVDWHQGrQ.LDGHSUH.LDWLYDHGH.UHV.HQWH GRYDORUGHXVRGDVPHU.DGRULDV8PVLVWHPDGHVRIWZDUHVWRUQDVHRE VROHWR H GHVDWXDOL]DGR HP WHPSR EDVWDQWH UHGX]LGR OHYDQGR R .RQ VXPLGRUjVXDVXEVWLWXLomRSRLVRVQRYRVVLVWHPDVQmRVmR.RPSDWt YHLV.RPRVDQWHULRUHV$VHPSUHVDVQD.RPSHWLWLYLGDGHLQWHQVDWUD YDGDHQWUHHODVSHODQH.HVVLGDGHGHUHGX]LURWHPSRHQWUHSURGXomRH
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
28
.RQVXPR LQ.HQWLYDP DR OLPLWHHVVDWHQGrQ.LDGHVWUXWLYDGRYDORUGH XVRGDVPHU.DGRULDVHGHODGHSHQGHP3HODQH.HVVLGDGHGHD.RPSD QKDUD.RPSHWLWLYLGDGHH[LVWHQWHHPVHXVHWRU.ULDVHXPDOyJL.DTXH VHLQWHQVLIL.DGDTXDODTXDOLGDGHWRWDOHVWiWRWDOPHQWHSULVLRQHLUD 0DLVTXHLVVRWRUQDVHPH.DQLVPRLQWUtQVH.RGHVHXIXQ.LRQDPHQWRH IXQ.LRQDOLGDGH &RP D UHGXomRGRV.L.ORVGHYLGD~WLOGRVSURGXWRV RV.DSLWDLVQmRWrPRXWUDRSomRSDUDVXDVREUHYLYrQ.LDVHQmRLQRYDU RX.RUUHURULV.RGHXOWUDSDVVDJHPSHODVHPSUHVDV.RQ.RUUHQWHV7H PRV R H[HPSOR GD HPSUHVD WUDQVQD.LRQDO GH .RPSXWDGRUHV +HZOHWW 3D.NDUG .XMRV SURGXWRV DWUDYpV GD LQRYDomR .RQVWDQWH GH VHXVLV WHPD.RPSXWD.LRQDOWrPRWHPSRGHYLGD~WLOUHGX]LGRHQRUPHPHQWH 9HU.HQQH\S$SURGXomRGH.RPSXWDGRUHVpSRULVVR H[HPSODUGDYLJrQ.LDGDOHLGHWHQGrQ.LDGH.UHV.HQWHGRYDORUGHXVRGDVPHU.D GRULDVHQWUHWDQWRVRXWURVH[HPSORVTXHSRGHUtDPRV.LWDU &ODUR TXHDTXLQmRVHHVWiTXHVWLRQDQGRRHIHWLYRDYDQoRWH. QR.LHQWtIL.R TXDQGR SDXWDGR SHORV UHDLV LPSHUDWLYRV KXPDQR VR.LHWDLVPDVVLPDOyJL.DGHXPVLVWHPDGHPHWDEROLVPRGR.DSLWDO TXH.RQYHUWHHPGHV.DUWiYHOVXSpUIOXRHGHVSHUGt.LRDTXLORTXHGHYH ULD VHU SUHVHUYDGR WDQWR SDUD R DWHQGLPHQWR HIHWLYR GRV YDORUHV GH XVR VR.LDO TXDQWR SDUD VH HYLWDU XPD GHVWUXLomR LQ.RQWUROiYHO H GH JUDGDQWHGDQDWXUH]DGDUHODomRPHWDEyOL.DHQWUHKRPHPHQDWXUH]D ,VVRVHPPHQ.LRQDURHQRUPHSUR.HVVRGHGHVWUXLomRGDIRUoDKXPD QD GH WUDEDOKR .DXVDGD SHOR SUR.HVVR GH OLRILOL]DomR RUJDQL]DWLYD GD HPSUHVDHQ[XWD
A LIOFILIZAO ORGANIZACIONAL E DO TRABALHO NA FBRICA TOYOTIZADA: as novas formas de intensificao do trabalho
7HQWDQGRUHWHUVHXVWUDoRV.RQVWLWXWLYRVPDLVJHUDLVpSRVVtYHO GL]HUTXHRSDGUmRGH D.XPXODomRIOH[tYHODUWL.XODXP.RQMXQWRGHHOH PHQWRVGH .RQWLQXLGDGH HGH GHV.RQWLQXLGDGH TXHD.DEDPSRU.RQIRUPDU DOJR UHODWLYDPHQWHGLVWLQWRGRSDGUmRWD\ORULVWDIRUGLVWDGHD.XPXODomR (OHVHIXQGDPHQWDQXPSDGUmRSURGXWLYRRUJDQL]D.LRQDOHWH.QRORJL
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
Ricardo Antunes
29
.DPHQWH DYDQoDGR UHVXOWDGRGDLQWURGXomRGHWp.QL.DVGHJHVWmRGD IRUoDGHWUDEDOKRSUySULDVGDIDVHLQIRUPD.LRQDOEHP.RPRGDLQWUR GXomRDPSOLDGDGRV.RPSXWDGRUHVQRSUR.HVVRSURGXWLYRHGHVHUYL oRV'HVHQYROYHVHQXPDHVWUXWXUDSURGXWLYDPDLVIOH[tYHOUH.RUUHQ GRIUHTHQWHPHQWHjGHV.RQ.HQWUDomRSURGXWLYDjVHPSUHVDVWHU.HL UL]DGDVHW.8WLOL]DVHGHQRYDVWp.QL.DVGHJHVWmRGDIRUoDGHWUDED OKRGRWUDEDOKRHPHTXLSHGDV.pOXODVGHSURGXomRGRVWLPHVGH WUDEDOKRGRVJUXSRVVHPLDXW{QRPRVDOpPGHUHTXHUHUDRPHQRV QR SODQR GLV.XUVLYR R HQYROYLPHQWRSDUWL.LSDWLYRGRVWUDEDOKDGR UHVHPYHUGDGHXPDSDUWL.LSDomRPDQLSXODWyULDHTXHSUHVHUYDQDHV VrQ.LDDV.RQGLo}HVGRWUDEDOKRDOLHQDGRHHVWUDQKDGR2WUDEDOKR SROLYDOHQWH PXOWLIXQ.LRQDO TXDOLIL.DGR .RPELQDGR .RP XPD HVWUXWXUDPDLVKRUL]RQWDOL]DGDHLQWHJUDGDHQWUHGLYHUVDVHPSUHVDVLQ .OXVLYHQDVHPSUHVDVWHU.HLUL]DGDVWHP.RPRILQDOLGDGHDUHGXomRGR WHPSRGHWUDEDOKR 'H IDWR WUDWDVH GH XP SUR.HVVR GH RUJDQL]DomR GR WUDEDOKR .XMDILQDOLGDGHHVVHQ.LDOUHDOpDGD LQWHQVLIL.DomRGDV.RQGLo}HVGHH[SORUD omRGDIRUoDGHWUDEDOKRUHGX]LQGRRXHOLPLQDQGRHPPXLWRWDQWRR WUD EDOKRLPSURGXWLYRTXHQmR.ULD YDORURXVXDVIRUPDVDVVHPHOKDGDVHV SH.LDOPHQWHDVDWLYLGDGHVGHPDQXWHQomRD.RPSDQKDPHQWRLQVSHomR GHTXDOLGDGHIXQo}HVTXHSDVVDUDPDVHUGLUHWDPHQWHLQ.RUSRUDGDVDR WUDEDOKDGRU SURGXWLYR5HHQJHQKDULD OHDQSURGX.WLRQWHDPZRUNHOLPLQD omRGHSRVWRVGHWUDEDOKRDXPHQWRGDSURGXWLYLGDGHTXDOLGDGHWRWDO ID]HPSDUWHGRLGHiULRHGDSUiWL.D.RWLGLDQDGDIiEUL.DPRGHUQD 6H QR DSRJHX GR WD\ORULVPRIRUGLVPR D SXMDQoD GH XPD HPSUHVD PHQVXUDYDVHSHORQ~PHURGHRSHUiULRVTXHQHODH[HU.LDPVXDDWLYL GDGHODERUDWLYDSRGHVHGL]HUTXHQDHUDGDD.XPXODomRIOH[tYHOHGD
9HU $QWXQHV S H ,VVR ID] DIORUDU R VHQWLGR IDODFLRVR GD TXDOLILFDomR GR WUDEDOKR TXH PXLWR DVVXPH D IRUPD GH XPD PDQLIHVWDomR PDLV GR TXH XPD QHFHV VLGDGH HIHWLYD GR SURFHVVR GH SURGXomR $ TXDOLILFDomR H D FRPSHWrQFLD H[LJLGDV SHOR FDSLWDO PXLWDV YH]HV REMHWLYDP GH IDWR D TXH DV HPSUHVDV SUH WHQGHP REWHU GH VHXV WUDEDOKDGRUHV TXH GHYHP HQWUHJDU VXD VXEMHWLYLGDGH j GLVSR VLomR GR FDSLWDO
IUH THQWHPHQWH LGHROyJLFD FRQILDELOLGDGH
30
HPSUHVDHQ[XWDPHUH.HPGHVWDTXHHVmR.LWDGDV.RPRH[HPSORVD VHUHP VHJXLGRV DTXHODV HPSUHVDVTXHGLVS}HPGH PHQRU.RQWLQJHQWH GHIRUoDGHWUDEDOKRHTXHDSHVDUGLVVRWrPPDLRUHVtQGL.HVGHSUR GXWLYLGDGH $OJXPDVGDVUHSHU.XVV}HVGHVVDVPXWDo}HVQRSUR.HVVRSURGXWLYR WrP UHVXOWDGRV LPHGLDWRV QR PXQGR GR WUDEDOKR GHVUHJXODPHQWDomR H QRUPH GRV GLUHLWRV GR WUDEDOKRTXHVmRHOLPLQDGRV.RWLGLDQDPHQWHHP SUDWL.DPHQWHWRGDVDVSDUWHVGRPXQGRRQGHKiSURGXomRLQGXVWULDOHGH VHUYLoRV DXPHQWR GD IUDJPHQWDomR QR LQWHULRU GD .ODVVH WUDEDOKDGRUD SUH.DUL]DomRHWHU.HLUL]DomRGDIRUoDKXPDQDTXHWUDEDOKDGHVWUXLomRGR VLQGL.DOLVPRGH.ODVVHHVXD.RQYHUVmRQXPVLQGL.DOLVPRGy.LOGHSDU.HUL DRXPHVPRQXPVLQGL.DOLVPRGHHPSUHVD 'HQWUHRVH[SHULPHQWRVGR.DSLWDOTXHVHGLIHUHQ.LDYDPGRELQ{ PLRWD\ORULVPRIRUGLVPRSRGHVHGL]HUTXHRWR\RWLVPRRXRPRGH ORMDSRQrVHQ.RQWURXPDLRUUHSHU.XVVmRTXDQGR.RPSDUDGRDRH[HPSOR VXH.RjH[SHULrQ.LDGRQRUWHGD,WiOLD7HU.HLUD,WiOLDjH[SHULrQ.LDGRV (8$GR9DOHGR6LOt.LRHGD$OHPDQKDHQWUHRXWURV 2VLVWHPDLQGXVWULDOMDSRQrVDSDUWLUGRVDQRVWHYHJUDQGH LPSD.WRQRPXQGRR.LGHQWDOTXDQGRVHPRVWURXSDUDRVSDtVHVDYDQ oDGRV.RPRXPDRSomRSRVVtYHOSDUDDVXSHUDomR.DSLWDOLVWDGD.ULVH 1DWXUDOPHQWH D WUDQVIHULELOLGDGH GR WR\RWLVPR .DUH.LD SDUD VXD LPSODQWDomRQR2.LGHQWHGDVLQHYLWiYHLVDGDSWDo}HVjVVLQJXODULGDGHV HSDUWL.XODULGDGHVGH.DGDSDtV6HXGHVHQKRRUJDQL]D.LRQDOVHXDYDQ oRWH.QROyJL.RVXD.DSD.LGDGHGHH[WUDomRLQWHQVLIL.DGDGRWUDEDOKR EHP .RPRD.RPELQDomRGHWUDEDOKRHPHTXLSHRVPH.DQLVPRVGH HQYROYLPHQWRR.RQWUROHVLQGL.DOHUDPYLVWRVSHORV.DSLWDLVGR2.L GHQWH.RPRXPDYLDSRVVtYHOGHVXSHUDomRGHVXD.ULVHGHD.XPXOD omR (IRLQHVVD.RQWH[WXDOLGDGHTXHVHSUHVHQ.LRXDH[SDQVmRSDUD R2.LGHQWHGDYLDMDSRQHVDGH.RQVROLGDomRGR.DSLWDOLVPRLQGXVWULDO1DVSD ODYUDVGH6D\HURLPSD.WRGRPRGHORMDSRQrV
Ricardo Antunes
31
LQWHQVLILFRXVH QR ILQDO GRV DQRV GHSRLV GH XPD GpFDGD GH UHGXomR GD SURGXWLYLGDGH GR 2FLGHQWH >TXDQGR@ D SHUIRUPDQFH H[SRUWDGRUD H R H[WUD RUGLQDULDPHQWH UiSLGR FUHVFLPHQWR GD LQG~VWULD MDSRQHVD SDUWLFXODUPHQWH QR UDPR GH DXWRPyYHLV H SURGXWRV HOHWU{QLFRV FRPHoDUDP D JHUDU JUDQGH LQWH UHVVH QR 2FLGHQWH $OpP GRV FRQKHFLGRV HOHPHQWRV GD LQG~VWULD MDSRQH VD WDLV FRPR FtUFXORV GH TXDOLGDGH H HPSUHJR YLWDOtFLR DFUHVFHQWDYDPVH RX WUDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV LPSRUWDQWHV FRPR D SUiWLFD GH SURGX]LU PRGHORV FRPSOH WDPHQWH GLIHUHQWHV QD PHVPD OLQKD *UDGXDOPHQWH WRUQRXVH FODUR TXH R TXH H[LVWLD QmR HUDP VLPSOHVPHQWH DOJXPDV SRXFDV
SHFXOLDULGDGHV FXOWXUDLV
PDV XP LQRYDGR H DOWDPHQWH LQWHJUDGR VLVWHPD GH RUJDQL]DomR GD SURGXomR 6D\HU S
2WR\RWLVPRRXRKQLVPRGH2KQRHQJHQKHLURTXHR.ULRXQD IiEUL.D7R\RWD .RPRYLDMDSRQHVDGHH[SDQVmRH.RQVROLGDomRGR.DSLWDOLVPR PRQRSROLVWDLQGXVWULDOpXPDIRUPDGHRUJDQL]DomRGRWUDEDOKRTXHQDV .HQD7R\RWDQR-DSmRGRSyVHTXHPXLWRUDSLGDPHQWHVHSUR SDJD SDUD DV JUDQGHV .RPSDQKLDV GDTXHOH SDtV (OH VH GLIHUHQ.LD GR IRUGLVPREDVL.DPHQWHQRVVHJXLQWHVWUDoRV e XPD SURGXomR PXLWR YLQ.XODGD j GHPDQGD YLVDQGR D DWHQGHU jV H[L JrQ.LDV PDLV LQGLYLGXDOL]DGDV GR PHU.DGR .RQVXPLGRU GLIHUHQ.LDQ GRVHGDSURGXomR HPVpULHH GHPDVVDGRWD\ORULVPRIRUGLVPR3RU LVVR VXD SURGXomR p YDULDGD H EDVWDQWH KHWHURJrQHD DR .RQWUiULR GD KRPRJHQHLGDGHIRUGLVWD )XQGDPHQWDVH QR WUDEDOKR RSHUiULR HP HTXLSH .RP PXOWLYDULHGDGH GHIXQo}HVURPSHQGR.RPR.DUiWHUSDU.HODUWtSL.RGRIRUGLVPR $SURGXomRVHHVWUXWXUDQXPSUR.HVVRSURGXWLYRIOH[tYHOTXHSRV VLELOLWDDRRSHUiULRRSHUDUVLPXOWDQHDPHQWHYiULDVPiTXLQDVQD7R\R WD HP PpGLD DWp PiTXLQDV DOWHUDQGRVH D UHODomR KR PHPPiTXLQDQDTXDOVHEDVHDYDRWD\ORULVPRIRUGLVPR 7HP.RPRSULQ.tSLRR MXVWLQWLPHRPHOKRUDSURYHLWDPHQWRSRVVt YHOGRWHPSRGHSURGXomR
9HU VREUH R WR\RWLVPR *RXQHW H 6KLPL]X ,FKL\R &RULDW 6D\HU H .DPDWD
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
32
)XQ.LRQD VHJXQGR R VLVWHPD GH NDQEDQ SOD.DV RX VHQKDV GH .R PDQGRSDUDUHSRVLomRGHSHoDVHGHHVWRTXH1RWR\RWLVPRRVHV WRTXHVVmRPtQLPRVTXDQGR.RPSDUDGRVDRVGRIRUGLVPR $VHPSUHVDVGR.RPSOH[RSURGXWLYRWR\RWLVWDLQ.OXLQGRVHDVWHU .HLUL]DGDVWrPXPDHVWUXWXUDKRUL]RQWDOL]DGDDR.RQWUiULRGDYHU WL.DOLGDGHIRUGLVWD(QTXDQWRQDIiEUL.DIRUGLVWDDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH GDSURGXomRHUDUHDOL]DGDQRVHXLQWHULRUDIiEUL.DWR\RWLVWDp UHVSRQViYHOSRUVRPHQWHWHQGrQ.LDTXHYHPVHLQWHQVLIL.DQ GRDLQGDPDLV(VVD~OWLPDSULRUL]DRTXHp.HQWUDOHPVXDHVSH.LD OLGDGHQRSUR.HVVRSURGXWLYRD.KDPDGDWHRULDGRIR.RHWUDQV IHUHDWHU.HLURVJUDQGHSDUWHGRTXHDQWHULRUPHQWHHUDSURGX]LGR GHQWURGHVHXHVSDoRSURGXWLYR(VVD KRUL]RQWDOL]DomRHVWHQGHVHjV VXE.RQWUDWDGDV jV ILUPDV WHU.HLUL]DGDV D.DUUHWDQGR D H[SDQVmR GRV PpWRGRVHSUR.HGLPHQWRVSDUDWRGDDUHGHGHIRUQH.HGRUHV'HVVHPRGRIOH [LELOL]DomR WHU.HLUL]DomR VXE.RQWUDWDomR&&4.RQWUROHGHTXDOL GDGHWRWDO NDQEDQ MXVWLQWLPHNDL]HQWHDPZRUNHOLPLQDomRGRGHV SHUGt.LR JHUrQ.LD SDUWL.LSDWLYD VLQGL.DOLVPR GH HPSUHVD HQWUH WDQWRV RXWURV SRQWRV VmR OHYDGRV SDUD XP HVSDoR DPSOLDGR GR SUR.HVVRSURGXWLYR 2UJDQL]D RV &tU.XORVGH&RQWUROHGH4XDOLGDGH&&4V.RQVWLWX LQGRJUXSRVGHWUDEDOKDGRUHVTXHVmRLQVWLJDGRV SHOR.DSLWDODGLV.X WLUVHXWUDEDOKRHGHVHPSHQKR.RPYLVWDVDPHOKRUDUDSURGXWLYL GDGH GDV HPSUHVDV .RQYHUWHQGRVH QXP LPSRUWDQWH LQVWUXPHQWR SDUD R.DSLWDODSURSULDUVHGRVDYRLUIDLUHLQWHOH.WXDOH.RJQLWLYRGR WUDEDOKRTXHRIRUGLVPRGHVSUH]DYD 2WR\RWLVPRLPSODQWRXRHPSUHJRYLWDOt.LRSDUDXPDSDU.HODGRV WUDEDOKDGRUHVGDVJUDQGHVHPSUHVDV.HU.DGHDGDSRSXOD omRWUDEDOKDGRUD.RPD H[.OXVmR GDVPXOKHUHVDOpPGHJDQKRVVD ODULDLV LQWLPDPHQWH YLQ.XODGRV DR DXPHQWR GD SURGXWLYLGDGH 2 HPSUHJR YLWDOt.LR JDUDQWH DR WUDEDOKDGRU MDSRQrV TXH WUDEDOKD
1R 2FLGHQWH RV "V WrP YDULDGR GHSHQGHQGR GDV HVSHFLILFLGDGHV H VLQJXODULGD GHV GRV SDtVHV HP TXH HOHV VmR LPSOHPHQWDGRV
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
Ricardo Antunes
33
QDV IiEUL.DV LQVHULGDV QHVVH PRGHOR D HVWDELOLGDGH GR HPSUHJR VHQGRTXHDRVDQRVRWUDEDOKDGRUpGHVOR.DGRSDUDRXWURWUD EDOKR PHQRV UHOHYDQWH QR .RPSOH[R GH DWLYLGDGHV H[LVWHQWHV QD PHVPDHPSUHVD ,QVSLUDQGRVHLQL.LDOPHQWHQDH[SHULrQ.LDGRUDPRWr[WLORQGH RWUDEDOKDGRURSHUDYDVLPXOWDQHDPHQWHYiULDVPiTXLQDVHSRVWHULRU PHQWH QD LPSRUWDomR GDV Wp.QL.DVGHJHVWmRGRVVXSHUPHU.DGRVGRV (8$ TXH GHUDP RULJHP DR NDQEDQ R WR\RWLVPR WDPEpP RIHUH.HX XPDUHVSRVWDj.ULVHILQDQ.HLUDMDSRQHVDGRSyVJXHUUDDXPHQWDQGRD SURGXomR VHP DXPHQWDUR.RQWLQJHQWHGHWUDEDOKDGRUHV$SDUWLUGR PRPHQWR HP TXH HVVH UH.HLWXiULR VH DPSOLRX SDUD R .RQMXQWR GDV HPSUHVDV MDSRQHVDV VHXUHVXOWDGRIRLDUHWRPDGDGHXPSDWDPDUGH SURGXomR TXH OHYRX R -DSmR QXP .XUWtVVLPR SHUtRGR D DWLQJLU SD GU}HVGHSURGXWLYLGDGHHtQGL.HVGHD.XPXODomR.DSLWDOLVWDDOWtVVLPRV $UD.LRQDOL]DomRGRSUR.HVVRSURGXWLYRGRWDGDGHIRUWHGLV.LSOL QDPHQWRGDIRUoDGHWUDEDOKRHLPSXOVLRQDGDSHODQH.HVVLGDGHGHLP SODQWDUIRUPDVGH.DSLWDOHGH WUDEDOKRLQWHQVLYR.DUD.WHUL]RXDYLDWR\RWLV WDGHGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGR.DSLWDOLVPRPRQRSROLVWDQR-DSmR HVHXSUR.HVVRGH OLRILOL]DomR RUJDQL]D.LRQDO H GR WUDEDOKR2WUDEDOKRHPHTXLSHDWUDQVIH UrQ.LDGDVUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVGHHODERUDomRH.RQWUROHGDTXDOLGDGHGD SURGXomRDQWHULRUPHQWHUHDOL]DGDVSHODJHUrQ.LD.LHQWtIL.DHDJRUDLQ WHULRUL]DGDVQDSUySULDDomRGRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVGHXRULJHPDR PDQDJH PHQW E\ VWUHHVV *RXQHWS&RPRPRVWURXR.OiVVL.RGHSRL PHQWR GH 6DWR.KL .DPDWD D UD.LRQDOL]DomR GD 7R\RWD 0RWRU &RP SDQ\HPSUHHQGLGDHPVHXSUR.HVVRGH.RQVWLWXLomR
QmR p WDQWR SDUD HFRQRPL]DU WUDEDOKR PDV PDLV GLUHWDPHQWH SDUD HOLPL
34
2 SUR.HVVR GH SURGXomR GH WLSR WR\RWLVWD DWUDYpV GRV WHDP ZRUN VXS}H SRUWDQWR XPD LQWHQVLIL.DomR GD H[SORUDomR GR WUDEDOKR TXHU SHORIDWRGHTXHRVRSHUiULRVWUDEDOKDPVLPXOWDQHDPHQWH.RPYiULDV PiTXLQDVGLYHUVLIL.DGDVTXHUDWUDYpVGRULWPRHGDYHOR.LGDGHGD.D GHLDSURGXWLYDGDGDSHORVLVWHPDGHOX]HV2XVHMD SUHVHQ.LDVHXPDLQ WHQVLIL.DomRGRULWPRSURGXWLYRGHQWURGRPHVPRWHPSRGHWUDEDOKRRXDWpPHVPR TXDQGRHVWHVHUHGX] 1DIiEUL.D7R\RWDTXDQGRDOX]HVWi YHUGHRIXQ .LRQDPHQWR p QRUPDO .RP D LQGL.DomR GD .RU ODUDQMD DWLQJHVHXPD LQWHQVLGDGHPi[LPDHTXDQGRDOX] YHUPHOKDDSDUH.HpSRUTXHKRXYH SUREOHPDV GHYHQGRVH GLPLQXLU R ULWPR SURGXWLYR $ DSURSULDomR GDV DWLYLGDGHV LQWHOH.WXDLV GR WUDEDOKR TXH DGYpP GD LQWURGXomR GH PDTXLQDULD DXWRPDWL]DGD H LQIRUPDWL]DGD DOLDGD j LQWHQVLIL.DomR GR ULWPR GR SUR.HVVR GH WUDEDOKR .RQILJXUDUDP XP TXDGUR H[WUHPD PHQWH SRVLWLYRSDUDR.DSLWDOQDUHWRPDGDGHVHX.L.ORGHD.XPXOD omR H QD UH.XSHUDomR GD VXD UHQWDELOLGDGH ,.KL\R S *RXQHWS&RULDWS$QWXQHV 'H PRGR TXH VLPLODUPHQWH DR IRUGLVPR YLJHQWH DR ORQJR GR Vp.XOR ;; PDV VHJXLQGR XP UH.HLWXiULR GLIHUHQ.LDGR R WR\RWLVPR UHL QDXJXUD XP QRYR SDWDPDU GH LQWHQVLIL.DomR GR WUDEDOKR .RPELQDQGR IRUWH PHQWH DV IRUPDV UHODWLYD H DEVROXWD GD H[WUDomR GD PDLV YDOLD 6H OHP EUDUPRVTXHDSURSRVWDGRJRYHUQRMDSRQrVUH.HQWHPHQWHHODERUDGD .RQIRUPHLQGL.DPRVDQWHULRUPHQWHpGHDXPHQWDUROLPLWHGDMRUQDGDGH WUDEDOKRGHSDUDKRUDVHDMRUQDGDVHPDQDOGHWUDEDOKRGHSDUD KRUDVWHPVHXP.ODURH[HPSORGRTXHD.LPDPHQ.LRQDPRV-DSDQ 3UHVV:HHNO\ $ H[SDQVmR GR WUDEDOKR SDUW WLPH DVVLP .RPR DV IRUPDV SHODV TXDLVR.DSLWDOVHXWLOL]DGDGLYLVmRVH[XDOGRWUDEDOKRHGR.UHV.LPHQWR GRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVLPLJUDQWHV.XMDH[SUHVVmRVmRRV GHNDVVHJXLV H[H.X WDQGRWUDEDOKRVGHVTXDOLIL.DGRVHIUHTHQWHPHQWHLOHJDLV.RQVWLWXHP VH HP .ODURV H[HPSORV GD HQRUPH WHQGrQ.LD j LQWHQVLIL.DomR H j H[ SORUDomRGDIRUoDGHWUDEDOKRQRXQLYHUVRGRWR\RWLVPR(VVHVHHV WUXWXUD SUHVHUYDQGR XP Q~PHUR UHGX]LGR GH WUDEDOKDGRUHV GHQWUR GDV
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
Ricardo Antunes
35
HPSUHVDVPDWUL]HVPDLV TXDOLIL.DGRVPXOWLIXQ.LRQDLVHHQYROYLGRV.RPR VHX LGHiULR EHP .RPR DPSOLDQGR DWUDYpV GR DXPHQWR GDV KRUDV H[WUDVGDWHU.HLUL]DomRQRLQWHULRUHIRUDGDVHPSUHVDVGD.RQWUDWDomR GHWUDEDOKDGRUHVWHPSRUiULRVHW.RSo}HVHVVDVTXHVmRGLIHUHQ.LDGDV HP IXQomR GDV .RQGLo}HV GR PHU.DGR HP TXH VH LQVHUHP 4XDQWR PDLRUDGLVWkQ.LDGDVHPSUHVDVSULQ.LSDLVPDLRUWHQGHDVHUDSUH.D UL]DomR GR WUDEDOKR 3RU LVVR RV WUDEDOKDGRUHV GD 7R\RWD WUDEDOKDP .HU.DGHKRUDVSRUDQRHQTXDQWRRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVGDVHPSUHVDVVXE.RQ WUDWDGDV.KHJDPDWUDEDOKDUKRUDV*RXQHWS $ WUDQVIHULELOLGDGH GR WR\RWLVPR RX GH SDUWH GR VHX UH.HLWXiULR PRVWURXVH SRUWDQWR GH HQRUPH LQWHUHVVH SDUD R .DSLWDO R.LGHQWDO HP.ULVHGHVGHRLQt.LRGRVDQRV&ODURTXHVXDDGDSWDELOLGDGHHP PDLRU RX PHQRU HV.DOD HVWDYD QH.HVVDULDPHQWH .RQGL.LRQDGD jV VLQ JXODULGDGHVHSDUWL.XODULGDGHVGH.DGDSDtVWDQWRQRTXHGL]UHVSHLWR jV.RQGLo}HVH.RQ{PL.DVVR.LDLVSROtWL.DVLGHROyJL.DVEHP.RPRj LQVHUomR GHVVHV SDtVHV QD GLYLVmR LQWHUQD.LRQDO GR WUDEDOKR DRV VHXV UHVSH.WLYRVPRYLPHQWRVVLQGL.DLVjV.RQGLo}HVGRPHU.DGRGHWUDED OKRHQWUHWDQWRVRXWURVSRQWRVSUHVHQWHVTXDQGRGDLQ.RUSRUDomRGH HOHPHQWRVGRWR\RWLVPR &RPRHQIDWL]DP&RVWDH*DUDQWRHQTXDQWRRPRGHORMDSRQrV LPSOHPHQWRX R HPSUHJRYLWDOt.LR SDUDSDU.HODGHVXD.ODVVHWUDED OKDGRUDVHJXQGRRVDXWRUHVDOJRPXLWRGLYHUVRR.RUUHQR2 .LGHQWH RQGH D VHJXUDQoD QR HPSUHJR DSDUH.H .RP rQIDVH PXLWR PDLV UHVWULWD H OLPLWDGD PHVPR QDVHPSUHVDVGH.DSLWDOMDSRQrVHVWDEHOH.LGDV QD (XURSD &RP HIHLWR D VHJXUDQoDQRHPSUHJRQmRpD.HLWDSRUPDLVGRTXH GDV HPSUHVDV (OH p UHODWLYDPHQWHPDLVD.HLWRQR5HLQR8QLGRGDV ILUPDV LQVWDODGDV GHQWUR GHOH GR TXH QD )UDQoD RX QD (VSDQKD &RVWDH*DUDQWRS2VGDGRVRIHUH.LGRVSHORVDXWRUHVRV OHYDPDUHODWLYL]DURPLWRGDMDSRQL]DomRQR.RQWLQHQWHHXURSHX,
$ WtWXOR GH FRPSDUDomR DFUHVFHQWHVH TXH QD %pOJLFD )RUG*HQN *HQHUDO 0R WRUV$QYHUV 9RONVZDJHQ)RUHVW 5HQDXOW9LOYRUGH H 9ROYR*DQG RV RSHUiULRV WUDEDOKDP HQWUH H KRUDV SRU DQR ,GHP S
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
36
GHP S 2 SUR.HVVR GH R.LGHQWDOL]DomR GR WR\RWLVPR PHV.OD SRUWDQWR HOHPHQWRV SUHVHQWHV QR -DSmR .RP SUiWL.DV H[LVWHQWHV QRV QRYRVSDtVHVUH.HSWRUHVGH.RUUHQGRGDt XPSUR.HVVRGLIHUHQ.LDGRSDUWL.X ODUL]DGRHPHVPRVLQJXODUL]DGRGHDGDSWDomRGHVVHUH.HLWXiULR $YLJrQ.LDGRQHROLEHUDOLVPRRXGHSROtWL.DVVREVXDLQIOXrQ.LD SURSL.LRX.RQGLo}HVHPJUDQGHPHGLGDIDYRUiYHLVjDGDSWDomRGLIHUHQ .LDGD GHHOHPHQWRVGRWR\RWLVPRQR2.LGHQWH6HQGRR SUR.HVVRGHUHHV WUXWXUDomRSURGXWLYDGR.DSLWDODEDVHPDWHULDOGRSURMHWRLGHRSROtWL.RQHROLEHUDO DHVWUXWXUDVREDTXDOVHHULJHRLGHiULRHDSUDJPiWL.DQHROLEHUDOQmRIRL GLIt.LOSHU.HEHUTXHGHVGHILQVGHHLQt.LRGHRPXQGR.DSLWD OLVWDR.LGHQWDO.RPHoRXDGHVHQYROYHUWp.QL.DVVLPLODUHVDRWR\RWLVPR (OH VH PRVWUDYD .RPR R PDLVDYDQoDGRH[SHULPHQWRGHUHHVWUXWXUD omRSURGXWLYDRULJLQDGRGRSUySULRIRUGLVPRMDSRQrVHSRVWHULRUPHQ WH.RQYHUWLGRQXPDYLDVLQJXODUGHD.XPXODomR.DSLWDOLVWD.DSD]GHRSHUDU XPHQRUPHDYDQoRQR.DSLWDOLVPRQR-DSmRGHUURWDGRQRSyVJXHUUD HUH.RQYHUWLGRj.RQGLomRGHSDtVGHHQRUPHGHVWDTXHQRPXQGR.D SLWDOLVWDGRVILQVGRVDQRV )RLQHVVH.RQWH[WRTXHD *HQHUDO0RWRUVHPPHDGRVGHLQL .LRX VHXV .RQWDWRV .RP R H[SHULPHQWR WR\RWLVWDDWUDYpVGDLQWURGX omR GRV &tU.XORV GH 4XDOLGDGH 'HV.RQVLGHUDQGR R .RQMXQWR GRV HOH PHQWRVEiVL.RV.RQVWLWXWLYRVGRWR\RWLVPRHXWLOL]DQGRVHDSHQDVGH XP GRV VHXV DVSH.WRV GH PRGR LVRODGR D *0 YLX IUD.DVVDU VXDSUL PHLUDH[SHULrQ.LDGHDVVLPLODomRGRWR\RWLVPR(VVDH[SHULrQ.LDWHYH LQt.LR.RPRDJUDYDPHQWRGD.ULVHHPVXDIiEUL.DGH'HWURLWPRPHQ WRHPTXHD*0UHVROYHXLQYHVWLUDOWDTXDQWLDGHUH.XUVRV.RPRREMH WLYR GH HQIUHQWDU D H[SDQVmR MDSRQHVD QR PHU.DGRQRUWHDPHUL.DQR ,QYHVWLXQDURERWL]DomRGHVXDOLQKDGHPRQWDJHPSUR.HVVRHVVHTXH VH LQL.LRX .RP URE{V HP REMHWLYDQGR DWLQJLU PLO HP 9HU*RXQHWS
6REUH R SURMHWR 6DWXUQR GD *0 YHU WDPEpP %HUQDUGR 6REUH D H[SHULrQFLD MDSRQHVD QRV (8$ YHU %HUJJUHQ
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
Ricardo Antunes
37
'LVSRVWD D .RPSHWLU .RP RV SHTXHQRV .DUURV MDSRQHVHV SUR JUDPRXWDPEpPRGHVHQKRGHXPQRYRPRGHORRTXDOHQWUHWDQWR QmR.RQVHJXLXVXSHUDURVSUHoRVGRVVLPLODUHVSURGX]LGRVQR-DSmR SHOD0D]GDHSHOD0LWVXELVKL'HVVDIDVHUHVXOWRXRSURMHWR6DWXUQRLQL .LDGRHPHTXHOHYRXj.RQVWUXomRGHXPDQRYDSODQWDHP 6 SULQJ+LOO7HQQHVVHH2SURMHWRXWLOL]RXVHGR MXVWLQWLPHGR WHDPZRUN GDDXWRPDWL]DomRHLQIRUPDWL]DomRDYDQoDGDVGDSURGXomRPRGXODU GDWHU.HLUL]DomRGDVXE.RQWUDWDomRRSHUDQGR.RPHPSUHVDVTXHIR UDP.KDPDGDVSDUDDSUR[LPLGDGHGD*0UHSURGX]LQGRRPHVPRVLV WHPDGHSURGXomRGD7R\RWD'RPHVPRPRGRTXHQRSURMHWRLQVSL UDGRURYtQ.XORPDLVGLUHWR.RPR.RQVXPLGRUSHUPLWLDDSURGXomR GRV YHt.XORV .RP DV .RQIRUPDo}HV VROL.LWDGDV DOpP GH HQYROYHU R 6LQGL.DWRGRV7UDEDOKDGRUHVGD,QG~VWULD$XWRPRELOtVWL.DR8$: 8 QLWHG$XWRPRELOH:RUNHUV 3DUDOHODPHQWH DRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGHVVDH[SHULrQ.LDD *0DV VR.LRXVHDHPSUHVDV.RPRD ,VX]XD 6X]XNLHHPUHDOL]RXMRLQW YHQWXUH.RPDSUySULD7R\RWDSDUDSURGX]LUXP.DUURGHSHTXHQRSRU WHQDIiEUL.DGD *0QD&DOLIyUQLDTXHWLQKDXPDWH.QRORJLDEDVWDQWH DWUDVDGD&DELDj7R\RWDWRGDDJHVWmRGHVVHQRYRSURMHWR(QTXDQWR D *0D.XPXORXDWpXPUHVXOWDGRGHVDOHQWDGRU.RPRVHXSUR MHWR .RQWDELOL]DQGR SUHMXt]RV D 7R\RWD LQVWDODGD HP 1800, 1HZ 8QLWHG 0RWRU 0DQXID.WXULQJ ,Q. QR RXWUR ODGR GRV (8$ VHP SUH.LVDU UH.RUUHU j LQWURGXomR GH URE{V VXSOHPHQWDUHV WRUQRXVH DOWDPHQWH OX.UDWLYD $ SULPHLUD .RQ.OXVmR GHVVH H[SHULPHQWR GD *0 GL] UHVSHLWRj XWLOL]DomR GH DOWD WH.QRORJLD VXD LPSODQWDomR PRVWURXVH PDLV .RP SOH[DGRTXHSDUH.LDDSUHVHQWDQGRLQ~PHURVSRQWRVGHIL.LHQWHVDOpP GHIUHTHQWHPHQWHGHPRQVWUDULQDGHTXDomRHQWUHDWH.QRORJLDDYDQoD GDHDIRUoDGHWUDEDOKR(VWDDSHVDUGHVXDTXDOLIL.DomRQmR.RQVHJXLX DGDSWDUVHDRQRYRPRGHOR2SURMHWRGHLPSODQWDomRGHXPDIiEUL.D DOWDPHQWHWH.QRORJL]DGDIRLHQWmRDEDQGRQDGDSHOD *06DWXUQRTXH SDVVRXDLQYHVWLUPDLVUH.XUVRVQDPHOKRUTXDOLIL.DomRHSUHSDUDomRGD
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
38
VXDIRUoDGHWUDEDOKRGR WUDEDOKRKXPDQRHPHTXLSH 5H.RQKH.HXGHVVHPR GRTXHQmRDGLDQWRXLQWURGX]LUURE{VHWH.QRORJLDDYDQoDGDVVHPDHTXLYDOHQWH TXDOLIL.DomRHSUHSDUDomRGHVXDIRUoDGHWUDEDOKR $VWUDQVIRUPDo}HVKXPD QDVHRUJDQL]D.LRQDLVGHYHP.DPLQKDUSDVVRDSDVVR.RPDVPXWDo}HV WH.QROyJL.DV 'DWD GH D .ULDomR GR 4XDOLW\ 1HWZRUN 6\VWHP .XMD ILQDOLGDGHIRLWUDQVIHULUSDUDRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVR.RQWUROHGDTXDOLGDGH RERPDWHQGLPHQWRDRV.RQVXPLGRUHVHRDXPHQWRGDSURGXWLYLGDGH (VVHVLVWHPDIRLSRVWHULRUPHQWHHPHVWHQGLGRSDUDVXDVXQLGD GHVQD(XURSD 2 UHVXOWDGR GHVVD SROtWL.D GD *0 SUHVHUYRXOKH XPD IDWLD HP WRUQR GH D GR PHU.DGR DPHUL.DQR R TXH QmR OKH JDUDQWLX JUDQGHIDL[DOX.UDWLYD1RPHU.DGRHXURSHXHQWUHWDQWRVXDSUHVHQoD WRUQRXVH PDLV DJUHVVLYD HVWDQGR j IUHQWH GD )RUG(XURSD H GD5H QDXOWHVLWXDQGRVHDEDL[RDSHQDVGD9RONVZDJHQGD)LDWHGD3HXJH RW)RLXWLOL]DQGRVHGHVVDWUDMHWyULDRV.LODQWHHPVXDVSULPHLUDVIDVHV H SRVWHULRUPHQWH .RP DV .RUUHo}HV GH URWD TXH D *0 LQWURGX]LX QRYRVSUR.HVVRVGHWUDEDOKRHPVXDVXQLGDGHV.RPEDVHHPHOHPHQ WRVRIHUH.LGRVSHORPRGHORMDSRQrV (VVD DVVLPLODomR GR WR\RWLVPR YHP VHQGR UHDOL]DGD SRU SUDWL .DPHQWHWRGDVDVJUDQGHVHPSUHVDVLQL.LDOPHQWHQRUDPRDXWRPREL OtVWL.R H SRVWHULRUPHQWH SURSDJDQGRVHWDPEpPSDUDRVHWRULQGXV WULDOHPJHUDOHSDUDYiULRVUDPRVGRVHWRUGHVHUYLoRVWDQWRQRVSDt VHV.HQWUDLVTXDQWRQRVSDtVHVGHLQGXVWULDOL]DomRLQWHUPHGLiULD(HVVH SUR.HVVRIRLUHVSRQViYHOSHODD.HQWXDomRGDVIRUPDVVR.LDLVGHHVWUD QKDPHQWRRXDOLHQDomRQRPXQGRGRWUDEDOKR.RQWHPSRUkQHR
AS FORMAS CONTEMPORNEAS DO ESTRANHAMENTO
4XHU SHOR H[HU.t.LR ODERUDWLYR PDQXDO TXHU SHOR LPDWHULDO DP ERVHQWUHWDQWR.RQWURODGRVSHORVLVWHPDGHPHWDEROLVPRVR.LHWDOGR .DSLWDO GD HUD GR WR\RWLVPR HGDD.XPXODomRIOH[tYHOR HVWUDQKDPHQWR (QWIUHPGXQJ GR WUDEDOKRHQ.RQWUDVHHPVXDHVVrQ.LDSUHVHUYDGD$
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
Ricardo Antunes
39
LQGDTXHIHQRPHQL.DPHQWHPLQLPL]DGRSHODUHGXomRGDVHSDUDomRHQ WUHDHODERUDomRHDH[H.XomRSHODUHGXomRGRVQtYHLVKLHUiUTXL.RVQR LQWHULRU GDV HPSUHVDV D VXEMHWLYLGDGH TXH HPHUJH QD IiEUL.D RX QDV HVIHUDVSURGXWLYDV.RQWHPSRUkQHDVpH[SUHVVmRGHXPD H[LVWrQ.LDLQDX WrQWL.DHHVWUDQKDGD&RQWDQGR.RPPDLRUSDUWL.LSDomRQRVSURMHWRV TXHQDV.HPGDVGLV.XVV}HVGRV.tU.XORVGH.RQWUROHGHTXDOLGDGHGR WR\RWLVPR.RPPDLRUHQYROYLPHQWRGRVWUDEDOKDUHVDVXEMHWLYLGD GHTXHHQWmRVHPDQLIHVWDHQ.RQWUDVH HVWUDQKDGDHPUHODomRDR TXHVH SURGX]HSDUDTXHPVHSURGX] 2V EHQHIt.LRV DSDUHQWHPHQWH REWLGRV SHORV WUDEDOKDGRUHV QR SUR.HVVR GH WUDEDOKR VmRODUJDPHQWH.RPSHQVDGRVSHOR.DSLWDOXPD YH]TXH DQH.HVVLGDGHGHSHQVDUDJLUHSURSRUGRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVGHYHOHYDUVHP SUH HP .RQWD SULRULWDULDPHQWH RV REMHWLYRV LQWUtQVH.RV GD HPSUHVD TXH DSDUH.HP PXLWDVYH]HVPDV.DUDGRVSHODQH.HVVLGDGHGHDWHQGHUDRVGHVHMRVGRPHU.DGR.RQ VXPLGRU0DVVHQGRR.RQVXPRSDUWHHVWUXWXUDQWHGRVLVWHPDSURGXWLYRGR.DSLWDO p HYLGHQWH TXH GHIHQGHU R .RQVXPLGRU H VXD VDWLVIDomR p .RQGLomR QH.HVViULD SDUD SUHVHUYDU D SUySULD HPSUHVD 0DLV .RPSOH[LIL.DGD D DSDUrQ.LD GH PDLRU OLEHUGDGHQRHVSDoRSURGXWLYRWHP.RPR.RQWUDSDUWLGDRIDWRGHTXH DV SHUVRQLIL.Do}HVGRWUDEDOKRGHYHPVH.RQYHUWHUDLQGDPDLVHP SHUVRQLIL .Do}HVGR.DSLWDO6HDVVLPQmRRIL]HUHPVHQmRGHPRVWUDUHPHVVDVDS WLG}HV YRQWDGH GLVSRVLomR H GHVHMR VmR VXEVWLWXtGRV SRU RXWURVWUDEDOKDGRUHVRXWUDEDOKDGRUDVTXHGHPRQVWUHPSHUILOHD WULEXWRVSDUDD.HLWDUHVVHVQRYRVGHVDILRV 1HVVDIDVHGR.DSLWDO.DUD.WHUL]DGDSHORGHVHPSUHJRHVWUXWXUDOSHOD UHGXomRHSUH.DUL]DomRGDV.RQGLo}HVGHWUDEDOKRHYLGHQ.LDVHDH[LV WrQ.LDGHXPDPDWHULDOLGDGHDGYHUVDDRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVXPVRORVR.LDO TXH .RQVWUDQJHDLQGDPDLVRDIORUDPHQWRGHXPDVXEMHWLYLGDGHDXWrQWL .D0~OWLSODVIHWL.KL]Do}HVHUHLIL.Do}HVSROXHPHSHUPHLDPRPXQGR GRWUDEDOKR.RPUHSHU.XVV}HVHQRUPHVQDYLGD IRUDGRWUDEDOKRQDHV IHUDGDUHSURGXomRVR.LHWDORQGHR.RQVXPRGHPHU.DGRULDVPDWHUL DLV RX LPDWHULDLV WDPEpP HVWi HP HQRUPH PHGLGD HVWUXWXUDGR SHOR .DSLWDO 'RV VHUYLoRV S~EOL.RV .DGD YH] PDLV SULYDWL]DGRV DR WXULVPR
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
40
RQGH R WHPSR OLYUH p LQVWLJDGR D VHU JDVWR QR .RQVXPR GRV VKRS SLQJVVmRHQRUPHVDVHYLGrQ.LDVGRGRPtQLRGR.DSLWDOQDYLGDIRUDGRWUDED OKR 8PH[HPSORDLQGDPDLVIRUWHpGDGRSHODQH.HVVLGDGH.UHV.HQWH GH TXDOLIL.DUVH PHOKRU H SUHSDUDUVH PDLV SDUD .RQVHJXLU WUDEDOKR 3DUWH LPSRUWDQWH GR WHPSR OLYUH GRV WUDEDOKDGRUHV HVWi .UHV.HQWHPHQWH YROWDGDSDUDDGTXLULUHPSUHJDELOLGDGHSDODYUDTXHR.DSLWDOXVDSD UDWUDQVIHULUDRVWUDEDOKDGRUHVDVQH.HVVLGDGHVGHVXDTXDOLIL.DomRTXH DQWHULRUPHQWH HUDP HP JUDQGH SDUWH UHDOL]DGDV SHOR .DSLWDO 9HU %HUQDUGR $OpPGR VDEHURSHUiULRTXHRIRUGLVPRH[SURSULRXHWUDQVIHULX SDUDDHVIHUDGDJHUrQ.LD.LHQWtIL.DSDUDRVQtYHLVGHHODERUDomRDQR YD IDVH GR .DSLWDO GD TXDO R WR\RWLVPR p D PHOKRU H[SUHVVmR UH WUDQVIHUHRVDYRLUIDLUHSDUDRWUDEDOKRPDVRID]YLVDQGRDDSURSULDUVH .UHV.HQWHPHQWHGDVXDGLPHQVmR LQWHOH.WXDOGDVVXDV.DSD.LGDGHV.RJ QLWLYDV SUR.XUDQGR HQYROYHU PDLVIRUWHHLQWHQVDPHQWHDVXEMHWLYLGDGH RSHUiULD2VWUDEDOKRVHPHTXLSHHRV.tU.XORVGH.RQWUROHVmRUH.R OKLGRVHDSURSULDGDVSHOR.DSLWDOQHVVDIDVHGHUHHVWUXWXUDomRSURGXWL YD EHP .RPR DVVXJHVW}HVRULXQGDVGR.KmRGDIiEUL.D6XDVLGpLDV VmR DEVRUYLGDV SHODV HPSUHVDV DSyV XPD DQiOLVH H .RPSURYDomR GH VXD H[HTLELOLGDGH H YDQWDJHP OX.UDWLYD SDUD R .DSLWDO 0DV R SUR .HVVRQmRVHUHVWULQJHDHVVDGLPHQVmRXPDYH]TXHSDUWHGRVDEHULQ WHOH.WXDOpWUDQVIHULGRSDUDDVPiTXLQDVLQIRUPDWL]DGDVTXHVHWRUQDP PDLVLQWHOLJHQWHVUHSURGX]LQGRSDU.HODGDVDWLYLGDGHVDHODVWUDQVIHULGDVSHORVD EHULQWHOH.WXDOGRWUDEDOKR &RPRDPiTXLQDQmRSRGH VXSULPLURWUDEDOKRKXPDQRHODQH .HVVLWD GH XPD PDLRU LQWHUDomR HQWUH D VXEMHWLYLGDGH TXH WUDEDOKD H R QRYRPDTXLQiULRLQWHOLJHQWH(QHVVHSUR.HVVRR HQYROYLPHQWRLQWHUDWLYR DXPHQWDDLQGDPDLVR HVWUDQKDPHQWRGRWUDEDOKRDPSOLDDVIRUPDVPR GHUQDVGD UHLIL.DomR GLVWDQ.LDQGRDLQGDPDLVDVXEMHWLYLGDGHGRH[HU.t .LRGHXPD.RWLGLDQHLGDGHDXWrQWL.DHDXWRGHWHUPLQDGD&RPDDSDUrQ .LDGHXPGHVSRWLVPRPDLVEUDQGRDVR.LHGDGHSURGXWRUDGHPHU.D GRULDVWRUQDGHVGHRVHXQtYHOPL.UR.yVPL.RGDGRSHODIiEUL.DPR
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
Ricardo Antunes
41
GHUQD DLQGD PDLV SURIXQGD H LQWHULRUL]DGD D .RQGLomR GR HVWUDQKDPHQWR SUHVHQWHQDVXEMHWLYLGDGHRSHUiULD $RGLV.RUUHUVREUHDVGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGHHQWHQGLPHQWRGRHV WUDQKDPHQWR GD DOLHQDomR -RKQ +ROORZD\ DILUPD .RPR .RQGLomR TXH
6H KXPDQLGDGH p GHILQLGD FRPR DWLYLGDGH D SUHVVXSRVLomR EiVLFD GH 0DU[ HQWmR DOLHQDomR VLJQLILFD TXH D KXPDQLGDGH H[LVWH VREUH D IRUPD GH LQXPD QLGDGH TXH RV VXMHLWRV KXPDQRV H[LVWHP FRPR REMHWRV $OLHQDomR p D REMHWL ILFDomR GR VXMHLWR 2 VXMHLWR KRPHP RX PXOKHU DOLHQD VXD VXEMHWLYLGDGH H
HVWD VXEMHWLYLGDGH p DSURSULDGD SRU RXWURV $R PHVPR WHPSR FRPR R VXMHL WR p WUDQVIRUPDGR HP REMHWR R REMHWR TXH R VXMHLWR SURGX] R FDSLWDO p WUDQVIRUPDGR QR VXMHLWR GD VRFLHGDGH $ REMHWLILFDomR GR VXMHLWR LPSOLFD WDPEpP QD VXEMHWLILFDomR GR REMHWR +ROORZD\ S
0DV D DOLHQDomR HQWHQGLGD .RPR H[SUHVVmR .RQWUDGLWyULD QR .DSLWDOLVPR .RPR SUR.HVVR p WDPEpP H[SUHVVmR GH OXWD H UHVLVWrQ.LD +ROORZD\S &RPRDDOLHQDomRpDSURGXomRGR.DSLWDOUHDOL]DGDSHORWUDED OKRHODGHYHVHUHQWHQGLGD
FRPR DWLYLGDGH HVWDQGR VHPSUH HP GLVSXWD (P RXWUDV SDODYUDV D DOLHQD omR p D OXWD GR FDSLWDO SDUD VREUHYLYHU D OXWD GR FDSLWDO SDUD VXERUGLQDU R WUDEDOKR p D OXWD LQFHVVDQWH GR FDSLWDO SHOR SRGHU $ DOLHQDomR QmR p XP DVSHFWR GD OXWD GH FODVVHV HOD p D OXWD GR FDSLWDO SDUD H[LVWLU +ROORZD\ S
2SUR.HVVRGHDOLHQDomRpSRUWDQWRYLYHQ.LDGR.RWLGLDQDPHQWH SHORWUDEDOKRHDGHVDOLHQDomRpSDUWHLPSUHV.LQGtYHOGHVVHSUR.HVVR pDLQ.HVVDQWHUHEHOLmRGDDWLYLGDGH.RQWUDDSDVVLYLGDGHGRVHU.RQ WUDRVRIULPHQWR+ROORZD\eDH[SUHVVmRGDUHYROWDGDDWLYL GDGH.RQWUDDVXD.RQGLomRHVWUDQKDGD 6HR HVWUDQKDPHQWRSHUPDQH.HHPHVPRVH.RPSOH[LIL.DQDVDWL YLGDGHV GH SRQWD GR .L.OR SURGXWLYR QDTXHOD SDU.HOD DSDUHQWHPHQWH PDLVHVWiYHOHLQVHULGDGDIRUoDGHWUDEDOKRTXHH[HU.HRWUDEDOKRLQ WHOH.WXDODEVWUDWRRTXDGURpDLQGDPDLVLQWHQVRQRVHVWUDWRVSUH.DUL]D GRV GD IRUoD KXPDQD GH WUDEDOKR TXH YLYHQ.LDP DV .RQGLo}HV PDLV
42
6RED.RQGLomRGDVHSDUDomRDEVROXWDGRWUDEDOKRDDOLHQDomR DVVXPHDIRUPDGH SHUGDGHVXDSUySULDXQLGDGH WUDEDOKRHOD]HUPHLRVH ILQV YLGDS~EOL.DHYLGDSULYDGDHQWUHRXWUDVIRUPDVGHGLVMXQomRGRV HOHPHQWRVGHXQLGDGHSUHVHQWHVQDVR.LHGDGHGRWUDEDOKR ([SDQGHPVH GHVVH PRGR DV IRUPDV GHDOLHQDomRGRVTXHVH HQ.RQWUDPjPDUJHPGRSUR.HVVRGHWUDEDOKR$LQGDQDVSDODYUDVGR DXWRU &RQWUDULDPHQWH j LQWHUSUHWDomR TXH Yr D WUDQVIRUPDomR WH.QROyJL.D PR YHQGRVHHPGLUHomRjLGDGHGHRXURGHXP.DSLWDOLVPRVDQHDGRSUyVSHURHKDU PRQLRVR HVWDPRV SUHVHQ.LDQGRXPSUR.HVVRKLVWyUL.RGHGHVLQWHJUDomRTXHVH GLULJHSDUDXPDXPHQWRGRDQWDJRQLVPRDSURIXQGDPHQWRGDV.RQWUDGLo}HVHLQ.R HUrQ.LD4XDQWRPDLVRVLVWHPDWH.QROyJL.RGDDXWRPDomRDYDQoDPDLVDDOLHQD omRWHQGHHPGLUHomRDOLPLWHVDEVROXWRV5DPWLQS 4XDQGRVHSHQVDQDHQRUPHPDVVDGHWUDEDOKDGRUHV GHVHPSUHJD GRVDVIRUPDVGH DEVROXWL]DomRGDDOLHQDomRVmRGLIHUHQ.LDGDV9DULDP VHJXQGRRDXWRUGDUHMHLomRGDYLGDVR.LDOGRLVRODPHQWRGDDSDWLDHGRVLOrQ .LR GD PDLRULD DWp D YLROrQ.LD H DJUHVVmR GLUHWDV $XPHQWDP RV IR.RV GH .RQWUDGLomR HQWUH RV GHVHPSUHJDGRV H D VR.LHGDGH .RPR XP WRGR HQWUHDUD.LRQDOLGDGHQRkPELWRSURGXWLYRHDLUUD.LRQDOLGDGHQR XQLYHUVR VR.LHWDO 2V .RQIOLWRV WRUQDPVH XP SUREOHPD VR.LDO PDLV GRTXHXPDTXHVWmRHPSUHVDULDOWUDQV.HQGHQGRRkPELWRIDEULOHD WLQJLQGRRHVSDoRS~EOL.RHVR.LHWDO'DH[SORVmRGH/RV$QJHOHVHP
CADERNO CRH, Salvador, n. 37, p. 23-45, jul./dez. 2002
Ricardo Antunes
43
jVH[SORV}HVGHGHVHPSUHJDGRVGD)UDQoDHPH[SDQVmRGHVGH RLQt.LRGHDVVLVWLPRVDPXLWDVPDQLIHVWDo}HVGHUHYROWD.RQWUD RV HVWUDQKDPHQWRVGDTXHOHVTXHVmRH[SXOVRVGRPXQGRGRWUDEDOKRH .RQVHTHQWHPHQWHLPSHGLGRVGHYLYHQ.LDUHPXPDYLGDGRWDGDGHDO JXPVHQWLGR$GHVXPDQL]DomRVHJUHJDGRUDOHYDDLQGDVHJXQGRRDX WRUDRLVRODPHQWRLQGLYLGXDOjVIRUPDVGH.ULPLQDOLGDGHjIRUPDomR GH JXHWRVGHVHWRUHVH[.OXtGRVDWpDVIRUPDVPDLVRXVDGDVGHH[SORVmR VR.LDOTXHHQWUHWDQWR QmRSRGHPVHUYLVWDVPHUDPHQWHHPWHUPRVGH.RHVmR VR.LDOGDVR.LHGDGH.RPRWDOLVRODGDVGDV.RQWUDGLo}HVGDIRUPDGHSURGXomR.DSL WDOLVWDTXHpSURGXomRGHYDORUHGHPDLVYDORU5DPWLQS 1RVSyORVPDLVLQWHOH.WXDOL]DGRVGD.ODVVHWUDEDOKDGRUDTXHH [HU.HPVHX WUDEDOKRLQWHOH.WXDODEVWUDWRDVIRUPDVGHUHLIL.DomRWrPXPD .RQ.UHWXGH SDUWL.XODUL]DGD PDLV .RPSOH[LIL.DGD PDLV KXPDQL]DGD HP VXD HVVrQ.LD GHVXPDQL]DGRUD GDGD SHODV QRYDV IRUPDV GH HQYROYL PHQWR H LQWHUDomR HQWUH WUDEDOKR YLYR H PDTXLQDULD LQIRUPDWL]DGD 1RV HVWUDWRV PDLV SHQDOL]DGRV SHOD SUH.DUL]DomRH[.OXVmR GR WUDED OKRDUHLIL.DomR pGLUHWDPHQWH PDLVGHVXPDQL]DGDHEUXWDOL]DGDHPVXDV IRUPDVGHYLJrQ.LD2TXH.RPS}HRTXDGUR.RQWHPSRUkQHRGRV HV WUDQKDPHQWRVQRPXQGRGR.DSLWDOGLIHUHQ.LDGRVTXDQWRjVXDLQ.LGrQ .LDPDVYLJHQWHV.RPRPDQLIHVWDomRTXHDWLQJHDWRWDOLGDGHGD .ODVVH TXHYLYHGRWUDEDOKR
5HFHELGR SDUD SXEOLFDomR HP MXOKR GH $FHLWR HP DJRVWR
REFERNCIAS BIBLIOGRFICAS
$&.(56 3HWHU 60,7+ &KULV 60,7+ 3DXO 2UJ
XQLRQLVP
$1781(6 5LFDUGR
%(5**5(1
WLVPH
GR WUDEDOKR
6mR 3DXOR (G %RLWHPSR D &KULVWLDQ /HDQ 3URGXFWLRQ 7KH HQG RI KLVWRU\" 'HV UpDOLWpV GX WR\R
$FWHV GX *(53,6$
44
%(51$5'2
-RmR
/LV
&$67,//2 6RFLRORJLD GHO WUDEDMR &,6 &$67,//2 3(5(=$*27( $ <8 &(5$ , &RPSOHMLGDG \ WHLULD VRFLDO &,6 &25,$7 3HQVDU DO UHYpV ;;, &267$ *$5$172 )5(<66,1(7 '$9,6 +,56&+/ 67$&. &XWWLQJ HGJH
-XDQ - -XDQ - $ OD E~VTXHGD GHO WUDEDMR SHUGLGR ,Q 0DGUL D %HQMDPLQ $QQLH (QWUHSULVHV MDSRQDLVHV HW V\QGLFDOLVPH (XURSH ,Q -LP 7KRPDV 0LFKDHO
HQ
WHFKQRORJ\ LQIRU
R
0e6=526
3UHVV
,VWYiQ
/RQGUHV 0HUOLQ
32//(57 5$07,1
$QQD 7HDP ZRUN RQ WKH $VVHPEO\ /LQH FRQWUDGLFWLRQ DQG WKH G\
&XWWLQJ
V\VWHP
6$<(5
$QGUHZ
1HZ
GHYHORSPHQWV
LQ
PDQXIDFWXULQJ
WKH
MXVWLQWLPH
6+,0,=8 .RLFKL .DL]HQ HW JHVWLRQ GX WUDYDLO FKH] 7R\RWD 0RWRU HW 7R\RWD 0RWRU
.\XVKX 8Q SUREOqPH GDQV OD WUDMHFWRULH GH 7R\RWD 3DULV MXQ
Ricardo Antunes
45
67(3+(1621 &DURO 7KH GLIIHUHQW H[SHULHQFH RI WUDGH XQLRQLVP LQ WZR MDSDQHVH WUDQVSODQWV ,Q $&.(56 3 HW DO 7KH QHZ ZRUNSODFH DQG WUDGH XQLRQLVP FULWLFDO
/RQGUHV 5RXWOHGJH
720$1(< -RKQ $ QHZ SDUDGLJP RI ZRUN RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG WHFQRORJ\" ,Q $0,1
$VK
:22'