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24. Americana, 1985, vol. 13, p. 577.

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26. Henry Wilson Coil, Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia, New York: Macoy

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29. M. Postan and E. E. Rich, The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,

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30. Albert G. Mackey, Encyclopedia of Freemasonry, New York: Macoy

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31. livery
32. livery company
33. freeman

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43. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 3, 1971, p. 960.

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