Protection of Power Lines

PROTECTION OF POWER LINES 1

Sture Lindahl ABB Network Partner AB VSTERS/Sweden
ABB Network Partner AB
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Protection of Power Lines

Two-terminal Single-circuit Power Line
SINGLE-CIRCUIT LINE

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Two-terminal Single-circuit Power Line

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Typical Values

Voltage Level 130 400

X1 ohm/km 0.4 0.3

X0 ohm/km 1.6 1.2

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Singapore 400 kV R1 W /km L1 mH/km 0, 0128 0, 54 84o 0, 0413 0, 447 73o 0, 311 BKK 300 KV 0,034 0,38 74o 0,4 0,445 19o 0,33

j1

R0 W /km L0 mH/km

jo

C1= C0 mF/km
ABB Network Partner AB
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Protection of Power Lines

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Low-resistance Earthed Network

Rn

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Low-reactance Earthed Network

Ln

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Solidly Switched Earthed Network

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

System Earthing in Finland
400 kV

120

100

110 kV
ABB Network Partner AB
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Protection of Power Lines

Total Length
100000 80000 60000 [k m ] 40000 20000 0 6 10 20 130 220 400

S y s te m v o lta g e [k V ]

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Number of Bays
10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 6 10 20 130 220 400

S y s te m V o lta g e

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Failure Rate for Power Lines
Outage Rate [outages/year]
All outages

Sustained outages

Line related outages

Terminal related sustained outages

Length [km]

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Failure Rates for Power Lines
Typical Values
Faults/(100 km,year)

20 15 10 5 0 10 20 50 130 220 400

System Voltage [kV]

ABB Network Partner AB
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Protection of Power Lines

Failure Rate of Power Lines (Nordel)
5

Power Line Failure Rate

Nordel 1981-90

Faults/(100 km,year)

0 40-70 U 40-70 P 110-150 P 110-150 E 220-300 400

System Voltage [kV]

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Outage Rate, AIEE-EEI
10

Outage Rate
AIEE-EEI 1940-1950

Outages/(100 km,year)

0 100-125 126-150 151-175 200-250 >250

System Voltage [kV]

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Outage Rate, IEEE-EEI
5

Power Line Outage Rate

IEEE-EEI 1950-1964

Faults/(100 km, year)

0 220-240 287-300 345-360

System Voltage [kV]

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Outage Rate of Power Lines (North America)
5

Power Line Outage Rate

IEEE 1965-1985

Faults/(100 km, year)

0 230 345 500 765

System Voltage [kV]

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

5

Line-Related Forced Outage Rate

CEA 1980-1984

Faults/(100 km,year)

Lege nd 3 Sustained Transient 2

0 110-149 150-199 200-299 300-399 500-599 600-799

System Voltage [kV]

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Failure Rate, USSR
5

Failure Rate
USSR 1981-85

Faults/(100 km,year)

0 110 220 330 500 750

System Voltage [kV]

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

FLASHOVER FAULTS
1000

TEPCO 1985-1989

100 % 80

Faults/year

100 60

Legend Flashover Faults Ligthning Faults 40 Percentage

10 20

1 66 154 275 System Voltage [kV] 550

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Diversity of Faults Phase-to-earth faults Double-circuit faults Inter-circuit faults

T
R S

R
S T

T
R S

R
S T

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Type of Faults
400 kV
80,0 60,0
67,7

% 40,0
20,0
6,3 17,0 8,9

0,0 Earth F Short C Series F Other

Type of fault
ABB Network Partner AB
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Protection of Power Lines

Type of Faults
220 kV
80,0 60,0
76,8

% 40,0
20,0 0,0 Earth F Short C Series F Other
15,9 4,2 3,2

Type of fault
ABB Network Partner AB
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Protection of Power Lines

Type of Faults
400 & 220 kV
80,0 60,0
76,8

% 40,0
20,0 0,0 Earth F Short C Series F Other
12,0 6,0 5,2

Type of fault
ABB Network Partner AB
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Protection of Power Lines

Types of Fault (Single Phase-to-earth Faults Excluded)

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Variation of Failure Rate With Time
Power Line Failure Rate
8

130 kV Sydkraft

Faults/(100 km, year)

0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

Year

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Variation of Failure Rate With Time
Power Line Failure Rate
8

40 and 50 kV Sydkraft

Faults/(100 km, year)

0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

Year

ABB Network Partner AB

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Protection of Power Lines

Failure Rate, Zambia
FAILURE RATE TRANSMISSION LINES ZESCO Fiscal Year 1993/94 and 1995/96
Faults/(100 km, year)
8 6 4 2 0 66 88 132 220 330

System Voltage [kV]

ABB Network Partner AB
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Protection of Power Lines

Cause to Failures
FAULTS ON TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ZESCO 1993/94 and 1995/96
Others Human Error

Cause

Earth Fault Bush Fire Overcurrent Faulty Equipment Lightning 0 10 20 30 40 50

Percent
ABB Network Partner AB
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