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INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCIVILANDSTRUCTURALENGINEERING Volume1,No1,2010

Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingservices

Reviewpaper

ISSN0976 4399

LandUseandLandCoverMapping MaduraiDistrict,Tamilnadu,India UsingRemoteSensingandGISTechniques


1 2 1 1 1 Alaguraja.P ,Durairaju.S. Yuvaraj .D ,Sekar.M Muthuveerran.P Manivel.M1, 1 Thirunavukkarasu.A

1. DepartmentofGeologyBharathidasanUniversity,Tiruchirappalli 2. DepartmentofMarinebiotechnology,BharathidasanUniversity,Tiruchirappalli

ABSTRACT Madurai istheoldestinhabitedcity intheIndian peninsula.Itisreferredtowithnames like KoodalMaanagar,ThoongaaNagar(SleeplessCity),Malligai Maanagar(CityofJasmine) andAthensoftheEast.ItistheculturalcapitalofTamilNadu.ItisacityintheIndianstateof TamilNaduandisamunicipalcorporationsituatedonthebanksoftheRiverVaigaiinMadurai district.ThecityisreferredastheTemplecity.Withacitypopulationof1,108,755accordingto the2004estimation,itistheadministrativecapitalofMaduraidistrict.Maduraicityhasanarea of 52 km, within an urban area now extending over as much as 130 km, and it is located at [show locationonan interactive map956N7807E/9.93N78.12E/9.9378.12.Ithasan averageelevationof101 metersabove meansealevel.Parationofdigitalgeologicaldata from Geological survey of India (GSI) for the study area. Preparation of various thematic data such Land use and Land cover using Landsat data.Create a land use land cover map from satellite imageryusingsupervisedclassification.Findouttheareasfromtheclassifieddata.Thestudyis basedonsecondarydata,thesatelliteimageryhasdownloadedfromGLCF(GlobalLandCover Facility) web site, for the study area (path143 row 53), the downloaded imagery subset using Imagery software to clip the study area. The clipped satellite imagery has used to prepare the land use and land cover map using supervised classification. The land use and land cover map clearlyshowsthatareaofcroplandishigherthanothers.Landwithorwithoutscrubhas605sq kmareaitoccupiessecondplaceinthisdistrict,Plantationhas309SqKmandFallowlandhas 227SqKm,Denseforestoccupies160SqKmwhilerestofotherhavelowthan100SqKmarea. Keywords:Landuse,Landcover,LANDSATdata,Satelliteimagery 1.Introduction Landuseisobviouslyconstrainedbyenvironmentalfactorssuchassoilcharacteristics,climate, topography, and vegetation. But it also reflects the importance of land as a key and finite resource for most human activities including agriculture, industry, forestry, energy production, settlement, recreation, and water catchment and storage. Land is a fundamental factor of production,andthrough muchofthecourseof human history, ithas beentightlycoupledwith economic growth. Often improper Landuse is causing various forms of environmental degradation.Forsustainableutilizationofthelandecosystems,itisessentialtoknowthenatural

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Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingservices

Reviewpaper

ISSN0976 4399

characteristics,extentandlocation,itsquality,productivity,suitabilityandlimitationsofvarious landuses.Landuseisaproductofinteractionsbetweenasociety'sculturalbackground,state,and itsphysicalneedsontheonehand,andthenaturalpotentialoflandontheother(BalakRamand Kolarkar 1993). In order to improve the economic condition of the area without further deteriorating the bio environment, every bit of the available land has to be used in the most rationalway. 1.1. StudyArea Madurai istheoldestinhabitedcity intheIndian peninsula.Itisreferredtowithnames like KoodalMaanagar,ThoongaaNagar(SleeplessCity),Malligai Maanagar(CityofJasmine) andAthensoftheEast.ItistheculturalcapitalofTamilNadu.ItisacityintheIndianstateof TamilNaduandisamunicipalcorporationsituatedonthebanksoftheRiverVaigaiinMadurai district.ThecityisreferredastheTemplecity.Withacitypopulationof1,108,755accordingto the2004estimation,itistheadministrativecapitalofMaduraidistrict. Maduraicityhasanareaof52km,withinanurbanareanowextendingoverasmuchas 130 km, and it is located at [show location on an interactive map 956N 7807E / 9.93N 78.12E / 9.93 78.12. It has an average elevation of 101 meters above mean sea level. The climateisdryandhot,withrainsduringOctoberDecember.Temperaturesduringsummerreach amaximumof40anda minimumof26.3degreesCelsius.Wintertemperaturesrangebetween 29.6 and 18 degrees Celsius. The average annual rainfall is about 85 cmAs of the 2001 India census,thecityofMadurai hadapopulationof928,869withinthe municipalcorporation limit andtheurbanarea1,194,665.Malesconstitute51%ofthepopulationandfemales49%.Madurai hasanaverageliteracyrateof79%,higherthanthenationalaverageof59.5%:maleliteracyis 84%, and female literacy is 74%. In Madurai, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Thereare968femalesper1,000males.

Figure1:Mapshowingstudyareainlargescale

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INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCIVILANDSTRUCTURALENGINEERING Volume1,No1,2010
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Figure2:Mapshowingimageofthestudyarea 1.2. Aim andObjective PreparationofdigitalgeologicaldatafromGeologicalsurveyofIndia(GSI)forthestudy area. PreparationofvariousthematicdatasuchLanduseandLandcoverusingLandsatdata Createalanduselandcovermapfromsatelliteimageryusingsupervisedclassification. Findouttheareasfromtheclassifieddata. 1.3. Methodology Thestudyisbasedonsecondarydata,thesatelliteimageryhasdownloadedfromGLCF (Global Land Cover Facility) web site, for the study area (path143 row 53), the downloaded imagerysubsetusingImagerysoftwaretoclipthestudyarea.Theclippedsatellite imageryhas usedtopreparethelanduseandlandcovermapusingsupervisedclassification. 1.4. Landsat7Imagery The spectral resolution of each ofthe 7 bands, plusthe panchromatic band, are summarized in thefollowingtable,alongwithadescriptionofthespatialresolutionandtheprimaryuseofdata ineachband:

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Table1:SpectrumandGroundresolutioncharacteristics Band Spectral Electromagnetic Ground Characteristics and Range Spectrum Resolution uses (microns) (m) 1 .45 to.515 Visible blue 30 green (reflected) "true color" composites, sedimentation in water, scattered easily by atmosphere, urban development "true composites "true composites color" color"

2 3 4 5

.525 to.605 .63 to.690 .75to.90 1.55 1.75

Visible green 30 (reflected) Visible (reflected) red 30

Near Infrared 30 (reflected) 60

Vegetation/chlorophyll veryhighlyreflective Moisture in vegetation/soils, clouds vs. snow, mineral content of rocks/soils Temperature of surfaces, distinguish between0.6Celsius Moisture in vegetation/soils, mineral content of rocks/soils Very High resolution visiblescan

to MidInfrared (reflected)

10.40 to Thermal Infrared 30 12.5 (emitted) 2.09 2.35 to MidInfrared (reflected) 30

Pan

.52to.90

Visible light 15 (reflected)

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INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCIVILANDSTRUCTURALENGINEERING Volume1,No1,2010
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Figure3:LanduseandLandcoverdetailsofthestudyarea

Figure4:Imageshowinglanduseandlandcoverareaasapercentage

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1.4.1. Band1 ThespectralresponseofBand1isinthevisibleportionoftheelectromagneticspectrum thatcorrespondswithbluegreenlight.Energyatthisportionoftheelectromagneticspectrumis easily scattered by particles in the atmosphere, often giving images in this band a hazy appearance.Thisbandiscapableofbeingtransmittedthroughwaterandisespeciallysensitiveto particlessuspendedinwater(suchassedimentsandalgae).Datafromthisbandcanbeusedwith bands2and3tocreate"true"colorcompositeimages,whichmostcloselyapproximatehowthe scenewouldappeartothehumaneye. 1.4.2. Band2 ThespectralresponseofBand2isinthevisibleportionoftheelectromagneticspectrum that corresponds with green light. It can be used with bands 1 and 3 to create "true" color compositeimages. 1.4.3. Band3 ThespectralresponseofBand3isinthevisibleportionoftheelectromagneticspectrum thatcorrespondswithredlight.Itisalsooneofthethreecomponentbandsusedtocreate"true" colorcompositeimages. 1.4.4. Band4 The spectral response of Band 4 is in the Near Infrared (NIR) portion of the electromagneticspectrum.This formof infraredsits justoutsidethevisibleredlightportionof the electromagnetic spectrum. This form of radiation is reflected to a high degree off leafy vegetation since chlorophyll (the green pigment in green vegetation) reflects much of the NIR thatreachesit(ithasahighalbedointhisband) 1.4.5. Band5 The spectral response of Band 5 is in the Middle Infrared (MidIR) portion of the electromagneticspectrum.Thisportionofthespectrumissensitivetovariationsinwatercontent inbothleafyvegetationandsoilmoisture.Thisbandallowsanobservertodistinguishesbetween clouds(whichappeardark)andbrightsnowcover(whichappearlight).Sensorsinthisbandalso respondtovariationsinferriciron(Fe2O3)inrocksandsoils,showinghigherreflectanceasiron contentincreases.Thisallowsonetousethesedatatodeterminemineralcontentandsoiltypes fromspace. 1.4.6. Band6 Thespectralresponseof Band6isintheThermalInfraredportionoftheelectromagnetic spectrum.Thermalinfraredisradiationthatisdetectedasheatenergy,thereforethethermalIR

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bandeffectivelymeasuresthetemperatureofthesurfacesitscans.Band6ontheETM+sensor candistinguishtemperaturedifferenceofabout0.6Celsius,whichallows ittodetectrelatively smalldifferencesinlandandwatersurfacetemperatures.ThismakesthethermalIRbanduseful for a variety of purposes. For example, using band 6 data, researchers can discriminate among rock types whose thermal properties show differences in temperature near the surface. This assistsresearchersincreatinggeologicmappingoflandsurfacesfromspace.Thisdatasupports agricultural and mineral exploration efforts. ETM Band 6 data can detect changes in ground temperature due to moisture variations, assisting in drought planning, flood forecasting, and agriculturalassessment.Thecoolingeffectofwaterevaporatingfromvegetationcanbedetected, assistingineffortstomaplandusecharacteristicsofaregion. 1.4.7. Band7 Spectral response of Band 7 is in the Middle Infrared (MidIR) portion of the electromagneticspectrum.Thisportionoftheelectromagneticspectrumissensitivetomoisture and thus responds to the moisture contents in soils and vegetation. The sensitivity to moisture contentsissuitedtodetectingcertainwaterlovingminerals,suchasclays,ingeologicsettings. Thisbandisalsousefulindetectingmoisturelevelsinleafyvegetation,whichcanchangeunder certainenvironmentalconditions(e.g.drought,pollution,insectinfestation)andthusprovidesa meanstomonitorproductivityandidentifyagriculturalareasthatareunderstress. 1.4.8.Panchromatic 0.52to0.90picometersblackandwhitesensorwitha15mspatialresolution.Thehigher resolution of this data assists landuse researchers by making identification of smaller objects easier.Itemssmallerthen30mwillappearfuzzyorilldefinedinthe30mbandsoftheETM+. The 15m resolution of the panchromatic band will allow researchers to make better determinationsof landuseandwill assistinproducingaccuratelanduse maps.The map3.1is Landsat7(path143row53)satelliteimageryofstudyareawhichhasthesevenmultilayers. Thefigure3showslanduseandlandcoverofMaduraidistrict,thismaphascreatedusing supervisedclassificationinImagerysoftware,itshowstypesoflandcoverandlanduseinstudy area.Thefigure4showsdistributionofpopulationintaluksofMaduraidistrict,Maduraisouth taluk has highest population among the taluks of Madurai District. Madurai North, Melur, Vadipatti, Thirumangalam, Peraiyur and Usilampatti population are decrease gradually after Maduraisouthtaluk. The map 3.4 shows density of population among the taluks of Madurai, MaduraisouthtalukhashighdensityofpopulationamongthedistrictsofTamilNadu,Madurai North, Vadipatti, Melur, Usilampatti and Thirumangalam density are decrease gradually while PeraiyurhasleastdensityofpopulationintaluksofMaduraidistrict.

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Table2:Datashowinglanduseandlandcoverarea

Thelanduseandlandcovermapclearlyshowsthatareaofcroplandishigherthanothers.Land withorwithoutscrub has605sqkmareaitoccupiessecondplaceinthisdistrict,Plantationhas 309SqKmandFallowlandhas227SqKm,Denseforestoccupies160SqKmwhilerestof otherhavelowthan100SqKmarea. 2.Conclusion Thisbasicstudyshowshowtoclassifylanduseandlandcoverfromsatelliteimagery,we calculatedlanduseandlandcoverareaforthestudyareausingsupervisedclassification. The land use and land cover map clearly shows that area of crop land is higher than others.Landwithorwithoutscrubhas605sqkmarea itoccupiessecondplace inthisdistrict, Plantationhas309SqKmand Fallow land has227SqKm,Dense forestoccupies160SqKm whilerestofotherhavelowthan100SqKmarea. 3.References Anbazhagan, S., (2002). Remote sensing and GIS based hydrological studies in Kinzig Basin, Germany,Geomatics2002,ConferenceonITenabledspatialdataservices,Centerfor RemoteSensing,BharathidasanUniversity,Trichy,T.N.,India,pp.218222. Arun, K., et. al., (2002). Integrated remote sensing and GIS in groundwater recharge investigationandselectionofartificialrechargesitesinhardrockterrain. Cohran, R. (1981). Artificial Recharge and Its Potential for Oklahomas Ogallala Aquifer. OklahomaWaterResourcesBoard,May,Oklahoma.

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Dvoracek,M.J.(1969).Useof WellsandPitstoRechargeUnderground Formations inSemiarid Areas.Int.Conf.onAridLandsinaChangingWorld,June313,Univ.ofArizonaTucson, Arizona. Gadkari, A.D. (1978). Artificial Recharge to groundwater in the Drought Prone Area of Maharashtra, Proc. Sym. Study and Management of Water Resources in Arid and Semiarid Regions. Physical Research Laboratory, 518 April, Ahmedabad, Today and TomorrowsPrintersandPublishers,NewDelhi.Pp.243250. Jayakumar, R. and Ramasamy, SM. (1996). Groundwater Targeting in Hard rock Terrain Through Geomorphic Mapping: A case study in part of South India. Asian Pacific RemoteSensingandGISJournal,Vol.8,No.2,Jan.'96.pp.1723. Krishnamurthy.J,Manavalan,P.andSaivasan,V.(1992).Applicationofdigitalenhancement techniques for groundwater exploration in a hardrock terrain. International Journal of RemoteSensing.Vol.13,No.15.pp.2925 2942. Kumanan, C.J., Ramasamy, SM. and Palanivel, K.(2000). A new Genetic GIS Based Groundwater Targetting in Theni, Madurai, Dindigul Districts of Tamil Nadu, India. State Conf. on Groundwater exploration Techniques, 3031, March, National College, Tiruchirappalli. pp. 270271. Palanivel, K. (2000). Remote Sensing and GIS in Water Resources Prospecting and Conservation parts of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. Ph.D. Thesis, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli. Palanivel,K.andRamasamy,SM.(2001).FoldedStructuresandgroundwaterFlowinHardrock AquiferSystemsinPartsofWesternghats,TamilNadu,IndiaIGC2002,Feb.2022 2002, International Groundwater Conference on Sustainable Development and Management of Goundwater Resources in SemiArid Region with special reference to hardrocks,(Ed.M. Thangarajan,S.N.RaiandV.S.Singh):pp.7475. Pettijohn, W.A. (1981). Introduction to Artificial Groundwater Recharge. EPA 600/281236. Oct.,RobertS.KarEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,U.S.EnvironmentalProtection Agency,Ada,Oklahoma. Ramasamy, SM., Thillai Govindarajan, S. and Balasubramainan, T. (1989). Remote Sensing basedAppropriateMethodologyforGroundwaterExploration AStudyofPreCambrians in South India. Proc. Vol. International Workshop on Appropriate Methodologies for Development and Management of Groundwater, 28 Feb 4 Mar, NGRI, Hyderabad, pp.341344. Sathish,A.,andBatharinath,M.S.,(2000).Remotesensinginintegratedresourcesmanagement A studyinBethamangalawatershed,Karnataka,India,ICORG,pp.425429.

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Singh,K.P.andTewari,B.S.(1978).HydrogeologicalInvestigationinMahilpurBlockinPunjab withSpecialReferencetoArtificialRecharge.BulletinofIndianAssociation,Chandigarh, 11(1).pp.7378. Sivanappan, R.K. (1995). Recharging the Groundwater Sources. Proc. Vol. on Int. Conf. on Water Management Organized by Confederation of Indian Industry, Dec.89, Chennai, pp.7790.

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