Day 1 PM C Programming

Introduction to PIC Microcontroller Programming & Interfacing
August 19, 2010

Franz Duran
19-Aug 2010
Paranz
PART 1
C Function
Day 1 Afternoon Session
19-Aug 2010
Paranz
LED Blinker revisited

void main(void) { ... while(1) { RB0 = 1; for(i=0;i<50000;i++) ; RB0 = 0; for(i=0;i<50000;i++) ; } }
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2 distinct for() loops - occupies diff. spaces in the Program Memory
C FUNCTION: Basics
#include <pic.h> void delay(void) { unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<60000;i++); return; } void main() { TRISB0 = 0; RB0 = 0; while(1) { RB0 = 1; delay(); RB0 = 0; delay(); } } 19-Aug 2010 //count from 0 to 59999
Ex am ple
#1
//RB0 is output //LED is initially off
A function
//LED on //call delay() function //LED off //call delay() function
Paranz
C FUNCTIONS: Basics
return type
void delay(void) { unsigned int i;
function name function header parameter list
for(i=0;i<60000;i++); return; }
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function body
function definition
C FUNCTIONS: Basics
C function
a named independent, self-containing block of C code that perform a specific task code in the function body is executed when the function is called/invoke
Why use?
program size is reduced structured programming
C FUNCTIONS: Parameters E xam ple #2

void delay(unsigned int delay_val) { unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<delay_val;i++); } void main() { TRISB0 = 0; RB0 = 0; while(1) { RB0 = 1; delay(60000); RB0 = 0; delay(30000); } }
//do nothing
//RB0 is output //LED is off
//LED on //call delay function, and pass value 60000 //LED off //call delay function, and pass value 20000
C FUNCTIONS: Parameters
void delay(unsigned int delay_val) { unsigned int i; delay_val = 60000
parameter variable
for(i=0;i<delay_val;i++); }
Parameter list
void main() { ... delay(60000); }
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argument
Paranz 8
C FUNCTIONS: Parameters
// a function with several parameters void myfunc1(unsigned int var1, char var2) { .. .. //use var1 and var2 somewhere here .. .. }
void main() { ... myfunc1(15000, A); ... }
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C FUNCTIONS: Return Type

unsigned int sum(unsigned int var1, unsigned int var2) { function with a return type unsigned int temp; temp = var1 + var2; of unsigned int & accepts return temp; 2 arguments } void main() { unsigned int my_var1; ... my_var1 = sum(15000, 30000); ... } my_var1 = 45000
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C FUNCTIONS: Function Prototype

#include <pic.h> void main() { TRISB0 = 0; RB0 = 0; while(1) { RB0 = 1; delay(); RB0 = 0; delay(); } } void delay(void) { unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<60000;i++); return; } //RB0 is output //LED is initially off
Ex am ple
unknown! Compiler does not know what delay() is
#3
This program will not compile! delay() is defined after main()

//count from 0 to 59999
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#include <pic.h> void delay(void); void main() { TRISB0 = 0; RB0 = 0; while(1) { RB0 = 1; delay(); RB0 = 0; delay(); } } void delay(void) { unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<60000;i++); return; } //count from 0 to 59999 //function prototype
Ex am ple
a function declaration a function definition
#3
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void myfunc1(unsigned int var1, char var2); void main() { ... myfunc1(15000, A); ... } void myfunc1(unsigned int var1, char var2) { .. .. .. .. }

void myfunc1(unsigned int, char); void main() { ... myfunc1(15000, A); ... }
compiler need to know the function signature only.
- return type - function name - parameter list - variable data type only void myfunc1(unsigned int var1, char var2) { .. .. .. .. }
C FUNCTIONS: An Example
Exercise:
create new project in MPLAB
button_led_toggle
Toggle an LED when button is pressed
Ex am ple
#4
add main.c to project

#include __CONFIG empty main()
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void main() { //Initializations
Ex am ple
#4
while(1) { if( /* Test if button is pressed */ ) { /* Wait until user releases the button. */ /* Do task. */ } } A skeleton code! }
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Ex am ple
#4
while(1) { if( /* Test if button is pressed */ ) { /* Wait until user releases the button. */ LED ^= 1; //Toggle LED1 } } }
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void main() { //Initializations non-zero (button is pressed) zero (button not pressed)
func. with no parameter & return the ff:
Ex am ple
#4
while(1) { if( IsButtonPressed() ) { /* Wait until user releases the button. */ LED ^= 1; } } }
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void main() { //Initializations while(1) { if( IsButtonPressed() ) {
Ex am ple
#4
Wait4ButtonRelease();
LED ^= 1; } } }
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void main() { //Initializations while(1) { if( IsButtonPressed() ) { Wait4ButtonRelease() ; LED ^= TOGGLE; } } } unsigned char IsButtonPressed(void) { } void Wait4ButtonRelease(void) { }
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#include <pic.h> #define LED RB0 unsigned char IsButtonPressed(void); void Wait4ButtonRelease(void); void main() { //Initializations while(1) { if( IsButtonPressed() ){ Wait4ButtonRelease() ; LED ^= 1; } } } unsigned char IsButtonPressed(void) { return 1; } void Wait4ButtonRelease(void) { return; }
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unsigned char IsButtonPressed(void) { if(/* Poll if input pin is Logic 0 */) return TRUE; else return FALSE; }
Initial function design!
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Switch bounce
non-ideal behavior MCU will interpret as
multiple presses by the user
program should have a debounce algorithm

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td
Poll if Logic 0
Poll again if still Logic 0

23
unsigned char IsButtonPressed(void) { if(/* Poll if input pin is Logic 0 */) return TRUE; else return FALSE; }
Initial function design

- not adequate!! - modify to include a button debounce
unsigned char IsButtonPressed(void) { if(/* Poll if input pin is Logic 0 */) { /* time delay as simple debounce */ if(/* Poll again if input pin is still Logic 0 */) return TRUE; else return FALSE } else return FALSE; }
unsigned char IsButtonPressed(void) { if(BUTTON1==PRESSED) //Poll if button is pressed. { Delay(5000); //Short time delay to debounce. if(BUTTON1==PRESSED)//Poll again if still pressed, // therefore press is valid. return TRUE; //Return 1, meaning true. else return FALSE; //Return 0, meaning false. } else return FALSE; }
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#include <pic.h> #define #define #define #define #define LED BUTTON PRESSED TRUE FALSE RB0 RB2 0 1 0
void Delay(unsigned int delay_val); unsigned char IsButtonPressed(void); void Wait4ButtonRelease(void); void main() { //Initializations while(1) { if( IsButtonPressed() ){ Wait4ButtonRelease() ; LED ^= 1; } } } unsigned char IsButtonPressed(void) { if(BUTTON1==PRESSED) //check if button is pressed { Delay(5000); //short time delay to debounce .....
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void Wait4ButtonRelease(void) { while(BUTTON1==PRESSED) { //Do nothing. Just loop around. } return; }
void Delay(unsigned int delay_val) { unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<delay_val;i++); return; }

Exercise:
Toggle an LED when button is pressed Demonstrate structured programming
- Top-Down Approach - Initial design requirements
- Implementation
- skeleton code - functions def. - complete app.
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C FUNCTIONS: Summary
C FUNCTION
function definition
function header return type, function name, parameter function body
function prototype facilitates structure programming
C application program
essentially a collection of functions
main() user-defined functions
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PART 2
Modular Programming
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MODULAR PROG.
Modular programming
Divide an application into modules
C module - source (.c) & header (.h) files
Benefits:
Large, complicated C application projects are easy to manage code reuse
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MODULAR PROG: An Example

#include <pic.h> void Delay(unsigned int delay_val) { unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<delay_val;i++); } void main() { TRISB0 = 0; RB0 = 0; while(1) { RB0 = 1; Delay(60000); RB0 = 0; Delay(30000); } } 19-Aug 2010 Paranz 33 //do nothing
Ex am ple
#2
Modify Example#2 to use modular programming technique

//RB0 is output //LED is off
//LED on //call delay function, and pass value 60000 //LED off //call delay function, and pass value 20000
11

//delay.c
Ex am ple
#5
void Delay(unsigned int delay_val) { unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<delay_val;i++); } //do nothing
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#include <pic.h> #include delay.c //insert content of delay.c here __CONFIG(HS & WDTDIS & PWRTDIS & UNPROTECT & LVPDIS); void main() { TRISB0 = 0; RB0 = 0; while(1) { RB0 = 1; Delay(60000); RB0 = 0; Delay(30000); } }

#include delay.c
instruct the preprocessor to insert the content of the indicated file
#include
automated copy and insert/replace operation

locate file in the same directory as the calling file (main.c)
< >
- locate file in default include directory of the compiler
\Program Files\HI-TECH Software\PICC\9.70\include
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12

open main.pre (in project directory)
intermediate file, output of the preprocessor
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#include delay.c
insert the content of another source (.c) file not truly modular
after preprocessing, there is only one module (main)
modular programming
should be #include delay.h
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//delay.c void Delay(unsigned int delay_val) { unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<delay_val;i++); }
Ex am ple
#6
//do nothing
//delay.h void Delay(unsigned int delay_val); //function prototype
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13

#include <pic.h> #include delay.h
//insert content of delay.h here
Ex am ple
__CONFIG(HS & WDTDIS & PWRTDIS & UNPROTECT & LVPDIS); void main() { TRISB0 = 0; RB0 = 0; while(1) { RB0 = 1; Delay(60000); RB0 = 0; Delay(30000); } }
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#6
40
MODULAR PROG: An Example Add the 3 files in Project Window
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To understand modular programming, we need to know compiler operation Hi-Tech C Compiler
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
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preprocessor (cpp.exe) parser (p1.exe) code generator (cgpic.exe) assembler (aspic.exe) linker (hlink.exe) objtohex (objtohex.exe)
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14

main.c main.pre delay.pre main.p1 delay.p1
delay.c
cpp.exe
p1.exe
cgpic.exe
main.as delay.as blinker.obj
delay.h
main.obj delay.obj
blinker project
aspic.exe
hlink.exe
objtohex.exe
blinker.hex
MODULAR PROG: An Example header (.h) file

interface file act as a bridge between the various source (.c) files typically contain the ff:
variable declarations #defines function declarations (function prototype) #include <>

I want to use delay()
lets negotiate delay.h main.c delay.c

I have delay()
preprocessor
main.obj
parser, cg, assembler
delay.obj
linker
Linker will reconcile addresses of code objects between modules
blinker.obj
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MODULAR PROG: An Example Benefits

Large, complicated C applications are easy to manage
application is divided into smaller parts (modules) shortens build/compilation time only modified source/header files are recompiled Project > Build (F10)
code reuse
reuse .c and .h files in next project, saves time and effort use .c and .h files created by other individuals
MODULAR PROG: An Example Ex am EXERCISE: pl

modified LED Blinker
e#7
Use delay.c and delay.h that comes with the HI-TECH compiler Create new project
copy delay.h & delay.c from the directory:
\Program Files\HI-TECH Software\PICC\9.70\samples\LCDemo
create empty main.c Add all files to project
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#include <pic.h> #include "delay.h" void main() { TRISB0 = 0; RB0 = 0; while(1) { RB0 ^= 1; DelayMs(250); DelayMs(250); } }
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Ex am ple
#7
//RB0 is output pin. //LED is off.
//Toggle LED. //Time delay for 500 ms.
48
16

//delay.h #ifndef XTAL_FREQ #define XTAL_FREQ #endif #define MHZ #define KHZ #if *1000L *1 4MHZ
/* Crystal frequency in MHz */
Ex am ple
#7
/* number of kHz in a MHz */ /* number of kHz in a kHz */
XTAL_FREQ >= 12MHZ
#define DelayUs(x) { unsigned char _dcnt; \ _dcnt = (x)*((XTAL_FREQ)/(12MHZ)); \ ... modify to match application ... ...
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MODULAR PROG: An Example Ex am EXERCISE: p

Modify the previous LED Blinker
le# 8
Use delay.c and delay.h that comes with the HI-TECH compiler Toggle LED1 and LED2 alternately every second
RB0, RB1
Use #defines to improve readability Use bitwise operators, mask values, etc
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MODULAR PROG: An Example Ex am EXERCISE: pl

Modify the previous button_led_toggle project to use the new delay.c and delay.h
e#9
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17
Built-in Delay Function

Built-in delay function (HI-TECH C version 9.70)
#include <pic.h> #ifndef _XTAL_FREQ #define _XTAL_FREQ 20000000 #endif void main() { TRISB0 = 0; RB0 = 0; while(1) { RB0 = 1; __delay_ms(35); __delay_ms(35); } } 19-Aug 2010 Paranz
Ex am ple
#10
//turn on LED // delay for 35 milliseconds // delay for 35 milliseconds
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Character LCD
2x16, 1x16, 4x20 character LCDs uses the HD44780 controller (Hitachi) 14 pin no LED backlight 16 pin with LED backlight
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Character LCD Pinouts

Pin number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Name VSS VCC VO RS RW EN D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 LED_AN LED_CA Description GND +5V Contrast Voltage Register Select Read/Write Enable Data Bit 0 Data Bit 1 Data Bit 2 Data Bit 3 Data Bit 4 Data Bit 5 Data Bit 6 Data Bit 7 LED Backlight anode LED Backlight cathode
0 command 1 data 0 write to LCD 1 read from LCD
16
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2x16 Character LCD

Block Diagram
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2x16 Character LCD

PIC16F877A + 2x16 LCD nibble mode
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2x16 Character LCD

EXERCISE:
Build application circuit Create new project
main.c copy lcd.c and lcd.h from
...\Program Files\HI-TECH Software\PICC\9.70\samples\LCDemo
Ex am ple
#11
to project directory add all files to project
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2x16 Character LCD

#include <pic.h> #include "lcd.h #define LCD_2ND_LINE void main() { lcd_init(); lcd_clear(); lcd_puts("Hi Im a 2x16"); lcd_goto(LCD_2ND_LINE); lcd_puts("character LCD."); while(1); } 0x40
//Initialize the LCD. //Clear the LCD display. //Display text on first line. //Place cursor in this position //Display text on 2nd line.
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4x3 Keypad
input device
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4x3 Keypad
consists of 12 buttons arranged in a matrix
saves 5 I/O pins
4 rows 3 columns
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20
4x3 Keypad
PIC16F877A + 4x3 Keypad
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4x3 Keypad
Requires 7 I/0 pins
4 output pins ROW<3:0> 3 input pins COLUMN<2:0>
require 3 pull-up resistors
Implement scanning routine in software

1 row is Logic 0, others are Logic 1
check which column is Logic 0
Next row is Logic 0, others are Logic 1

Check (again) which column is Logic 0. Repeat for next rows.
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4x3 Keypad
Scanning Routine
1 0 1 1 1
21
4x3 Keypad
Scanning Routine
1 1 0 1 1
4x3 Keypad
Scanning Routine
1 1 1 0 1
4x3 Keypad
Scanning Routine
1 1 1 1 0
22
4x3 Keypad
Scanning Routine
1 0 0 0 0
1 0
pressed!
4x3 Keypad
Scanning Routine
1 0 1 1 1
pressed!
4x3 Keypad
Scanning Routine
1 1 0 1 1
pressed!
23
4x3 Keypad
Scanning Routine
101 1 1 1 0 ROW2 1
1 0
pressed!
4x3 Keypad
EXERCISE
PORTD
PORTD<3:0> PORTD<6:4> ROW<3:0> COLUMN<2:0>
Ex am ple
#11
with 10k pull-up resistors
4 LEDS
display numbers when a corresponding key is pressed (PORTB<3:0>)
Create keypad.c and keypad.h

4x3 Keypad
Ex am ple
while(1) { if ( /*Check if any column is Logic 0, a keypress!*/ ) { /* Start keypad scanning to determine row# and column bit patterns */ /* Convert row# & column bit pattern to equivalent key */ /* Then do stuffs, according to determined keypress. */ } } 19-Aug 2010 Paranz
#12
72
24
4x3 Keypad
void main() { KeypadInit();
Ex am ple
while(1) { if ( KeypadIsKeyPress() ) { /* Start keypad scanning to determine row# and column bit patterns */ /* Convert row# & column bit pattern to equivalent key */ /* Then do stuffs, according to determined keypress. */ } } 19-Aug 2010 Paranz
#12
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4x3 Keypad
//Place in keypad.c void KeypadInit(void) { TRISD = 0b01110000; PORTD = 0b00001111; return; }
Ex am ple
#12
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4x3 Keypad
//Place in keypad.c
Ex am ple
unsigned char KeypadIsKeyPress(void) { PORTD &= 0b11110000; //All rows are Logic 0 if((PORTD & 0b01110000)!=0b01110000) return TRUE; //A key was pressed. else return FALSE; //No key press detected }
#12
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4x3 Keypad
//Place in keypad.h //#defines #define TRUE #define FALSE 1 0
Ex am ple
#12
//Function Prototype unsigned char KeypadIsKeyPress(void); void KeypadInit(void);
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4x3 Keypad
//keypad.c #include keypad.h void KeypadInit(void) { TRISD = 0b01110000; PORTD = 0b00001111; return; }
Ex am ple
#12
unsigned char KeypadIsKeyPress(void) { PORTD &= 0b11110000; //All rows are Logic 0 if((PORTD & 0b01110000)!=0b01110000) return TRUE; //A key was pressed. else return FALSE; }
//No key press detected
4x3 Keypad
void main() { KeypadInit();
Ex am ple
while(1) { if ( KeypadIsKeyPress() ) { /* Start keypad scanning to determine row# and column bit patterns */ /* Convert row# & column bit pattern to equivalent key */ /* Then do stuffs, according to determined keypress. */ } } 19-Aug 2010 Paranz
#12
78
26
4x3 Keypad
void main() { unsigned char keypad_bit_pattern = 0x00; KeypadInit();
Ex am ple
#12
while(1) { if ( KeypadIsKeyPress() ) { keypad_bit_pattern = KeypadRead(); /* Convert row# & column bit pattern to equivalent key */ /* Then do stuffs, according to determined keypress. */ } }
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4x3 Keypad
row variable
0,1,2,3
Ke
column bits
y 7
0110 - Column0 is Logic 0 0101 - Column1 is Logic 0 0011 - Column2 is Logic 0

e! m pl Exa
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w as p
res sed !
0
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0
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4x3 Keypad
R0W0 keys Key 1 Key 2 Key 3 ROW1 keys Key 4 Key 5 Key 6 ROW2 keys Key 7 Key 8 Key 9 ROW3 keys Key * Key 0 Key # 19-Aug 2010
01100000 01010000 00110000 01100001 01010001 00110001 01100010 01010010 00110010 01100011 01010011 00110011
(0x60) (0x50) (0x30) (0x61) (0x51) (0x31) (0x62) (0x52) (0x32) (0x63) (0x53) (0x33)
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4x3 Keypad
void main() { unsigned char keypad_bit_pattern = 0x00; KeypadInit();
Ex am ple
#12
key_ascii = 1,2,.6,*,0,#
while(1) { if ( KeypadIsKeyPress() ) { keypad_bit_pattern = KeypadRead(); key_ascii = KeypadGetKeyAscii(keypad_bit_pattern); /* Then do stuffs, according to determined keypress. */ } } }
4x3 Keypad
void main() { unsigned char key_bit_pattern = 0x00; unsigned char key_ascii = 0x00; TRISB &= ~0x0F; PORTB &= ~0x0F; KeypadInit();
Ex am ple
#12
while(1) { if ( KeypadIsKeyPress() ) { key_bit_pattern = KeypadRead(); key_ascii = KeypadGetKeyAscii(keypad_bit_pattern); if(key_ascii == '1') PORTB = 0b00000001; else if (key_ascii == '2') PORTB = 0b00000010; } 19-Aug 2010 Paranz 83 }
4x3 Keypad
unsigned char KeypadGetKeyAscii(unsigned char key_bit_pattern) { switch(key_bit_pattern) { case KEY1: return '1'; case KEY2: return '2'; case KEY3: return '3'; case KEY4: return '4'; case KEY5: return '5'; case KEY6: return '6'; case KEY7: return '7'; case KEY8: return '8'; case KEY9: return '9'; case KEYSTAR: return '*'; case KEY0: return '0'; case KEYHASH: return '#'; } return NULL; }
Ex am ple
#12
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4x3 Keypad
#define #define #define #define #define #define #define #define #define #define #define #define #define #define TRUE 1 FALSE 0 KEY1 0x60 KEY2 0x50 KEY3 0x30 KEY4 0x61 KEY5 0x51 KEY6 0x31 KEY7 0x62 KEY8 0x52 KEY9 0x32 KEYSTAR KEY0 0x53 KEYHASH
Ex am ple
keypad.h
#12
0x63 0x33
void KeypadInit(void); unsigned char KeypadRead(void); unsigned char KeypadGetKeyAscii(unsigned char key_bit_pattern); unsigned char KeypadIsKeyPress(void);
4x3 Keypad
unsigned char KeypadRead(void) { if ( key1 = KeypadScan() ) { DelayMs(10); key2 = KeypadScan(); while(KeypadScan()); if (key1==key2) return key1; else return NULL; } else return NULL; } //If no key, return 0
//Detect which key was pressed.
Ex am ple
#12
//Time delay for key debounce. //Read again. //Wait until button is released. //If both readings are equal, a valid //keypress was detected, return key. //Else, not a valid key, return 0.
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4x3 Keypad
static unsigned char KeypadScan(void) { unsigned char column_bits = 0x00; unsigned char current_row;
Ex am ple
#12
for(current_row=0;current_row < 4;current_row++) { PORTD = ~(1 << current_row); //Current row pin is low, // other rows are high. DelayUs(50); //Short time delay to // make signal stable. //Read column bit pattern, PORTx<6:4> column_bits = PORTD & 0b01110000; if (column_bits != 0b01110000) { return (column_bits | current_row); } } return NULL; } 19-Aug 2010 Paranz 87 //No key detected.
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4x3 Keypad: Summary

keypad.h function prototype
void KeypadInit(void); unsigned char KeypadRead(void); unsigned char KeypadGetKeyAscii(unsigned char key_bit_pattern); unsigned char KeypadIsKeyPress(void);
Keypad.c functions
void KeypadInit(void) unsigned char KeypadRead(void) unsigned char KeypadGetKeyAscii(unsigned char key_bit_pattern) unsigned char KeypadIsKeyPress(void) static unsigned char KeypadScan(void)
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Modular Programming: Summary M.P.

Divides application into different files (.c & .h) Allows code reuse
Saves time and duplication of effort Facilitate team-based application development
LCD interfacing demo

Use codes written by others
Keypad interfacing demo

Created a keypad module
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Day 1 PM C Programming

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Day 1 PM C Programming

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Introduction to PIC Microcontroller Programming & Interfacing

August 19, 2010

LED Blinker revisited

2 distinct for() loops - occupies diff. spaces in the Program Memory

//RB0 is output //LED is initially off

//LED on //call delay() function //LED off //call delay() function

void delay(void) { unsigned int i;

function name function header parameter list

C FUNCTIONS: Parameters E xam ple #2

//RB0 is output //LED is off

void main() { ... myfunc1(15000, A); ... }

C FUNCTIONS: Return Type

C FUNCTIONS: Function Prototype

//LED on //call delay() function //LED off //call delay() function

This program will not compile! delay() is defined after main()

C FUNCTIONS: Function Prototype

//RB0 is output //LED is initially off

//LED on //call delay() function //LED off //call delay() function

C FUNCTIONS: Function Prototype

C FUNCTIONS: Function Prototype

compiler need to know the function signature only.

Toggle an LED when button is pressed

add main.c to project

func. with no parameter & return the ff:

Initial function design!

program should have a debounce algorithm

Poll again if still Logic 0

Initial function design

void Delay(unsigned int delay_val) { unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<delay_val;i++); return; }

- skeleton code - functions def. - complete app.

function prototype facilitates structure programming

MODULAR PROG: An Example

Modify Example#2 to use modular programming technique

MODULAR PROG: An Example

void Delay(unsigned int delay_val) { unsigned int i; for(i=0;i<delay_val;i++); } //do nothing

MODULAR PROG: An Example

MODULAR PROG: An Example

MODULAR PROG: An Example

MODULAR PROG: An Example

MODULAR PROG: An Example

//delay.h void Delay(unsigned int delay_val); //function prototype

MODULAR PROG: An Example

//insert content of delay.h here

MODULAR PROG: An Example Add the 3 files in Project Window

MODULAR PROG: An Example

MODULAR PROG: An Example

MODULAR PROG: An Example header (.h) file

MODULAR PROG: An Example

lets negotiate delay.h main.c delay.c

parser, cg, assembler

MODULAR PROG: An Example Benefits

MODULAR PROG: An Example Ex am EXERCISE: pl

create empty main.c Add all files to project

MODULAR PROG: An Example

//RB0 is output pin. //LED is off.

//Toggle LED. //Time delay for 500 ms.

MODULAR PROG: An Example

/* Crystal frequency in MHz */

/* number of kHz in a MHz */ /* number of kHz in a kHz */

XTAL_FREQ >= 12MHZ

MODULAR PROG: An Example Ex am EXERCISE: p

MODULAR PROG: An Example Ex am EXERCISE: pl

Built-in Delay Function

/* number of kHz in a MHz / / number of kHz in a kHz */