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Esterification a reaction between a alcohol (Functional Group is H) and a carboxylic acid (Functional group is O-H) 1) Reflux The solution

on is heated and the Ester evaporates and the chemicals react, the Ester then evaporates along with some of the reactants and in order to maintain the maximum product and reactant for the maximum yield the evaporated product then enters the cold jacket where it condenses and trickles back into the phial to react. This stage is kept up for several hours depending on how high the yield should be. 2) Distillation The flask is heated again and the alcohol which has the lower boiling point (72) is taken into the condensing jacket where it drips into a measuring cylinder attached to the cold jacket so the ester is left in the phial while the alcohol runs off purifying the product slightly and increasing the yield. 3) Separation- the content of the phial is emptied into a separating funnel with sodium carbonate into it which removes any more alcohol while the ester is run off the bottom into a beaker. 4) Drying- the ester then has anhydrous calcium chloride to it which absorbs the water leaving a semi pure product. 5) Re distillation the ester is then re distilled and the ester is then distilled into a test tube leaving a (hopefully) pure product P.S At each stage there could be some residue left over which decreases the overall percentage yield of the product. Response to chromatography in terms of equilibrium stationary phase is paper and mobile phase is solvent / mobile phase moves up through stationary phase (1) for each compound there is a dynamic equilibrium between the two phases (1) how far each compound moves depends on its distribution between the two phases / if the compound is more soluble in the mobile phase it will move further up the paper (1)

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