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Childhood obesity has become an pandemic in the United States Childhood overweight rates in the United States have nearly doubled among 2-to 5year-olds and more than tripled among 6-to 19-year-olds in the past three decades
million children in the U.S. are overweight of children aged 2-5 years are obese of children aged 6-11 years are obese
Nearly
a 300% increase since 1979 = epidemic levels cost of obesity in U.S. $117 billion per year obesity several hundred million per year and rising
Total
Pediatric
Middle: ages 6-12 years old -time when children develop skills for healthy social relationships & learn roles to help them for a lifetime
first years of life is important for a childs development and lifelong learning first year is also essential for future cognitive, social, emotional, & physical development can influence later success in life Early childhood the brain grows 90% of its size by age 3 children start to develop emotional regulation and attachment, language development, & motor skills
Can be delayed due to environmental stressors & or negative risk factors Stressors can affect: Early & middle childhood sets the step for -health literacy -Self-discipline -The ability to make good decisions about risky situations -Eating habits -Conflict negotiation
childs brain, physical, social, emotional, & cognitive growth
Obese children can be stereotyped and blamed for their own weight gain Peers see obese children as lazy, untidy, ugly, stupid, and non-hygienic The constant teasing and ridicule can cause low self-esteem and depression
Lack
Increased
portion sizes
Low
parental education
Poverty Urban
communities lack of accessibility and affordability of healthy foods areas without safe
Urban/disadvantaged
Lack
of facilities like safe side walks, bike paths, and safe parks of physical exercise in schools
Lack
Unhealthy
Family Income (Percent Federal Poverty Limit) <100 100-199 200-399 400-499 500+
*these conditions tend to affects a childs education, health & well being of the adolescents & adults they will become
High
blood pressure & high cholesterol risk of impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes
problems; i.e. sleep apnea, asthma
Increased
Respiratory
Joint Fatty
liver disease, gallstones, gastroesophageal reflux risk for social & psychological problems
Greater
Heart
disease
Hypertension Stroke
Diabetes
Arthritis
Cancer
death
Parents
fail to see their child as overweight that dont believe excess weight is a health risk establish family eating habits; both good and bad sedentary parents create inactive, sedentary children
Parents
Parents
Inactive,
Working/busy
parents
Dont
Set
Inactive,
Important for growth & development of child Those with healthy weight:
chronic risk factors, such as high BP & dyslipidemia likelihood of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, osteoarthritis, and some cancers likelihood of dying at a young age
Influences:
Schools Restaurants Home Making healthy choices: -knowledge & skills -healthier options are available
Knowledge and attitudes Skills Social support Societal and cultural norms Food and agricultural policies Food assistance programs Economic price systems
Access & availability places where people eat appear to influence their diet foods eaten away from home have more calories &lower nutritional quality than foods prepared at home marketing also influences childrens food choices
Influenced by calories (energy) consumed & expanded physical activity & changes in diet exposure to foods low in nutritional value and high in calories
American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2008). Influence of race, ethnicity, and culture, on childhood obesity: Implications for prevention and treatment. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2571048/ Childtrendsdatabank, (2013). Participation in school athletics. Retrieved from www.childtrendsdatabank.org/?q=node/367 Centers from Disease Control (CDC) (2011). About BMI for children and teens. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2013). Basics about childhood obesity. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/basics.html Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2013). Childhood obesity facts. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm Ek, L. Livestrong, (2010). Nutrition pyramid for kids. Retrieved from: www.livestrong.com/article/82871-nutrition-pyramid-kids/ Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH). (2013). The obesity prevention source. Retrieved from http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/ Hawkins, K. W., & Linvill, D. L. (2010). Public health framing of news regarding childhood obesity in the United States. Health Communication, 25(8), 709-717. doi: http://0dx.doi.org.libcat.ferris.edu/10.1080/10410236.2010.521913 Healthypeople.gov. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=10 Karnik, S. & Kanekar, A. (2011). Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 3(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278864/?report=printable Kellow, J. Weightlossresources, (n.d.). Good nutrition for children. Retrieved from www.weightlossresources.co.uk/children/nutrition_calorie_needs.htm Lynn, D. Livestrong, (2011). Recommended daily fat intake for children. Retrieved from www.livestrong.com/article/399719-recommended-daily-fat-intake-for-children/
Maville, J., Huerta, C. (2013). Health Promotion in Nursing, 3rd ed. Clifton Park, NY: Cernage Learning National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) (2013). Childhood overweight and obesity trends. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/issues-research/health/childhood-obesity-trends-state-rates.aspx
Phillips, F. (2012). Facing up to childhood obesity. Practice Nurse, 42(11), 14-17. Retrieved from http://0search.ebscohost.com.libcat.ferris.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cin20&AN=2011629391&site=ehost-live
Rampell, C. (2010, September 23). Economix. Retrieved from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/23/the-world-is-fat/ Robinson, S., Yardy, K., & Carter, V. (2012). A narrative literature review of the development of obesity in infancy and childhood. Journal of Child Health Care, 16(4), 339-354. doi: http://0dx.doi.org.libcat.ferris.edu/10.1177/13674935124908 State of Michigan (n.d.). The state of the state: Childhood obesity in Michigan.Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/ State of Michigan (n.d.). Whats being done: Nutrition standards in school. Retrieved from http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mdch/8-_The_State_of_the_State_368749_7.pdf Washington, R. (2011). Childhood obesity: Issues of weight bias. Center of Disease Control, 8(5), A94. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2011/sep/10_0281.htm World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/