OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Characteristics and basic amplifiers configurations using op-amps

Op-amp as a circuit element

Output Inputs

V+

V-

-Vs

+Vs

Dual power supply

Ideal op-amp
A = (gain is infinity) V0 = 0 when V1 = V2 (no offset voltage) Rd = (input impedance is infinity) R0 = 0 (output impedance is zero) Bandwidth = (no frequency response limitations) and no phase shift

V1 + Rd V2

R0

V0

A(V2 V1 )

Two Basic GOLDEN Rules

V1 V2

A +

V0

When the op-amp output is in its linear range, the two input terminals are at the same voltage. No current flows into either input terminals of the op-amp.

Types of Amplifiers
V1 + Rd V2 A(V2 V1) R0 V0

Voltage controlled voltage amplifier (ordinary op-amp)

I0

V1

Rd V2

GT(V2 V1)

G0

Voltage-controlled current amplifier (operational transconductance amplifier OTA Current-controlled voltage amplifier (transimpedance)
I0

V1 + Ii V2

R0

V0

RTIi

V1 Ii V2

ACIi

G0

Current-controlled current amplifier

Inverting amplifier
Virtual Ground

Rf I A V0

I = Vi / R1

R1 Vi
Actual Ground

+
V0 = - ( Rf / R1 ) * Vi Ri = Vi / I = R1

Circuit connection

Input-output characteristics
I Vi R1 I + V0 10V Vi R1 -10V Rf V0 -10V 10V Vi Slope =-Rf/R1 A Rf V0

Summing amplifier
I1
I1 = V1 / R1
Virtual Ground

If Rf A + V0

V1 R1 V2 I2 R2

I2 = V2 / R2

V0 = - ( Rf / R1 ) * V1 - ( Rf / R2 ) * V2

Application of summing amplifier

Vi +VCC Vb -VCC A + V0 R1 Rf If

R2

+10V

Vi V0 = -If*Rf

0 Time If =Vi/R1+ Vb/R2 -10V

Example of summing amplifier

Unity gain follower - Buffer

Vi

If = 0 A V0

Ii =0 Vi

+ RL IL =V0 /RL

Ri

Non-inverting amplifier
Vi

Rf If V0 A +
V0 = (1+ Rf / R1 ) * Vi

If = Vi / R1

R1

Vi

Ii =0

Ri

Input-output characteristics
I R1 I Vi + V0 10V Rf V0 R1 Vi -10V Slope = 1+ Rf/R1 -10V 10V Vi A Rf V0

Non-inverting amp (basic)

Example of a non-inverting amplifier

Non-inverting amplifier with voltage divider

V2 = V1 * R4 / (R3+R4 )
If R1 R3 V1 Ii A V2 R4 + R2

V0 = (1+ R2 / R1 ) * V2
V0

Ri = V1 / Ii = R3+R4 V0 = (R4/(R3+R4))* (1+ R2 / R1 ) * V1

Non-inverting amplifier with voltage divider - 1

Non-inverting amplifier with voltage divider - 2

Basic differential amplifier

R4 V5 R3 V3 V4 R3 I4 V5 R4 A + If V0

V5 = V4 * R4 / (R3+R4 )

If = (V5 - V3) / R3 = (V0 V5)/ R4 GC =V0/(V4 + V3) CMRR = Gd/GC

Gd =V0/(V4 - V3) = R4 / R3

V0 = (V4 - V3)*R4 / R3 + GC* (V4 + V3)/2

Input-output characteristics
R4 R3 V3 Ri3 V4 R3 V5 R4 A + V0

GC =V0/VCM = Determined experimentally Gd =V0/Vd = R4 / R3 CMRR = Gd/GC

R4

Ri4

Ri3 =V3/I3 = R3 Ri4 =V4/I4 = R3 + R4

Vd VCM V4

R3 R4 R3

V0

V3

Input buffer stage for diff. Amp.

V1 I1 =0 + V1

I = (V1 - V2) / R1
R2 V3 R1 I V4

I = 0 for V1 = V2 For V1 = V2 = VCM V3 = V4 =VCM GC = 1

V2

V2 I2 =0 +

R2

V3 - V4 = I(R2 + R1 + R2)

Gd = (V3 - V4)/(V1 V2) =(2R2 + R1)/R1

Three op-amp differential amplifier

V1 I1 =0 + A1 V1

R4 R2 V3 R1 V4 R3 V5 R3 R4 A3 + V0

V2

A2 V2 I2 =0 +

R2

Example differential amp