3

Psacal
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1 Psacal
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A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z
a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z
- 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
- +, -, *, /, #, $, %, ^, &, (, ), _, [, ], {, }, \, |, , , .,
Psacal ,
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. Psacal :

() Pascal
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interface
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procedure
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 Psacal ,
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, .
, end, End END Psacal.
, (, ++, Java), .
.
2 Pascal
Psacal ,
, ( )
. : ,
. . 5.1
Psacal, .
program First ;
Var im, jm : integer ;
X, y : real ;
begin
im:=5 ; jm:=9 ; y:=2.5 ;
X:=y*im/jm ;
writeln (Hello, this is my first program, X) ;
end.

. 5.1 Psacal
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. program,
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, Psacal.
, First. , ,
First,
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. , var,
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x y . -
.

. begin end ..
,
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im, jm y, x .

Hello, this is my first program x.
,
.

 ().
,

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3. .
. ,

{ }

program First ; { }

(* *)
.
Var im, jm : integer ; { }
,

X, y : real ; { }

,
{ ;

begin

end}
.
begin
im:=5 ; jm:=9 ; y:=2.5 ;

X:=y*im/jm ;
,
writeln (Hello, this is my first program, X) ;

end.

.
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Pascal {,
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.
. Psacal :
.
. , 3.14159 ( p), 100 (), ,
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 .
( p=3.14159):
S := 3.14159 * d * d / 4;
. Psacal
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ASCII ,
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const:
const pi = 3.14159 ; const gravity = 9.81 ;
, pi gravity ,
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Dimension, Velocity
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Psacal var (variable
).
.
( ) .
()
,
, . Psacal,
.
.
Pascal, integer,
. :
Var ii : integer ;
j : integer ;
:.
,
, :
Var j, i, m, n : integer ;
ix, jx : integer ;
(16 ),
- 216=64536.
,
integer -32768 32767.
, Pascal
. :
T
Integer
LongInt
Byte
Word

-32768.. 32767
2147483648..2147483647
0 .. 255
0 .. 65535

Format (. )

()
2
4
1
2

.
:
+ ; (+); - ; (-); (*);
(/), (
). ,
( ).
:
- div ( ).
a div b - a b .
- mod ( )
a mod b - .
:
15 div 5 = 3 ;
15 mod 5 = 0 ;
15 div 4 = 3 ;
17 mod 5 = 2 ;

 :
abs (a) - ;
sqr (a) - 2 ;
succ (a) - - ;
pred (a) - -.

Pascal :
- ;
- ;
- .
:
354.12;
-0.1412;
15.0;
57 -4;
42 5 ;
-25 -2;
28.42 +2; -8.546-2;
,
. , 8.24 -2 :
8.24 -2 = 8.24 10-2 = 0.0824
:
.001 ; 6,24 ; -4 ;
const:
const One = 1.0 ;
e = 2.71 ;
eps = 0.0001 ;
Pascal.
real.
Var x, u : real ;
y, xy, temperature : real ;
:
+ ; (+); - ; (-); (*); (/).
.
:
abs (x) - ;
sqr (x) - x2 ;
sqrt (x) - ;
sin (x) - ;
cos (x) - ;
ln (x) - .
:
trunc (x) - ,
;
round (x) - :
trunc ( x + 0.5) x 0;
round (x) =
trunc ( x 0.5) x 0
:
trunk (28.15) = 28 ;
trunk (-12.3) = -12 ;
round (13.56) = 14 ;
round (-12.4) = -12.
frac (x) - :
frac (17.12) = 0.12 ;

 real, double extended.

:
T
Real
Double
Extended

Format (. )
5.0 x 10^324 .. 1.7 x 10^308
1516
5.0 x 10^324 .. 1.7 x 10^308
1516
3.6 x 10^4951 .. 1.1 x 10^4932
1920

()
8
8
10

- Pascal, (real) 4 ,
double - 8 , .

BOOLEAN. ()
True ( ) False ().
,
:
const pi=3.14159 ;
e=2.71 ;
Var bool1, bool2 : Boolean ;
.
bool1:=true ;
bool2:=pi>e ;
, bool1 true, bool2 (pi>e).
( )
. Pascal :
=
- ;
>
- - ;
<
- -
>=
- -
<=
- -
<>
- .
,
. - and
( ), or ( ) not ( ):
Var a, ix, j: integer;
IsFound, Error, Ok : Boolean ;
.
IsFound := a = ix ;
Error := (a<0) and (a>9) ;
Ok := not Error and (IsFound or (a<>5));
, false<true:
true = false - false;
true>false
- true;
false>true
- false.
.
- odd(N) - ,
N:
true ako N
odd (N) =
false ako N

- KeyPressed ( Crt) -

.
true ako
KeyPressed =
false ako
( ).
Pascal
.
,
. ASCII
(- ). 48 57,
65 90 - 97 122.
Pascal.
: , Q, 3, %, +, w.
#: #65, #48, #97, ... , 1, .
().
const Character = A;
blank = ;
CR = #13 ; Plus = + ;
()
() #39. 1 .
ASCII 256 ( 0 255).
() :
Var
Ch : Char ;
Symb, Letter : char ;

( ).
0 255.
:
- ord - . :
ord(0)=48 ; ord(A) = 65.
- char - .
: char (48) = 0 ; char (90) = Z; char (ord (c)) = c.
- pred succ
. : succ(0) = 1; pred(W) = V;
succ(predd(f))=f.
.
a b a>b, a
- b, . ord (a) >ord(b) .
:
> B e false ;
9>A e false;
p>p e false;
p>A e true.