Chapter- 1(Introduction) IMPACT OF THE FLYOVERS IN INFORMAL SECTOR AT ROAD JUNCTION

Abstract: This paper is concerned about the social and economic activity at the road junction. How it is participated to the peoples daily life livelihood, and their social, economic activities and what will happen when an over bridge take place on that junction? How it affect the lives and activity on that junction and those people whos directly and indirectly linked with it?

Introduction: Today with the development there is a huge demand for making better cityscapes which functions well. Functioning of the city is not merely the traffic on roads, but it means lot to the functioning of the urban landscape where every activity is taking place. Eventually with the development the number of vehicles added to the existing road network is getting more and more and traffic has become a huge problem in the cities with the growing population and the activities. It is vital to solve the traffic in a proper way as well as to create proper spaces for people to live. Here more focus is on the effect of the flyovers towards the urban landscape as a flyover comes merely as a traffic solution. When a flyover is placed merely to solve the traffic issues, it is true the vehicles could use it effectively. But when it comes to the place where it stands and it is surrounding, it is just a new structure placed and it can have many effects visually, physically and psychologically to the life under it. The formation of a cross junction on the street by the development authorities are just for the connectivity of the places by the road at their intersection point. Due to that intersection it provides the opportunity to the development of their surrounding and increase the potential and value of the places. The development of a cross junction takes long time to get define their character, potential and identity by the activity which takes place at that junction by the land use and environment. If we observe the development of a cross junction as earlier time the small shops exist there. It was in the form of temporary and permanent structures. Here the temporary shops include fruits vendor, vegetable shops shoemaker and many people who came for very short time at this junction and earn their livelihood. Rather than people also earn their livelihood

Fig.1, Kriers argument on street development conceptual sketch

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by selling the newspaper, magazines, books, flowers, and other goods required to sustain daily needs at that cross junction which provides the opportunity to sale their product and earn their livelihoods. If we talk about the permanent economic contribution by that junction are the changing the land use to their surrounding in the commercial use. Due to that change of land use so many shops malls public and private building are built near that junction. The importance of the cross junction in our life are define and described by so many researchers in their research papers. The famous urban planner and author of The image of the city Kevin Andrew Lynch, 1960, he described the five element of a successful and sustainable city in his book. In those five element he discusses the importance of a cross junction (node) how it is have their potential towards the urban development. He said about the road junction it is the place to break the transportation. (Lynch 1960, p, 72) He said that the cross junction are the place where people take some break to their fast forward life. During that short break he met so many people at that junction and it is gives the chance to the social interaction and economical activity.
Fig.2.Kostofs argument on street development conceptual sketch Source: kostof 1984

Allan B Jacobs, 1993, also discusses the feature of a successful road junction and requirements of the great street in Great Street. He said that a street cannot consider as Great Street which does not have the potential to increase the social and economical activity. He describe the feature of the successful junction which bring the people together, publicness livability, safety, comfort and participation to increase the social and economic activity on that place . (Jacobs, 1993, p, 270)

Fig. 3 Kevin lynchs conceptual sketch of the node and city character Lynch 1960

In the above page we discuses about various aspects of the road junction how it is possess its identity over a long period. What are the features that makes to a great cross junction and define their character due to the activity take place on that junction. But what will happen when an over bridge built on that junction? How that fly over affect the activity on that junction, the people whose daily income depended on that junction. How it is affect the social life of their surrounding places and the peoples.

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Social activities at cross junction As we know that each cross junction have their own identity due by the activities exist on that place. Due to that activity it is generator the social interaction between one people to other. For example during the morning time many people waiting buses and other transportation mode at that junction. During that waiting time people get interact to each other. They may be work or study together or not it does not matter. But due to their daily waiting on that junction those people become friends. I found during the case study that so many junction are the meeting point and hangout area of the student where they spend their time with friends, enjoying tea, panipuri, on the thella those placed near to that junction. So many shops also associated in this social interaction, like food plaza, coffee house, book stall etc where people spend their time with friends and get interact during shopping etc. The cross junction are become the witness of our happiness, and sadness in our life. For example during the festival period it turn as the central hub of that festival, for example during the durga puja celebration hole junction become religious because near to that junction the pandal were place and street get decorated by using lights and many things, rather than durga puja so many festival those are celebrated on the streets. Cross junction also play most important role during election period. During the election period so many hording and cutouts placed on that junction for the campaign by several parties. It is the place where leaders convey his speech to peoples by arranging the rally etc. As we discus many social activity those are happen at the cross road junction. Rather than those activity people use that junction for the protest against the illegal things by the people celebrating the victory to winning the games, show the anger by burning the dummy of that person on that junction. Why people choose it? Because it is have the potential to convey their massages to get attention and support. They know that it is the place which have the link to all kind of peoples they may belongs to high class or low class and cast etc. because it has the social interaction potential the key element which keep linked to everyone.

Fig.4 Labor are assemble at the cross junction at the morning

Fig.5 Tea stall near the cross junction

Fig.6 Shops at the edge of the street near the square

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Economical activities at cross junction If we talk about the participation of a cross junction in the economical activities it is the place that provide us to earn their livelihood. As we observed while we crossing the junction we show that so many people who selling the magazines, books, news paper etc are sale by people, rather than that we found that beggars also earn their livelihood due to that junction. It is that activity which on micro level to participate in economical activity. It is occurring for short time when the traffic signals red. When the cross junction are laid on street then it generate chances to development of economical activities at their surroundings. Due to that junction commercial shops take place the mobile vendor also place their thella and earn his livelihood at that junction. For example the Rangmahal square at Bhopal the whole surroundings have the commercial building, vendor at footpath, and many people selling their product by walking along the street footpath. There are so many cross junction those provide the platform to get earn their livelihood for example the Nehru nagar square in Bhopal. In the morning it is act as a chowk. It is the place where you can find the daily based labors for the construction, painters for whitewash, carpenter etc, so this square is the basic platform to these peoples livelihood. In the morning time this place turn as the labor market where you can easily find them and they also find job without roaming here to there place.
Fig.7 Fruits vender thella placed near the cross junction

Fig.8 Shoes maker are sitting at footpath for earning his livelihood

Affects of the flyovers at cross junction Segregation of the city When flyovers take place at any place it is create an edge of the city. In many cases it is finding that over bridges are divide the spaces between two parts. Due to its physical structure it create an obstruction after the construction of the flyovers at any place it does not matter that it is in informal place or formal place. And because of that obstruction the visual connectivity get break of both sides to the flyover. It is also affect the development of their belonging places. In many city it is find that the after the construction of that bridge the growth rate or the frequency of the development hampered.

Fig.9 Food stall and hording are place at cross junction

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The development of that location does not similar to both sides. Over the time it is found that one side is get more facilities and services and other is less because of that physical boundary the land value get changed. Changes occur in land cost due to many factors it may be in proper transportation, the link and distance from the city center, visual permeability etc.

Fig.10 Nagpur railway staion and flyover Source: google earth

The examples of such cases are so many like the Nagpur railway station fly over it has divided the city in two parts. Due to that division the development rate are very slow as compare to the western side as compare to eastern side. There are so many differences in the density, land cost, services, and livelihood activities also. As shown in the figure the flyover creating a boundary between the city. Due to this link between both sides gets banished. In such type of places the social interaction also finished because people dose not prefer to go and meet their friends and relative without any specific purpose. Migration and rehabilitation Migration and rehabilitation is the major problem occurs when any flyover proposed. It is found that when a flyover start building on street it is needed also the side lane below the flyovers for the proper transportation. And for that side lane all the shops were remove those are placed at the edge of the street. It is very common to find the shops at street footpath like tea stall, bike repairing, book stall, garments etc.

Fig. 11 J J Flyover Mumbai Source: www.urbz.com

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Due to the road widening these shops get closed and sifted to other place. It is hamper the economical activity of those people who earning their livelihood. It is also found that during the fly over construction so many houses also create problem. These houses are rehabilitating at other place which may be or may not according to their living style. Where it is very tough to resettle and start their work to earn their livelihood. Because such kind of business are needs direct link to people which may not possible at that place where they rehabilitated. Recent an example found at Matikhere flyover in Bangalore. During the construction of this flyover and expansion of the side lane of the M S Ramaiah road around 75 slum houses were demolished. And more than 50 shops were moved to other places. These shops were only source of income for their livelihood of the slum dwellers. After demolishing his shops and home it create big problem for them to find new space for their works and habitats. Affect on land cost and land use Road network, streets, square and junction the major role in the land cost and land use, according to the location and its existence the land cost varies. As it is very general and simplest fundamental for deciding the land cost. If the location of land is at that place where all the facilities available like proper transportation services and its potential according to surrounding land use the cost of the land goes higher and higher. According to that fundamental the land cost get increase at that location and junction where these kind of flyover proposed. Because its generate lots of potential for the trading and other businesses. As found that so many places after constructing the bridges the land use get changed by the development authorities. In major cases the land use changed residential to commercial and industrial.

Fig. 12 Demolished houses during the matikhere flyover construction Source: www.googleimege.com

Fig.13 Land use before the flyover near the cross junction

In the metro city like Mumbai and Delhi and other cities found that the shopping mall and other commercial building are built these kinds of places. So many car showroom also want such kind of location those give the proper view of their show room. Near to the flyover it gave direct view to increase and helps in window shopping.

Fig.14 Land use after the flyover construction at on cross junction

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Promoting anti-social activities: Flyover also helps in anti social activities. As found so many places that lots of anti- social activities start happening after the construction of the flyovers. In the night time it becomes place of such kind of people who were involved in criminal activities. Due to lack of surveillance in the night time these kinds of people use this place for performing antisocial activities like gambling, drug dealing, kidnapping, and so many anti social activities takes place under the flyover. Spaces under the flyovers is become the hang out point for the drinkers and smack smokers. These kinds of people choose this place for him and his activity. Because they knew that no one can come here and interrupt him for his activity so it is safe place for him. But it is not safe for the surrounding people and society. Affect on personal solitude Flyovers also interrupt in the private life by the providing maximum surveillance to the surrounding places. Most of the residential building facing this problem because of the opening of the window towards the fly over side it gave the maximum chances to peep inside the room and balcony during the moving on the flyovers. Due to its heights those people faced maximum problem that lived at the same level floor to the height of the flyover. The so many complain are mansion by the people in the society. The people do not able to use his window for the ventilation and other purpose.

Fig. 15 Gambling happening under the flyover Source. Google image.com

Fig 16 Smakers are smoking under the flyovers Source: google image.com

Fig.17 Conceptual section of the flyover which is showing the privacy issue in the residential buildings Source: www.urbz.com

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Chapter -2 (Case study)

Name of the flyover: JJ flyover Location: Mumbai Run: 2.4 km Width: 6 lanes

Fig. 18 Source: www.urbz.com

Introduction: The JJ flyover runs from the Crawford Market area all the way to Byculla, jumping over some of the densest and most frantic neighborhoods of Mumbai. It is a mess of traffic above and a mess of traffic below. All accommodations are made for the car and truck, while pedestrians are left to fend for themselves. While the flyover features prominently on all maps of Mumbai, the space beneath it is a curiously overlooked space.

Activities under the flyover Under this flyover lots of activities happen from morning to late night. In the mornings, informal markets spring up selling everything from tea to chickens, fish to fruit and so many other shops like news paper and vegetable venders placed his tell in the morning time. During this time so many formal activities also take place under the fly over. Like children play cricket and others game on the street in the morning, mothers wash clothing, cook food and sell small goods in the tiny leftover spaces of intersections and traffic medians. In the evening time so many food stalls setups under the flyover. On these shops labor groups came here and take foods and they used to drink with his group. So many labors used this space as shelter here they come after doing all works during day time and take food and use vacant parking space for sleeping.
Fig 19Activities under the flyover Source: www.urbz.com

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In the day time it is also works as a drop point for those people who evolve in trading businesses. The trucks are parked under the fly over and they sale his product in very short time and went back to his home. As shown in the picture in the morning time it is turn as chicken Mandy. Here sellers came in the morning time by the loader or tempo. They placed his tempo under the flyover and start selling chicken. Where lots of meat shop venders come here to purchase chicken and fish for his shops.
Fig.20 People are sleeping under the flyover Source: www.urbz.com

Fig.21 Small shop of the gutkha and cigrates source: www.urbz.com

Fig.22Chiken and fish mundi under the flyover Source: www.urbz.com

Space under the flyover is left used as parking by those people whom shops are near the place and side of the street. Municipal Corporation also used this space for the parking propose They gave this place to any parking vendor on the tenure for a define time. It may be one or two year contract for open parking. They dose not allowed to construct any wall and shades under the flyover. Because it is create obstruction for visibility and a physical barrier in the interaction and public surveillance.

Fig.23 parking under the flyover Source www.urbz.com School of Planning and Architecture Bhopal (MP)

Fig.24 JJ flyover Mumbai Source: www.urbz.ocm 9

Transforming of character in night: As till now we are talking about only the commercial activities under the flyover. But it is also predicated in the social activities to interact with the people and enjoy their happiness of winning games and other things. During the festival season surrounding people use to place the pandal under the fly over for Ganesh utsav, ed Milan samaroh, and so many social festival celebrates under it.

Fig. 25 Ganesh utsav celebration under the flyover Source: www.googleimage.com

Fig.26 Source:Google image .com

Fig.27 People are using space for enjoying game and celebration of happiness under it Source: www.urbz.com

Fig.28 Source: www.urbz.com

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Fig. 29 Shops and activities surrounding the flyovers Source: www.urbz.com

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Chapter -3 conclusion and recommendation Analysis: As we discos so many issues on the social and economical activities happen on the cross junction and under the flyover. It is serve the opportunity to earn livelihood to those people who works and have shops near by the cross junction and under the flyover. These spaces are having so much potential so to participate in the development of economical activities as well as social activities also. We find that when flyover came at any cross junction it generate so much issues like the migration and rehabilitation of shopkeepers street venders and dwellers also. We also found that the flyover also participate in anti social activity. But only the flyover is not responsible for that kind of activity. It is take place under it because lacking of the public surveillances and security. Conclusion and recommendation Conclusion of overall study is that when any flyover built at cross junction it demolishes the social and economic activity for a short time after the constriction completed is again happening under it. But the uses of that space in not well design and safe for him and also for those people who came here and purchase daily used goods like vegetables, Clothing, books magazine news paper etc. It is also not safe for those people who are using this space as shelter for sleeping propose in night time. Rather than that pollution also is the problem under the flyovers. Because of lacking of ownership of the place people does not care about the waste pollution and they dump the wastes near the column or on the footpath which is left for pedestrian use. Recommendation As we found that people did not stopping using the space near by the cross junction under the flyover. Because it is have the potential to earn his livelihood for so many people. So why not we design such kind of proposal to use this space in safe manner and helps to developed social and economical activates. As show many cities have such kind of design interventions to use the spaces under the fly over for the storage, parking, public spaces and as market place.

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Present day uses: Parking Habitable space for slum dweller Small market Landscaping Open storage Proposed uses under it: Cold storage Warehouses Parking Public spaces like play area

Fig.30 Source: www.urbz.com

As shown in the above figure the space under the fly over is unutilized. This space can be used as the public space and other uses those are discos in the proposal. As show in the devolving the space under the fly over can increase the landscape beauty as well as public surveillances which can be control the anti social activities under it.

Fig31 Source: Sarit Shekhar PMCA Calicutt :

The usage must be much safer for all kind of user groups and those people who use to come here and selling and buying the goods for daily used

Fig.32 Source: ww.urbz.com

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Fig.33 Source: Sarit Shekhar PMCA Calicutt

The intervention of the landscape design under the fly over can control the pollution. We can plant trees and shrubs under the flyovers which is can work as greenbelt to help in control the noise and smoke pollution. We can also proposed small park kind of things under it which is used by the children and other people who use to came here and for tea and other gossips with friends. So they can use this space for his social meeting with his friends.

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Reference
1. 2. 3. 4. Lynch K.A., 1960,(image of the city p 72) Cambridge., The MIT Press. Jacobs A.B. 1993, (Grate Street p 271) Cambridge. The MIT Press. Biswash S, under the flyover www.urbz.com accessed on 20 march 2012 Suresh EAT 2006 responsiveness of urban landscape and flyover srilanka., university of moratuwa

Bibliography
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Peshwe S. 2012Space Below Flyovers Delhi. Architecture time space & people COA India
Lynch K.A., 1960,(image of the city p 72) Cambridge., The MIT Press. Jacobs A.B. 1993, (Grate Street p 271) Cambridge. The MIT Press. Biswash S, under the flyover www.urbz.com accessed on 20 march 2012 Suresh EAT 2006 responsiveness of urban landscape and flyover srilanka., university of moratuwa

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List of figure
Fig. No description 1 Kriers argument on street development conceptual sketch 2 Kostofs argument on street development conceptual sketch 3 Kevin lynchs conceptual sketch of the node and city character 4 Labor are assemble at the cross junction at the morning 5 Tea stall near the cross junction 6 Shops at the edge of the street near the square 7 Fruits vender thella placed near the cross junction 8 Shoes maker are sitting at footpath for earning his livelihood 9 Food stall and hording are place at cross junction 10 Nagpur railway station and flyover 11 J J Flyover Mumbai 12 Demolished houses during the matikhere flyover construction 13 Land use before the flyover near the cross junction 14 Land use after the flyover near the cross junction 15 Gambling happening under the flyover 16 Smakers are smoking under the flyovers 17 Conceptual section of the flyover 18 View of JJ flyover 19 Activity under the flyover 20 People are sleeping under the flyover 21 Small shop of the gutkha and cigrates 22 Chiken and fish mundi under the flyover 23 parking under the flyover 24 JJ flyover Mumbai 25 Ganesh utsav celebration under the flyover 26 Ganesh utsav celebration under the flyover 27 enjoying game and celebration of happiness under it 28 enjoying game and celebration of happiness under it 29 Shops and activities surrounding the flyovers 30 conceptual section of a bridge 31 vacant space below the flyover 32 proposed section of the bridge 33 view of the using space below the flyover Page No
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