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Physics Formulary by ir. J.C.A. Wevers

Sr: (non-stationary inertial forces)/(stationary inertial forces) Fr: (stationary inertial forces)/(gravity) Fo: (heat conductance)/(non-stationary change in enthalpy) Pe: (convective heat transport)/(heat conductance) Ec: (viscous dissipation)/(convective heat transport) Ma: (velocity)/(speed of sound): objects moving faster than approximately Ma = 0,8 produce shockwaves which propagate with an angle with the velocity of the object. For this angle holds Ma= 1/ arctan(). Pr and Nu are related to specic materials. Now, the dimensionless Navier-Stokes equation becomes, with x = x/L, v = v/V , grad = Lgrad, 2 = L2 2 and t = t : v g 2v Sr + (v )v = grad p + + t Fr Re

9.5 Tube ows

For tube ows holds: they are laminar if Re< 2300 with dimension of length the diameter of the tube, and turbulent if Re is larger. For an incompressible laminar ow through a straight, circular tube holds for the velocity prole: 1 dp 2 (R r2 ) v (r) = 4 dx
R

For the volume ow holds: V =

0

v (r)2rdr =

dp 4 R 8 dx

The entrance length Le is given by: 1. 500 < ReD < 2300: Le /2R = 0.056ReD 4R3 dp 3 dx 2 For ows at a small Re holds: p = v and divv = 0. For the total force on a sphere with radius R in a 1 ow then holds: F = 6Rv . For large Re holds for the force on a surface A: F = 2 CW A v 2 . 2. Re > 2300: Le /2R 50

For gas transport at low pressures (Knudsen-gas) holds: V =

9.6 Potential theory

The circulation is dened as: = (v et )ds = (rotv ) nd2 A = ( n )d2 A

For non viscous media, if p = p( ) and all forces are conservative, Kelvins theorem can be derived: d =0 dt For rotationless ows a velocity potential v = grad can be introduced. In the incompressible case follows from conservation of mass 2 = 0. For a 2-dimensional ow a ow function (x, y ) can be dened: with AB the amount of liquid owing through a curve s between the points A and B:
B B

AB =
A

(v n )ds =
A

(vx dy vy dx)