ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY ENGINEERING

BOARD EXAM REVIEW NOTES

by Fzoe-Rauld Yambao (August 2011)
Re < 2000
laminar flow
Re > 4000
turbulent flow
2000 < Re < 4000
transition

WATER AND WASTEWATER ENGINEERING

Basic Unit Conversions

Also, Re = 64/f, where f is Darcy friction factor

Length
1 mile
1m
1 yd
1 ft
1 in
1 mm
1 mm
Area
1 acre
1 ha
1 km2
1 m2
Volume
1 m3
1 m3
3
1 ft
1 gal
1 mL
1L
1 qt
Flow
1 lps
1 lps
1 gpm
Mass
1 metric ton
1 kg
Mass Density
1 gal of H2O
1 ft3 of H2O
1 kg
Pressure
1 bar
1 bar
1 psi
1 psi
1 psi
1 kPa
1 m of H2O
1 mm of Hg
Temperature
0C
20C
100C
1K
Power/Energy
1 hp
1 hp
1 hp
1 watt
Light
1 ft-candle (ftc)
1 ft-candle (ftc)
Kinematic Viscosity
Stoke (St)
Dynamic Viscosity
Poise

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1.853 km
3.28 ft
3 ft
12 in
2.54 cm
1,000
39.37 mil

=
=
=
=

4,046.856 m2
10,000 m2
100 ha
10.764 ft2

1000 L
264.172 gal
7.48 gal
3.7854 L
1 cc
33.814 fl oz
32 fl oz

=
=
=
=
=

Bernoullis Theorem

86.4 m /d
15.85 gpm
5.45 m3/d

=
=

1000 kg
2.2 lb

=
=
=

8.34 lbs (@ 20C)

62.4 lbs
2.2 lbs

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

10.2 m of H2O
14.5 psi
2.31 ft of H2O (@ 64F)
0.70 m of H2O
0.07 kg/cm2
0.145 psi
9.81 kPa
13.6 mm of H2O

=
=
=
=

32F
68F
212F
273.15 C




+  +  =



+  +  + 

Centerline Velocity
 = 2

Laminar Flow:

Turbulent Flow:  =  + 1.32

"
#

SI

English System
#

Darcy-Weisbach:
)
= 0.0826 ( * +


=  ! $ ! $
"

)
= 0.0252 ( * +


Mannings Formula:
- 
= 6.35 ( . +
 0/

- 
= 2.87 ( . +
 0/

For circular pipes:

- )
= 10.29 ( 3 +
 0/

Hazen-Williams:

(note: Slope S = hf/L)

For circular pipes:

- )
= 4.65 ( 3 +
 0/

For circular pipes:

).5*
= 10.67 ( .5* ..57+
6 

= 4.72 (

=
=

10.76 lux (lx) or meter candle

2
1 lumen/ft

-4

1x10 m /s

0.10 Pa-s

32 
)
;  =

8


Open Channels:
SI

=

English System

1 0

!
/ $ !9 0 $
-

Hazen-Williams:

=

(note: Slope S = hf/L)

 = 0.8492 6
:.3/9 :.*.

) = 0.2785 6 .3/9 :.*.

Chezys Formula:

For circular pipes:

 = 6
9

Kutters C:
6=

1
0.00155
+ 23 +
<
0.00155
1+
!23 +
$
<

Hydraulic Radius, R = A/P

1.486 0

!
/$ !9 0 $
-

 = 1.318 6
:.3/9 :.*.

For circular pipes:

HYDRAULICS:

).5*

6 .5* ..57

Hagen-Poiseuille Equation (for laminar flow):

Mannings Equation:
746 watts
33,000 ft-lb/min
550 ft-lb/sec
1 joule/s

Head losses in pipe:

For circular pipes:

=
=
=
=

where:  = ! $ !  $

Flow in Closed Conduits:

=
=
=

Energy Equation:

6=

) = 0.432 6 .3/9 :.*.

1.811
0.00281
+ 41.65 +
<
0.00281
1+
!41.65 +
$
<

(R = d/4 for full and half circular pipes)

Reynolds Number:

 =



;  =


D = pipe diameter (m) (D = 4R for non-circular pipes)

V = ave. velocity (m/s)
= kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
= dynamic (absolute) viscosity (Pa-s)
3
= density (kg/m )

Weirs:
Rectangular Weir

- Page 1 of 4 -

)=

2
/
/
628 => +  ? 0  0 A >SI and English?
3
M
 =
28