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Exercise Metabolism
EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance, 6th edition
Scott K. Powers & Edward T. Howley
Fig 4.1
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Differences in VO2 Between
Trained & Untrained Subjects
Fig 4.2
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Recovery From Exercise
Metabolic Responses
• Oxygen debt or
• Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
– Elevated VO2 for several minutes immediately following
exercise
• “Fast” portion of O2 debt
– Resynthesis of stored PC
– Replacing muscle and blood O2 stores
• “Slow” portion of O2 debt
– Elevated heart rate and breathing, ↑ energy need
– Elevated body temperature, ↑ metabolic rate
– Elevated epinephrine & norepinephrine, ↑ metabolic rate
– Conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Oxygen Deficit and Debt During
Light-Moderate and Heavy
Exercise
Fig 4.3
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Removal of Lactic Acid
Following Exercise
Fig 4.4
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Fig 4.5
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Metabolic Response to Exercise
Short-Term Intense Exercise
• High-intensity, short-term exercise (2-20 seconds)
– ATP production through ATP-PC system
• Intense exercise longer than 20 seconds
– ATP production via anaerobic glycolysis
• High-intensity exercise longer than 45 seconds
– ATP production through ATP-PC, glycolysis,
and aerobic systems
Fig 4.6
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Metabolic Response to Exercise
Incremental Exercise
VO2 – Ability to Deliver and Use Oxygen
• Oxygen uptake increases linearly until VO2max
is reached
– No further increase in VO2 with increasing
work rate
• Physiological factors influencing VO2max
– Ability of cardiorespiratory system to
deliver oxygen to muscles
– Ability of muscles to use oxygen and
produce ATP aerobically
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Changes in Oxygen Uptake
With Incremental Exercise
Fig 4.7
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Lactate Threshold
• The point at which blood lactic acid suddenly
rises during incremental exercise
– Also called the anaerobic threshold
• Mechanisms for lactate threshold
– Low muscle oxygen
– Accelerated glycolysis
– Recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers
– Reduced rate of lactate removal from the
blood
• Practical uses in prediction of performance
and as a marker of exercise intensity
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Identification of the
Lactate Threshold
Fig 4.8
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Mechanisms to Explain the
Lactate Threshold
Fig 4.10
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Other Mechanisms for the
Lactate Threshold
• Failure of the mitochondrial hydrogen shuttle
to keep pace with glycolysis
– Excess NADH in sarcoplasm favors
conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid
• Type of LDH
– Enzyme that converts pyruvic acid to lactic
acid
– LDH in fast-twitch fibers favors formation of
lactic acid
Fig 4.9
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Estimation of Fuel Utilization
During Exercise
• Respiratory exchange ratio (RER or R)
– VCO2 / VO2
Fat (palmitic acid) = C16H32O2
C16H32O2 + 23O2 → 16CO2 + 16H2O + ?ATP
R = VCO2/VO2 = 16 CO2 / 23O2 = 0.70
Glucose = C6H12O6
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ?ATP
R = VCO2/VO2 = 6 CO2 / 6O2 = 1.00
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Estimation of Fuel Utilization
During Exercise
• Indicates fuel utilization
• 0.70 = 100% fat
• 0.85 = 50% fat, 50% CHO
• 1.00 = 100% CHO
• During steady-state exercise
– VCO2 and VO2 reflective of O2 consumption
and CO2 production at the cellular level
Fig 4.14
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Effect of Exercise Duration on
Muscle Fuel Source
Fig 4.15
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The Cori Cycle:
Lactate As a Fuel Source
Fig 4.16
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter 4
Exercise Metabolism