SIGNALS: FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL

KL3184_Lecture2

Analog and digital signals

In many cases, the signal of interest is initially in the form of an analog electrical voltage or current, produced for example by a microphone or some other type of transducer In some situations, such as the output from the readout system of a CD (compact disc) player, the data is already in digital form.
KL3064_Lecture2 2

Analog and digital signals

An analog signal must be converted into digital form before DSP techniques can be applied. An analog electrical voltage signal, for example, can be digitized using an electronic circuit called an analog-to-digital converter or ADC

KL3064_Lecture2

Analog to digital converters

This generates a digital output as a stream of binary numbers whose values represent the electrical voltage input to the device at each sampling instant Digital signal is discrete time signal with each sample digitized for arithmetic processing

KL3064_Lecture2

SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION
CONTINUOUS-TIME SIGNALS
SIGNAL IS DEFINED AT ALL TIME
E.G. ANALOGUE SIGNALS

DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL
SIGNAL IS DEFINED AT CERTAIN INTERVAL OF TIME
E.G DIGITAL SIGNALS

KL3064_Lecture2

AN ANALOGUE SIGNAL
AMPLITUDE

TIME

KL3064_Lecture2

A DIGITAL SIGNAL

KL3064_Lecture2

A DSP SYSTEM
DIGITAL SIGNALS

ANALOG
INPUT SIGNAL

ANALOG TO DIGITAL (A/D) CONVERTER

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING DIGITAL TO ANALOG (D/A) CONVERTER

KL3064_Lecture2

ANALOG OUTPUT SIGNAL

A/D CONVERTER

KL3064_Lecture2

SAMPLING

KL3064_Lecture2

10

DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL PROCESSING

CHARACTERIZATION & ANALYSIS ARE PERFORMED IN
TIME DOMAIN FREQUENCY DOMAIN

KL3064_Lecture2

11

TIME DOMAIN PARAMETERS

Analog signal before sampling

xa(t)

Discrete-time signal after sampling

x (n)=xa(nT)

..-2T -T

2T 3T

4T t=nT

T is the sampling interval Fs=1/T is the sampling frequency

KL3064_Lecture2 12

ANALOG PARAMETERS
Analog frequency : F (Hz or cycles per second), (rad/sec)
Example : xa(t)=A cos (2Ft + ) = A cos (t + ) Where = 2 F

KL3064_Lecture2

13

DISCRETE PARAMETERS
Discrete-time or digital frequencies: f (cycles/sample), (radians per sample) After sampling with a sampling rate of Fs=1/T i.e. substitute t=nT
x(n)= A cos (2F nT + ) = A cos (2 F n/Fs + ) = A cos (2 f n + ) = A cos ( n + ) Where f = F/Fs : also known as normalized frequency.
KL3064_Lecture2 14

ANALOG & DIGITAL FREQUENCY RELATIONSHIP

f=F/Fs = (/2) /(1/T) or 2f=T =T

KL3064_Lecture2

15

SAMPLING OR NYQUIST THEOREM

AN ANALOG SIGNAL WITH A HIGHEST FREQUENCY Fmax MUST BE SAMPLED AT A SAMPLING FREQUENCY
Fs 2 Fmax s 2 max

NON-COMPLIANCE WILL RESULT IN UNDESIRABLE ALIASING EFFECT

KL3064_Lecture2 16

FOURIER TRANSFORM
ANALOG SIGNAL BEFORE SAMPLING Xa [F]

-Fmax 0

Fmax

KL3064_Lecture2

17

FOURIER TRANSFORM
AFTER SAMPLING AT Fs=2 Fmax X[F]

-Fs

Fs

SAMPLING PROCESS CAUSES THE SPECTRUM KL3064_Lecture2 TO REPEAT ITSELF AT EVERY Fs

18

FOURIER TRANSFORM
AFTER SAMPLING AT Fs 2 Fmax X[F]

-Fs

Fs

KL3064_Lecture2

19

FOURIER TRANSFORM
AFTER SAMPLING AT Fs < 2 Fmax

X[F]

-Fs

Fs

ALIASING EFFECTS DUE TO UNDERSAMPLING : SPECTRUM IS CORRUPTED

KL3064_Lecture2 20

FREQUENCY RANGE
ANALOG
-<F< -<<

DIGITAL Maximum f=Fmax/Fs=Fmax/2Fmax=1/2 - < f < Maximum =2 f =

-<<
KL3064_Lecture2 21

EXAMPLE
Consider an analog signal xa (t)= 6cos (60t) + 3sin (300t) + 2cos(340t) + 4 cos(500t) + 10sin(660t) Q: What are the frequency components in Hz? A: F = 30 Hz, 150 Hz, 170 Hz, 250 Hz, 330 Hz.
KL3064_Lecture2 22

EXAMPLE
Q: What is the minimum sampling frequency to avoid the aliasing effect? A: Fs=2 Fmax = 2 (330)= 660 Hz Q: What is the sampling interval T? A: T=1/Fs=1.52 msec

KL3064_Lecture2

23

EXAMPLE
Q: If the analog signal is sampled at 660 Hz, what are the digital frequency components f of the sampled signal? A: f=F/Fs F = 30 Hz, 150 Hz, 170 Hz, 250 Hz, 330 Hz. f= 0.045, 0.227, 0.258,0.379,0.5 cycles/sample.
KL3064_Lecture2 24

EXAMPLE
Q: What is the mathematical equation that represents the sampled signal? A: x [n] = 6cos (0.09 n) + 3sin (0.45 n) + 2cos (0.51 n) + 4cos (0.75 n) +10sin (n)

KL3064_Lecture2

25

QUIZ 1
THE SAMPLING PROCESS CAUSES A SPECTRUM TO REPEAT ITSELF EVERY Fs. Q1: AT WHAT INTERVAL DOES THE SPECTRUM REPEAT ITSELF IN TERMS OF 1. f 2.
KL3064_Lecture2 26

QUIZ 1
Q2. SKETCH THE FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTRUM OF THE DISCTERE SIGNAL SHOWING THE EFFECTS OF SAMPLING AT Fs=2Fmax, Fs 2 Fmax, AND Fs < Fmax WITH f AND AS THE x axis variables.
X(f), X()

KL3064_Lecture2

27