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slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Carlos Saiz}\b0 \par\pard\li2186\ri0\sl-21
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0 {Departamento de Psicologa Bsica, Psicobiologa y Metodologa}\par\pard\li5146\ri0\s
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1\charscalex100 {En:}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653
\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx3813\fs24\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {M.A. Verdugo (en prensa
).}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {La evaluacin curricular. Una gua para la int
ervencin}\i0 \par\pard\li1213\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1213\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {psicopedaggica.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {Madrid: Siglo XXI.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn1
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fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4333\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {CON
TENIDO}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {I. INTRODUCCIN ............................................................
................................................. 2}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-360\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {II. PENSAMIENTO .............................
................................................................................
. 3}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {III. INSTRUCC
IN ..............................................................................
................................ 6}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {IV. UN ENFOQUE DE LA INSTRUCCIN................................
....................................... 11}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {V. FUNDAMENTOS DE LA INSTRUCCIN. ......................
............................................ 15}\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-360\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1. NATURALEZA DE UN PROBLEMA....................
............................................. 16}\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-360\slm
ult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. COMPRENSIN DE UN PROBLEMA....................
........................................... 23}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\sl-360\slmul
t0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A. Atencin y memoria..............................
.................................................... 25}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\sl360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B. La importancia de una buena represent
acin............................................ 28}\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-360\s
lmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3. ESTRATEGIAS DE SOLUCIN DE PROBLEMAS........
.................................. 35}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A. Anlisis medio-fin.......................................
.............................................. 37}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\sl-360\sl
mult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B. Bsqueda hacia atrs...........................
...................................................... 41}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\s
l-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C. Analogas ...........................
....................................................................... 42}\par\
pard\li2080\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {D. Simplificacin......
................................................................................
..... 46}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {E. Divi
dir por la mitad................................................................
................... 47}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {F. No Contradiccin........................................................
............................... 47}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {G. Identificacin de regularidades.............................
.................................... 48}\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {4. COMPRENSIN Y SOLUCIN DE PROBLEMAS POR EXPERTOS ........
.... 49}\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {5. DIFIC
ULTADES EN LA SOLUCIN DE PROBLEMAS ................................. 51}\par\pard
\li1360\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {6. NATURALEZA DEL \uc1\u8
220XINSIGHT\uc1\u8221X (IDEA FELIZ).............................................
. 55}\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {7. PENSAMIE
NTO CREATIVO....................................................................
.......... 61}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A.
Ideas sobre la creatividad.....................................................
..................... 61}\par\pard\li2080\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100 {B. Un enfoque de la creatividad .......................................
............................. 65}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {VI. EVALUACIN E INSTRUCCIN .......................................
........................................ 68}\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-360\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {1. Evaluacin conceptual..............................
............................................................. 70}\par\pard\li136
0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {2. Evaluacin emprica ............
................................................................................
.. 73}\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {3. Problem
as de la evaluacin ..............................................................
..................... 79}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {VII. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES............................................
..................................... 81}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {VIII. BIBLIOGRAFA........................................
.................................................................. 83}\par\pard\
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\pard\li653\ri0\sl-413\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {I. INTRODUCCIN}\b0 \
par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {PENSAMIEN
TO E INSTRUCCIN 3}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn
666\margrsxn133\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El pensamiento es nuestra actividad ment
al ms importante, pero tambin la ms}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {desconocida. La inst
ruccin como iniciativa que busca mejorar la capacidad de pensar es una de}\par\pa
rd\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {las empresas socialmente ms deseables. Para desarrollarla y o
ptimizarla necesitamos aplicar el}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\p
ar\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {conocimiento que po
seemos sobre el pensamiento. Este es el propsito esencial del captulo:}\par\pard\l
i653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {describir los fundamentos del pensamiento con el fin de enriquec
erlo. Para lograr este objetivo,}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {llevaremos a cabo el
rgbsxn320\pard\li6360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li6360\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li6360\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P
ENSAMIENTO E INSTRUCCIN 9}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {informacin sean considerables. El esfuerzo por mejorar los proc
esos de pensamiento debe ser el}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {objetivo de la interv
encin instruccional.}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li137
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Este esfuerzo debemos intensifi
carlo, pues no es nuevo. Lo podemos encontrar en los}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
comienzos de la psicologa, si nos quedamos en la historia contempornea, pues en la
Grecia}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {presocrtica encontramos esfuerzos loables en l
a misma direccin. En la era contempornea, el}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {funcionali
smo americano de W. James, manifiesta una enorme sensibilidad hacia los problema
s}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {educativos. J. Dewey realiza el desarrollo sustanci
al de esta sensibilidad en importantes trabajos,}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muy
actuales hoy da, como nos muestra Mayer (1992a).}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {En
nuestro continente, un gran olvidado y pionero en el desarrollo de programas de}
\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {instruccin es Binet (1909). El desarrolla uno de los p
rimeros programas de esta naturaleza que}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {denomina \uc
1\u8220Xortopedia mental\uc1\u8221X. Otra referencia obligada es Thorndike (1924
), el cual dedica ms}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de veinte aos a la investigacin sob
re la transferencia del adiestramiento en determinadas}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{tareas. El conductismo contribuye especialmente a la psicologa de la educacin, y
curiosamente}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de la mano de su representante ms radica
l, Skinner, a pesar de que el tipo de intervencin que}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
defienden sea la que menos nos interese aqu (para una revisin de esta tradicin, con
sltese}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Skinner, 1968; y los artculos de Johnson & Layng
, 1992, y Pennypacker, 1992, en el nmero}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {monogrfico sob
re Skinner de la revista}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {American Psychologist}
\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {).}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El desarrollo
ms importante de la instruccin ha sido paralelo a los logros alcanzados}\par\pard
\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {por la psicologa cognitiva (o los ms recientes de la ciencia cog
nitiva). Esta rama de la}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {psicologa busca entender el f
uncionamiento de la mente humana. Se han dirigido los esfuerzos}\par\pard\li653\
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scalex100 {hacia los procesos de conocimiento (percepcin, aprendizaje, memoria y
pensamiento). La}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0
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para conseguir mejorar el funcionamiento mental. La}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\s
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ntervencin se basa en cmo utilizar el conocimiento sobre los mecanismos de pensam
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;(80,533);(53,506);(26,466);(13,440);(0,413);(0,386);(0,346);(13,320);(26,293);(
53,253);(80,226);(120,200);(160,173);(213,160);(266,133);(320,106);(373,93);(440
,80);(506,53);(586,40);(653,26);(733,13);(826,13);(906,0);(986,0);(1080,0);(1173
,0);(1253,0);(1333,13);(1426,13);(1506,26);(1573,40);(1653,53);(1720,80);(1786,9
3);(1840,106);(1893,133);(1946,160);(2000,173);(2040,200);(2080,226);(2106,253);
(2133,293);(2146,320);(2160,346);(2160,386);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;164;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12700}}
{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft7226\shptop7586\shpright9386\shpbottom8346\shpfhdr0\shpw
r3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2045\shpz0\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 2160}}
{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 760}}
(80,0);(93,0);(93,0);(106,0);(106,0);(106,0);(120,0);(120,0);(133,0);(133,0);(13
3,0);(146,0);(146,0);(160,0);(160,0);(160,13);(173,13);(173,13);(186,13);(186,13
);(186,13);(200,13);(200,13);(200,26);(213,26);(106,266);(106,266);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;90;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft2973\shptop6946\shpright2973\shpbottom10706\shpfhdr0\shp
wr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2049\shpz2\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 3760}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(0,3760);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12700}}
{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft7440\shptop6946\shpright7680\shpbottom7186\shpfhdr0\shpw
r3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2050\shpz3\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 240}}
{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 240}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;24;(0,0);(240,93);(240,106);(240,120);(226,120);(226,
133);(213,146);(213,146);(200,160);(200,173);(186,173);(186,186);(173,186);(173,
200);(160,200);(146,213);(146,213);(133,226);(120,226);(120,240);(106,240);(93,2
40);(0,0);(0,0);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;50;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
,0);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;50;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft8560\shptop7333\shpright8800\shpbottom7586\shpfhdr0\shpw
r3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2054\shpz7\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 240}}
{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 253}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;24;(0,240);(93,0);(106,0);(120,13);(133,13);(133,13);
(146,26);(160,26);(160,40);(173,40);(173,53);(186,66);(200,66);(200,80);(213,80)
;(213,93);(226,106);(226,106);(226,120);(240,133);(240,146);(240,146);(0,240);(0
,240);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;50;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft8640\shptop7040\shpright9146\shpbottom7520\shpfhdr0\shpw
r3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2055\shpz8\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 506}}
{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 480}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;8;(480,0);(506,0);(506,26);(26,480);(0,480);(0,466);(
480,0);(480,0);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;18;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft8240\shptop9066\shpright8440\shpbottom9320\shpfhdr0\shpw
r3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2056\shpz9\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 200}}
{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 254}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;44;(106,266);(0,26);(0,26);(13,13);(13,13);(26,13);(2
6,13);(26,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(53,0);(53,0);(66,0);(66,0);(66,0);(80,0);
(80,0);(93,0);(93,0);(106,0);(106,0);(106,0);(120,0);(120,0);(133,0);(133,0);(13
3,0);(146,0);(146,0);(160,0);(160,0);(160,13);(173,13);(173,13);(186,13);(186,13
);(186,13);(200,13);(200,13);(200,26);(213,26);(106,266);(106,266);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;90;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft8346\shptop8346\shpright8346\shpbottom9226\shpfhdr0\shpw
r3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2057\shpz10\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 880}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(0,880);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12700}}
{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft8240\shptop10626\shpright8440\shpbottom10880\shpfhdr0\sh
pwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2058\shpz11\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 200}}
{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 254}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;44;(106,266);(0,26);(0,26);(13,13);(13,13);(26,13);(2
6,13);(26,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(53,0);(53,0);(66,0);(66,0);(66,0);(80,0);
(80,0);(93,0);(93,0);(106,0);(106,0);(106,0);(120,0);(120,0);(133,0);(133,0);(13
3,0);(146,0);(146,0);(160,0);(160,0);(160,13);(173,13);(173,13);(186,13);(186,13
);(186,13);(200,13);(200,13);(200,26);(213,26);(106,266);(106,266);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;90;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45
824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}
}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fillColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft8346\shptop10080\shpright8346\shpbottom10786\shpfhdr0\sh
pwr3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2059\shpz12\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 706}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;2;(0,0);(0,706);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;5;16384;45824;1;45824;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12700}}
{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn13
3\margtsxn666\margbsxn413\pard\li6253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li62
53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li6253\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {PENSAMIENTO E INSTRUCCIN 13}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-333\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {integra con el adecuado (que tenga relacin) co
nocimiento existente. Estos tres procesos de}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {aprendiz
aje nos indica que son semejantes a los componentes de codificacin selectiva,}\pa
r\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
2\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {combinacin selectiva y comparacin selectiva de la teora trir
quica de la inteligencia de}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sternberg (1985/1990, p.
129). Estos son los componentes generales de este marco de referencia}\par\pard\
li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {instruccional. Es necesario indicar otros ms especficos y ms impor
tantes desde un punto de}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {vista aplicado. Estos son el
aborados pormenorizadamente en Mayer (1987). Aqu, Mayer}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{compara dos enfoques de instruccin muy diferentes, que se resumen en la figura
2.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\
cols2\colno1\colw6573\colsr-0\colno2\colw4520\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1360\ri0\sl-213\s
413,40);(466,26);(533,26);(600,13);(666,13);(733,0);(800,0);(866,0);(946,0);(101
3,0);(1080,13);(1146,13);(1213,26);(1266,26);(1333,40);(1386,53);(1440,66);(1480
,80);(1533,93);(1573,106);(1613,120);(1640,146);(1666,160);(1693,173);(1720,200)
;(1733,213);(1733,240);(1746,266);}}
{\sp{\sn pSegmentInfo}{\sv 2;164;16384;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;4
5824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;1;45824;24577;32768}}
{\sp{\sn fFillOK}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fFilled}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineWidth}{\sv 12700}}
{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineDashing}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn lineColor}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lineType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fArrowheadsOK}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 1}}
{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 1}}}}
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft3413\shptop8520\shpright3626\shpbottom8786\shpfhdr0\shpw
r3\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shplid2063\shpz2\shpbxpage\shpbypage
{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn rotation}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn geoRight}{\sv 213}}
{\sp{\sn geoBottom}{\sv 266}}
{\sp{\sn shapePath}{\sv 4}}
{\sp{\sn pVerticies}{\sv 8;44;(106,266);(0,26);(0,26);(13,13);(13,13);(26,13);(2
6,13);(26,13);(40,13);(40,13);(40,13);(53,0);(53,0);(66,0);(66,0);(66,0);(80,0);
(80,0);(93,0);(93,0);(106,0);(106,0);(106,0);(120,0);(120,0);(133,0);(133,0);(13
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rscalex100 {26 Carlos Saiz}\par\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li1013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b \i {A. Aten
cin y memoria}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13
73\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Intente la lectora/lector reso
lver el problema siguiente:}\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li4880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li4880\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \*\tx5800\fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {Fi
gura 4.}\i0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {El problema del espa.}\par\pard\sect
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3986\colsr-0\colno2\colw7106\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i3360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3360
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li3360\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\ch
arscalex100 {Vol.}\par\pard\li3520\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{I}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Vol.}\par\pard\li106\ri0\sl-24
0\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {I I}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn118
93\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-37
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Un espa desea ocultar un rollo de pelcula se
creta, que l ha conseguido reducir hasta 3}\par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {mm de dimetro y 55 mm de largo. Al mirar hacia su libre
ra, se fija en los dos tomos de}\par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\
charscalex100 {una enciclopedia, como los de la figura 4, de arriba. Con auxilio
de una broca de 3 mm}\par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscale
x100 {de dimetro, el espa comienza a taladrar un orificio que va en lnea recta desd
e la}\par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {pgina 1 del
volumen I hasta la ltima del volumen II. Supongamos que, en cada}\par\pard\li2093
\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {volumen, las cubiertas tengan co
njuntamente 5 mm de espesor, y que cada libro, sin}\par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-360\s
lmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {cubierta, tenga 25 mm de grosor Tendr el orific
o longitud suficiente para alojar el rollo}\par\pard\li2093\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \
lin0\itap0\fs16\cf0\f2\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033\insrsid
2000 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ENCICLOPEDIA}}}}\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsx
n11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn400\pard\li6253\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li6253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li6253\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {PENSAMIENTO E INSTRUCCIN
27}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {at
encin,}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a los que nos hemos referido anteriorme
nte. Una de las operaciones fundamentales de}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la atenc
in es la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {seleccin}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{ de la informacin importante y el rechazo de la que no lo es.}\par\pard\li1373\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Volvamos al problema de los monstruos de cinco ma nos, presentado ant
eriormente. En}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\s
l-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {este problema, Simon & Hayes (1976) le
s peda a los sujetos que anotaran las veces que lean}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ca
da uno de los 6 prrafos. Encontraban que los sujetos tenan que releer muchas veces
el}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {prrafo 3 y el 5, tres y cuatro veces ms que el rest
o de los prrafos. Como los autores mismos}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nos indicaba
n, los sujetos lgicamente dedican ms tiempo a la informacin que consideran}\par\par
d\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100\i {relevante}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { y a la informacin
que no consiguen}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {memorizar.}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 { En este problema, los prrafos 3 y 5}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son
los que contienen la informacin importante para su solucin y adems son los ms difcil
es}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de recordar, porque contienen ms datos de los que p
uede almacenar la memoria a corto plazo.}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por esto, lo
s sujetos leen una y otra vez esos prrafos. Deben recordar las restricciones del}
\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {problema y lo dado, es decir, qu esferas y de qu tamao p
osee cada uno de los monstruos. En}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\
par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {este ejemplo, al d
edicar ms tiempo conseguimos que la seleccin identifique la informacin}\par\pard\li
653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {relevante y ayude a su almacenamiento. Pero en el ejemplo del espa
la atencin no logra}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {identificar la informacin relevant
e a pesar del esfuerzo que se realiza. Hay muchos factores,}\par\pard\li653\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {desgraciadamente, que juegan en nuestra contra. Vamos a comentar algunos.
}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Intente resolver el siguiente acertijo leyndolo sol
amente una vez:}\par\pard\li2053\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li2053\ri
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calex100 {Imagnese que es usted revisor de trenes. En uno de los recorridos, el t
ren lleva un total}\par\pard\li2053\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex10
0 {de 12 vagones, la capacidad de cada vagn es de 47 pasajeros. En el origen, los
}\par\pard\li2053\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {pasajeros del t
ren son 356. En la primera parada suben 12 pasajeros y se bajan 3. En la}\par\p
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3\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {en la otra no se baja nadie y s
uben 2 personas Cul es el nombre del revisor?}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
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3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {desciende dos o tres das despus, baja por el
mismo sitio de modo que, si el descenso}\par\pard\li2053\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs
20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {lo hiciera el mismo da otro monje, se vera claramente el
lugar del cruce (p. 184).}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
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453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li1453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li1453\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1453\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1453\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{R = bola roja}\par\pard\li1453\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {N
= boja negra}\par\pard\li1480\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {C
= Claudio}\par\pard\li1493\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {P = Pu
ri}\par\column\pard\li360\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li360\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li360\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100
{PENSAMIENTO E INSTRUCCIN 33}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs20\cf0
\f1\charscalex100 {Comienzo}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840
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olno3\colw360\colsr-0\colno4\colw346\colsr-0\colno5\colw280\colsr-0\colno6\colw4
00\colsr-0\colno7\colw413\colsr-0\colno8\colw720\colsr-0\colno9\colw440\colsr-0\
colno10\colw400\colsr-0\colno11\colw266\colsr-0\colno12\colw333\colsr-0\colno13\
colw386\colsr-0\colno14\colw453\colsr-0\colno15\colw2120\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1760\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1760\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li1760\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Primera tirada}\par\pard
s Saiz}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {co
ncluir errneamente que el tipo de representacin produce la solucin, pero s pensar qu
e}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {puede facilitar la bsqueda de vas de solucin.}\par\par
d\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {La naturaleza del problema, por consiguiente, impone qu tipo
de representacin es la}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li6
53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ms idnea. As, problemas de matemti
cas y geometra se resolvern mejor utilizando}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ecuaciones
, aunque no siempre, como algunos psiclogos de la Gestalt nos han mostrado}\par\p
ard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {(Wertheimer, 1945/1991).}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Mayer
(1987), paradjicamente, encontraba que algunos problemas de matemticas}\par\pard\
li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {formulados mediante ecuaciones no se resolvan mejor que si se lo
s presentaba verbalmente. La}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {gente tiende a utilizar
diferentes estrategias segn se les formule el problema (verbalmente o}\par\pard\
li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {mediante ecuaciones). Tomemos un ejemplo del autor (Mayer, 1987
, p. 363-364):}\par\pard\li2053\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {H
allar un nmero tal que si 8 ms ese nmero multiplicado por 3 de divide entre 2, el}\
par\pard\li2053\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {resultado es igua
l a ese nmero multiplicado por 3 menos 11.}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Un forma de
resolver este problema sera efectuar cualquier operacin posible lo ms rpido que}\pa
r\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs2
4\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {podamos, como \uc1\u8220Xdividir por dos\uc1\u8221X, dan
do:}\par\pard\li2053\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Hallar un nme
ro tal que sea 4 ms 3/2 del nmero, es igual a ese nmero multiplicado}\par\pard\li20
53\ri0\sl-360\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {por 3 menos 11.}\par\pard\li65
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {Mayer denomina esta operacin de \uc1\u8220Xhaz lo que puedas ya!\uc1\
u8221X estrategia de \uc1\u8220Xreducir\uc1\u8221X. Esta}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {estrategia era utilizada por el 81% de los sujetos que resolvan problemas de
matemticas}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {presentados verbalmente. Como l mismo indic
a, es posible que el formato verbal sea tan}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {farragoso
que les obligue a reducir la informacin todo lo que se pueda.}\par\pard\li1373\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {Consideremos el mismo problemas expresado mediante una ecuacin:}\par\p
ard\li1373\ri0\sl-373\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {(8 + 3X)/2 = 3X \uc1\u
8211X 11.}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-253
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Una forma de resolver este problema es \uc1
\u8220Xmover las Xs al lado izquierdo de la ecuacin y todos}\par\pard\li653\ri0\s
l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {los nmeros al derecho\uc1\u8221X. Esta forma de reorganizar los elementos d
e la ecuacin, Mayer la}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li65
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que se}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\s
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lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {El resultado principal de Mayer es, pues, que la
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ult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {relevante que reduzca}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-2
40\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {la diferencia}\par\column\pard\li80\ri0\s
l-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Operador}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {encont
rado}\par\column\pard\li293\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {del o
perador con el}\par\pard\li360\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {es
tado actual para}\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {en
contrar ms diferencias}\par\pard\li613\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {importantes}\par\column\pard\li0\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex
100 {Diferencia}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl
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0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Eliminar la}\par\pard\li26\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs2
0\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {diferencia}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghs
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cf0\par\pard\li1920\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {NO ENCONTRADO
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0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1173\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1173\ri0\sl240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {FRACASO}\par\column\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1093\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li109
3\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {SIN DIFERENCIAS}\par\pard\li0\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i0\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-280\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {APLICA EL OPERADOR}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16
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80\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li880\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\c
harscalex100 {Nota. Diagrama I: divide un problema en un conjunto de diferencias
e intenta eliminarlas.}\par\pard\li880\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {
Diagrama II: busca un operador relevante para eliminar una d
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harscalex100\i {Figura 7.}\i0 \tab \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Aplicacin del anlis
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slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-346\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
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s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {o problemas de transformacin}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
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f0\f0\charscalex100 {comprender mejor los procesos de demostracin recorriendo sta
en sentido inverso, de modo}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {que despus se puede aplica
r a problemas anlogos. El uso de soluciones}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {simi
lares}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { en otros}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {probl
emas o situaciones es una de las estrategias ms tiles en solucin de problemas. Es}\
par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {razonable pensar que es enormemente adaptativo aplicar
a otras situaciones soluciones que han}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {funcionado en
otra El utilizar formas anlogas de actuacin normalmente supone no invertir}\par\p
ard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {tiempo en buscar otras vas de solucin, implica una importante
economa cognitiva, economa}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\
li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de recursos o de procesamie
nto.}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\sl
mult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Sin embargo, el uso de experiencias previas en
problemas semejantes es menos frecuente}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de lo que ca
bra esperar, entre otras razones porque depende al menos, en primer lugar, de que
}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {accedamos}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { a esas
experiencias o conocimientos y, en segundo, de que las}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {apliquemos}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { a otros}\par\pard\li653\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {problemas semejantes (Medin & Ross, 1992). La}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\i {aplicacin}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { de los conocimientos o experienc
ias}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmul
t0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {a otros mbitos es lo esencial del razonamiento ana
lgico, en el que no nos vamos a detener}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {(para una revi
sin, consltese Vosniadou & Ortony, 1989). Consideremos la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {accesibilidad}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { a los}\par\pard\sect\sec
td\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn3
20\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {44 Carlos
Saiz}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {con
ocimientos o a las experiencias con problemas resueltos con anterioridad, y la i
nfluencia de}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {estas en el que se desea resolver en un
momento dado.}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Algunos estudios son claramente pesim
istas sobre la frecuencia en la identificacin de}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {simil
itudes o analogas. Reed, Ernst & Banerji (1974) partan de la idea de que el resolv
er}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {problemas debe mejorar el rendimiento en los poste
riores. Para probar esta idea, utiliza dos}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \f
s18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {problemas
semejantes: el de los misioneros y los canbales, y el de los maridos celosos. El}
\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \
fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {primero lo hemos descrito con anterioridad, y el segu
ndo, en lugar de misioneros y canbales,}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consta de tres
mujeres y sus respectivos maridos \uc1\u8220Xcelosos\uc1\u8221X; la restriccin e
n este problema}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consista en que, debido a que los mari
dos eran muy celosos, una mujer no poda estar sola en}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
una orilla con otro marido a no ser que estuviera su mujer. Al ser mayor la rest
riccin aqu que}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en el de los misioneros y los canbales, h
ace que se mucho ms difcil.}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {A pesar de la semejanza e
ntre los dos problemas, los resultados son francamente}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{decepcionantes. Los dos datos que nos llaman la atencin son: 1) cuando el probl
ema de los}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {maridos celosos preceda al de los misionero
s y los canbales, mejoraba el rendimiento de ste si}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el
experimentador les revelaba la relacin que haba entre ellos; 2) cuando el problema
de los}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {misioneros y los canbales preceda al de los mar
idos celosos, el rendimiento de ste no}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mejoraba, aunqu
e se hiciera una indicacin acerca del parecido entre ambos. El efecto de la}\par\
pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {similitud parece ocurrir slo cuando: a) se dan pistas sobre
la misma, y b) el segundo problema}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {es ms fcil que el p
rimero. En relacin con estos resultados, Reed (1977) afirmaba que la}\par\pard\li
653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {identificacin de analogas es poco frecuente, y se puede aplicar si
se dan las siguientes}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li65
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {condiciones: 1) que las persona
s}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {descubran}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { la
analoga entre problemas, 2) que}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {recuerden}\i0 \
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { cmo}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx7986\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {resolvieron e
l problema anlogo precedente, y 3) que sean capaces de}\tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100\i {traducir}\i0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { la solucin}\par\pard\li653\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {anterior en pasos aplicables al problema actual.}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {Gick & Holyoak (1980, 1983) obtienen datos muy parecidos. En varios estudi
os, utilizan}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {dos problemas semejantes con formas de s
olucin idnticas. Emplean el ya clsico \uc1\u8220Xproblema}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{del tumor\uc1\u8221X de Duncker y otro sobre \uc1\u8220Xel asedio de un castil
lo\uc1\u8221X (ellos lo llaman historio general).}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Est
ructuralmente son idnticos, y sin embargo, la solucin espontnea del primero, despus
de}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {haber ledo y resumido la \uc1\u8220Xhistoria genera
l\uc1\u8221X, slo la consiguen el 30% de los sujetos. Cuando se}\par\pard\li653\r
i0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {les sugiere que utilicen la historia general, entonces consiguen soluc
ionarlo el 80%.}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666
\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn320\pard\li6253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li6253\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li6253\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \f
s20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {PENSAMIENTO E INSTRUCCIN 45}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Nuevamente, slo se percatan de la a
naloga cuando se les indica. Muy pocos son los que}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slm
ult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {esp
ontneamente la detectan.}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Por qu es tan difcil descubrir
analogas? En los estudios de Gick y Holyoak, los}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {suje
tos resolvan el problema del tumor a continuacin de la lectura y resumen de la his
toria}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {general, es decir, sin demora de tiempo. El int
ers sobre la dificultad en descubrir analogas}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \
fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {espontneam
ente ha estimulado muchas lneas de investigacin dada su importancia terica y}\par\p
ard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {aplicada. Recojamos a continuacin algunas reflexiones intere
santes de Medin & Ross (1992)}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sobre esta cuestin. Reco
rdemos la tarea de Gick y Holyoak, los sujetos leen una historia sobre}\par\pard
\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {el asedio de un castillo y despus resuelven el problema del tum
or. Si tenemos en cuenta los}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {contenidos tan diferente
s de la historia y el problema por qu pensar en utilizar la historia,}\par\pard\li
653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {cuando uno puede recurrir mejor, por ejemplo, a sus conocimientos
sobre los rayos X y otros}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard
\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {procedimientos mdicos? Esto
s conocimientos se pueden ver como ms pertinentes que la}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {historia previa, y por consiguiente, centrarse en ellos para aplicarlos.}\par
\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {De este modo, una dificultad importante en la identific
acin de analogas (en realidad, la}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {identificacin de semej
anzas estructurales o profundas, no superficiales) puede encontrarse en}\par\par
d\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {las diferencias superficiales entre los dos problemas. Las di
ferencias de contenidos puede desviar}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {la bsqueda de co
nocimiento relevante hacia dominios afines, esto es, al decidir qu}\par\pard\li65
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {conocimiento es relevante para problema, la bsqueda la dirigimos hac
ia conocimientos}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0
\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mdicos, no militares. Medin y Ross pr
oponen, pues, una explicacin de la dificultad en funcin}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1013\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100 {de}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {mecanismos de accesibilidad.}\i0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { Se activan conocimientos}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\i {dependientes del contenido}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { del}\par\par
d\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {problema. Alguien podra argumentar que no se dispone de otros
contenidos porque los sujetos}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
ard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {no resuelven el problem
a militar, slo lo resumen. Si recordamos los datos de Reed, Ernst y}\par\pard\li6
53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {Banerji debemos decir que sustentan esta posibilidad.}\par\pard\li
in ms adecuada.}\par\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1013\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1013\ri0\sl-306\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\b \i {G. Identificacin de regularidades}\b0 \i0 \par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {La investigacin a todos lo niveles, en nuestra vida diaria y en el laboratorio
, logra el}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-26
6\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {avance cuando identifica y resuelve contra
diccin (conceptuales y emprica), utiliza}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sistemticamente
el principio de no contradiccin. Pero los avances tambin se obtienen cuando}\par\
pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {identificamos regularidades, constantes}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {a travs de situaciones. Hace algn tiempo que }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {John}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\
sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Stuart Mill estableci la lgica elementa
l de la investigacin: dos sucesos estn relacionados o}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\s
lmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {u
no puede ser la causa del otro cuando ambos estn presentes y ausentes a la vez, e
s decir,}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuando la causa est presente debe estarlo tam
bin el efecto, y cuando aquella est ausente}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs
18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tambin lo de
be estar ste. Es esencial, pues, identificar qu permanece bajo las mismas}\par\par
d\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {condiciones, y qu vara. Esta lgica es la que sustente la leyes c
ientficas, en ellas se expresan}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\
pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {relaciones constantes
(invariantes) entre variables.}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La bsqueda de regular
idades es uno de los heursticos fundamentales en el}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de
scubrimiento cientfico (Langley, Simon, Bradshaw & Zytkow, 1987), en problemas, p
or lo}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tanto, mal definidos o creativos. Una de las di
ficultades mayores en problemas mal definidos y}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en lo
s de \uc1\u8220Xinsight\uc1\u8221X (ver ms adelante, la naturaleza del \uc1\u8220
Xinsight\uc1\u8221X ) es lograr una representacin}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {del
mismo (comprenderlo). Al buscar regularidades conseguimos una mejor representacin
y}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult
0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {posterior solucin del mismo. Este heurstico es poder
osamente eficaz en problemas difciles de}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8220Xin
sight\uc1\u8221X (ver Kaplan & Simon, 1990). Es muy probable que la identificacin
de las}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {regularidades ayude en la abstraccin de las re
laciones ms profundas (estructurales), lo que}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {producir
una bsqueda y seleccin de vas de solucin eficaces.}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Hemo
s descrito algunas de las estrategias de solucin de problemas, a nuestro juicio,
ms}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {generales y tiles. Existen otras menos representativ
as en las que no nos vamos a detener.}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\c
f0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Adems no debemos
olvidar que las estrategias son procedimientos heursticos, y como tales no}\par\
pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {son fijos, no existen nicamente las que nosotros conocemos.
Es probable que la lectora/lector a}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf
harscalex100 {diferencias? Este autor nos seala las ms importantes. Por ejemplo, e
l conocimiento de los}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li65
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx1600\*\tx7360\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {expertos}\tab
\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {est organizado en principios y en esquemas amplios
,}\i0 \tab \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mientras que el novato lo}\par\pard\li653
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{\*\shpinst
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{\*\shpinst
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{\*\shpinst
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{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft9373\shptop10906\shpright9866\shpbottom11386\shpfhdr0\sh
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{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 0}}
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fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {nuestros
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00 {En lo que posiblemente existe un mayor acuerdo es en que una gran cantidad d
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\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {experiencia acumulada no lleva asociado ms pensamien
to creativo o soluciones innovadoras. Se}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
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l-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li0\ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00\b {Creatividad}\b0 \par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\
ri0\sl-386\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Ir ms all de lo}\par\pard\li13\ri0\
sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {que est disponible}\par\pard\li13\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {Aplicado a tareas}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\cha
rscalex100 {nuevas}\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
13\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Legislativo}\par\pard\li13\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li13\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscal
ex100 {Tolerancia a la}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16840\marg
lsxn666\margrsxn133\cols2\colno1\colw5920\colsr-0\colno2\colw5173\pard\li3200\ri
0\sl-226\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ambigedad y los}\par\column\pard\li0
\ri0\sl-226\slmult0 \*\tx2360\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ambigedad y superar}\tab
\fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {ambigedad y}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893
\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\cols4\colno1\colw3186\colsr-0\colno2\colw27
20\colsr-0\colno3\colw2360\colsr-0\colno4\colw2826\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri
0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {Motivacin}\b0 \par\pard\li653\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li
653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-240\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\b {Ambiente}\b0 \par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\p
amente.}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las caractersticas que describen cada concep
to deben tomarse como que lo poseen en}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\
cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayor medida,
no exclusivamente. Existe un cierto grado de solapamiento entre los rasgos de lo
s}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tres conceptos, pero unos rasgos estn ms presentes qu
e los dems en unos conceptos y menos}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0
\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en otros. Lo impo
rtante en esta visin que nos ofrece de la creatividad es el considerarla en}\par\
pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\
cf0\f0\charscalex100 {funcin de una serie de}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {com
ponentes o recursos internos y externos}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { (desde
el conocimiento hasta}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li65
3\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {el ambiente). El esfuerzo y el
producto creativo necesita de la presencia de esos recursos, algo}\par\pard\li65
3\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {que sucede pocas veces. Cuando sucede, cuando estn presentes, hacen
que una persona sea}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\
ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {creativa. Esto no es frecuente po
rque para ser creativo hay que \uc1\u8220Xinvertir\uc1\u8221X esfuerzo y habilid
ades}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmu
lt0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {en ideas nuevas y de alta calidad. Sternberg & L
ubart (1991) desarrollan una visin de la}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893
\pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn373\pard\li653\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\
ri0\sl-253\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {66 Carlos Saiz}\par\pard\li653\
ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\par
d\li653\ri0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {creatividad fundamentada
en esta idea de la inversin y de los recursos. Dentro de esta visin,}\par\pard\li6
53\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {elaboran las ideas anteriores con ms detalle.}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\
sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {El punto de partida de Sternberg & Lubart (1991) para el anlisis de la cr
eatividad es}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {muy simple: la relacin que existe entre i
nversin y creatividad. Un inversor financiero y una}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\sl
mult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx6040\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {persona creativa, paradjicamente, hacen lo mismo:}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charsc
alex100\i {\uc1\u8220Xcomprar barato y vender caro\uc1\u8221X.}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {Esta}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li6
53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \*\tx7320\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {metfora, segn ellos, re
coge lo sustancial de la creatividad, la}\tab \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {inve
rsin}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { de habilidades y}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213
\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{esfuerzo en ideas originales y tiles. Como los inversores, la persona creativa d
ebe comprar a}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl
-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {bajo precio y vender a alto precio. Y d
el mismo modo que en el mundo de las finanzas, todos}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\
slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
conocen la \uc1\u8220Xreceta\uc1\u8221X, pero slo unos pocos consiguen una alta r
entabilidad. Para que la}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {creatividad surja debe aplic
arse el mismo principio (metafricamente, claro) y disponer de}\par\pard\li653\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {ciertas condiciones, (igual que en mercado burstil). Las}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100\i {condiciones o los recursos}\i0 { }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n
ecesarios}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266
\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {para que el esfuerzo creativo tenga lugar s
on los sealados anteriormente respecto a los procesos,}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213
no que una hipottica ventaja del grupo experimental respecto al control no vena ya
}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0
\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {de antes? El hecho de que el grupo de control no rea
lice ninguna tarea antes de la prueba de}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs1
8\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {transferenci
a hace que los dos grupos no sean iguales Qu garanta tenemos as de que la}\par\pard\
li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f
0\charscalex100 {transferencia, caso de obtenerse, no sea consecuencia simplemen
te de la prctica, auque con otra}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par
\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {tarea, pero prctica al
fin y al cabo?}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Esta segunda deficiencia est solucio
nada en parte en el diseo 2, donde el grupo de}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0
\fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {control
realiza la tarea B dos veces. Slo que ahora la desigualdad entre los dos grupos
est en la}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\
slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mayor prctica del grupo control. Una forma de
corregir (ms bien de aminorar) esta desigualdad}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmul
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {consi
ste en mantener un nmero igual de ensayos para cada grupo.}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl
-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {Para este diseo, se han utilizado dos ecuaciones distintas:}\par\pard\li7413
\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li7413\ri0\sl-133\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {C}\par\pard\li1066\ri0\sl-426\slmult0 \*\tx3240\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {T}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {% aprendizaje}{\super \fs24\up-2\cf0\f2\ch
arscalex100 {=}}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}{\super \fs24\up7\cf0\f0\charscale
x100\ul {C}\ul0 }\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B1}{\super \fs14\up7\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100\ul {B1}\ul0 }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X C}\fs24\cf0\f0\chars
calex100\ul {\uc1\u8211X E}\ul0 {\sub \fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B2}}\fs14\cf0\
f0\charscalex100\ul {B1}\ul0 \tab \fs24\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {100
o
T}\fs12\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {% aprendizaj
e total}{\super \fs24\up-2\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {=}}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
B1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X E}\fs14\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {B1}\
par\pard\li6666\ri0\sl-400\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {C}\fs14\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 {B1}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {\uc1\u8211X }\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {rendimiento lmite}{\super \fs24\up3\cf0\f2\charscalex100 {}}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {100}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{El rendimiento l}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mite
s}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lo es posible de deter
minar para medidas de precisi}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
x100 {n. Para un}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-293\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {
an}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {lisis pormenorizado de estas ecuaciones consltese e
l libro de Singley & Anderson (1989).}\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18
\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Los dise}\fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {os 3 y 4 corrigen las defic
iencias anteriores. En el dise}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {o 3, se incorpora una}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pa
rd\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {medida pretest para cada
grupo, lo que permite establecer una l}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {nea base previa al tratamiento y}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmu
lt0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {una
tarea de instrucci}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n en
el grupo de control que evita la diferencia de pr}\fs22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\f
s22\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ctica por defecto, y}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {cuanti
fica el exceso de }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {sta e
n este grupo con la medida pretest. En el dise}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24
\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {o 4, cada grupo}\par\pard\sect\sectd\sbknone\pgwsxn11893\
pghsxn16840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\pard\sect\sectd\sbkpage\pgwsxn11893\pghsxn16
840\marglsxn666\margrsxn133\margtsxn666\margbsxn466\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult
0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-25
3\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {80 Carlos Saiz}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-21
3\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\r
i0\sl-333\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {experimental hace de control del o
tro. Las ecuaciones empleadas con estos dise}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {os son algo}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\pa
r\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {diferentes a las ant
eriores (v}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ase Singley &
Anderon, 1989).}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0
\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\l
i653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\f0\charscalex100\b {3. PROBLEMAS DE LA EVALUAC
IN}\b0 \par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-253\s
lmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {Las reflexiones que hemos realizado sobre la
evaluaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n emp}\fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {rica no recogen todas las}\par\pa
rd\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {razones, ni mucho menos, que nos ayuden a entender por qu}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { apenas existen datos fiab
les y}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {v}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {lidos sobre la eficacia de la instrucci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n, o simplemente por qu}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\
fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 { no existen (Detterman, 1993;}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {Nickerson, Perkins & Smith, 1985/1987). O no son todas la que deber}\fs24\cf
0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {an tenerse en cuenta a la}\par\p
ard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\c
f0\f0\charscalex100 {hora de evaluar una iniciativa de intervenci}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n que dese}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100
{}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {ramos utilizar. Anotemos algunas de las}\par\pard\l
i653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {dificultades m}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {s importantes que nos se}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charsca
lex100 {alan Nickerson, Perkins & Smith (1985/1987). En}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex10
0 {primer lugar, debemos llamar la atenci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\
f0\charscalex100 {n sobre el hecho de que en realidad apenas se realiza}\par\par
d\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0
\f0\charscalex100 {evaluaci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex1
00 {n de las iniciativas de instrucci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\c
harscalex100 {n; en algunos casos, y por autores tan relevantes como}\par\pard\l
i653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0
\charscalex100 {Bruner (1968), se afirma incluso que es de escasa utilidad.}\par
\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li1373\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs
24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {La mayor parte de las razones, no obstante tienen que v
er con la}{ }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100\i {enorme dificultad}\i0 \fs24\cf0\f0\ch
arscalex100 { que}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri
0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {supone el control de la evaluaci}\f
s24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {n en el }\fs24\cf0\f0\char
scalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {mbito educativo. Y }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscal
ex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {stas deben tenerse muy presentes}\par\pard\li
653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\
charscalex100 {porque es la }\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {nica forma de poder reducirlas o eliminarlas. La primera dificultad es logr
ar la}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-266\slm
ult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {igualdad en el tratamiento aplicado y cuya efic
acia se desea medir. No es f}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex
100 {cil conseguir que}\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li6
53\ri0\sl-266\slmult0 \fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {todos los sujetos consigan la
misma calidad de la instrucci}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscalex100 {}\fs24\cf0\f0\charscale
t0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-213\slmult0 \fs18\cf0\par\pard\li653\ri0\sl-2
13\slmult0 \fs20\cf0\f1\charscalex100 {Weisberg, R. W. (1987).}{ }\fs20\cf0\f0\c
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