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4 4
10

2 1
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1 -1
0

2 1

2 2 2
4
2

2 3
4

4


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[] [] []

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[] [] []

2
1 -1

1 -1

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2 3

3
2

0 1 -1

1 -1

(2) U
(2)

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3
3

2
2

2

2

3 4

4 2
4 4 4




(2)
1 -1 1

4


2 4

4
2 4
2
1 -1 2
16

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4
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2
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(2)

2 2 0 2
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A (1) (2)
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3
3

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4 (2) 5

5

6
6

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[] [] []

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[] [] []

2 2
4 4 2

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(3) (2)

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(2)(3)
(4) (2)(3) 0

0 (2)(3)

(1)
(2)(3)
(1)

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(1)

2

2
2
2

4
4 2
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0 (3)

1
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4 2 2

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2
2
4

(2)

4
4

[] [] []

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[] [] []

2
4
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2

2 2

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2

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(1) 4


1
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1

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(2)

(3)
(2) (3)

4
8
(2)
2
(1)

4
4

3
5
4
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(2)
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0 0
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(2)

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1
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4

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0 1

[] [] []

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[] [] []

(1)
(2)

(2) -1

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[] [] []

( Dirac sea )

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( 1928

1932

(positron)

[] [] []

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[] [] []

1967 Levy-Leblond Nonrelativistic

Particles and Wave Equations ( Commun. math. Phys. 6, 286 (1967) )

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(1)

(2)

(2)

(1) (3)

0 (1) (3)
(3)
(1)

(3) (2)

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(4)

2

(4)

2 2
4 4

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4 2

(5) 2

(7) (6)

(7) (6)

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(6)(7)

(9) (8)

g 2

[] [] []

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[] [] []

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1
1

2

2

2




2

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2
0
2

0
2

0

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1
2 3
3 4

3
2
2
2
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3

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2
4
3

2



2 0

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[] [] []

|n>

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2 2

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0
1

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19

n

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2



2

[] [] []

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[] [] []

(1) (3)

(1) (3)

(2)


0 (3)
0

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0 1 0

1
1

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1 0

0 0

0

0 1





0

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1 0
0

2 2

[] [] []

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[] [] []

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(2)

(2)

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(2)

(2)
(2)

(4)

(3)

(5)
(5)


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(5)

(5)

(6)

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0
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------

[] [] []

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[] [] []

(1) (2)

(2) (2)

(3) (1)

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(4)



(5)

(5)

(4)
(4)
3

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(4) 4
3

1/6 (5)

(4) (5)

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(2)

[] [] []

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[] [] []

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[] [] []

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[] [] []

( 1, 2, 3 )
1 ( 1, 3, 2 )
( 2, 1, 3 ) ( 3, 2, 1 ) -1
( 2, 3, 1 ) ( 3, 1, 2 ) 1
( 1, 1, 2 ) 0

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[] [] []

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[] [] []

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2
3
2
3 3

(vector) (tensor)
(spinor)

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3 3 3

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3
2

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2 3

3 4

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2 2

90
1/2 180 0

[] [] []

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g 2

g 2

[] [] []

g 2

4 4

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g 2

2

(1)

(3) 2
1

(2)

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g 2

1 2

1
4

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g 2

2 g 2

[] [] []

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